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    Biotechnology and Its Applications

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    Arbab Alam
    Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop products and organisms to improve human health and society. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from disciplines like molecular biology, chemistry, and genetics. Some key developments in biotechnology include the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, determining DNA carries genetic information in 1943, discovering the structure of DNA in 1953, and developing the first genetically engineered product approved by the FDA in 1982. Biotechnology has applications in agriculture, including plant tissue culture, micropropagation, and developing disease resistant plants. While it provides benefits like stronger crops and new medicines, it also faces challenges like high costs, ethical issues, and safety concerns.

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    Biotechnology and Its Applications

    Uploaded by

    Arbab Alam
    78 views19 pages
    Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop products and organisms to improve human health and society. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from disciplines like molecular biology, chemistry, and genetics. Some key developments in biotechnology include the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, determining DNA carries genetic information in 1943, discovering the structure of DNA in 1953, and developing the first genetically engineered product approved by the FDA in 1982. Biotechnology has applications in agriculture, including plant tissue culture, micropropagation, and developing disease resistant plants. While it provides benefits like stronger crops and new medicines, it also faces challenges like high costs, ethical issues, and safety concerns.

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    Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop products and organisms to improve human health and society. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from disciplines like molecular biology, chemistry, and genetics. Some key developments in biotechnology include the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, determining DNA carries genetic information in 1943, discovering the structure of DNA in 1953, and developing the first genetically engineered product approved by the FDA in 1982. Biotechnology has applications in agriculture, including plant tissue culture, micropropagation, and developing disease resistant plants. While it provides benefits like stronger crops and new medicines, it also faces challenges like high costs, ethical issues, and safety concerns.

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    78 views19 pages

    Biotechnology and Its Applications

    Uploaded by

    Arbab Alam
    Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop products and organisms to improve human health and society. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from disciplines like molecular biology, chemistry, and genetics. Some key developments in biotechnology include the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, determining DNA carries genetic information in 1943, discovering the structure of DNA in 1953, and developing the first genetically engineered product approved by the FDA in 1982. Biotechnology has applications in agriculture, including plant tissue culture, micropropagation, and developing disease resistant plants. While it provides benefits like stronger crops and new medicines, it also faces challenges like high costs, ethical issues, and safety concerns.

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    BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS

    APPLICATIONS
    What is biotechnology?

    • Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products,


    methods and organisms intended to improve human health and
    society.
    Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field
    modern practice of biotechnology draws from various disciplines
    molecular biology
    chemistry
    genetic engineering
    genomics
    nanotechnology
    History of biotechnology
    • Biotechnology began at least 6,000 years ago with the agricultural
    revolution.
    • humans learned to connect the biological process of fermentation to
    produce bread, alcohol and cheese.
    • People also began changing the genetic makeup of domesticated
    plants and animals through selective breeding.
    History of biotechnology
    • 1919. Hungarian scientist Karl Ereky coins the term biotechnology.
    • 1928. Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, the first true antibiotic.
    • 1943. Oswald Avery proves DNA carries genetic information.
    • 1953. James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helix structure of DNA.
    • 1973. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen develop genetic engineering with the first insertion of
    DNA from one bacteria into another.
    • 1980s. The first biotech drugs to treat cancer are developed.
    • 1982. A biotech-developed form of insulin becomes the first genetically engineered product
    approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
    • 1983. The first genetically modified plant is introduced.
    • 1993. GMOs are introduced into agriculture with the FDA approval of growth hormones that
    produce more milk in cows.
    • 2010. The first synthetic cell is created.
    • 2020. mRNA vaccine and monoclonal antibody technology is used to treat the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
    Steps in Biotechnology
    vectors
    • Vectors are an important component of the biotechnology as
    these form the basis for the transfer of DNA fragments from one cell
    to another. Vectors have particular features that carry the gene
    sequences and enable them to survive within the host cell.
    Role of Biotechnology in Agriculture
    Plant tissue culture
    • Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or
    grow plants cell, tissues, or organs under sterilized conditions on a
    nutrient culture of known composition.
    • Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a
    method known as micropropagation.
    • Choice of explant----The tissue obtained from a plant to be cultured is
    called an explant and may include a portion of shoots, leaves, stems,
    flowers, roots, and single undifferentiated cells.
    • Callus culture----In tissue culture, a callus is a mass of cells that are
    undifferentiated, irregular, and totipotent.
    Micropropagation
    Advantages of biotechnology

    • creating healthier, stronger and more-sustainable food products that


    boost nutrition and combat food insecurity;
    • treating diseases in children before they are born by altering their
    genomes;
    • designing medicine to boost the health and longevity of people,
    animals and plants;
    • cutting costs of farm supplies such as pesticides, while increasing crop
    yields and profits.
    • Disease resistant plants
    Disadvantages
    • Biological warfare. -----development of pathogens and epidemics that
    could be used in a conflict zone to infect populations.
    • Loss of soil fertility----Bio-enhanced plants require more nutrients from
    soil and yield more crops.
    • High costs---Biotechnology products often cost more than traditional
    products
    • Ethical considerations--- Gene manipulation raises a range of ethical
    issues, such as the genetic engineering of humans.
    • Safety questions---- Various groups have raised safety concerns about the
    health risks of GMOs and biotech-related medical developments, such as
    mRNA vaccines.

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