SWEEPING MACHINE: PERCEIVED VALUE OF STREET SWEEPERS ON

INNOVATIVE ROAD SWEEPING MACHINE EFFICIENCY AND

SUSTAINABILITY IN STO. ROSARIO, CITY OF SAN FERNANDO

PAMPANGA

Submitted to the Faculty of

STI College San Fernando

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the High Senior School Practical Research 2

by

Adriano, John Jefferson

Alangco, Gerzen Drey E.

Cabrera, Paul Mark S.

Caparas, Ystephannie S.

Cunanan, Jelexandra V.

Escarcha, Elaizha A.

Santos, Christian Carlo G.

Solon, Shean Kevin S.

STEM

January 2024
 Abstract

This study acknowledges the pivotal role of cleaning waste in maintaining health and

reducing human energy requirements. While numerous road cleaning machines exist, the

researchers have developed a simple, cost-effective, and user-friendly machine designed

for large-scale operations, particularly beneficial for street sweepers. These machines,

while becoming indispensable tools for cleaning public roads, aim to address the

challenges posed by advanced yet expensive alternatives. The importance of road

sweeping machines extends beyond aesthetics, impacting air quality, environmental

preservation, and the well-being of urban communities. Road sweeping machines play a

crucial role in averting pollution, preventing chemical waste, and mitigating health risks

associated with bacterial contamination. They effectively gather and eliminate undesired

elements such as dust, litter, and debris from various road surfaces. This study focuses on

the Philippines, where a significant number of street sweepers operate, aiming to enhance

their efficiency and job satisfaction. Given the challenges faced by elderly street

sweepers and the limitations of manual methods, the innovative road sweeping machine

is positioned as a comprehensive solution, capable of thorough cleaning in less time. The

primary objective of this research is to determine the perceived value of street sweepers

in relation to the efficiency and sustainability of innovative road sweeping machines.

Through this study, insights are expected to contribute to the optimization of road

cleaning practices, fostering a cleaner and healthier urban environment.

Keywords: Innovative Road Sweeping Machine, Efficiency, Sustainability, Street

Sweepers, Perceived Value.

i
i
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the your strand then abbreviation in Practical
Research 2, this research paper entitled, “Sweeping Machine: Perceived Value Of
Street Sweepers On Innovative Road Sweeping Machine Efficiency And
Sustainability In Sto. Rosario, City Of San Fernando Pampanga” has been prepared
and submitted by Adriano, John Jefferson. Alangco, Gerzen Drey E. Cabrera, Paul
Mark S., Caparas, Ystephannie S., Cunanan, Jelexandra V., Escarcha, Elaizha A.,
Santos, Christian Carlo G., Solon, Shean Kevin S., who are hereby recommended for
acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

Panel of Examiners
Approved by the PANEL ON ORAL EXAMINATION with the grade of
__________ on January 00, 2023.
_________________________
Ms. Jessielyn O. Yambao
Instructor

_________________________ _____________________________
Ms. Alyssa Pinpin Ms. Bib Robin
Panel Member Panel Member

Accepted and approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for your

strand then abbreviation.

_________________________ _______________________________
MS. JESSIELYN YAMBAO MR. JONH RAY MEDINA
SHS Assistant Principal OIC- Academic Head

ii
 DEDICATION

This research study is dedicated wholeheartedly and proudly to the people who

serve as a source of strength and inspiration.

To our beloved parents and friends who gave us advice and words of

encouragement to complete this study.

To the support and hard work of every member of the group and the guidance of

the professors, teachers, research advisers, and statisticians who contributed to the

success of this paper.

Finally, we dedicate this to our Almighty God, who has given us the wisdom,

skills, and strength to face each day. All of these we offer to you.

The Researchers

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We, the researchers, would like to express our most tremendous appreciation and

indebtedness, particularly to the following:

To our Research Adviser, Ms. Jessielyn Yambao who despite being

extraordinarily busy with his duties, for their invaluable guidance, support, and insightful

feedback throughout the entire research process.

Additionally, to our parents for their, unending and immeasurable love and

support, and for their tireless and selfless providing us with things we needed for our

education, and to our understanding and supportive friends and other individuals who in

one way or another shared their support, either morally, or physically, thank you. To our

Great Almighty, we are beyond thankful for your countless love and everything- you

who is the author of knowledge and wisdom. Ms. Jessielyn Yambao

The Researchers

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1
Abstract i
Approval Sheet ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Chapter I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction 2
Significance of the Study 2
Statement of the Problem 2
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 2
Definition of Terms 2
Chapter II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Relevant Theories 2
Related Literature 2
Related Studies 2
Conceptual Framework 2
Hypothesis 2
Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methods and Techniques of the Study 26
Population and Sample of the Study 29
Research Instrument 34
Data Gathering Procedure 35
Data Processing and Statistical Treatment 36
Chapter IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data 41
Chapter V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings 58

v
 Conclusion 60
Recommendation 60
REFERENCES 63
APPENDICES ix
Appendix A xi
Appendix B xii
CURRICULUM VITAE xiii
Surname, Name xiv
Surname, Name x
vi
LIST OF TABLES

