RELAY COORDINATION STUDY

NAME: MOHAMED MEERAN

TITLE: RELAY COORDINATION STUDY
DATE: 18/07/2022 to 12/08/2022

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 CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
STANDARDS OF RELAY COORDINATION
PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
SIGNIFICANCE OF RELAY AND RELEASE
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
BASICS OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND ITS CONNECTIONS
MEASURED AND DERIVED EARTH FAULT
RELAY TIMEING AND SETTING
LV, MV AND HV PROTECTION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELCB AND RCCB
RELEASE AND RELAY
TRUE FAULT CURRENT
RELAY CASE STUDY
DIRECTIONAL RELAY
RINGMAIN RELAY

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INTRODUCTION
Relay coordination is an important aspect in the protection system
design as coordination schemes must guarantee fast, selective, and reliable relay
operation to isolate the power system faulted sections. Thus, the relay coordination
problem is formulated, for a real time distribution system is simulated using ETAP .
when the fault is occurred the relay coordination is used to trip the function and
protect the device
A relay is switching device as it works to isolate or change the state of an
electric circuit (Circuit Breaker) from one state to another.
One end of Current transformer (C.T) is connected to a branch in power
network and another end are connected to relay. CT measures the current
in the network, and once the current varies above or below the acceptable
Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When the
electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it.
Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to
the load

Relay coordination study and analysis is performed to make sure that safety
operation of the system is functioning correctly and to avoid the nuisance
tripping, as protection is a major concern in any industry and they rely on
protective devices for the same.

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Needs for relay coordination
 It is used to protect the device from fault
 Cost maintenance
 It is also used for a human safety purpose

Standards of the relay coordination

IEEE Std 242.2001 the Buff Book™ recommended practice for
protection and co ordination for industrial and commercial power system
IEEE Std 141.1993 IEEE recommended practice for a 3004.1-
2013,3004.1-2019,3005.5-2014,3004.8-2016

Protection system
 Unit protection
 Non unit protection
Unit protection (unit scheme)
Unit protection is used to protect the all parts in Transformer, Transmission
lines, Motor, Generator or Busbars
Transmission lines is used to protect the fault from the distance relay
Differential relay operates internal method only
Kirchhoff’s current law is used to sum of the incoming current is equal to
the sum of the outgoing current
Non unit protection (non unit scheme)
It is a backup protection device and it is also depending on the current only
and it is classified into two main protections
 Time graded over current protection (DMT)
 Current graded over current protection (IDMT)
DMT (Definite Minimum Time)
DMT (Definite Mean Time) Relay – It operates when current in the circuit
exceeds a set value & exceeded value of current remains in the circuit for a
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period/duration set in the relay. Instantaneous rely – It operates
instantaneously/immediately when current in the circuit exceeds the set value/pick
up of the relay.
IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time relay. It is one in which Time of
operation is inversely proportional to magnitude of fault current near pickup value
and becomes substantially constant slightly above the pickup value of the Relay.
Significances of relay and release
There are classified into
Low voltage circuit breaker (Connected to branch whose voltage is
less 1kV)
High voltage circuit breaker (Connected to branch whose voltage is
above 1kV)
Release is less than 1KVA and it is the Low voltage side
Relay is greater than 1KVA and it is the High voltage side
Objective of Electrical system Protection and Coordination

