TECHNO FAB ENGINEERS Procedure No : FT/23-24/RTE/TK-001

RADIOGRAPHIC
Rev.:01
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
Date:11-01-2023

CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that this
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDED
JOINTS BASED ON ASME BPVC SECTION-V
ARTICLE-2.

PREPARED BY APPROVED BY REVIEWED BY

(MANSUKH DODIYA)
(ASNT LEVEL-II)

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RADIOGRAPHIC
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Table of Contents

1. Scope
2. Reference Documents
3. Personal Qualification
4. Surface Preparation
5. Radiography Equipment, Radiation Energy and Focal Spot Sizes
6. Image Quality Indicator (IQI)
7. Location Markers and its placement
8. Screens and Film Holders
9. Excessive Back scatter
10. Film Selection
11. Film Identifications
12. Geometric Unsharpness
13. Radiographic Density
14. Radiographic Technique

15. Processing of Radiograph

16. Viewing Radiographs
17. Evaluating
18. Acceptance Standard - Full RT
19. Acceptance Standard - SPOT RT
20. Acceptance Standard - WPQ
21 Acceptance Standard - Other Codes
21. Examination of Repairs.
22. Reporting System
23 Appendix-1 to 11

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1.0 Scope
1.1 This procedure provides the general requirements, methods, techniques and acceptance
standards for the radiographic examination of butt welds in plate, formed products and
tubular products for wall thickness range 2.5 mm to 70mm.
1.2 This procedure shall be used as specified in the QAP.

2.0 Reference Documents:

ASME Section-V (2019 Edition)
API 650/620, (Latest Edition)
ASME Section-VIII, Division-1 (2019 Edition)
ASME Section-VIII, Division-2 (2019 Edition)
TFE Written Practice :-TF/23-24/RTE/TK-001 (Latest
Revision) ASNT SNT - TC -1A (2016 Edition)

3.0 Personnel Qualification

3.1 Personnel performing examination to this procedure shall be qualified and certified
according to TFE's Written Practice.
3.2 Personnel performing radiography - RT Level I / II
Personnel evaluating radiographs - RT Level II/ IlI

4.0 Surface Preparation

4.1 Surface shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials specification with
additional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to a degree that surface
irregularities cannot mask or be confused with discontinuities.
4.2 Weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and
outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting
radiographic image cannot mask or be confused with the image of a discontinuity.
4.3 The Finished surface of all butt welded joints may be flush with the base material or
may have reasonably uniform crowns with reinforcement not to exceed that specified
in the referencing code section.

5.0 Radiography Equipment, Radiation Energy and Focal Spot Sizes

5.1 Equipments
The radiographic examination covered by this procedure shall be performed
with the following equipment:
• Gamma Ray Projector and related accessories using
iridium-192 radioisotope
• X-Ray generator having maximum of 250kV
• Manual Processing Dark-room equipment and accessories
• Suitable viewing apparatus for Radiographic Interpretation
• Optical Densitometer
5.2 Radiation Energy
The Radiation enery employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve
the density and IQI image requirements of this Procedure.

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5.3 Verification / Determination of source size or focal spot

For lr-192 isotope, the size provided by supplier of the source will be taken as
the source size; for X-Ray equipment, the focal size provided by manufacturer
will be taken as The Focal spot size

6.0 Image Quality Indicator (IQI)

6.1 IQI Selection

6.1.1 Material: IQI shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade
as identified in SE-1025, or SE- 747, as applicable, or from an alloy material
group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being
radiographed.

6.1.2 Size: The designated hole 101 or essential wire shall be as specified in Appendix-
3 (Table T-276). A thinner or thicker hole type IQI may be substituted for any
section thickness listed in Appendix-3, provided an equivalent IQI sensitivity is
maintained, as in para 6.7 and Appendix-4.

6.1.3 The ASTM standard hole or wire type IQI shall be used as per Apendix-1 for hole
type and Apendix-2 for Wire type (IQI Designation, Thickness and Diameters).

6.1.4 Selection shall be based on Apendix-3 for hole type and Apendix-2 for ASTM
Wire type.

6.1.5 The thickness for the selection of IQI shall be the nominal single wall thickness
plus the weld reinforcement, as stipulated in ATTACHMENT 1, if any however,
the shim shall be placed under the 101, shim material should be
radiographically similar to weld metal and radiographic density throughout area
of interest is not more than minus 15% from radiographic density through IQI.