Number Name Page

1 Personal Profile of the Respondents According to 30

their Section Enrolled in Academic Year 2021-2022

2 Title 00

vii
LIST OF FIGURES

Number Name Page

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 22

2 Title 00

viii
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Cleaning has become a habit for people in a certain area. Through these activities,

it helps our environment sustain its cleanliness and prevent pollution. Until now, little

importance has been given to the environment it cleans around us, like the road, our

college campus, outside ground, public places, etc. Both indoor and outdoor cleaning are

becoming more and more significant in today’s world.

According to Suozzo, J. (2021) The most observable advantage of street sweeping

is that it makes your streets seem better. A street sweeper makes a street appear cleaner

and more appealing through removing broken asphalt, stains, trash, and other material.

On the other hand, dirt and waste will accumulate on a street that is never swept.

Cleaning waste is very important to our health. It reduces man’s power requirements.

Nowadays, so many road cleaning machines are available, but we have developed a

machine that is so simple in construction and easy to operate that anybody could operate

it. Hence, it is very easy to use and applicable to any large area. Therefore, operating a

simple and usable road sweeping machine could help anybody clean and throw trash

away using this machine. It makes their lives easier and much better; it lessens your time

to clean, especially in a large area that is full of trash. These machines are helpful for

street sweepers.

Road sweeping machines have become one of the best tools to clean public roads,

whereas there are some advanced street sweepers that have been invented, but they cost

more cash to build and to buy. Therefore, the researchers chose to innovate road
sweeping machines that were much cheaper, simpler, and easier to operate without

spending a lot of money. Road-sweeping machines that are going to be capable of any

particular situation. The researchers furthermore intend to discover new features in

creating road-sweeping machines. Extend knowledge on how to build a road-sweeping

machine and what the effects of it will be on the environment.

Road & street sweeper, cleaning machine in GCC |Industrial Road sweeping

machine. (n.d.) state that in our ever-expanding cities environments, road sweeping

machines are indispensable tools for maintaining roads safe and clean. Their benefits to

improved air quality, environmental preservation, and the general well-being of city

dwellers go far beyond their aesthetic value.

There are factors in road sweeping machines that help the environment sustain

cleanliness and prevent trash pollution. These averagely have huge contributions in

nature; they help avoid chemical waste by the use of road sweeping machines and at least

prevent any kind of bacteria that can affect our health. Street sweeping ensures that our

streets remain clear and safe for all users. The purpose of road sweeping machines is to

effectively gather and eliminate undesired factors such as dust, litter, and debris from

different types of road surfaces.

Although the environment is generally unknown, one important advantage of

street sweeping is the elimination of dangerous metals and other pollutants that may find

their way into our air emissions. Street sweeping contributes to the preservation of the

surrounding air, sands, and canals by lowering the quantity of road waste (Suozzo, 2021).

The researchers decided to perform this study since the Philippines has a large number of

street sweepers. That may assist this machine; therefore, we did this study to make them
feel more at ease with their task. It will make their job easier and more efficient than

manual sweeping. Furthermore, many street sweepers are elderly and can no longer

afford to spend as many hours as possible sweeping and spend some time sweeping. This

sweeper machine can clean more thoroughly than manual methods.

Significance of the Study

Sweeping Machine: Perceived Value of Street Sweepers on Innovative Road

Sweeping Machine Efficiency and Sustainability.

This study will be beneficial for the street sweepers of Barangay Santo Rosario,

City of San Fernando, Pampanga, since it would revolutionize the traditional street

sweeping equipment that they are currently using. The innovative road sweeping machine

can be used to assist and further improve the proficiency of street sweeping for the street

sweepers of San Fernando Pampanga. Above conclusion, the significance of this study

are the following:

Street Sweepers. Street Sweepers job and efficiency would be greatly improved

by the innovation of road sweeping machine. Especially the street sweepers in Santo

Rosario, it will help them accomplish more task in a shorter amount of time with the use

of the innovative sweeping machine, rather than using the conventional method that uses

broom for sweeping and cleaning streets.

Researchers. The researchers would be able to gain more insight and knowledge

about street sweeping machines.

 Teachers. Teachers can gain insight and idea on how a street machine is built and

operated. They can use it to teach their students how a street sweeping machine operates.

It would also give them a rough idea on it is benefits and it is impact to the community.

