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1 | Page

TERRA
NOVA
2 | Page

INDEX
SPACE COLONY
1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Name of the Project
1.2 Features of the Project
1.3 Why are you Constructing the Structure in Space
1.4 MEET OUR TEAM
1.6 Materials

2. STRUCTURAL DESIGNING:
2.1 Basic Shapes
2.2 Naming the Parts of the Structure and their
Functioning
2.3 Dimensions
2.4 Construction sequence
2.5 Docking system
2.6Location of our Settlement

TERRA
NOVA
3 | Page

INDEX
3. HUMAN LIFE SUPPORT:
3.1 Gravity
3.2 Agriculture and Food Production
3.3 Water
3.4 Oxygen/ Atmosphere
3.5 Temperature and thermal management
3.6 Waste Management/ Recycling

4. HUMAN LIFE DESIGN:

4.1 Law and Order
4.2 Political System
4.3 Judicial System
4.4 Education and School
4.5 Health & hospitals
4.6 Recreation and Entertainment
4.7 Preamble

TERRA
NOVA
4 | Page

5. OPERATIONS & AUTOMATION:

5.1 Controlling and Surveillance
5.2 Communications
5.3 Transportation
5.4 Security

6. BUSINESS & INDUSTRY IN SPACE:

6.1 Industries
6.2 Business

7. COST AND SCHEDULE:

7.1 Cost
7.2 Schedule

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
8.1 Reference Website Links

TERRA
NOVA
5 | Page

CH-1 INTRODUCTION: -
[0]
1.1 Name of the project:
"New Earth," or Terra Nova in Latin, is a symbol of the spirit of exploration, ingenuity, and discovery.
It stands for the human will to explore new areas and push the bounds of knowledge. Terra Nova,
whether it be a term for a place, an idea in science, or an event in culture, represents the core of
human inquiry and aspiration.
In the present day, Terra Nova is not limited to our planet. New frontiers have been unlocked by space
exploration, with trips to Mars, the Moon, and beyond. "Terra Nova" captures the thrill and
expectation of exploring the immensity of space to find evidence of extra-terrestrial life and broaden
the sphere of human civilization.
[2]
1.2 Features of the project:
 We have included the THERMAL REJECTION method.
 We have used a separate type of THRUSTERS. [49]
 We have analyzed other projects and made a new kind of TORUS.
 We depict a hybrid project consisting of both SPACE COLONY and ASTEROID MINING
for revenue generation.
[ 0 ]
 We have introduced our new method of ASTEROID MINING.

Why are you constructing the structure in space?

Space manufacture has the conceivable to be transformed into sparingly achievable

[0]
individually. If basic material can be referenced from space as a substitute for the Earth.
Planetary structure, habitually mentioned toward the revolution or else interplanetary
engineering, is the manufacture of touchable belongings outside Earth. The single situation of
interplanetary, predominantly the belongings of microgravity and emptiness, permits the
[2]
investigation and manufacture of possessions that might not otherwise be industrial on Earth.

TERRA
NOVA
6 | Page

TERRA
NOVA
 7 | Page

MATERIALS-
The primary material which will be used in the construction of TERRA NOVA will be
Aluminum. Enlisted are some points because which team TERRA NOVA has decided to
use aluminum for its construction.

Lightweight Advantage: In the vastness of space, weight is a critical consideration.

[0]
Aluminum's remarkable lightweight properties make it an ideal choice for constructing
TERRA NOVA, allowing us to optimize payload capacity and minimize the energy
required for space travel.

Structural Strength: Aluminum boasts an impressive strength-to-weight ratio,

[8]
providing exceptional structural integrity without adding unnecessary mass. This
characteristic is crucial for ensuring the durability and safety of TERRA NOVA in the
harsh conditions of space.

Corrosion Resistance: The corrosive effects of space radiation and micrometeoroids

[8]
pose significant challenges. Aluminum's natural resistance to corrosion ensures that
TERRA NOVA's structural components remain resilient over extended periods,
minimizing maintenance needs and ensuring the longevity of the settlement.

Thermal Conductivity: Space settlements are subjected to extreme temperature

variations. Aluminum's high thermal conductivity enables efficient heat dissipation,
helping regulate internal temperatures and safeguarding critical systems from
overheating or freezing in the unforgiving environment of space.
[8]
Ease of Fabrication: Aluminum's malleability and ease of fabrication streamline the
[8]
construction process of TERRA NOVA. Its adaptability to various manufacturing
techniques allows for the creation of intricate structures, meeting the complex design
requirements of a space settlement.

Recyclability: Sustainability is a cornerstone of the TERRA NOVA project. Aluminum's

recyclability not only aligns with our commitment to eco-friendly practices but also
facilitates resource efficiency. This closed-loop approach ensures minimal waste and a
more sustainable future for space exploration.

Radiation Shielding Properties: The space environment exposes settlements to

[46]
ionizing radiation. Aluminum, with its inherent radiation shielding properties, acts as a
protective barrier, safeguarding the inhabitants of TERRA NOVA from the harmful
effects of cosmic rays and solar radiation."

Cost-Effectiveness: Balancing technological advancements with budget constraints

is paramount. Aluminum's cost-effectiveness, coupled with its exceptional
performance characteristics, makes it a judicious choice for the construction of TERRA
NOVA, allowing us to maximize the value of our investment in space exploration."

TERRA
NOVA
 8 | Page

By leveraging the unique properties of aluminum, TERRA NOVA emerges as a beacon

of innovation, resilience, and sustainability in the realm of space settlement
construction.

