PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION - Part 2 Bob Coulter

1 Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2

Protection Function - Components

PR
Bus CB Tr PR VT
DC Aux HMI
P C L

Protection Relay Circuit Breaker Protected Item Current Transformer Voltage Transformer DC Auxiliary supply Man-machine interface Communications Link CB trip coil
Principles of Protection Part 2

CB
CT
Equip

Equip CT VT DC Aux HMI

Control

Basic Arrangement of a Protection Scheme

2

PCL Tr

Methods of Detecting Faults

Magnitude of current Overcurrent protection Magnitude of current in earth or neutral Earth Fault protection Magnitude and Phase Angle of current Directional Overcurrent protection Magnitude and Phase Angle of current in earth or neutral Directional Earth Fault protection Magnitude and Angle of Impedance (Ratio V/I) Impedance protection Difference between two or more currents Differential protection Difference between Phase Angles of two currents Phase Comparison protection Magnitude of negative sequence current Magnitude of Voltage Overvoltage or Undervoltage protection Magnitude of Frequency Over or Underfrequency protection Temperature Thermal protection Specials i.e. transformer gas protection,
Principles of Protection Part 2

OVERCURRENT and EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Bob Coulter
4

Principles of Protection Part 2

Principle of an Overcurrent Relay

+ve

Ip Is

Primary current CT secondary current Operating Current Setting Time Delay Setting

Current Level Detector

IIset

Time Delay Generator Output Auxiliary Relay

Is Ip
Time

Iset

Iset

Tset
Time

To Circuit Breaker Trip Coil

Tset

Operate Zone Operate Zone

Tset Tset Iset 10xIset Current Iset Current

Inverse Time Characteristic

Definite Time Characteristic

Principles of Protection Part 2

Connection of Overcurrent Relays for Phase and Earth Fault Protection

CT
CT

Ip(R) Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)

OC

.Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current

OC

Is(W)
OC

Is(R)
OC

EF

Ip
EF

Is
6

Principles of Protection Part 2

Current Flow for Phase -to-Phase Fault Phase-to-Phase

CT
CT

0 Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)

OC

.Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current

OC

Is(W)
OC

0
OC

EF

Ip
EF

Is
7

Principles of Protection Part 2

Current Flow for Phase -to-Earth Fault Phase-to-Earth

CT
CT

Ip(R) 0 0 0
OC

Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current

OC

0
OC

Is(R)
OC

EF

Ip
EF

Is
8

Principles of Protection Part 2

Four -Wire Systems - 1 Four-Wire

CT
CT

Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current

OC

Neutral
OC OC OC

EF

Ip
EF

Is
9

Principles of Protection Part 2

Four -Wire Systems - 4 Four-Wire

CT
CT

Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current

OC

Neutral
OC OC OC RCD

EF

Ip
EF

Is
10

Principles of Protection Part 2

Setting Overcurrent Protection - 1

Load current to be carried safety margin of 30 to 50% Minimum fault current to be detected
Phase to phase or phase to earth Allowance for fault resistance Back-up for failure of adjacent protection

Maximum fault current to be detected Short-time rating of protected equipment Time coordination margin between adjacent protection schemes

11

Principles of Protection Part 2

Load Modeling Considerations

Network loads usually recorded as 15 or 30 minute averaged values OK for thermal, load accounting and setting slow control scheme purposes Real and reactive power components vary instantaneously and to some degree independently Not much known about load variation over an averaging time frame of seconds

MW MVAr

hh:15

hh:30

hh:45

Time Interval

12

Principles of Protection Part 2

Statistical distribution of short -time load variation short-time

13

Principles of Protection Part 2

Example of short -time load variation short-time

13.2

13

Load 12.8 MWs 12.6

12.4

12.2

12

100

200

300

400 500 600 Time in seconds

700

800

900

1000

10 second load values - output from simulation

14
Principles of Protection Part 2

Time Coordination Margin between Overcurrent Relays

Operating time interval between the operation of two adjacent overcurrent relays has to allow for:

Fault current interrupting time of the relevant circuit breaker Overshoot time of the relay Errors in current transformer ratio, relay operating time and calculated fault current magnitude Example 1: Electromechanical Relay and Oil Interruption CB Time Coordination Margin = 0.4 seconds Example 2: Digital Relay and Vacuum Interruption CB Time Coordination Margin = 0.25 seconds

15

Principles of Protection Part 2

IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES

16

Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance or Distance Protection

Basic Arrangement of an Impedance Protection Scheme
CB Tr Z<
P C L

Z< CB Line CT

Impedance Relay Circuit Breaker Protected Item Current Transformer Voltage Transformer DC Auxiliary supply Communications Link CB trip coil

CT

Line

VT Bus

Fault

VT DC Aux PCL Tr

DC Aux

17

Uses voltage and current measurement Can use angle of impedance as well as magnitude
Z= V I Operates for Z Z set
Principles of Protection Part 2

Transmission Lines

18

Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA VB Line - ZL B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs E VA I