6.1.6 Welds with Reinforcements: The thickness on which the IQI is based is the
nominal single-wall material thickness plus the weld reinforcement thickness
estimated to be present on both sides of the weld (I.D. and O.D.). The values
used for the estimated weld reinforcement thicknesses shall be representative
of the weld condition and shall not exceed the maximums permitted by the
referencing Code Section as stipulated in Appendix-5. Physical measurement of
the actual weld reinforcements is not required. Backing rings or strips shall not
be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection.

6.1.7 Welds without reinforcement: The thickness on which the IQI is based is the
nominal single wall thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered
as the part of the weld thickness in IQI selection.

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6.1.8 Welds joining dissimilar materials or welds with dissimilar filler metal: when
the weld metal is of an alloy group or grade which has a radiation attenuation that
differs from the base material the IQI material selection shall be based on the
weld metal and in accordance with para 6.1. When density limits as mentioned
in para 13.0 cannot be met with one IQI and the exceptional density area(s) is at
the interface of the weld metal and the base metal, the material selection for the
additional IQI shall be based on the base material and shall be in accordance
with para 6.1.

6.2 IQI Placement

6.2.1 The IQI (s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined. Where
inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI on the source side, it shall be placed
on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F" at least
as high as the IQI, shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQl’(s), but shall not mask
the essential hole where a hole type IQl's are used.
6.2.2 For double wall double image or single wall single image technique, IQI may
be placed on the source side. For double wall single image IQI may be placed
on the film side.

6.3 IQI Location for Welds

6.3.1 For Hole type IQI
Hole type IQl(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification
number(s) and the lead letter "F" when used shall not be in the area of interest.
For the condition described in (a) and (b) below, the identification number and
the lead letter "F" may be placed in the area of interest.

a. When geometric condition makes it impractical to place the IQI as per Para.
6.2
b. When the weld metal is not radiographically similar to the base metal.

6.3.2 Shims Under Hole IQI's

For welds, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld
metal shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed, so
that the radiographic density through the area of interest is no more
than minus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through
IQI.

The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that outline of at least three
sides of the IQI image shall visible in the radiograph.

6.3.3 For Wire type IQI

IQl(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires are
transverse to the longitudinal axis of the weld. The identification
number(s)

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and the lead letter "F" when used shall not be in the area of interest. Except for
the condition as described in 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.2 above.

6.4 Alternative location for IQI (s)

When configuration or size prevents placing the hole type IQl(s) on the part or
weld, it may be placed on a separate block (shim stock) of material radiographically
similar to the weld metal. The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions
such that the outline of at least three (3) sides of the IQI image shall be visible on
the radiograph..

6.5 Number of IQI (s)

At least one (1) IQI image shall appear on each radiograph with the following
exceptions:

6.5.1 for cylindrical vessels where the source is placed on the axis or center and the
complete circumference is radiographer with a single exposure, at least three
(3) Uniformly placed IQI shall be used spaced approximately 120° apart. Where
sections of longitudinal weld adjoining the circumferential weld are radiographer
simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional IQI shall be placed on
each longitudinal weld at the end of each section most remote from the junction
with the circumferential weld being radio graphed.

6.5.2 When a section of circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg.
but less than 240 deg. is radio graphed using one film holder or when a section
or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the
outermost section spans less than 240 deg. radiographed using more than one
film holders at least three IQl's with one placed at each end of film and one at the
center of the film are required in the above cases.

6.5.3 For segments of a flat or curved (i.e. ellipsoidal, torispherical, toriconical,

elliptical, etc) component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center
of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film
holders, at least three IQl's, one placed at each end of the radiograph span
and one in the approximate center of the span, are required.

6.5.4 Multiple IQl's on a single radiograph are required under the following condition:
If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by
more than - 15% or + 30% from the density through the body of the designated
hole type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a
wire type IQI, then an additional pentameters shall be used for each exceptional
area (s). When two (2) IQl's are used, one shall represent the lightest area of
interest and the other, the darkest area of interest; the intervening densities on the
radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density.