Future Researchers. This study would serve as a basis for future research

regarding the further innovation of street sweeping machine. This study aims to develop

and produce a working prototype of innovative street sweeping machine. This study can

serve as a guide for the future researchers to further develop and improve the

shortcomings of this research.

Community. The community would be able to determine the significance of

having a street sweeping machine. It will make the community cleaner and neater than

before. With the end of this research all the data that were collected can be accessed by

the community making them have a free access to the benefits and result of this research.

It can enable them to develop and make their own street sweeping machine using the data

that were collected in this study.

Sustainability for Street Sweeper. The focus on sustainability aligns with global

environmental concerns, promoting eco-friendly practices in urban maintenance. A

sustainable street sweeper not only reduces the environmental footprint but also aligns

with the growing demand for green technologies in urban development.

Municipalities and urban administrators. Improved efficiency and

sustainability in street cleaning operations lead to cost savings, optimized resource

allocation, and enhanced city aesthetics. Municipalities can achieve higher levels of

cleanliness with reduced environmental impact.

 Street cleaning services and companies. Companies providing street cleaning

services can adopt and market the innovative road sweeping machine, gaining a

competitive edge. Efficiency gains and sustainability contribute to long-term viability and

positive public perception.

Residents and the general public. Cleaner streets enhance the overall quality of

urban life. Reduced air and noise pollution, along with improved aesthetics, create a

healthier and more pleasant living environment for residents.

Environmental Advocates and Organizations. The focus on sustainability

aligns with environmental goals, promoting eco-friendly practices in urban maintenance.

This study supports the agenda of organizations advocating for cleaner and greener cities.

Technology and Manufacturing Industries. Companies involved in the

development and manufacturing of road sweeping machines stand to gain from the

demand for innovative and sustainable solutions. This study can drive advancements in

the technology and manufacturing sectors.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Perceived Value of Street Sweepers in Santo

Rosaio towards Innovative Road Sweeping Machines’ Efficiency and Its Sustainability.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. To what extent are the street sweepers of Santo Rosario concerned about the

cleanliness and overall condition of the streets in their community?

2. How do street sweepers perceive the efficiency of traditional street sweeping

methods in comparison to the innovative road sweeping machine?

 3. What is the percieved level of effectiveness of the innovative road sweeping ma-

chine in maintaining cleaner streets and public areas in Santo Rosario?

4. How do street sweepers evaluate the sustainability and environmental impact of

the innovative road sweeping machine compared to traditional street sweeping

methods?

5. In terms of convinience and practicality, how do residents rate the use of the in-

novative road sweeping machine in comparison to manual street sweeping?

Scope and the Delimitations of the Study

This study focuses on the perceived value of the street sweepers towards the

innovation of road sweeping machines specifically design for the street sweepers in Sto.

Rosario, City of San Fernando, Pampanga. It aims to explore and implement advanced

technologies to improve efficiency and sustainability in urban street cleaning practices

within this specific location area.

The research is limited to the Santo Rosario, City of San Fernando Pampanga, and

its street sweeping operations. The findings may not be directly applicable to other cities

or regions with distinct demographic, infrastructural, or environmental characteristics.

Additionally, the study does not address broader municipal sanitation systems beyond the

scope of road sweeping machines.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding, the following variables are defined:

Aesthetic. relates to the appreciation of beauty, art, and the visual or sensory

qualities of something.

Debris Removal. The process of collecting and disposing of various types of

waste materials, including leaves, litter, dirt, and other pollutants from urban streets,

using the road sweeping machine.

Eco-friendly. short for "ecologically friendly," refers to practices, products, or

actions that are not harmful to the environment.

Efficiency. The ability of a road sweeping machine to perform its cleaning tasks

with minimum resource consumption, such as time, water, and energy, while maximizing

its effectiveness.

Innovation. The process of introducing new ideas, technologies, or methods to

improve the design, performance, or functionality of road sweeping machines.

 Maintenance Schedule. A predetermined plan for regular maintenance and

servicing of road sweeping machines to ensure their continued efficiency and longevity.

Microrelief. Small-scale variations or irregularities in the Earth's surface, often

at a local level, encompassing features such as tiny mounds, pits, and subtle changes in

elevation.

Road Sweeping Machine. A specialized vehicle equipped with brushes,

vacuum systems, and other cleaning mechanisms designed to remove debris, litter, dust,

and dirt from urban streets and roadways.

Sustainability. The consideration of environmental, economic, and social factors

in road sweeping machine design and operation to minimize negative impacts on the

environment and ensure long-term viability.

Street Sweeper. An individual operating the road sweeping machine responsible

for maneuvering the vehicle and ensuring the thorough cleaning of streets and roadways.