 Limit the extent and duration of service interruption whenever

equipment failure, human error, or adverse natural events occur on any
portion of the system
 Minimize damage to the system components involved in the failure
Relay coordination time interval
In power system protection, relay and circuit breakers are the important
equipment in integrated network. Cascade of failure leads to complete
blackout if the fault is not isolated from healthier network.
When two protective relays are in series have certain characteristics,
which provide a specified operating sequence, they are said to be
coordinated or selective. The objective of protective relay coordination is
to achieve selectivity without loosening sensitivity and quick fault
clearance time. Relay coordination is an important aspect in the
protection system design as coordination schemes must guarantee
fast, selective, and reliable relay operation to isolate the power system
faulted sections.
Relay co-ordination time interval = (2tr+tct/100) ×(top×tov) +(tcs+ts+tat)
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tr – Relay time error.
tct – Current transformer time error.
top -Operating time of the relay.
tov – over travel (only for electromagnetic relay).
tcs – Circuit breaker operating time.
ts – safety factor.
tat – additional time required for the relay.
High voltage circuit beaker
High-voltage circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices which connect and
break current circuits (operating currents and fault currents) and carry the nominal
current in closed position
This type of circuit breaker interrupts in air between two separable contacts
with the aid of magnetic blowout coils. As the current-carrying contacts separate
during a fault condition, the arc is drawn out horizontally and transferred to a set of
arcing contacts.
Transformer relay calculation
Phase fault current = 51(Overcurrent) (1.1*FLA)/CT ratio
= 50(Instantaneous) (1.3*TFC)/CT ratio
Earth fault current = 51N(Overcurrent) (0.2*FLA)/CT ratio
= 50N(Instantaneous) FLA/CT ratio
FLA- Full load current, TFC- True Fault current TFC=(FLA)/ Z%.

Motor relay calculation

Phase fault current = 51(Overcurrent) (1.1*FLA)/CT ratio

= 50(Instantaneous) (1.3*LRC)/CT ratio
Earth fault current = 51N(Overcurrent) (0.2*FLA)/CT ratio
= 50N(Instantaneous) FLA/CT ratio
FLA- Full load current, LRC- Locked Rotor Current.

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Low voltage circuit breaker

In ETAP, Low Voltage Circuit Breaker have an inbuild trip unit

A low - voltage circuit breaker is one which is suited for circuits rated at 600
volts or lower. One of the most commonly used low-voltage air circuit breakers is
the molded case circuit breaker. Molded Case Circuit Breaker is a LV circuit
breaker

FLA- Full load current, LRC- Locked Rotor Current.

Characteristics
Depending on the time of the operation of relays they are categorized as
follows

Overcurrent protection and its characteristics

TOC Time Over Current (OR) Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) [51]

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Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)overcurrent Relay is one in which the
operating time is approximately inversely proportional to the -up value and then
becomes constant above the pick-up value of the relay

The relay will go to a definite time after 20times of pickup current

IDMT (51)
Standards (Normal, Moderate inverse) [IEC/IEEE/ANSI]
Long inverse [IEC/IEEE/ANSI]
Very long inverse [IEC/IEEE/ANSI]
External inverse [IEC/IEEE/ANSI]

Definite Minimum Time or Definite Time [50]

This relay is created by applying intentional time delay after cross in g pick up the
value of the current. A definite minimum time over current relay can be
adjusted to issue a trip out put a t an exact amount of time after it pickup. Thus, it
has a time setting adjustment and pickup adjustment.

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DMT (50)
When the fault is occurred DMT is used to trip the device in 0-1sec when the
current is decreases or not decreases its tripping

Instantaneous [50I]

This relay is referred as instantaneous overcurrent relay, as ideally, the relay

operates as soon as the current gets higher than pickup setting current. There is no
intentional time delay applied. But there is always an inherent time delay which we
cannot avoid practically. In practice, the operating time of an instantaneous relay is
of the order of a few milliseconds.

Formula
𝐾
Trip time (Top)t(G) = T × [ 𝐼 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 + β]
[ ]−1
𝐼 𝑆𝑒𝑡
I actual = fault current(A)
I set = setting current as relay pickup current
T = TMS
Kr, β or C = Constant it will be subjected

Standards k α β IV SV
Standard inverse 0.14 0.02 0.01 10 1

Short time inverse 0.05 0.04 0 0.96 0.46

Very inverse 13.5 1 0 0.96 0.40

Extremely inverse 80 2 0 0.96 0.40

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 Longtime inverse 120 1 0 5 1


Relay trip time calculation

Time dial or Time multiplier settings will be adjusted ed at graph based on the
curve positioning on plotted graph.

The Desired Cases Are Two, graph shall not be over lapped and need to maintain
some gradings

IEC time multiplier setting (TMS). IEEE time dial (TD). In some relay s and
literature, a TDM (Time Dial Multiplier) is used, instead of a TD (Time Dial).
Formula
TDM = TD/7
Basics of current transformer and its connections
Phase current transformer Circuit breaker current transformer

Inbuilt function on Relay to sense the A dedicated and highly sensitive CT

Ground Fault Current. (CBCT) connected with relay for
Ground fault current.

Not–Suitable for Resistance Grounded Resistance Grounded system has

System. limited ground fault current to certain
value (100A-800A) where CBCT is
employed to
sense the lowest ground fault current.

Connection configuration

Neutral current measured - without CBCT

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Neutral current measured - with CBCT

The recommended time following components

Traditional Time(200ms)
Relay Sensing time:20ms
Breaker opening time:40ms
CT saturation, settingerror:20ms Safety factor/Margin:100ms

So total180ms ≈ 200ms or 250ms is provided between series relay’s time

discrimination.

CT1 The time interval is changing with respsct to the country where the project is
executed and plants complex network

Motor LV relay settings

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 1.1 × FLA
Long inverse =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Short inverse = 2 times

1.3 × LRC
Instantaneous =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

The LV setting Ratings are as determined as follows

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Transformer parallel LV relay settings

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Calculation

1.1 ×𝐹𝐿𝐴
Long current is 1.1 times =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Short current is 2 times

1.3 ×𝐿𝑅𝐶 %
Instantaneous is 1.3 times =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Measured earth fault

Measured earth fault can be defined as where the R, Y, B phase are not
calculated equal measuring ampere is calculated from the relay known as the
Measured fault relay

Derived earth fault

Derived earth fault can be defined as the where the R, Y, B phase are equal
measured the same ampere are calculated from the relay known as Derived earth
fault

Relay coordination timeing

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  Relay sensing time is – 20ms (milli seconds)
 Breaker opening time is – 40ms
 CT saturation, settings error – 20ms
 Safety factor margin – 100ms
So total margin is 200ms and 250ms is provided by a series relay line

LV protections are

 Switch
 Fuse
 Disconnector
 MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker
 MCCB – Molded Case Circuit Breaker
 ACB – Air Circuit Breaker
 ELCB – Earth Leak Circuit Breaker
 RCB – Residual Circuit Breaker
 RCCB – Residual Current Circuit Breaker

Protective device in LV system

For overload protection – Bi metallic strips

For short circuit – Electromagnetic (solenoid)

Type B 3 to 5 times full load 0.04 to 13 secs

current

Type C 5 to 10 times full load 0.04 to 5 secs

current

Type D 10 to 20 times full load 0.04 to 3 secs

current

Type K 8 to 12 times full load Greater than 0.01 secs

current

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 Type Z 2 to 3 times full load Greater than 0.01 secs
current

Type B

It is used to a residential applications as light commercial application with mainly

resistive elements

Applications: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial

Type B, C and D are used for overcurrent protection of cables standards is IEC/EC
60898.1

Type C

It is used in commercial or industrial type of application where there could be

chances of higher values of short circuit current

Application: Include small transformer, Lightning pilot device, Control Circuit and
Coils residential, Commercial and Industrial

Type Z

X ray’s machines, large winding motors etc.…

D curve device are suitable for application where high levels of inrush current like
motor, transformer, and power supply

Type K

Suitable for inductive grid motor loads with high inrush current

Type K and D curves motor application during startup

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Type Z

Very low value to short circuit highly sensitive device such as semiconductor
devices

Standards IEC/EN 60947.2

Objective of Electrical system Protection and Coordination

 Limit the extent and duration of service interruption whenever

equipment failure, human error, or adverse natural events occur on any
portion of the system
 Minimize damage to the system components involved in the failure.
Planning system protection
One can design into the electric system features that
1. Quickly isolate the affected portion of the system and, in this
manner, maintain normal service for as much of the system as possible.
This isolation also minimizes damage to the affected portion of the
system.
2. Minimize the magnitude of the available short-circuit current and,
in this manner, minimize potential damage to the system, its
components, and the utilization equipment it supplies.
3. Provide alternate circuits, automatic transfers, or automatic reclosing
devices, where applicable, in order to minimize the duration or the
extent of supply and utilization equipment outages