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6.6 IQI Sensitivity

The radiographic examination shall be performed with a technique of sufficient
sensitivity to display the designated hole type IQI image and the essential hole
i.e. the 2-T hole, or the essential wire of a wire type IQI. Radiographs shall also
display the lQls identification numbers and letters. If the designated hole-type IQI
image and essential hole, or essential wire of the wire-type IQI, do not show on
any film in a multiple film technique, but do show in composite film viewing,
interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film viewing.

For wire-type IQIs, the essential wire shall be visible within the area of interest
representing the thickness used for determining the essential wire, inclusive
of the allowable density variations described in para 13.2.

6.7 Equivalent Hole -Type Sensitivity

A thinner or thicker hole type IQI than the required IQI may be substituted, provided
an equivalent or better IQI sensitivity, as listed in the Annexture-4, is achieved and
all other requirements for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI sensitivity is shown
in any row of the Annexture-4, which contains the designated IQI and hole. Better
IQI sensitivity is shown in any row of Annexture-4 which is above the equivalent
sensitivity row. If the designated 101 and hole are not represented in the table,
the next thinner IQI row from Annexture-4 may be used to establish equivalent IQI
sensitivity.

7.0 Location Markers and its placement

Location markers, which are to appear on the film as radiographic images, shall be
placed on the part and not on the film holder / cassette. Their location shall be
permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed or on a map when
permanent marking is inaccessible, in a manner permitting the area of interest on the
radiograph to be accurately traceable for its location on the part during the retention
period of the radiograph. The evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that the
required coverage of the area being examined has been obtained. Location markers
shall be placed as per attached sheet (Location Marker Sketches Annexture-6)
Location marker shall be identified as follows
For longitudinal weld seam A - B, B - C, C - D, D - E, E - F etc.
For circular weld seam O - 1, 1 - 2, 2 - 3, 3 - 4, 4 - 5, 5 - 6 etc.

7.1 For Single-Wall Viewing

Source-Side Markers
7.1.1
Location markers shall be placed on the source side when radiographing the
following:
7.1.1.1 Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components.

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7.1.1.2 Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and
when source - to - material distance is less than the inside radius of the
component.
7.1.1.3 Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
7.1.2 Film Side Markers
Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radio graphing the
following:
7.1.2.1 Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and
when the source-to-material distance is greater than the inside radius.
7.1.2.2 As an alternative to solirce-side placement of location markers as per clause.
7.1.1.1, 7.1.1.2 & 7.1.1.3 location markers may be placed on the film side
7.1.3 Either Side markers
Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side when
radiographing curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the
source and the source-to-material distance equals the inside radius of the
component.

7.2 For Double - Wall Viewing

At least one (1) location marker shall be placed adjacent to the weld or on the
material in the area of interest for each radiograph.

7.3 Mapping
When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as
stipulated in clause 7.1 and 7.2 above, a dimensional map of the geometric
arrangement including marker locations, shall accompany the radiographs to show
that full coverage has been obtained. It shall be provided with radiograph review
form as well.

( 8.0 Screens and film holders

8.1 Intensifying screens consisting of lead foil (0.1mm thick) shall be used as both front
and back of the film in direct contact with film. Screens shall be free of dirt, oxide,
coatings, wrinkles, pitting and other defects. Fluorescent screens are not under the
scope of this work instruction.

8.2 Film holders I Cassettes are of PVC double envelope type. Cassette containing
film shall be in intimate contact to the object being radiographed.

9.0 Excessive Back scatter

To determine the effect of back scattered radiation a lead letter "B" of a minimum 7116
inch (11mm). High and a minimum of 0.063 in. (1.5mm) thickness fastened to the
back of the film holder/ cassette, during each exposure. The lead number "B" shall be
placed in a location so that it would appear within an area on the radiograph.

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If the image of the lead letter "B" appears lighter on a darker background of the
radiograph, back-scattered protection is insufficient and the radiograph shall be
considered unacceptable. A dark image of the lead letter "B" on a lighter background
is acceptable

10.0 Film Selection

Film selection shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's certification for film
systems. The film Manufacturer shall determine the class for the family of film.
According to their recommendation, Type II (medium grain & medium speed) or Type
I (fine grain & slow speed) depending on the nature of job and quality level
requirement.