19

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

= = = =

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 77.64-3.02 kV (ph-n) 318.1-31.15 A

VB = 68.60-9.35 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 244.1 28.13

Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault B L o a d

VB

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

20

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 58.36-6.50 kV (ph-n) 1533-73.30 A

VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 38.08 66.80

Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault at 50% B L o a d

VB

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

21

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 45.67-10.20 kV (ph-n) 2399-77.01 A

VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 19.04 66.80

Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 4 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

22

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 0 kV 5333-90.0 A

VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 0
Principles of Protection Part 2

Representation on R:X Plane 1

V

jX

I Inductive Reactance

Real Power Flow into Bus from Line

-R

R
Real Power Flow from Bus into Line

Capacitive Reactance

V V

Bus Line

P Q

-jX

+ +

I
23

Principles of Protection Part 2

Representation on R:X Plane - 2

Bus A Line
P

Bus A Line
P Q

+ +

Load

Z jX
B

Generation

Load A

-R
24

Principles of Protection Part 2

Polar Characteristics on R:X Plane

jX jX z jX z

Impedance
jX z jX

Mho

Offset Mho
jX

X
R R R

25

Elliptical

Reactance

Quadrilateral
Principles of Protection Part 2

Zones of Impedance Measurement

Station Y Station X E A D Line Z = 100 B C

Zd
Line Z = 100

Station Z

Zf
Time

Z Zone 1

Ze

Za Zb Zone 2
t = 0.5s t = 0.1s

Zc

Zg Zone 3 Zone 1
t = 0.1s 80% Z t = 0.5s t = 0.1s
Impedance

t = 1.5s t = 1.0s

t = 0.4s 80% Y 100 120%

X 0
26

200
Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement Relay Connections - 1

Source
ER1 EW1 EB1

Relay Location

Line F A U L T

IR IW IB VRn VWn VBn

ZL1, ZL2, ZL0 ZS1, ZS2, ZS0 Z1, Z2, Z0 VRn, VWn, VBn IR, IW, IB ER1, EW1, EB1 27

Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Line Impedances Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Source Impedances Sequence Impedances to Fault: Z1=ZS1+ZL1, Z2=ZS2+ZL2, Z0=ZS0+ZL0 Phase-to-Neutral Voltages at Relay Location Phase Currents at Relay Location Phase-to-Neutral Source Voltages: Note EW1= 2ER1 and EB1= ER1
Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault R VB Line - ZL B

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

28

No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 20.58-59.04 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 30.0 + j35.0
Principles of Protection Part 2

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 63.25-9.64 kV (ph-n) 1372-59.04 A

Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault R at 50% B

VB

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

29

No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 30.36-55.30 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 22.5 + j17.5
Principles of Protection Part 2

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 57.69-17.43 kV (ph-n) 2024-55.30 A

Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 3 Source - ZS E A I VA R Fault VB Z Line - ZL B

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

30

No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 56.57-45.0 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 15.0 + j0
Principles of Protection Part 2

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 56.57-45.0 kV (ph-n) 3771-45.0 A

Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault R VB Line - ZL B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

31

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 19.38-58.60 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 29.08 + j35.34
Principles of Protection Part 2

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 62.98-9.44 kV (ph-n) 1376-59.99 A

Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault R at 50% B L o a d

VB

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

32

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 27.04-58.49 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 21.66 + j17.88
Principles of Protection Part 2

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 57.06-17.09 kV (ph-n) 2032-56.63 A

Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA R Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

33

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 50.93-49.22 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 14.15 + j0.37
Principles of Protection Part 2

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 54.21-45.86 kV (ph-n) 3829-47.36 A

Impedance Zone Coverage

Zone 3 Zone 2 Z Zone 1 A Zone 2 Zone 3 Left End of Line (20%) Centre 60% of Line Faults Cleared in Faults Cleared in Zone 1 time from A ( 0.1s) Zone 1 time ( 0.1s) at A and B and Zone 2 time ( 0.5s) from B
34

Zone 1: A to B Zone 1: B to A

Z B

Zone 1

Right End of Line (20%) Faults Cleared in Zone 1 time from B ( 0.1s) and Zone 2 time ( 0.5s) from A
Principles of Protection Part 2

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES

35

Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2

Basic Current Differential Protection External Fault

Is1
N1

Is2 Current Measuring Relay Is2 CT 2 Is2

I
|I|>0
N2

Is1

Is1

Ip1

CT 1

Protected Equipment

Ip2

Consider ideal current transformer performance:

Ip1 = Ip2

Therefore Is1 = Is2 Therefore I = 0, magnitude of I = 0

36

Current measuring relay does not operate

Principles of Protection Part 2

Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 1

Is1
N1

Is2

|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1

N2

Is2

Is2

Ip1

CT 1

Protected Equipment If
Fault

CT 2

Ip2

37

Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = Ip1+ Ip2 Therefore Is1 Is2 Therefore I = Is1+Is2 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates
Principles of Protection Part 2

Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 2

Is1
N1

|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1

N2

Is2 = 0

Ip1

CT 1

Protected Equipment If
Fault

Ip2 = 0
CT 2

38

Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = Ip1 as Is2 = 0 ie no fault current infeed from one side Is2 = 0 Therefore I = Is1 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates

Principles of Protection Part 2

Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 3

Is1
N1

Is2

Current Measuring |I|>0 Relay Is1 Is1

N2

Ip1

CT 1

Protected Equipment If

Is2 CT 2

Is2

Ip2

39

High Impedance Fault Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = (Ip1- Ip2) > 0 Therefore Is1 Is2 Therefore I = Is1- Is2 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates

Principles of Protection Part 2

Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 4

Is1
N1

Is2

|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1

N2

Is2
Short-circuited turns

Is2

Ip1

CT 1

CT 2

Ip2

Protected Equipment

40

Consider ideal current transformer performance: Ip1 = Ip2 Therefore Is1 = Is2 Therefore I = 0, magnitude of I = 0 Current measuring relay does not operate
Principles of Protection Part 2

Summary Current Differential Principles

Protection zone defined by current transformer locations Measures quantities for fault detection at two or more locations Faults between current transformer locations are called internal faults and faults outside of zone between current transformers are called external or out of zone faults In principle can have very high sensitivity, i.e. operation for high impedance type faults possible Will not operate for load current Will not operate for internal series type faults
Principles of Protection Part 2

41

Balanced Voltage Differential Protection External Fault

Current Measuring Relay |I|>0 Vs1 Is1 Is1 Vs2 Is2 Is2

Ip1

CT 1

Protected Equipment

CT 2

Ip2

Consider ideal current transformer performance:

Ip1 = Ip2

Vs1 = Vs2 and Is1 = Is2 = 0 Therefore magnitude of I = 0

42

Current measuring relay does not operate

Principles of Protection Part 2

Balanced Voltage Differential Protection Internal Fault

Current Measuring Relay |I|>0 Vs1 Is1 Is1 Vs2 Is2 Is2

Ip1

Protected Equipment If
Fault

CT 1

CT 2

Ip2

Consider ideal current transformer performance: Vs1 Vs2 Therefore magnitude of I 0

43

Current measuring relay operates

Principles of Protection Part 2

Practical Current Differential Circuit

RL

Is1

N1

Is2

I
Z |I|Iset

RL

Is1
Rc Xm RL

Current Measuring Relay

RL

Is2
Rc Xm

Is1

N2

Is2

Ip1

CT 1

Protected Equipment

CT 2

Ip2

Xm = Magnetising reactance of current transformer, note this is non-linear Rc = resistance of current transformer secondary winding Z = Input impedance of current measuring relay 44 RL = secondary circuit wiring resistances Iset = Current setting of measuring relay

Note: Operating criteria for protection now |I|Iset instead of |I|>0

Principles of Protection Part 2

Principle of Biased Current Differential Relay

k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1

k
1

C
Is2
1

Is1-Is2

Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 CT 1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Is2

Ip1

Protected Equipment

CT 2

Ip2

C is a current magnitude comparator - operates for Is1-Is2 k[Is1+Is2] k[Is1+Is2[ input is called restraint or bias input, [Is1-Is2] input is called operate input. k is less than 0.5, typically 0.1 to 0.4,and is called the bias setting. 45
Principles of Protection Part 2

Biased Current Differential Relay External Fault

k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1

k
1

C
Is2
1

Is1-Is2

Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 CT 1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Is2

Ip1

Protected Equipment

CT 2

Ip2

46

Ip1 = Ip2 Is1 and Is2 will be similar in magnitude and phase therefore Is1-Is2 will be small and Is1+Is2 will be large. Is1-Is2 < k[Is1+Is2]so no operation
Principles of Protection Part 2

Biased Current Differential Relay Internal Fault 1

k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1

k
1

C
Is2
1

Is1-Is2

Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Fault CT 2 Is2

Ip1 CT 1
47

Protected Equipment If

Ip2

Primary fault current If = Ip1+Ip2 Is1-Is2 will be large and Is1+Is2 will be small. Is1-Is2 > k[Is1+Is2]so operation achieved
Principles of Protection Part 2

Biased Current Differential Relay Internal Fault 2

k[Is1] Is1
1 1

k
1

C
0
1

Is1

Is1 Is1 Is1 Is1 0 Fault CT 2 0

Ip1 CT 1
48

Protected Equipment If

Ip2=0

Primary fault current If = Ip1 Operate input will be equal to Is1, restraint input will be k[Is1] Is1-Is2 > k[Is1+Is2]so operation achieved
Principles of Protection Part 2

I B Relay I W Relay I R Relay

R W B R W B

Protected Equipment

Arrangement for Phase by Phase Protection

49
Principles of Protection Part 2

I Restricted Earth
Fault Protection

W B

Protected Equipment

Arrangement for Earth Fault Protection Only

50
Principles of Protection Part 2