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Math Tutorial2

This document provides definitions and theorems regarding the convergence of infinite sequences. It defines what it means for a sequence to converge, diverge, tend to positive or negative infinity, be monotonic, bounded, and more. It then lists several important theorems about limits, including properties of sequences that converge, conditions for convergence of monotonic sequences, limits of sums and products, and more. The document concludes with some example problems involving determining convergence and limits of sequences.

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monkeyng.bmed
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11 views

Math Tutorial2

This document provides definitions and theorems regarding the convergence of infinite sequences. It defines what it means for a sequence to converge, diverge, tend to positive or negative infinity, be monotonic, bounded, and more. It then lists several important theorems about limits, including properties of sequences that converge, conditions for convergence of monotonic sequences, limits of sums and products, and more. The document concludes with some example problems involving determining convergence and limits of sequences.

Uploaded by

monkeyng.bmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Department of Mathematics
MATH1010D&E (2016/17 Term 1)
University Mathematics
Tutorial 2

Definition An infinite sequence {an } of real numbers is said to

• converge if there exists real number L s.t. for any ε > 0, there exists N ∈ N s.t. for
any n > N , |an − L| < ε. In this cases, we write limn→∞ an = L.
• diverge if it does not converge.
• tend to +∞ (−∞) if for any real number M , there exists N ∈ N s.t. for any n > N ,
an > M (an < M ). In this case, we write limn→∞ an = +∞ (limn→∞ an = −∞).
• be monotonic increasing (decreasing) if for any m < n, am ≤ an (am ≥ an ).
• be strictly increasing (decreasing) if for any m < n, am < an (am > an ).
• be bounded above (below ) if there exists real number M s.t. for any n ∈ N, an ≤ M
(an ≥ M ).
• be bounded if there exists real number M s.t. for any n ∈ N, |an | ≤ M .

Theorems From now onwards, by a sequence we mean an infinite sequence of real numbers.
Let {an }, {bn }, {cn } be sequences.

• If {an } converges, then it is bounded.


• If {an } is monotonic increasing and bounded above, then it converges.
• If {an } is monotonic increasing and not bounded above, then it tends to +∞.
• If {an } is monotonic decreasing and bounded below, then it converges.
• If {an } is monotonic decreasing and not bounded below, then it tends to −∞.
• If {an } and {bn } converge with limn→∞ an = a and limn→∞ bn = b, then the se-
quences {an + bn }, {an bn } and {|an |} converge and

lim (an + bn ) = a + b, lim an bn = ab and lim |an | = |a|.


n→∞ n→∞ n→∞

• If {an } converges with limn→∞ an = a 6= 0, then {1/an } converges and

lim 1/an = 1/a.


n→∞

• If {|an |} converges with limn→∞ |an | = 0, then {an } converges and limn→∞ an = 0.
1
• If limn→∞ |an | = +∞, then {1/an } converges and limn→∞ an = 0.
• (Sandwich Theorem) if an ≤ bn ≤ cn for any n ∈ N and {an } and {cn } converge
with limn→∞ an = limn→∞ cn = L, then {bn } converges and limn→∞ bn = L.
• If an ≤ bn for any n ∈ N and limn→∞ an = +∞, then limn→∞ bn = +∞.
• If an ≥ bn for any n ∈ N and limn→∞ an = −∞, then limn→∞ bn = −∞.
• If {an } converges with limn→∞ an = 0 and {bn } is bounded, then {an bn } converges
and limn→∞ an bn = 0.

1
• If limn→∞ an = L (L can be any real number, +∞ or −∞), then for any subsequence
{ank } of {an }, limk→∞ ank = L.
• If limn→∞ a2n−1 = limn→∞ a2n = L (L can be any real number, +∞ or −∞), then
limn→∞ an = L.
• Suppose a ≥ 0. Then

+∞, if a > 1;

n
lim a = 1, if a = 1;
n→∞ 
0, if 0 ≤ a < 1.

• Let P (x) and Q(x) be polynomial functions with leading coefficients a and b respec-
tively. Suppose Q(x) 6≡ 0. Then



+∞, if deg P > deg Q and ab > 0;

P (n) −∞, if deg P > deg Q and ab < 0;
lim = a
n→∞ Q(n)
b, if deg P = deg Q;




0, if deg P < deg Q.

Problems that may be demonstrated in class :


Assume we know the fact: 2 < e = limn→∞ (1 + n1 )n , limn→∞ sin n1 = 0.
Q1. State whether the following sequence converges. Find the limit if it exists.
37(−n)2017 −(−n)689 √ √
(a) 141(−n)2017 +928(−n)64 ; (b) 3 2n3 + 1 − 3 2n3 − n2 ; (c) (−1/2)n ;
2 3 n2
(d) (1 − 1 n
n+1 ) ;
n
(e) sin n+2 − sin nn2−n−2
+2n
; (f) ln(n+1) ;

(g) cos n1 ; (h) tan n1 .


Q2. Let {an } be a harmonic sequence, i.e. a sequence such that an 6= 0 for any n ∈ N
and 1/an is an arithmetic sequence. Prove that {an } converges.
Q3. Let {an } be a sequence such that an > 0 for any n ∈ N and limn→∞ an = a > 0.
√ √ √
Use Sandwich Theorem to show that { an } converges and limn→∞ an = a.
Q4. Suppose {an } is a sequence such that a1 6= 0 and an+1 = 2−1 (an + a−1 n ) for any
n ∈ N. Does {an } converge? If it does, find its limit.
Q5. Suppose for any m ∈ N, we have a function fm (x) = x2 − mx − 1, x ∈ R and a
sequence {am,n } satisfying the recursive relation:
1
am,n+1 = m + for any n ∈ N, am,1 > 0.
am,n
(a) Fix m ∈ N. Show that for any n ∈ N, am,n > 0 and
fm (am,n ) am,n+1 − am,n
fm (am,n+1 ) = − = .
a2m,n am,n
(b) Fix m ∈ N. Show that {am,2n−1 } is monotonic decreasing and bounded below
if fm (am,1 ) ≥ 0 and {am,2n−1 } is a monotonic increasing and bounded above if
fm (am,1 ) < 0.
(c) Fix m ∈ N. Show that {am,n } converges and find its limit am in terms of m.
(d) Evaluate limm→∞ am and limm→∞ (am+1 − am ).

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