Urban Street Cleaning. The practice of maintaining cleanliness and hygiene of

city streets, including the removal of litter, debris, leaves, and other waste materials to

ensure a clean and attractive urban environment.

References

Calvillo, S. J., Williams, E. S., & Brooks, B. W. (2014). Street dust: implications
for stormwater and air quality, and environmental management through street sweeping.
In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (pp. 71–128).

How do innovative technologies improve the effectiveness of simple road cleaning

machines? | 5 Answers from Research papers. (n.d.). SciSpace - Question.
https://typeset.io/questions/how-do-innovative-technologies-improve-the-effectiveness-
of-1b5wtea8ul
 Liu, T., Chen, L., Yang, M., Sandanayake, M., Miao, P., Yang, S., & Yap, P.
(2022). Sustainability Considerations of Green Buildings: A detailed overview on current
advancements and future considerations. Sustainability, 14(21), 14393.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114393

Maxx. (2023, September 28). Maximizing the efficiency of your street sweepers.
Schwarze Industries. https://schwarze.com/en/maximizing-the-efficiency-of-your-street-
sweepers/
Microrelief. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/microrelief#:~:text=mi%C2%B7%E2%80%8Bcro
%C2%B7%E2%80%8Brelief,more%20than%20a%20few%20feet

Nick. (2021, August 2). What is a Road Sweeper & How do They Work?
ETM Recycling. https://www.recyclingbristol.com/what-is-a-road-sweeper-how-do-they-
work/

Peters, P. (2021, April 30). Street Sweeper Operator Job Description. Betterteam.
https://www.betterteam.com/street-sweeper-operator-job-description#:~:text=Street
%20sweeper%20operators%20are%20employed,and%20gather%20refuse%20for
%20collection.

Safety Valves - Zaes. (2023, March 13). Street cleaning and waste management -
Safety Valves - Zaes. https://zaes.es/en/industries/urban-cleaning-and-waste-management-
2/

Tsocheva, A. (2023, November 30). Eco-Friendly cleaning habits that promote a

healthier planet. FastKlean. https://www.fastklean.co.uk/blog/cleaning-tips/eco-friendly-
cleaning-habits-that-promote-a-healthier-planet/#:~:text=Eco%2Dfriendly%2C%20short
%20for%20ecologically,conserving%20resources%2C%20and%20minimising
%20pollution.
 Chapter II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presented the relevant theories, the related literature and studies, the

conceptual framework, and the definition of the variables of the study.

Relevant theories

Theories are developed to explain, predict, and comprehend phenomena, as well

as to challenge and extend existing understanding, all within the boundaries of the critical

bounding assumptions.

Various theories and perspectives have been forwarded to shed light on the

present study. This study is supported by the theory of: Technology Acceptance Model

and User Innovation Theory

The theories listed below serve as the foundation for clarifying the current research:
 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The technology acceptance model is a

framework for understanding how people acquire and use technology. TAM was created

in 1989 by Fred Davis to shed light on the elements that influence user acceptance of

technology. According to this approach, perceived simplicity of use and perceived utility

have a major impact on consumer acceptability.

TAMs main premise is that people are more inclined to embrace and adopt

technology if they find it user friendly and beneficial, in their context. Perceived ease of

use refers to how individuals perceive the simplicity and straightforwardness of using the

technology. On the hand perceived usefulness relates to users’ belief in how the

technology can enhance their efficiency, productivity or overall performance.

Understanding the adoption of technology relies on the interplay between perceived ease

of use and perceived utility within TAM. Users are more likely to accept a technology if

they perceive it as both easy to use and valuable. TAM has found applications across

domains such as business, healthcare, education and information technology because it

provides a framework, for assessing factors influencing acceptance and usage of

technology.

User Innovation Theory. The concept of user innovation has been around for several

decades, but it gained significant attention and formalization through the work of Eric

von Hippel, starting in the 1980s. The idea of user innovation has gained a lot of attention

lately in both academics and practice. We have come a long way in understanding the

role that users play in innovation, including their motivation, traits, and capacity for

invention, since the publication of von Hippel’s.

Figure 1: User Innovation Model

Firm-centric Firm-hosted Community In-

User Community Innovation
novation

User-centric
Single User Innovation Mass-customized Innovation

Single user Locus of the Innovation Community

1.1 Single User Innovation

A single user innovator is a single firm or individual that creates an innovation in order to

use it (Baldwin & von Hippel, 2011). When the advantages of using the invention

outweigh the expenses of generating it, including transaction, design, and production

costs, single users get involved with the innovation process.

1.2 User Community Innovation

Collaborative user innovation emerges from the collaboration of numerous users

who first seek to design a solution that addresses their requirements and then freely reveal

it for anybody to utilize.

According to a number of studies (Franke & Shah, 2003; von Hippel & von

Krogh, 2003), cooperating users who join peer-to-peer special-interest communities (both

online and offline) may produce new or change existing products and services in a variety

of sectors. The move to increasingly digitized and modularized design and production

techniques, as well as the development of low-cost, Internet-based communication, are

the two key driving forces for user community innovation (Baldwin & von Hippel, 2011).

1.3 Mass-costumized Innovation

 Not all users with special needs have the technical skills to create their own

innovations. They can either choose a mass-produced product or create it themselves

using standard toolkits given by manufacturers of mass-customized products and services

(von Hippel, 1998). The goal of mass customization is to create products and services

with enough variety and customization that almost everyone can obtain exactly what they

want at rates comparable with standard offers (Pine, 1993).

1.4 Firm-hosted Community Innovation

Firm-hosted communities’ foster connection and collaboration between users

and the company, as well as between users. Traditional lead user methods and online user

communities are two examples of such interaction. The lead user method speeds up the

identification of new product or service concepts while lowering the risks and costs

associated with these activities (von Hippel, 2005). Furthermore, some authors (Piller &

Walcher, 2006) believe that the traditional lead user approach can benefit significantly

from the use of larger online user communities. Engaging user networks can be used to

conduct a broad, preliminary screening for innovation potential that can later be explored

in more specialized challenges or during traditional led user workshops.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter shows the related literature and studies after the in-depth search done

by the researchers. This will also include a review of the literature, a theoretical and

conceptual framework for fully comprehending the research to be conducted, and a

definition of terms for better understanding of the study.

Related Literature
 Triphati, V. K., (2023) observed that cleaning is an essential part of the everyday

routine. Effective cleaning and sanitizing both directly and indirectly protects human

health. Cleaning the roads where we walk is an important element of cleaning. Local

highways in our country are cluttered with plastics, vegetables, fruit, and paper garbage,

among other things. Manual road cleaning is time-consuming and dangerous. Thus, Road

Cleaning Machines are utilized to lessen the stress on humans when it comes to road

cleaning. The machines available for this process are relatively expensive. As a result, we

offer a solution that is both cost effective and straightforward to implement.

According to Rony H. (2020) The design of the street sweeper involves looking for a

solution that can ease the work of the street sweeper during the design phase. The design

process began with current goods, an examination of street sweeper action, and

anthropometric measurements of components and users. This design obtained a draft

meaning a cheaper road sweeper and is predicted to streamline and improve street

sweeper work efficiency.

Deshmukh, H. T., et al. (2023) stated that the road cleaner is used to maintain the

environment clean. So that we can feel refreshed when walking down the street. In

general, numerous machines such as electric motors, diesel engines, and robots are

utilized to clean the floor and road in the present period. However, such processes

generate a lot of pollution, require a lot of maintenance, and are extremely difficult to

carry out. So, in order to save energy and save the environment, it is necessary to build

user-friendly road and floor cleaning machines.

Ragazzi, M. (2023) observed that the removal of street waste (including dust

from tire and bitumen wear) has a dual benefit: it reduces the resuspension of dust in the
atmosphere caused by turbulence caused by vehicle movement, and it reduces the

spreading of plastic particles in the environment (particularly stormwater).

Road sweepers are continually present machines that gather road waste and sweep dirt

from our streets and sidewalks, which results in preserving the cleanliness and health of

our towns. They are frequently quite mechanical tools that must operate under severe

settings while dealing with various types of abandoned trash and natural garbage. They

are typically made up of revolving brushes, collector belts and bins, and occasionally

water or air streams. All of these mechanical tools have high power demands and are

susceptible to wear and tear (Donati, L., et al. 2020)

Korytov, M. S., et al. (2020) stated that a good enough pressing force of the

brush equipment to the surface being cleaned should be provided to achieve maximum

cleaning efficiency. A schematic diagram of a sweeping machine working process was

created as a complex dynamic system, which included a basic machine, brush and

running equipment, a hydraulic drive, a road surface, and a microrelief control device,

which reflected the effect of the microrelief on the vertical coordinate of the working

equipment.

Occupational exposure to sweeping has been linked to the development of

chronic respiratory illnesses skin disorders, eye irritation, asthma, tuberculosis, and

hypertension among employees, according to research. The majority of the other non-

fatal injuries discovered were musculoskeletal in nature. Cleaners usually work with their

backs bent and backs bowed. Every day, they perform a number of repetitious tasks.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are pain, soreness, or discomfort in any anatomical

part of the body, including the neck, shoulders, upper back, lower back, elbows, wrists, or
hands, as well as the hips or thighs, knees, ankles, or feet. Cleaning and sanitizing on a

regular basis not only protect human health but also reduces pest infestations and

increases the durability of surfaces (Wargantiwar, N., Bhaiswar, V. N., & Khond, V. W.

