Electromagnetic Transients

Overview of Studies and Simulation Tools

L
F
GEN_GAL
Slack: 20.8kVRMSLL/_0
Vsine_z:VwZ1
L
F
GEN_POR2
P=5000MW
V=20.8kVRMSLL
Vsine_z:VwZ12
Phase:0
L
F
GEN_CENT
P=3000MW
V=20kVRMSLL
Vsine_z:VwZ10
Phase:0
1
2
2
0
/
4
1
6
1
2
2
0
/
4
2
8
+
20kVRMSLL /_0
Slack:GEN_GAL
V
w
Z
1
+
20kVRMSLL /_0
PVbus:GEN_CENT
V
w
Z
1
0
+
20kVRMSLL /_0
PVbus:GEN_POR2
V
w
Z
1
2
CP +
TLM6
1.00
CP +
TLM7
1.00
CP +
TLM28
1.00
L
F 3700MW
1000MVAR
L
o
a
d
2
L
F
6000MW
2000MVAR
L
o
a
d
1
4 P Q
400kVRMSLL
0MW
-1000MVAR
Capa
1
2
2
0
/
4
3
2
GEN_GAL
PORTUG2
435.52/_-8.0 428.55/_-22.0
CENTRO
GEN_POR2
20.90/_-1.7 GEN_CENT
19.91/_-21.0
GALICIA
431.40/_-2.5
KTH Royal Institute of Technology Sbastien Dennetire (RTE)
September 20, 2012
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
01. Basic concepts
02. Power System phenomena and types of transients
03. Standard cases of transient studies
04. Study examples with EMTP-RV
2
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools
01
Basic concepts on
Electromagnetic Transients
Circuit breaker and surge arresters
3
Basics on Transients
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 4
Electromagnetic Transients
Interaction between the electrical field of capacitance and magnetic
field of inductances in the power systems.
Ex : lightning impact, line switching
May produce : overvoltages, overcurrents, abnormal waveforms,
electromechanical transients
Electromechanical Transients
Interaction between the electrical energy stored in the system and
the mechanical energy stored in the inertia of rotating machines
Ex : Power oscillations
Study of Electromagnetic Transients
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 5
Equipment must withstand transients without damages - studies on :
Insulation coordination
Performances
Protection systems
Studies characteristics
Phenomena that occur in a time frame of s to s
Require a good knowledge of the equipment involved in the study
Require basics on circuit theory
Much work has already been done papers and standards provide
guidelines
Simple RL circuit
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 6
+
Vs
+
L
+
R
+
( )
( )
( )
cos
m
di t
Ri t L V t
dt
e u + = +
Time-domain solution :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
cos cos
R
t
m
L
V
i t t e
R L
e u u
e
(
= +
(
+

tan
L
R
e
= with
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
t (ms)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Transient Steady state
To switch on a HV reactance on a grid with
limited transients, voltage angle u is :
A) u ~ 0
B) u ~ -90
C) u ~ 90
D) u = L/R


Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 7
- - - -
A B C D
+
Vs
+
L
+
R
+
( )
( )
( )
cos
m
di t
Ri t L V t
dt
e u + = +
Surge arresters : protection against voltage impulses
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 8
I
V
Nonlinear characteristic
Basics on circuit breakers
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 9
1
2
3
4
Basics on circuit breakers
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 10
44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
-0.05
0
0.05
t (ms)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Contacts are separated
+
Vs
?v
+
L
?i
+
R
+
Simplified view of current in CB
When a CB fails to
extinguish a current
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 11
33 MVAR
+
+
CB
+
DISCONNECTOR
+
500kVRMSLL /_0
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools
02
Power system phenomena and types
of transients
12
Power system phenomena
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 13
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1

10

10
2
10
3
10
4
Lightning
Line switching
SubSynchronous
Resonances, transformer
energizations
Transient stability
Long term dynamics
Daily load
following
seconds

IEC 60071-4 overvoltages' classification
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 14
Classification of frequency ranges
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 15
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools
03
Transients, standard studies

16
Fast-front overvoltages : lightning study
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 17
Tower surge impedance = 200
Grounding impedance > 5
Voltage rise at top of tower ~ MV
Back flashover
Fast-front overvoltages studies
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 18
FFO originates mainly from :
lightning,
switching via short connections,
external insulation flashover.
Performed to determine :
lightning performance of overhead lines : nb of flash over / year,
risk of failure of equipment (transformer insulation, energy duty of
arresters
Random nature of lightning imposes statistical approach :
lightning can hit towers, shield wires or phase conductors,
lightning crest current can be between 1kA and 200 kA.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-5
0
5
10
15
20
x 10
5
t (ms)
y
PLOT
Fast-front overvoltages : lightning study
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 19
Overvoltages at transformer terminals
for a 200 kA lightning crest current
CVT
48 m 52 m
25 m
30 km 300 m 300 m
Network
Power
Transformer
Surge
arresters
To eliminate
undesirable reflexions
Gas-Insulated Substation Air-Insulated Substation
Gas-filled
Bushing
Open Circuit-Breaker
Gas-filled
Bushing
Inductive VT
Surge
Arresters
Air-Insulated Substation
200 kA 3/100 us
Lightning Stroke
+ + +
+
?
i
L
a
_
p
+
?
i
L
b
_
p
+
?
i
L
c
_
p
+
4nF
+ 4nF
+
4nF
+
+
+
VM +
bushing
?v/?v/?v
VM+
CB_a
?v
VM+
CB_b
?v
VM +
CB_c
?v
VM + ?v
Tower_top
+
1M
+
1M
+
1M
+
+
+
TOWER1
Part=TOWER_model15_1
+ + +
TOWER2
Part=TOWER_model15_f
LIGHTNING_STROKE
TOWER3
Part=TOWER_model1ohm
VM+
cond_c
?v
VM +
Trans_c
VM +
Trans_b
VM + Trans_a
+
+
+
+
0.1nF
+
0.1nF
+
0.1nF
+
?
i
L
a
_
s
+
?
i
L
b
_
s
+
?
i
L
c
_
s
+
735kV /_0
SOURCE_NETWORK
CP +
CP +
CP +
CP +
CP +
CP +
C
P
+
C
P
+
C
P
+
a
b
c
BUS_NET
c
b
a
c
b
a
Protection level of surge arresters
Simulation file : Lightning1.ecf
What is the average crest current value of a
lightning impact ?
A) 1 kA
B) 30 kA
C) 100 kA
D) Depends on the height of the
tower hitted by lightning
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 20
- - - -
A B C D
Slow Front overvoltages studies (SFO)
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 21
SFO originates mainly from :
line energization and re-energization,
fault and fault clearing,
load rejection,
switching of capacitive or inductive currents.

Performed to determine :
energy duty of surge arresters,
required withstand voltages of equipment,
air gap insulation of equipment.
Slow Front Overvoltage studies : line energization
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 22
+
200kVRMSLL /_0
AC1
+
70.16mH

L2
CP +
193.1

TLM5
CP +
24.14

TLM6
R
L
C
+

RLC2
CP +
144.4

TLM4
+

AC3
VM +
?v
m1
+
RL2

+
RL3

brk
0 50 100 150
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (ms)
y
PLOT
Phase to ground voltage at the
sending end of the line in pu
0 50 100 150
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
t (ms)
y
PLOT
Phase to ground voltage at the
receiving end of the line in pu
Circuit breaker
closes at 30 ms
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t (ms)
y
PLOT
SFO studies : line re-energization
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 23
+
200kVRMSLL /_0
AC1
+
70.16mH

L2
CP +
193.1

TLM5
CP +
24.14

TLM6
R
L
C
+

RLC2
CP +
144.4

TLM4
+

AC3
VM +
?v
m1
+
RL2

+
RL3

brk
Phase to ground voltage at
receiving end of the line in pu
Circuit breaker
opens at 30 ms
Circuit breaker
recloses at 60 ms
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
t (ms)
y
PLOT
+
200kVRMSLL /_0
AC1
+
70.16mH

L2
CP +
193.1

TLM5
CP +
24.14

TLM6
R
L
C
+

RLC2
CP +
144.4

TLM4
+

AC3
+
RL2

+
RL3

brk
+
Z
n
O
3
1
3
9
5
5
?
i
>
e
Z
n
O
1 +
Z
n
O
3
1
3
9
5
5
?
i
>
e
Z
n
O
2
SFO studies : line re-energization
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 24
Phase to ground voltage at
receiving end of the line in pu
Circuit breaker
opens at 30 ms
Circuit breaker
recloses at 60 ms
Surge arresters are used to
A) limit only fast front overvoltages
B) limit the short circuit current in
substations
C) limit fast front and slow front
overvoltages
D) protect the maintenance workers
against injuries in substations

Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 25
- - - -
A B C D
Capacitor bank switching can mainly
generate :
A) Slow Front Overvoltages
B) Temporary Overvoltages
C) Surge arrester failures
D) Fast Front Overvoltages


Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 26
- - - -
A B C D
Temporary overvoltages studies
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 27
TOV originates mainly from :
earth fault,
load rejection,
switching nonlinear components (unloaded transformer).
Performed to assess stresses on equipment related to power-frequency
withstand (insulation of transformers, energy capability of arresters)
Usually rated voltage of surge arrester is based upon the determination
of the maximum envelope of the expected TOV.



Temporary overvoltages studies
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 28
1-phase to
ground fault
Phase to ground voltage
at faulted bus bar in pu
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
k
V
)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
CP +
50.00
TLM1
1 2
400/225
DY_1
+
400kVRMSLL /_0
VwZ1
+
5
0
m
s
|
1
5
0
m
s
|
0
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
0
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
0
?
i
S
W
1
VM +
?v
m1
+
A
?i
m2
+
1
k
R
1
Simulation file : tov.ecf
During a 1-phase to ground fault, maximum
TOV occurs on healthy phases when
A) The value of neutral impedance is high
B) The value of neutral impedance is low
C) The short circuit power is high
D) Voltage angle is 0 when fault is
applied


Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 29
- - - -
A B C D
CP +
50.00
TLM1
1 2
400/225
DY_1
+
400kVRMSLL /_0
VwZ1
+
5
0
m
s
|
1
5
0
m
s
|
0
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
0
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
1
E
1
5
m
s
|
0
?
i
S
W
1
VM +
?v
m1
+
A
?i
m2
+
1
k
R
1
Temporary overvoltages studies
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 30
Energization of unloaded transformer
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
time (s)
y
PLOT
va@control@1
vb@control@1
vc@control@1
Phase to ground voltage at transformer
terminals in pu
1 2
315/120

YD_1
CP +
400.00

TLM1
+
50ms|1e15ms|0


SW1
+
315kVRMSLL /_0
AC1
voltage
meter
Simulation file : created by yourself !
Slow transients studies
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 31
Slow originates mainly from :
Torsional oscillations in shaft system,
Fast bus load transfer,
Controller interactions

Performed to determine :
Stability of the electrical system
Mechanical damage


0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
time (s)
y
PLOT
Slow transients studies : transient stability
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 32
Power generated by SM during the transient
Fault occurs
at 400 ms
Unsuccessful
30 cycles
reclosing
Stability re-gained following the
permanent loss of the line and 1
generator rejection
280 km
40%
140 km
230 kV, 40 kA
X0/X1=2, R0/R1=3
40%
220 km
220 km
140 km
400 MVA
13.8 kV
350 MW
14 kV
230 kV
Scenario 2
2
3
1
TR12
2
3
1
TR34
I1 O1
I2 O2 Station_A
I1 O1
I2 O2 Station_B
SM
SM1
SM
SM2
SM
SM3
A
V
R
in
out
AVR_1
A
V
R
in
out
AVR_2
A
V
R
in
out
AVR_3
A
V
R
in
out
AVR_4
FD +
D4
LF
LF1
LF
LF2
LF
LF3
LF
LF4
FD +
+
Ser_C_1
+
Ser_C_2
2
3
1
TRSL1
2
3
1
TRSL2
500/230/50
+
I1 O1
I2 O2 Station_C
LF
LFSL
+
230kVRMSLL /_0
Slack:LFSL
VSL
FD +
FD +
FD +
F
F
SM
SM4
F
F
For TOV study
DS1
DS2
ZnO_S1
+
ZnO_S2
Vm_pu
Vm230
D1
D2
D3
Vm_pu
Mid BSM3
1.01/_2.6 BSM1
BSM2
1.02/_26.8
1.02/_26.8 1.02/_17.1
1.02/_17.1
BSM4
1.00/_4.9
1.00/_4.9
1.00/_0.0
BUSSL
Simulation file : R500_full.ecf
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools
02
Study examples with EMTP-RV
33
Power system simulation tools
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 34
50/60 Hz
DC
kHz, MHz
Transient Stability programs
Eurostag, PSS/E, DigSilent, PSLF
Suitable for large scale networks
Frequency range : ~ power freq
Simplified modeling of HVDC et
FACTS components
Short circuit calculation
ETAP, CYMFAULT
Calculations based on sequence data
Suitable for large scale networks
Frequency range : 50/60 Hz
Load-flow calculation
PSAF, PSLF, ETAP, PSS/E
Calculation on 3-phase networks
Mainly on balanced networks
Frequency range : 50/60 Hz
EMTP type programs
EMTP-RV, ATP, PSCAD, SimPowerSystems
Not suitable for large scale networks
Detailed modeling of equipments
Frequency range : 0.1 Hz MHz
AC connection of an offshore windfarm
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 35
Main characteristic
800 MW wind farm connected to the 400 kV grid through an AC cable
Cable : 40 km, XLPE - Data from ABB data sheet
Reactive power compensation on onshore grid : 200 MVAR

Studies of the following transients :
Energizing the AC cable and the shunt reactor
Energizing the power transformer on the offshore platform
AC connection of an
offshore windfarm
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 36
400 kV Grid CB
200 MVAR shunt
reactor for
reactive power
compensation
ABB XLPE Submarine Cable Systems
Attachment to XLPE Land Cable Systems - Users Guide
CB Power Transformer
AC connection of an offshore wind farm
+
55ms|1E15ms|0
?i
SW1
+
400kVRMSLL /_0
VwZ1
IC
PQ
?s
50Hz
PQm1
+
8
0
0
O
h
m
L
1
VM +
?v
Onshore
+
5
R
3
VM +
?v
Offshore
+
1|1E15ms|0
?i
SW2 1 2
400/120
?
DY_1
AC_Submarine_Cable
Simulation file : offshore_ACconnection.ecf
HVDC link
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 37
Main characteristic
1000 MW HVDC VSC link
Connection to a 400 kV line
Studies of the following transient :
System recovery following 3-phase fault
HVDC link Recovery
following 3-phase fault
Electromagnetic Transients - Overview of studies and simulation tools 38
400 kV Grid
Overhead line CB
Converter
Transformer
3-phase fault
Converter
CB
+
420kVRMSLL /_0
VwZ1
CP +
100.00
TLM1
1 2
-30
400/380
DY_1
+
1
?
i
Rgnd
P Q
380kVRMSLL
1000MW
100MVAR
Load1
VM +
?v
secondary
VM +
?v
primary
VM +
?v
ACgrid
CB1 CB2 CONVERTER
Simulation file : HVDC connection.ecf