11.0 Film Identifications

11.1 Location markers which are to appear as radiographic images on the radiograph shall
be placed on the part and not on the film holder / cassette and their location shall be
marked permanently (where accessible) on the surface of the part being radiographed.
•
11.2 Each radiograph shall be permanently identified providing the following
information:
11.2.1 Company's name as GEFL .
11.2.2 Drawing No. and if required job Identification.
11.2.3 Weld seam identification number and segment/ location number
11.2.4 Date of radiography
11.2.5 Any weld / weld segment that has been repaired shall be marked as R1,
R2 etc. for 1st and 2nd repair etc. respectively on the radiograph
11.2.6 An NDE subcontractor's name or symbol may also be used together
with that of the Manufacturer.

12.0 Geometric Un sharpness (Ug)

12.1 The geometric un sharpness (Ug) of the radiograph shall be determined in
accordance with the following formula:
" Ug = F. d / D
Where Ug = Geometric Un sharpness
F = Source size i.e. the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source
(or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object
being radiographed (mm.).
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being
radiographed (mm.)
d = Distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to
the film (mm).
D and d shall be measured to the approximate center of the area of interest.

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12.2 Geometric Un sharpness Limitation:

Following criteria of maximum geometrical unsharpness shall be used to calculate
minimum source to object distance, however, actual measurement of Geometric
Un sharpness of the radiograph is not required.

Material Thickness Ug maximum

In. mm. 0 In. mm.
Under2 under SO 0.020 0.51
2 thro' 3 50 thro' 75 0.030 0.76
over 3 thro' 4 75 thro' 100 0.040 1.02
over4 over 100 0.070 1.78
Note : Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.

However is no case geometrical unsharpness shall be greater than 2.0 mm.

13.0 Radiographic Density

13.1 Density Limitations

13.1.1 Either a densitometer or a step wedge comparison film shall be used for reading
film density. The density of the step wedge comparison film and densitometer
calibration shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step wedge film
traceable to National Standards step tablet having at least 5 steps with neutral
densities from 1.0 through 4.0. In case of difference of reading between step wedge
comparison film and densitometer affecting acceptability of the radiograph, then
the densitometer reading shall govern. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for
variations between densitometer readings.

13.1.2 The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the
designated hole type IQI adjacent to the. essential hole or adjacent to the essential
wire of the wire type IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single
film viewing for radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2 minimum for single
film viewing for radiographs made with gamma ray source. For composite viewing
of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum
density of 1.3. The maximum allowable density shall be 4 for either single or
composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between
densitometer readings.

13.1.3 Densitometer shall be calibrated against national standard step tablet or step wedge
calibration film traceable to national standard step tablet, at a density closest 1.0,
2.0, 3.0 & 4.0, at least every 3 months. The record of such calibration will be
documented.

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13.1.4 The periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed at least the
beginning of the each shift, after 8 hours of continuous use or after change
operation, which comes first.

13.2 Density Variation

13.2.1 The transmitted film density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest
shall not vary by more than -15% or + 30% from the density through the body of the
hole type IQJ adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a
wire type IQI representing that area of interest.

13.2.2 When shims are used, the + 30% density restriction may be exceeded, provided the
required IQI sensitivity is displayed, and the density limitation of 13.1.2 are not
exceeded.

13.2.3 When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded
off to nearest± 0.1.

14.0 Radiographic Technique

14.1 Direction of Radiation
The direction of the central beam of radiation shall be centered on the area of
interest, as far as practicable.

14.2 Single Wall Technique

A single wall exposure technique shall be used whenever practical. In the single- wall
technique, the radiation beam passes through only one wall of the weld / material,
which is viewed for acceptance of the radiograph as per shooting sketches attached.
When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, a double-wall technique
shall be used as detailed below. An adequate number of exposures shall be made to
demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained.

14.3 Double Wall Technique

When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, one of the following double-
wall techniques shall be used:
14.3.1 Double Wall Single Image Viewing Technique
For circumferential welds in components more than 3 1/2 in. (89 mm.),
this technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls
and only the weld on the film side wall is imaged and viewed for acceptance
on the radiograph as per shooting sketch attached. When
complete coverage is required for this type of circumferential welds in
components, a minimum of three (3) exposure 120 ° to each other shall
be made.