Differentiate between ELCB and RCCB

ELCB RCCB

Earthing connections are required Connections are not required

Neutral voltage detection CBCT is unbalanced

Voltage detection principle Current detection principle

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 Leakage current should flow through It does not required earthing for current
earthing flow
No longer available and its advised you Widely used in present system
replace them if you find one

MV and HV circuit breakers

On the basis of their application, circuit breakers can be categorized into low
voltage circuit breakers, medium voltage circuit breakers, and high voltage
circuit breakers. Low voltage circuit breakers would include MCCB, ACB, MCB,
and RCCB. Medium voltage circuit breakers would include VCB, SF6, OCB, and
ABCB.

MCCB
A molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) is a type of electrical protection device
that is used to protect the electrical circuit from excessive current, which can cause
overload or short circuit.
It provides a overcurrent and short circuit protection up to 1600A and 3200A and it
is act as mechanical function

MCB
Miniature Circuit Breaker is a device that ensures safety and prevents electrical
hazards in the appliances or devices. MCB is an automatic switch. A circuit
breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by an overcurrent or short circuit.

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ACB
Air circuit breaker is a circuit breaker for the purpose of protecting low voltage
circuit, mainly for energizing and cutting off high current. It is used as the
master of a factory and building, and as a main circuit breaker of a ship, and it is
possible to attach various accessories according to the purpose.

LV breaker protective devices

Icu – ultimate breaking current (RMS)

Ics – service breaking current (RMS)
Ip or Icn – peak asymmetrical current peak making current
Icm – short time withstand current
AF – Ampere Frame or Sizes
AT – Ampere Trip or Rated Amps

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Release

Release is something which release your CB to operate or like a mechanical

interlock.
Release time of relay
The Release Time of a relay is the transition time from the moment the voltage
supply is stopped to the relay coil to the moment the normally open switch
contact(s) open from its closed position. When you supply a relay with its rated
(or nominal) voltage, the normally open contacts up a relay close.

Releases are classified into two categories

 Thermal electric it is considered as the huge error
 Electronic method its error less than the thermal magnetic

True fault current

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In the true fault current calculated by using the fault occurred in HV buses and run
the short circuit analysis and the true fault current is obtained
This is identifying the method of the true fault current is determined

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 1.1 × FLA
Long inverse =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Short inverse = 2 times

1.3 × LRC
Instantaneous =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Directional overcurrent relay

Directional Overcurrent Protection (ANSI 67) Presentation. Due to its ability to

detect the direction of a short-circuit current, directional overcurrent
protection helps to protect an installation against short-circuit currents that
could circulate in both directions through the circuit breaker.

Directional overcurrent relays respond to excessive current flow in a particular

direction in the power system. The relay typically consists of two elements. One
is a directional element, which determines the direction of current flow with
respect to a voltage reference. Directional relay ANSI code is 67

Reverse power relay is also known as a directional relay transformer, generator,

transmission line. Solar panel, CT size, are all a directional relay type

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 1.1 × FLA
Long inverse =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Short inverse = 2 times

1.3 × LRC
Instantaneous =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Case study of relay coordination

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Rings main relay

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 1.1 × FLA
Long inverse =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Short inverse = 2 times

1.3 × LRC
Instantaneous =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

The graph has been plotted between the relay and load is determined as

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Relay settings

Input settings

Output settings

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Relay modelling

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 1.1 × FLA
Long inverse =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Short inverse = 2 times

1.3 × LRC
Instantaneous =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Directional earth fault protection

Directional Earth Fault (DEF) is used to differentiate between different fault types
to ensure that co-ordination between protection devices such as distribution circuit
breakers and reclosers is maintained. This principle is referred to as “Selectivity”
in protection engineering.

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