1) Gases have higher kinetic energy than liquids or solids due to their particles moving more. As temperature increases, gas particles move faster, increasing their kinetic energy.
2) The kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior using concepts like pressure, volume, temperature, and kinetic energy of gas particles.
3) Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature for gases at constant amounts. The combined gas law incorporates these relationships.
1) Gases have higher kinetic energy than liquids or solids due to their particles moving more. As temperature increases, gas particles move faster, increasing their kinetic energy.
2) The kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior using concepts like pressure, volume, temperature, and kinetic energy of gas particles.
3) Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature for gases at constant amounts. The combined gas law incorporates these relationships.
1) Gases have higher kinetic energy than liquids or solids due to their particles moving more. As temperature increases, gas particles move faster, increasing their kinetic energy.
2) The kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior using concepts like pressure, volume, temperature, and kinetic energy of gas particles.
3) Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature for gases at constant amounts. The combined gas law incorporates these relationships.
1) Gases have higher kinetic energy than liquids or solids due to their particles moving more. As temperature increases, gas particles move faster, increasing their kinetic energy.
2) The kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior using concepts like pressure, volume, temperature, and kinetic energy of gas particles.
3) Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature for gases at constant amounts. The combined gas law incorporates these relationships.
EQ: How do we use the Kinetic Molecular Theory to explain the behavior of gases? States of Matter 2 main factors determine state: • The forces (inter/intramolecular) holding particles together • The kinetic energy present (the energy an object possesses due to its motion of the particles) • KE tends to ‘pull’ particles apart Kinetic Energy , States of Matter & Temperature Gases have a higher kinetic energy because their particles move a lot more than in a solid or a liquid Asthe temperature increases, there gas particles move faster, and thus kinetic energy increases. Pressure
force pressure area
Which shoes create the most pressure?
Units of Pressure At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SAP) 101.325 kPa (kilopascal) 1 atm (atmosphere) 760 mm Hg N (millimeter Hg) kPa 2 m 760 torr 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch) Standard Temperature & Pressure
STP Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K -OR- 1 atm 101.325 kPa Temperature: The Kelvin Scale
Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases. ºC -273 0 100 K 0 273 373
C K 273 K = ºC + 273 The Gas Laws Learning Goals I will be able to describe Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay- Lussac’s Laws relating T, P and/or V and be able to calculate unknown values using the equations derived from these laws, as well as the combined gas law. 1. Intro to Boyle’s Law Imagine that you hold the tip of a syringe on the tip of your finger so no gas can escape. Now push down on the plunger of the syringe.
What happens to the volume in the
syringe?
What happens to the pressure the
gas is exerting in the syringe? 1. Boyle’s Law 1. Boyle’s Law The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional (as one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa • at constant mass & temp
V 1. Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical
expression: *Assuming temp is constant
P1V1=P2V2 Where P1 represents the initial pressure
V1 represents the initial volume,
And P2 represents the final pressure
V2 represents the final volume
Example Problem: A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L at a pressure of 96.3 kPa rises to an altitude of 1000m, where the atmospheric pressure is measured to be 60.8kPa. Assuming there is no change in the temperature or the amount of gas, calculate the weather balloon’s final volume. You Try: Atmospheric pressure on the peak of Kilimanjaro can be as low as 0.20 atm. If the volume of an oxygen tank is 10.0L, at what pressure must the tank be filled so the gas inside would occupy a volume of 1.2 x 103L at this pressure? 2. Intro to Charles’ Law
Imagine that you put a
balloon filled with gas in liquid nitrogen
What is happening to the
temperature of the gas in the balloon?
What will happen to the
volume of the balloon? 2. Charles’ Law 2. Charles’ Law
The volume and absolute
temperature (K) of a gas are directly proportional (an increase in temp leads to an increase in volume) • at constant mass & pressure V
T 2. Charles’ Law 2. Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law leads to the
mathematical expression:
*Assuming pressure remains constant
Example Problem: A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of 1.5L of helium gas in an air-conditioned room at 293K. The balloon is taken outdoors on a warm day where the volume expands to 1.55L. Assuming the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant, what is the air temperature outside in Celsius? You Try: A beach ball is inflated to a volume of 25L of air at 15oC. During the afternoon, the volume increases by 1L. What is the new temperature outside? 3. Intro to Gay-Lussac’s Law Imagine you have a balloon inside a container that ensures it has a fixed volume. You heat the balloon.
What is happening to the temp of
the gas inside the balloon?
What will happen to the pressure
the gas is exerting on the balloon? 3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
The pressure and absolute
temperature (K) of a gas are directly proportional (as temperature rises, so does pressure) • at constant mass & volume P
T 2. Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to the
mathematical expression:
*Assuming volume remains constant
Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:
T & P relationship: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_JnUBk1JPQ Example Problem: The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister with a fixed volume is 5.0atm at 15oC. What is the pressure of the oxygen gas inside the canister if the temperature changes to 263K? Assume the amount of gas remains constant. You Try: The pressure of a gas in a sealed canister is 350.0kPa at a room temperature of 15oC. The canister is placed in a refrigerator that drops the temperature of the gas by 20K. What is the new pressure in the canister? 4. Combined Gas Law By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is derived:
P1V1 P2V2 = T1 T2 Example Problem: A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa & 25°C. Find its volume at STP. Any Combination Questions a) A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its volume at 94°C
b) A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C. At what temperature will the
pressure be 560. torr The Ideal Gas Law: Combines the separate gas laws into one equation that allows you to solve for all variables. PV = nRT R = 0.0821 L x atm/mol x K How many moles of air are there in a 2.0 L bottle at 19ºC and 0.98 atm? Key Concepts If the temperature is constant, as the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases.
As the temperature of an enclosed gas
increases, the volume increases, if the pressure is constant.
As the temperature of an enclosed gas increases,
the pressure increases, if the volume is constant.
When only the amount of gas is constant, the
combined gas law describes the relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature. Key Equations
Boyle’s law: P1 V1 = P2 V2
V1 V2 Charles’s law: = T1 T2
P1 P2 Gay-Lussac’s law: = T1 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2 combined gas law: = T1 T2 Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT