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14.3.2 Double Wall Double Image Viewing Technique

14.3.2.1 For circumferential weld in components less than or equal to 3 1/2 in.
(88.9 mm.), this technique is used in which the radiation passes
through two walls and the weld (material) of both the walls is imaged
on the film giving an elliptical image and viewed for acceptance on the
radiograph, as per shooting sketch in ATTACHMENT 3 / FIG.5. For
double-wall viewing, only source side IQI shall be used.
14.3.2.2 The radiation beam set offset from the plane of the weld at angle
sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side
portions of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be
interpreted. When complete coverage is required for this type of
circumferential welds a minimum of two (2) exposures is taken 90 °
to each other. When 90 ° exposures is impractical due to joint
restraint two (2) exposure is taken at least 60 ° to each other.
14.3.2.3 For double-wall viewing, only source side IQI shall be used. Care
should be exercised to ensure that the required geometric un
sharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric un sharpness
requirement is not met, then single wall should be used.
14.3.2.4 In case of extreme difficulty to employ double wall double image
technique the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam
positioned in such a way that the images of both walls are
superimposed as per shooting sketch attached. In this case when
complete coverage is required a minimum of three (3) exposures is
taken at either 60° or 120° to each other for each joint.

15.0 Processing of Radiograph

15.1 Radiographs shall be developed manually.
15.2 Processing chemicals shall be used within the manufacturer's recommended shelf
life or product expiry date specified.
15.3 Developing shall be done for a period between 5 and 8 minutes at a temperature
of 20 degrees C. At higher temperatures (not exceeding 24 degrees C) the
developing time may be curtailed as determined by visually observing the extent of
film development during the process. For lower temperatures (not to go below 18
degrees C), the development time may be required to be increased as
appropriate.
15.4 Fixing time shall normally be at least twice the developing time (not to exceed 15
minutes in fresh fixer).
15.5 Washing after developing and fixing shall be done in running water as appropriate.

15.6 After washing, the films shall be put to dry. A film drying cabinet
incorporating circulating heated air may be used to assist in drying.

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16.0 Viewing Radiographs

16.1 Illuminator used for viewing & interpretation of radiographs shall have sufficient
illumination output and a rheostat control to provide variable light intensity to suitably
evaluate the radiographic sensitivity w.r.t. the designated hole or wire of the hole
type or wire type IQI respectively.
16.2 Viewing room may not be completely dark but can have subdued background light
of an intensity that will not create troublesome reflections, shadows or glare on the
radiograph to the evaluator.
16.3 The light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming through low density
portion of the radiograph shall not interfere with interpretation.
(
17.0 Evaluating Radiographs
17.1 Artifacts:
Radiographs may have some mechanical, chemical or other blemishes but these
shall not mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of
interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include but not limited to
the following:
17.1.1 Fogging
17.1.2 Mechanical defects such as scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static
marks, smudges, or tears etc.
17.1.3 Processing defects such as streaks, water marks, frilling, puckering,
chemical stains
17.1.4 False indications due to defective screens

17.2 If the white image of the lead symbol ‘B' attached back of the cassette, appears on a
darker background of the radiograph, protection from back scatter is insufficient and
the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the lead symbol
'B' on a lighter background is accepted.

17.3 Techno Fab Engineers shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation
and acceptance of the completed radiographs to assure compliance with this
procedure. The radiographic technique details and the radiograph review forms
documentation shall accompany the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed
prior to presentation of the radiographs and accompanying documentation to the
Inspector.

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18.0 Acceptance Standard

18.1 (FORASME SECTION VIII, DIVISION 1, UW 51, 2019 Edition)

Thickness t: tis the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a
butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner
of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of
the throat of the fillet shall be included in t.

Acceptance of all welded joints to be radiograph shall be as follows:

18.1.1 Linear Imperfections

18.1.1.1 Any type of crack shall be unacceptable.

18.1.1.2 Areas indicating lack of fusion or lack of penetration shall be unacceptable

18.1.1.3 Any elongated slag or oxide inclusion which has a length greater than the following
shall be unacceptable. Borderline cases shall be judged for acceptance / rejection
depending on type of material, product form and end use at the discretion of NOE
Level Ill.

