1

Guiguinto National Vocational High School

Poblacion, Guiguinto, Bulacan

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

S.Y. 2022-2023

“Quantitative Assessment on the Damage Caused by Severe Flood in Guiguinto Bulacan”

This research proposal is submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

Senior High School – Grade 12

Accountancy, Business and Management Strand

by

Payabyab,Mark Jayson

Abad, Johana Margarette

Barrera, Jean Angel

Gatmaitan, Angel Anne

Jimenez, Abegail

Lizarondo, Mikaella

Ordonez, Rennalyn

Requejo,Rogielyn

January 2024
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Since flooding can have severe effects that threaten lives and cause property damage in
the affected areas, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous and widespread natural
dangers. The main cause of this issue is the evolving climatic behavior of typhoons and
excessive rainfall. The increasing effects of floods are also a result of human activities like
urbanization and the expansion of assets and settlements in flood-prone areas. The limited
capacity of river systems, human habitation in low-lying locations, and the rapid expansion of
human settlements without modernizing the drainage infrastructure are common phenomena
that cause flooding. The number of flooding-related issues has grown significantly, and
effective modeling is required to lessen the worst consequences of flood catastrophes. Thus,
effective modeling will help in proper flood risk management planning and provide various
insights into addressing hazards and disaster problems. It is necessary to establish and
implement a systematic approach to defining areas that may have disastrous flood events. The
government passed a law to strengthen readiness for potential catastrophes as a result of the
frequent natural disasters that affect the Philippines. The national framework for disaster risk
reduction and management, as well as the national disaster risk reduction and management
strategy, were institutionalized with the implementation of Republic Act 10121, also known
as An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
System. The local government entities were unprepared for natural disasters like typhoons
and intense rainfalls that result in widespread flooding, even after the DRRM law was passed.
Thus, as each barangay area has unique physical and social characteristics, effective flood
risk assessment and strategies should be devised, particularly at the barangay (local word for
town) level.

Foreign Literature
According to IPCC (2012) Flooding of river systems is the most frequent and costly

natural hazard, affecting the majority of the world’s countries on a regular basis.
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According to Barredo et al. (2012) over the past few decades the economic damage as a result

of flooding has increased in most regions. Several studies state that most of this increase can

be attributed to a growth of population and wealth in flood prone areas.

According to The World Bank (2010) Studies of past flood events show that the

majority of losses arise in urban areas, due to impairment of structures, costs of business

shut-down and failure of infrastructure.

According to Kind et al. (2011) Government agencies, insurance companies and

research institutions in many countries develop and use flood damage models to assess the

expected economic flood impact. Estimates of potential exante damage are used, for example,

for land use planning, flood risk mapping and cost-benefit analysis of required investments in

flood defences.

According to Bubeck and Kreibich (2011). Flood damage can be divided into four

types: direct tangible (e.g. physical damage due to contact with water), indirect tangible (e.g.

loss of production and income), direct intangible (e.g. loss of life) and indirect intangible (e.g.

trauma).

Local Literature

In the Philippines, the occurrence of natural hazards and disasters is frequent due to

the physical environment of the country, which faces the Pacific Ocean where catastrophic

typhoons originate from. Furthermore, the Philippines is located in a part of the Pacific Ring

of Fire. The Philippines is vulnerable to typhoons, floods, earthquakes, storm surges and

tsunamis. The primary causes of the disasters in this area are typhoons and flooding because

of their frequent occurrence and their magnitude of impact on society. Approximately 20

typhoons per year approach or make landfall, and this is the highest frequency of typhoon

events in the entire world.

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Luzon

According to Shrestha et al. Flood damage to agriculture (rice crops) was assessed in

the Pampanga River basin of the Philippines. Flood damage to agriculture was defined as a

function of hazard characteristics, such as flood depth and flood duration, exposure, and

growth stage of rice crops, and estimated in terms of yield loss using a depth-duration-

damage function. The assessment results based on the different return period of flood events

were then used to estimate the probability of agricultural damage for most frequently

damaged and rarely damaged areas. The results of flood damage assessment in the Pampanga

River basin provide a basis to identify areas at risk, and these results can be useful for

planners, developers, policy makers, and decision makers in establishing policies required to

reduce flood damage.

NCR (Metro Manila)

According to National Statistics Office (2007), Metro Manila is an administrative

region in the Philippines that serves as a focal point for major political and economic

activities in the country. The geographic location of Metro Manila is shown in Based on this

map, Metro Manila is situated in a semi-alluvial fan that opens to Manila Bay on the west and

Laguna de Bay Lake on the southeast. At present, the metropolis is comprised of 17 highly

urbanized municipalities that are sharing a relatively small area of 638 km2. The population

in Metro Manila is about 11,758,000 per sons, making it the most densely populated

administrative region in the country.

According to The World Bank (2010).The costs of flooding in Metro Manila (based

on 2008 values) can range from PhP 15 billion ($337 million) to PhP 111 billion ($2.5

billion), which is 3% to 24% of the region's gross domestic product. According Rabonza

(2009), recent flood events are increasingly devastating, resulting in the loss of many lives

and causing immense damages to properties. According to Fano (2000), the occurrences of
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floods in Metro Manila have been documented as early as 1898. The flood control plan

consisted mainly of drainage improvements covering most parts of the present day Metro

Manila.

Visaya

Super Typhoon Haiyan, known as Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, formed in an

area of low pressure at low latitudes in the west Pacific Ocean near Pohnpei in the Caroline

Islands group in the Federated States of Micronesia. According to Morgerman et al. (2014) of

the event experienced by his team in the Tacloban city downtown area: “Haiyan was a small,

fast- moving, extremely violent cyclone that made a direct hit on Tacloban City”.

According to NDRRMC (2014) Typhoon Haiyan was one of the strongest and deadliest

typhoons in Philippine history. As of 17 April 2014, from the last official report, 6300

fatalities have been reported, with 28 689 persons injured and 1061 still missing due to the

typhoon’s aftermath.

Mindanao

According to Cabrera and Lee. Mindanao Island, as described, is known to be rather

typhoon free regions with less flood and storm surge risk in the Philippines. However,

disasters due to tropical storm Sendong (international name, Washi) in 2011 and Super

Typhoon Pablo (international name, Bopha) in 2012 changed that; Mindanao is now

considered to be in one of the typhoon paths. These two deadly storms killed more than 1000

persons and led to approximately 100 missing persons because of heavy rains that triggered

the rivers to overflow and that caused flash floods and landslides. Davao Oriental is located

in the southeast of Mindanao Island, and disasters due to floods and storm surge in this region

are anticipated to be more frequent under global warming.

According to Lagmay et al. Even though flooding is a severe hazard in Davao

Oriental due to the typhoon, heavy rainfalls and storms, insufficient attention has been paid to
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flood hazard assessment. Recent scientific work undertaken in the province of Davao

Oriental.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Assessment in Damage Caused

Severe flood in Guiguinto
Bulacan

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the level of flood on respected municipal level?

2. What are the factors on the assessment of severe flood and the damaged it caused in
terms of following:
2.1 Population
2.1.1 Affected population per household
2.1.2 Affected population per evacuation center
2.2 Agriculture
2.3 Roads and infrastructure
2.4 Disruption of business operations
2.5 Medical cases reported
2.5.1 Medical Distribution
3. What are the relationship between damage caused and severe flood in Guiguinto
Bulacan?
4. What are the implications that can be derived from the results of the study?
Hypothesis of the Study
The following hypothesis will be tested in the study:
There is a significant negative impact on the damage caused by severe floods in Guiguinto,
Bulacan.
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Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to yield benefits to the following individuals
and institutions.
School. The study can benefit schools in the area, especially those affected by floods. The
findings can help school administrators to assess the impact of floods on school facilities and student
learning. They can use this information to develop strategies to mitigate the effects of floods on
school operations.
Teachers. The study can provide insights into the impact of severe floods on student
performance. This information can help teachers to adjust their teaching strategies to help students
who have been affected by the floods to catch up on their studies.
Administrators. The findings of the study can be used by local government officials to
make informed decisions on the allocation of resources for disaster response and recovery. They can
also use the information to coordinate with other agencies to provide assistance to affected
communities.
Students. The study can provide students with a deeper understanding of the effects of flood
disasters on communities. It can also help them develop a sense of responsibility in preparing for and
responding to such disasters.
Future Researchers. The study can serve as a reference for future researchers who may
want to investigate the impact of floods on other areas or to explore other aspects of flood disasters.
The data and methodology used in the study can be replicated and improved upon to provide more in-
depth insights into the topic.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this study is to assess the damage caused by a severe flood in Guiguinto,
Bulacan.The study's timeline span from 2018-2023. It will focus on various aspects such as
property damage, infrastructure damage, agricultural impact, displacement and evacuation
data, health and safety concerns, and recovery and rehabilitation efforts. The study will rely
on data from reliable sources, such as municipal records and government reports. However, it
is important to note that the study is limited to the geographical area of Guiguinto, Bulacan,
and will not cover other natural disasters or individual household-level damage. The analysis
aims to provide valuable insights within its defined scope while acknowledging the inherent
limitations of the research.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms have been defined conceptually and/or operationally for a better
understanding of the study:
Severe Flood: A severe flood is a natural disaster characterized by the inundation of a large
area due to an excessive and rapid influx of water, often resulting from heavy rainfalls,
typhoons, or other extreme weather events.

Damage Caused: The damage caused by severe floods includes the destruction of buildings,
infrastructure, and agriculture, as well as the displacement of communities.

Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design utilized in the study, the respondents, the
instruments of the study, the data collection procedures, ethical considerations, and the data
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processing and statistical treatment applied incombining quantitative and qualitative data,
researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the physical, economic, social, and
emotional damage caused by severe floods. This mixed-method approach allows for a more
holistic view of the situation and can inform policy decisions, disaster preparedness
strategies, and community resilience initiatives.

Respondents of the Study

The researcher interviewed two(2) municipal employees who were knowledge in
disaster risk or severe flooding. Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(MDRRMO) Head officer Peter John Vistan was interviewed about severe flooding and
Engineering Renz Kevin L. Panganiban in disaster risk area assigned in Municipality was
also interviewed about monitoring and the damage caused by severe flood in Guiguinto
Bulacan.

Instruments
In Quantitative Research, the researchers used interview method to collect and
gathered data from the Municipality and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office (MDRRMO) of Guiguinto. The quantitative aspect of the data collected
will allow the researchers to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the flood damage, assisting
in the creation of effective strategies for future disaster management.

Data Collection
The Researchers have conducted a data collection on the damage caused by the severe
flood in Guiguinto, Bulacan, with the data sourced from the municipal authorities. The
assessment included various aspects such as household surveys, property damage assessment,
displacement and evacuation data, agricultural impact assessment, health and safety data,
infrastructure damage assessment, and information on recovery and rehabilitation efforts.
This comprehensive data will be instrumental in formulating effective mitigation strategies,
disaster response planning, and resource allocation for future flood events. By continuing to
monitor and evaluate the impact of such disasters, we can ensure the resilience and well-
being of the affected communities.
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Ethical Consideration
The provisions of the Data Privacy Act will be strictly observed in the conduct of the
study. Permission to conduct the study will be sought from the School. The anonymity of the
respondents will be highly observed in the entire study. Respondent schools will be coded,
and their responses will be treated with outmost confidentiality to protect the interest of all
concerned.

Data Analysis
The data analysis conducted by the researchers, utilizing data gathered from the
municipal authorities, provides valuable insights into the damage caused by the severe flood.
The assessment covers various aspects including property damage, infrastructure impact,
agricultural losses, displacement and evacuation data, health and safety concerns, and
recovery efforts. The analysis reveals the extent of the damage inflicted upon the affected
community, highlighting the significant challenges faced in the aftermath of the flood. By
utilizing this data, the researchers can identify the areas most affected and prioritize resources
for effective mitigation strategies, disaster response planning, and targeted recovery
measures. The findings from this data analysis will contribute to enhancing the resilience of
the community and informing future flood preparedness efforts to minimize the impact on the
affected population.

Chapter 3
Results , Findings, And Discussions

Table 1. Level of Flood

BARANGAY LEVEL OF FLOOD

Cutcut Yellow
Daungan Yellow
Ilang-ilang Red
Malis Red
Panginay Orange
Poblacion Red
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Pritil Yellow
Pulong Gubat Yellow
Sta.Cruz Orange
Sta Rita Yellow
Tabang Orange
Tabe Yellow
Tiaong Yellow
Tuktukan Orange

Three level of flood:

Yellow- 0.1m – 0.5m

Orange- 0.5m – 1.5m

Red- 1.5m – up

The Yellow flood level (0.1–0.5 m) is in Barangay Cutcut, Daungan, Pritil, Pulong gubat, Sta
Rita, Tabe, Tiaong. Locals and authorities should keep an eye on the situation and take
preventative measures including avoiding low-lying areas, securing loose things, and being
vigilant for any additional flooding. Although some highways and low-lying areas may be
submerged in water at a yellow flood level, there shouldn't be a significant risk to people's
lives or property.

The Orange flood level (0.5–1.5 meters) in Barangay Panginay, Sta Cruz, Tabang,

Tuktukan, indicates that residents and authorities need to take more serious precautions, like

evacuating low-lying areas, closing down impacted highways, and helping those affected by

the floods. Although a lot of roads and buildings may be submerged under water at an orange

flood level, there shouldn't be any imminent danger to people or property. In certain places,

evacuation might be required to guarantee safety.

Red flood level (1.5 m-up) is present in Barangay Ilang ilang, Malis, Poblacion. Locals and

authorities should respond right away by evacuating impacted areas, offering emergency aid,
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and attempting to lessen the impact of the flooding on the community. A red flood level can

cause the water to rise quickly, covering a large number of structures and roadways and

posing a major risk to people's lives and property. In certain places, evacuation might be

required to guarantee safety.

Table 2 .2018-2023 Typhoons

YEARS MONTHS LOCATION TYPHOON
NAMES
2018 June 8 Luzon Typhoon Domeng
2018 June 13 Luzon Typhoon Ester
2018 July 21 Metro Manila Typhoon Josie
2018 August 7 East of Philippines Typhoon Karding
2018 September 10 Luzon Typhoon Ompong
2019 August 27 Central Luzon Typhoon Jenny
2019 September 3-4 Philippines Typhoon
Liwayway
2019 November 19-20 Luzon Typhoon Ramon
2019 December 2-3 Visayas And Bicol Typhoon Tisoy
Region
2019 December 24-25 Typhoon Ursula
2020 May 14-17 Eastern Samar and Typhoon Ambo
Luzon
2020 June 11-12 Western Philippines Typhoon Butchoy
2020 August 10 Luzon Typhoon Freddie
2020 October 20 Luzon Typhoon Pepito
2020 November 5-6 Batanes and Babuyan Typhoon Siony
Island
2020 November 11 Metro Manila Typhoon Ulysses
2020 December 18-19 Southern Philippines Typhoon Vicky
2021 July 26 Aurora Typhoon Infa
2021 July 18-19 Central Luzon Typhoon Surigae
2021 December 17-18 Central Luzon Typhoon Odette
2021 September 7 Aurora Province Typhoon Siony
2021 December 18-19 Central Luzon Typhoon Rai
2021 April 29 Central Luzon Typhoon Bising
2022 January 18-19 Central Luzon Typhoon Aura
2022 June 7-8 Central Luzon Typhoon Caloy
2022 September 26 Central Luzon Typhoon Karding
2023 January Central Luzon Typhoon Basyang
2023 March Central Luzon Typhoon Caloyan
2023 May Central Luzon Typhoon Domeng
2023 June 25 Central Luzon Typhoon Egay
2023 August Central Luzon Typhoon Falcon
2023 September Central Luzon Typhoon Goring
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2023 October 29 – Central Luzon Typhoon Inday

November 4

Population Affected

The information provided shows the anticipated affected population growth for a
particular area from 2018 to 2023. For both years, the figures given are the estimated
population in thousands. The population is 24,132 in 2018 and is projected to reach 80,525 by
2023. This means that the affected population has increased by a startling 233%, or nearly
three times. The population in this area is expected to rise significantly during the next five
years, based on this noteworthy growth rate.

Population Affected in Evacuation Center

2018 to 2023
771 2018 to 2023 2,817
24,132 265% 80,525
233%

The data in this table indicates a rise in the percentage of the population impacted in
evacuation centers, going from 7.71% in 2018 to 28.17% in 2023. This signifies that over the
past six years, the growth rate of the affected population in these centers has surged by 265%.

Damage to Agriculture

2018 to 2023
36.9% 28.9%%
18%

This table shows that the number of damage to agriculture was decreases to 18% during
those 6 years of flooding. This is due to decrease of area in agriculture and increase in area of
road. In 2023 the total number of damage to agriculture is only 36.9% compare to 2018
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recorded number of damage to agriculture is 28.9% this table shows the highest % of year
2018.

Damage to Road and Infrastructure

2018 to 2023
18.92% 22.14%
23%

This table shows that the percentage of damage to roads and infrastructure has increased
from 18.92% in 2018 to 22.14% in 2023. This may be due to the increase of area of roads
than agricultures. The damage to roads and infrastructure in 6 years of flooding is 23%
growth rate.

Disruption of Business Operating

2018 to 2023
348 489
33%

This table shows that the Disruption of business operating has increase 33% in the past
6 years of flooding. In 2018 there are only 348 affected business compare to the 489
disruption of business in 2023. This data shown that severe flooding has an impact in
businesses in Guiguinto Bulacan.

Medical Cases Reported

2018 to 2023
1 312
198%

This table shows the percentage of medical cases reported increased from 1 in 2018 to

312 in 2023. From 2018 to 2023, documented medical cases appear to have climbed by
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198%. This shows a significant increase in health-related due to severe flooding throughout

those 6 years.

Medical Distribution

2018 to 2023
2,404 1,116
73%

The total number of medication distributions reported between 2018 and 2023 is
displayed in this table. According to the information provided by the municipal authority,
2404 medicines were distributed in 2018. The total number of medications distributed
decreased to 1116 in 2023. During the six years of floods from 2018 to 2023, there was a
73% rise rate in the number of reported medical distributions.

Chapter 4

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusion

Based from the results of the study, the researchers concluded the following. The
level of flood in Guiguinto Bulacan is on yellow flood level which means it was raised when
the expected rainfall amount is between 7.5 millimeters (mm) and 15 mm within one hour
and likely to continue. According to Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) at maximum, this is equivalent to 6,300 liters of water,
or 30 drums, in an hour. Given this advice, municipality are cautioned that flooding in low-
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lying areas may occur and are urged to monitor the weather. Even if there may not be a flood
yet, people are nevertheless urged to keep an eye on their surroundings and stay informed
about any advisories.

The assessment of the severe flood in Guiguinto, Bulacan revealed significant

impacts on various factors. The findings indicate that the severe flood had caused extensive
damage to the population, agriculture, and medical cases reported. The population was
greatly affected, with a high number of individuals experiencing displacement, property
damage, and health issues as a result of the flood. The agricultural sector also suffered severe
losses, with crops destroyed, livestock affected, and farmland submerged. Additionally, there
was a notable increase in medical cases reported, including injuries, waterborne illnesses, and
other health concerns. However, when it comes to the factors of road and infrastructure, as
well as business, the assessment showed a relatively lower difference compared to other
areas. This suggests that the road and infrastructure systems, although impacted by the flood,
were able to withstand the damage to some extent. Similarly, businesses in the area managed
to maintain a certain level of resilience, possibly due to preparedness measures or adaptive
strategies implemented in recent years.

Therefore conclude that there is relationship between damage caused by the severe
flood in Guiguinto Bulacan, because of the results gathered from the following factors. As the
results of affected population, affected population in evacuation center, road and
infrastructure, disruption of businesses and medical cases it was increased a lot of percentage
per factors during those six years of flooding. The gathered data from the municipal and the
researcher concluded that there was an impact and relationship between damage caused by
severe flood in Guiguinto Bulacan.

Recommendation
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 Planning protective plans, getting people ready, and notifying those who may be

impacted should all make use of the possibilities provided by flood modelling and

risk analysis.

 Increased river space is crucial, but this calls for both adjusted land uses and the

retreat of settlements.

 In the future, evaluations of flood hazards need to take bridges into more account.

During flood occurrences, bridges can dramatically raise the risk of flooding.

 It is necessary to improve flood warning systems in advance

 Planning and its signaling role need to be reinforced. Maps showing risks and hazards

associated with heavy rain must be made available to the general population.

 Planning and construction for flood and climate resilience must be integrated at all

levels of spatial planning and consider all aspects of the impacts of climate change.

 When stakeholders create structures of cooperation and collaborate across

municipalities, sustainable rehabilitation is successful. Funding ought to improve this

collaboration.
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References

A. R. Scorzini, A. Radice, D. Molinari (2018) A New Tool to Estimate Inundation

Depths by Spatial Interpolation (RAPIDE): Design, Application and byImpact on

Quantitative Assessment of Flood Damages https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=+A+New+Tool+to+Estimate+Inundation+Depths+by+Spatial

+Interpolation+%28RAPIDE%29%3A+Design

%2C+Application+and+byImpact+on+Quantitative+Assessment+of+Flood+Damages&b

tnG= B.B. Shrestha, H. Sawano, M. Ohara, and N. Nagumo(2016) Improvement in

Flood Disaster Damage Assessment Using Highly Accurate IfSAR DEM

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Improvement+in+Flood+Disaster+Damage+Assessment+Usin

g+Highly+Accurate+IfSAR+DEM&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1699158727227&u=%23p

%3D6IxsMgNPPQoJ R. Gilbuena, A. Kawamura, R. Medina, H. Amaguchi and

N.Nakagawa (2013) Environmental impact assessment of structural flood

mitigation measures by a rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) technique: A

case study in Metro Manila, Philippines https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Environmental+impact+assessment+of+structural+flood+miti

gation+measures+by+a+rapid+impact+assessment+matrix+%28RIAM%29+technique
 19

%3A+A+case+study+in+Metro+Manila

%2C+Philippines&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1699158802870&u=%23p%3DC_0nApl9TOkJ

N. A. Saripada, C. L. Patino and J. R. Sinogaya (2016) IDENTIFYING FLOOD-PRONE

AREAS DUE TO SEA LEVEL RISE IN NEARBY COMMUNITIES OF IMBANG RIVER IN

WESTERN VISAYAS, PHILIPPINES https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=IDENTIFYING+FLOOD-

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J.S. Cabrera and H.S Lee (2019) Flood-Prone Area Assessment Using GIS-Based

Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Case Study in Davao Oriental, Philippines

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APPENDIX 1
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Appendix 2

Appendix 2

Question guides for Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT FLOODING

a. How often, when and why do floods happen in your community?

b. How does flooding impact your community?

c. In your opinion, are floods increasing, decreasing or they are the same in your
community?

d. In your opinion, what characteristics and structure does your community have that
helps you in managing flooding?

2. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT

a. What do you understand by the term local knowledge for flood management?

b. What is the local knowledge that helps your community with flooding?
SUBQUESTIONS

i. What is this local knowledge you are using BEFORE the flood?

PROMPTS

• How do you know flood is coming?

• Can threshold be distinguished? (water levels for impacting agriculture, livestock, roads,
houses?)

• How do you prepare? What actions do you take and what makes you decide so? Provide
more explanations of these actions.

• How much these actions help (in terms of impacts and losses)?

• Any specific construction practices?

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• Indigenous flood zoning (how do they determine the line where the houses are not built?)

• In terms of livelihoods- will they change how they plant and harvest? Will they store food?
Will they prepare their houses? If moving uplands, where do they move?

• Any organizations or individuals within the community that help them?

ii. What is this local knowledge you are using DURING the flood?

PROMPTS

• What do you do?

• How do you evacuate?

• How do they decide to evacuate?

• How do you decide to leave the house, move the cattle?

• Where do you go when you evacuate?

• Who do you listen to tell you what to do in times of flooding?

iii. What is this local knowledge you are using AFTER the flood?

PROMPTS • How do you rebuild the houses? Are they in the same place?

• How do you go back to the situation prior to flooding?

c. What is the most useful local knowledge for you?

3. STATUS OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE/ LOCAL KNOWLEDGE: NOW AND THEN a. In

your opinion, is there a difference in the use of local knowledge for flood management now
compared to in the past?

4. CREATION, HOLDERS AND TRANSMISSION OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

a. Where do you get the knowledge in relation to flood risk management in general?

b. What are the ways in which local knowledge is shared in your community?

c. What factors influence the use of local knowledge by community members? PROMPTS

• Age, occupation, education, level of poverty, being a part of a specific community group

5. BARRIERS FOR LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND ENHANCEMENT OF USE

a. What do you think are the problems with using local knowledge for flood management in
your community?

b. How can these problems be solved?

c. In your opinion, can local knowledge improve flood risk management/ disaster risk
reduction in Malawi
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6. ADDITIONS

a. Is there anything else you would like to add?