2023).

Kumar, C. R., et al. (2021) points out that the road cleaning machine has

many roles, the most significant of which is cleanliness, which is becoming an important

aspect for the nation, as well as the design and operation of a semi-automatic road

cleaning machine. The cleaning machine is a method of delivering simple and time-

efficient road cleaning by decreasing the need for human labor. Because of reliability and

expendability, this simplified road cleaning machine with adapted technology is

appropriate for Indian conditions. Since the total cost of the system is very low, and just a

one-time investment is necessary to reduce labor charges. It will dramatically reduce

human work and be extremely beneficial in cleaning roads, especially in traffic. Because

of these advantages, using this technique aids in road cleaning.

The results of the performance testing revealed that as the energy input and speed

grew, so did the machine’s sweeping efficiency. The comparison of developed

mechanical street sweepers with hand-held broom sweeping on streets, parks, markets,

and main roads revealed considerable improvements in time, swept area, output energy,

and efficiency. (Kasali, A. A., et al. 2020).

According to H, P., et al. (2018) Cleaning is a basic need for all humans and is

required for everyday regular processes. The traditional road and floor cleaning machines

are widely utilized in a variety of applications, including roadways, railway stations,

airports, hospitals, bus stops, multi-story buildings, and colleges. This machine also
operates on human energy. It is both user and environmentally friendly. It is a superior

alternative to traditional machines. When compared to existing machinery, the manually

operated eco-friendly road and floor cleaner may perform very efficiently in terms of

covering area, time, and cost of the road cleaning process.

Zamora, M. B., et al. (2018) discovered that the goal of designing this device

was to reduce the labor of street sweepers. The device is chain and mechanism-inspired,

and it cleans using a brush. According to the findings, the design, construction, and

testing of a human-powered street sweeper employing the chain and sprocket system

were all successful. The machine reduces the physical exertion and ergonomic risks that

street sweepers confront. This gadget also makes the task of sweepers easier and faster.

Four Mechanical Engineering students from the Technological Institute of the

Philippines devised a pedal-powered road sweeper, known as walis de padyak in Filipino,

that makes road sweeping easier and faster. As a result, they created a device that can

assist street sweepers, many of whom are old, who clean the roads on a regular basis. The

pedal-operated road sweeper is essentially a tricycle with a compartment connected to it

meant to gather rubbish without having to manually sweep it. This would obviously be

appreciated by street sweepers, as they would no longer have to walk while pushing a

kariton or carrying a broom and shovel. Their job would be made easier in general

(Fanoga, J. 2022)

Divinagracia, J.D, (2022) Nowadays, using street sweepers and cleaners to

remove all types of dirt from the roads and drainage systems is a common solid waste

management technique. Street sweeping is a collection of actions pertaining to the

cleanliness of the street (pavements and surrounding boundaries of roads and grassed and
planted areas). Concessions are issued to independent contractors to reduce the garbage

observed in the streets of Manila every day. It involves flyposting, graffiti clearance, and

waste materials picking. The goal of this is to create urban surroundings that are both

aesthetically beautiful and healthy.

Evangelista, A. S. (2022) stated that machines for cleaning floors are widely

used in many different contexts, including roadways, railroad sand, etc. The objective of

this project was to utilize an inexpensive material that is easy to handle and control. It is a

better option than conventional machining. When compared to machinery, this manually

driven, eco-friendly road cleaning machine can work incredibly well in terms of area,

time, and cost. It is also low-cost. It is friendly to users and the environment alike.

Synthesis

As stated by the evaluation of related literature, the research supports claims

regarding road sweeping machines in enhancing urban street cleaning efficiency and

sustainability. These pieces of literature may help the researcher in conducting further

investigation of the road sweeping machines in urban street cleaning efficiency and

sustainability. Considering the foundation of this study is a review of related literature,

the researchers chose literature that made the study reliable. As the study focuses on these

concerns, the literature concentrates on road sweeping machines in urban street cleaning

efficiency and sustainability.

Conceptual Framework
 The utilized conceptual framework is the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model,

shown in the Figure 1. The term "IPO model" describes a visual representation of

everycomponent of a process. Every piece of information and material needed for the

process is shown in the IPO diagram, together with all the process's precise specifics and

a list of all the products and by products it produced. Furthermore, academics across a

range of disciplines frequently employ the IPO model. This method of characterizing the

structure of an information processing program or other process is used in system

analysis and software engineering. The Input indicates the respondents' demographics

and the elements relating to the dependent and independent variables of the innovative

road sweeping machine make up the input. Typically, all the information listed in the

problem statement is specified here. The Process comprises the use of questionnaires,

making observations, acquiring data, and handling data statistically. Data tabulation,

analysis, and interpretation are also included. The entire process is covered, startingwith

the information or data collection necessary to perform the educational study and

concluding with results and recommendations. The Output referred as the action done

afterevaluating the study's findings. Considerations are given to the action plan, the

intervention program, the planned program, activities, modules, and other relevant items.

Additionally, the study's outcomes are listed here, including the respondents' percieved

value regarding the innovation of road sweeping machine, and other relevant outcomes.

(Canonizado I.C., 2021)

Figure 1

Conceptual Framework of the Study

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Profile of re-  The street sweepers

 Collection of data
spondents in of Santo Rosario,
through question-
 naires/ survey

As shown in the figure above, the input phase presents the validated statement of

the problem. The process involves distributing and administering self-made, validated

survey questionnaires to respondents, along with the statistical analysis and interpretation

of the collected data. Finally, the output is the descriptive data reflecting the perceived

value of the innovative road sweeping machine. This assessment evaluates the potential

of aiding street sweepers in Barangay Sto. Rosario, City of San Fernando, Pampanga,

focusing on enhancing efficiency and sustainability in street sweeping. The significance

lies in the economic and environmental benefits derived from a streamlined street

sweeping process. A well-executed approach ensures comprehensive debris removal,

elevating cleanliness, and aesthetics, and plays a vital role in environmental conservation

by curbing pollution and mitigating the ecological impact of street cleaning operations.

Moreover, the study aims to determine, perceived value of street sweepers regarding the

efficiency and sustainability of innovative road sweeping machine. This conceptual

framework outlines the research process, variables, and potential contributions of the

researchers' study to the machine's development.

Hypothesis of the Study

H o = The street sweepers do perceive significant value on the innovative road

sweeping machine efficiency and sustainability.

 H A = The street sweepers do not perceive significant value on the innovative road

sweeping machine efficiency and sustainability.

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methods and techniques of the study, the population

and sample of the study, the research instruments and validation, the data gathering

procedures, and the processing of data.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

The researchers will implement a quantitative research design to enhance the

urban street cleaning process, aiming for increased effectiveness, environmental

friendliness, and cost-efficiency. This initiative will serve as a model for other

municipalities seeking to elevate the cleanliness and sustainability of their streets. To

address the research questions, the researchers will employ the quantitative method and

utilize a survey design. This approach will gather data crucial for finding solutions to the

research problems.

Quantitative methods, as defined by the City University of Seattle Library

("Research Methods and Design: Quantitative Research Methods," n.d.), involve

measuring variables using a numerical system, analyzing these measurements through

various statistical models, and reporting relationships and associations among the studied

variables. Survey research, a specific quantitative method, entails collecting information

from a pool of respondents by posing multiple survey questions. This method involves
the recruitment of individuals, data collection, and subsequent analysis. It proves useful

for researchers aiming to convey new features or trends to their respondents (Fleetwood,

D. 2023, November 6).

Population and Sample of the Study

In this research, we picked participants by using convenience sampling.

According to Fleetwood D. (2023) Convinience sampling is a easy way to get

information compared to the other sampling methods, convinience sampling is a type of

sampling that doesn’t depend on chance and is often used in research studies This method

saved time and resources. However, there's a risk of bias because our sample might not

truly reflect the whole group. Even though convenience sampling is helpful for quick

insights.

The population that was selected are the streeet sweepers “TUPAD”; (Tulong

Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers). A total of 40 TUPAD

workers in Barangay Santo Rosario, City of San Fernando, Pampanga were selected to

participate in this research.

Research Instrument

Considering the study was conducted using a quantitative approach, the

researchers chose surveys as their research instrument because they are more quantitative

in nature and necessitate participant responses and the collection and analysis of data.
 This usually involves a set of questions that are done in a casual style: agree or

disagree. Respondents are able to share information in their own words, which is helpful

for gathering comprehensive data and comprehensive social processes. The research

choices, thoughts, and opinions that affect the researcher’s process are documented in the

field by notes.

Data Gathering Procedure

To gather the necessary data for the study, the researchers followed a systematic

approach. First, a convincing, detailed, and well-written letter asking for permission to

conduct the study had been created.

The researcher conducted a study to investigate how innovating road sweeping

machines can enhance urban street cleaning efficiency and sustainability in Barangay Sto.

Rosario City of San Fernando, Pampanga. The researcher created a survey questionnaire

that was validated by a subject professor and delivered questionnaire checklists to their

chosen respondents. The researcher distributed the survey questionnaire to the 40 street

sweepers respondents in the Barangay Sto. Rosario City of San Fernando, Pampanga.

The researcher discussed the significance of the respondents’ responses to the

study and clarified several phrases for them. A structured interview, a sort of quantitative

interview in which relevant information on a study topic is acquired through a structured

sequence of inquiries, was employed by the researcher. Following the completion of the

questionnaire, the researcher will evaluate and analyze the results. The researcher seeks

the assistance of a statistician in identifying the best statistical techniques to use and in
interpreting the results. The researcher draws conclusions and makes recommendations

for this study based on the data.

The target respondents of this study are the street sweepers that are under the

TUPAD program in the Barangay Sto. Rosario, City of San Fernando, Pampanga.

The respondent was reassured by the researcher that their response would remain

protected and hidden from view. After the participants have completed their responses to

the questionnaires, the researcher will organize them in their entirety and summarize the

data for analysis.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment (N/A)

Upon consolidation of the data gathered, the researcher will employ frequency

count and percentage distribution.

The following statistical procedure will be used to interpret the data gathered

from the respondents of the study.

1. Simple Percentage. This statistical tool was used in gathering the number of

respondents using the simple percentage with the following formula: P=F/N

(100).

Where:

P = Percentage

F = Frequency for each category

N = Total number of respondents

100 = Constant multiplier

 2. Raosoft. Software that calculates and generates the sample size of a research

survey. Moreover, the Raosoft sample size calculator offers both the sample size

and confidence interval level calculation to minimize frustrations encountered

during the research. Additionally, this software takes into consideration the

margin of error, the confidence level, and response distribution and it offers the

viz-a-viz of what the margin of error would be like with the various sample sizes

(projecttopic.2018).

3. Tally. A tally chart is a simple way of recording and counting frequencies. The

tallies can then be counted to give the frequency.

4. Frequency. The rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular

period of time or in a given sample.

5. Weighted Mean. This statistical tool was used to compute the weight of the

responses in the questionnaire assigned by the respondents during the actual data-

gathering procedure this formula for the weighted mean is as follows: WM= ∑

FW / N

Where:

WM= Weighted Mean

∑= Summation symbol

F= Frequency for each option

W= Assigned weight

N= Total number of frequencies

The following are the corresponding verbal interpretations for the weighted mean.
Table 4
Verbal Interpretation for the Weighted Mean

Weighted Mean/Equivalent Corresponding Remarks

3.26 – 4.00 Very Good

2.56 – 3.25 Good

1.76 – 2.55 Fair

1.00 – 1.75 Fail

6. Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Correlation between sets of data is a measure of

how well they are related. The most common measure of correlation in statistics is

Pearson Correlation. The full name is Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). It

shows the linear relationship between two sets of data. In simple terms, it answers the

question, Can I draw a line graph to represent the data? Two letters are used to represent

the Pearson correlation: the Greek letter rho (ρ) for a population and the letter “r” for a

sample. Pearson Correlation Coefficient formula is as follows: r =NΣXY – (ΣX) (ΣY) /

√ [NΣX2 – (ΣX)2] [NΣY2 – (ΣY)2]

Where:

r = Pearson Coefficient

n= number of the pairs of the stock

∑xy = sum of products of the paired stocks

∑x = sum of the x scores

∑y= sum of the y scores

∑x2 = sum of the squared x scores

 ∑y2 = sum of the squared y scores

Verbal Interpretation Pearson. The most used measure of association is

Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson correlation coefficient). The

Pearson correlation coefficient or as it is denoted by r is a measure of any linear trend

between two variables. The value of r ranges between −1 and 1.

The value of r2 is called the coefficient of determination. The coefficient of

determination is the percentage of variance that could be explained by the two variables.

When r = zero. It means that there is no linear association between the variables.

However, there might be some nonlinear relationship but if r = zero then there is no

consistent linear component to that relationship.

When r = 1. It means that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between

the variables, and all individuals sampled lie exactly on the line of best fit with a positive

slope.

If 0 < r < 1. Then there is a positive linear trend, and the sampled individuals are

scattered around the line of best fit; the smaller the absolute value of r the less well the

data can be visualized by a single linear relationship. If r is positive, then an increase in

the value of one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable.

When r = −1. It means that there is a perfect negative relationship between the

variables, and all individuals sampled lie exactly on the line of best fit with a negative

slope.
 If −1 < r < 0. Then sampled individuals will be scattered around the e variables,

and all individuals sampled lie exactly on the; the smaller the absolute value of r the less

well the data can be visualized by a single linear relationship.

Table 5
Verbal Interpretation for the Pearson r

Pearson r Interpretation

0.0 no correlation

± .01 - .24 very low or negligible correlation

± .25 - .49 moderately low correlation

± .50 - .74 moderately high correlation

± .75 - .99 very high correlation

± 1.0 perfect correlation

*All data were treated using SPSS 20 software. You may use this software.