A) 1/4 in. (6 mm) for T up to 3/4 in. (19 mm)

B) 1/3T for T over 3/4in. (19 mm) to 2.1/4in.(57 mm)
C) 3/4 in. (19 mm) for T over 2.1/4 in.( 57 mm)

Where, T = Thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a

butt weld joining two members having different thickness at the weld, T is the
thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld,
the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in T.

18.1.1.4 Group of aligned slag or oxide inclusions shall be acceptable if the sum of lengths of
all such inclusions is not more than T in a length of 12T (or proportionately for
radiograph shorter than 12T) and if the inclusions are separated by at least SL, where
L is the length of the longer of the two adjacent inclusion considered. If the separation
between the adjacent inclusions is less than 6L they will be considered as interactive
and the separation length will be treated and added as inclusion length.

18.1.2 Rounded Imperfections (ASME Section VIII Division 1 of 2019 Edition)

Rounded Indications: Indications with a maximum length of three times the width or
less on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be
circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating

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the size of an indication, the tail shall be included. The indication may be from any
imperfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten.

18.1.2.1 Relevant Indications

Only those rounded indications, which exceed the following dimensions, shall be
considered relevant.
1/10 T for T less than 1/8 in. (3 mm)
1/64 in.(0.4 mm) for T 1/8 in. (3 mm) to 1/4 in.(6 mm)
1/32 in. (0.8 mm) for T 1/4 in. (6 mm) to 2 in. (50 mm)
1/16in. (1.6 mm) for T greater than 2in. (50 mm)
Where T is as described in Para 18.1.3.
C 18.1.2.2 Maximum size of Rounded Indications: (Appendix-8: Maximum Permissible Size
of Rounded Indications) The maximum permissible size of any indication shall be 1/4
T or 5/32 in. (4.0 mm) whichever is smaller except that an isolated indication
separated by 1 in. (25 mm) or more may be 1/3 T or 1/4 in. (6 mm) whichever is
smaller. For T greater than 2 in. (50 mm) the maximum permissible size of an isolated
indication shall be increased to 3/8 in. (10 mm).

Randomly dispersed porosity and isolated porosity shall be evaluated in accordance

with the Rounded Indication Chart as per attached sheet (Maximum Permissible
Size of Rounded Indications). Two or more pores may be considered isolated if the
distance between the two pores is 60, where D is the diameter of the largest adjacent
pore.

18.1.2.3 Porosity with a tail (i.e. any porosity tapered to a sharp point with extension at one or
both end) shall be unacceptable.

Aligned Indications: A sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be considered

to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the
center of the two outer rounded indications.

18.1.2.4 Porosity shall be considered aligned (4 or more pores) if the two middle pores touch
a straight line drawn through the center of the two outer pores. Aligned Porosity is
acceptable when the summation of the diameters of pores is less than T in a length of
12T. The length of groups of aligned porosity and spacing between the groups is as
depicted in attached sheet (Groups of Aligned Porosity).

Spacing: The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in

determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated indications or groups
of aligned indications.

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18.1.2.5 For Weld Thickness T < 1/8 in. (3 mm)

The maximum number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. length of
weld. Proportionally less number of indications shall be permitted for welds less than
6 in. length.

18.1.2.6 Clustered Indications

The length of an acceptable cluster shall not exceed 1 in. or 2t, whichever is
lesser. When more than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the clusters
shall not exceed 1 in. (25mm) in 6 in. (150mm) length of weld.

Cluster: The illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times as many
indications in a local area.

18.1.2.7 Image Density

Density within images of rounded indication may vary and is not a criteria for
acceptance/ rejection for ASME Section V and T-282.

18.1.3 Imperfections -for open root GTAW process

18.1.3.1 Tungsten (W) inclusion shall be evaluated as slag or porosity whichever is more
representative.
18.1.3.2 Root surface concavity or suck back including centerline shrinkage will be acceptable
provided the resulting thickness as determined by film density is equal to or less than
the adjacent base material.

18.2 Acceptance Standard (FOR WELDER'S & WELDING OPERATOR'S TEST

COUPONS AS PER ASME SECTION IX OF 2019 EDITION).

Welders and Welding Operators respectively using SMAW, SAW, GTAW and FCAW
(except short-circuiting mode) or a combination of these processes shall meet the following
acceptance criteria for test coupons:

18.2.1 Linear Indications

The following indications are unacceptable:

18.2.1.1 Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion/ penetration.
18.2.1.2 Any elongated slag inclusion which has a length greater than the following:
A) 1/8 in. (3 mm) for T up to 3/8 in. (10 mm) incl.
B) 1/3 T for T over 3/8 in. (10 mm) to 2.1/4 in. (57 mm) incl.
C) 3/4 in. (19 mm) for T over 2.1/4 in. (57 mm)

18.2.1.3 Any group of slag inclusions in line that has an aggregate length greater than T in a
length of 12 T, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceed
6L, where L = Length of longest imperfection in the group.

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18.2.2 Rounded Indications

18.2.2.1 Maximum permissible size for porosity indications shall be 20% T or 1/8 in. (3 mm)
whichever is smaller.

18.2.2.2 For welds in material less than 1/8 in. (3 mm) in thickness, the maximum number
of acceptable rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a weld length of 6 in. (150
mm). For less than 6 in. (150 mm) length, number of porosities will be proportionally
reduced.

18.2.2.3 For welds in material 1/8 in. (3 mm) or greater in thickness, rounded indication
characterized as imperfections shall not exceed as shown in attached sheet
(Appendix-11: Maximum permissible no. of rounded indications for Welders and•
Welding Operators).

18.2.2.4 Rounded indication characterized as imperfections shall not exceed as shown in

attached sheet (Maximum permissible no. of rounded indications for Welders and
Welding Operators).

18.3 Acceptance Standard (FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY AS PER UW 52 OF ASME

SECTION VIII, DIVISION-1 OF 2019 EDITION)

The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be as follows.

18.3.1 Welds in which indications are characterized as cracks, lack of fusion is unacceptable.

18.3.2 Welds in which indications are characterized as slag inclusions / cavities shall be
unacceptable if:

18.3.2.1 The length of any such indication is greater than 2/3 T or 3/4 in. (19 mm) whichever is
less.

18.3.2.2 Several indications within the above limitations exist in line and if the sum of the
longest dimension of all such indications is greater than T in a length of 6T except
when the distance between the successive indications equal to or exceeds 3L. Where,
L = Length of longest indication in the group.
T = as described in Para 18.1.3 and if a full penetration weld include fillet, the throat
length shall be included in T.

18.3.2.3 Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of spot radiographed weld.

19.0 Examination of Repairs.

Unacceptable discontinuities shall be removed and repaired with the applicable repair
weld procedure. Repair shall be re-examined in accordance with this work instruction.

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20.0 Reporting System.

The radiography technique sheet shall be prepared prior to taking radiograph which shall
contain following information as a minimum:
(a) Identification of job/item/part etc.
(b) Contract & Unit No. (if applicable)
(c) Dimensional map (if used) of marker placement
(d) No. Of exposures
(e) X-ray Voltage or Type of Isotope used
(f) Source size
(g) Ci- min I mA Min
(h) Base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as
applicable.
(i) Source to object distance
(j) Distance from source side of object to film
(k) Film manufacturer and their assigned type/designation
(I) No. Of film in each cassette
(m) Single or double wall exposure
(n) Single or double viewing

Examination results shall be reported in Radiography Evaluation form which shall contain
following information as a minimum.
1) Listing of each radiograph location.
2) The ref. no. of technique sheet
3) Procedure Identification, and revision
4) Evaluation & disposition of the welds examined.
5) Name and/or identity and certification level (if applicable) for personnel performing the
examination.
6) Date of the examination

21.0 DOCUMENTS AND RECORDS:

All radiographs shall accompany radiography technique sheet (Annexure-1). Radiography

examination report (Annexure-2) and radiography requisition (Annexure- 3).

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Appendix-4

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Appendix-5
ASME sec-VIII, UW-35

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AAppendix-6
Location Marker Sketches

Appendix-7
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Appendix-8

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Appendix-9

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Appendix-11

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Radiograph examination reporting Format.

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