[3]
CH–2 STRUCTURAL DESIGNING: -
Basic shapes-
In OUR TERRA NOVA, we have used shapes like the tours and the cylinder to maintain
the gravity and the symmetrical composition of our project Terra Nova.
[22]
As shown in Figure 2.1

New Kind of Torus Design: -

[22]
Fig 2.1

In TERRA NOVA we have used a new kind of tori to

prevent architectural defects and for the equivalent
provision of gravity.

[3]
Labeling of the model-
All the parts labeled in our project are designed and placed in such a manner that
[3]
they maintain the symmetry of the terra nova and the provision of gravity. Our
professional made these parts after a lot of research on the architect of the torus.

TERRA
NOVA
9 | Page

Terra Nova (location of the part of Terra Nova)- As shown in Figure 2.2

Figure-2.2
Major parts-
Residential area-
The residential area contains a population of 15,400 people. so, we will provide the
area according to their necessities e.g.-parks, houses, hospitals…. etc.

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NOVA
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The total area required by the people is around 1,432,460 m2

Agriculture torus- In our terra nova we have made the agriculture torus and
residential torus identical so that the price cost of our project can be deducted and to
provide the equivalent density to all parts of the project.

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NOVA
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MAIN AXIS -
Our main axis will be the center of the storage and the transportation system
transportation you can understand more in Chapter & for the storage we have divided
the segment for
the storage
concerning the
nearest torus.

Recreational and entertainment Area-

Our terra nova provides people with an enthusiastic and
open life with the theater, playing area, and no gravity
zone area so that they can enjoy as much as they want,
and the calculation for the recreational area is highly
543.76
researched and well-constructed.
82.94
m Docking chamber calculation-

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NOVA
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we have constructed our docking chamber in such a manner that the transport of the
material can be easy and about docking chamber you 77.92
will be further told about.

Symmetry of our Terra Nova- 155.9

The symmetry of our terra nova project is well-
m
defined and the area occupied by the corresponding
part has the same area. 155.9
As for the page limit, we have
provided the calculation of one part
itself not of its corresponding
part……. i.e., the calculation of the
agriculture part is provided but not
of the evacuation and industry
because they are identical.

Providing a symmetrical
architectural design helps in the
provision of gravity and the
balancing of the project as the
weight and density distribution will
be easy on the point where the
gravity of two objects centralizes.

Dimensional calculation of Terra Nova-

PART T.S.A(total surface volume
area)
Residential torus 71,06,115m2 1070000000m3
Agriculture torus and recycling area 17,76,528m2 133000000m3

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docking chamber 2,34,068m2 2430000m3

industry and evacuation area 17,76,528m2 133000000m3
asteroid capturing 2,34,068m2 2430000m3
asteroid processing chamber 2,39,833m2 2930000m3
main axis 1,39,000m2 2580000m3
recreation and entertainment 2,39,833m2 2930000m3

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE-
executed according to a predetermined plan. As we progress through the discussion, I
will now supplement the information with
relevant visual representations. Please
find the accompanying images below,
illustrating the various phases of the
TERRA NOVA construction project. The
construction of TERRA NOVA will undergo a
four-phase division, with each phase
PHASE-I

The Phase-I of the construction of TERRA

NOVA will include the making of the –

Main Axis
The Asteroid Mining Chamber
The recreation and Entertainment Area
The Docking Ports

PHASE- II

In the Phase-II the connectors, that will be

connecting all the tori to the main axis will
be added.

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NOVA
14 | P a g e

PHASE-III

In Phase-III of the constructional sequence

the tori holders or supporters will be
constructed before the addition of the tori.

PHASE-IV

The last constructional phase will be Phase-IV

will incorporate the three tori, and with this the
construction of TERRA NOVA will be completed.

DOCKING SYSTEM-

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NOVA
15 | P a g e

The Docking System will be the most important section of TERRA NOVA as it would be
the only part concerned with all the important outer activities which includes the
transportation between Earth and other planets trading which includes both importing
and exporting materials, importing of industrial types of machinery concerned with
mining activities.

TERRA NOVA will have two docking ports one on the Eastern end and the other on the
western end of the Residential Torus respectively.

DOCKING CHAMBER-
The Docking chamber will be the most important element of the docking system. It
can be accessed via the control torus with the assistance of the supply lines. The
chamber inside the station will be of 500m. It will consist of 4 runways in total (2
runways each), two assigned for the arrival of the spacecraft and two assigned for the
departure of the spacecraft respectively.

MAINTENANCE CENTER-
The Maintenance Center of TERRA NOVA will be in the docking chamber itself. A
maintenance facility will be provided to both docking chambers. It would provide the
best maintenance for all types of spacecraft and man-made satellites that need
repair.

Thruster and Boosters- Thrusters and Boosters refer to the propulsion

systems of Terra Nova, meant to move the ship to extremely accurate points for
docking or enormous distances across the galaxy.

The ship will have various methods of propulsion, such as—

Electric propulsion (mainly ion) will be perfect for interstellar travel due to
its low thrust-to-weight ratio. They are an engine's equivalent of a nuclear
reactor—extreme efficiency and power output for a minute amount of fuel. They
have been tried and tested by Deep Space 1, which accelerated by about 4.3
kilometers/second (9600 miles/hour) using less than 74 kg (163 pounds) of
xenon.
Light Sails will be used for interplanetary travel—massive sheets of lightweight
materials such as Mylar or polyimide coated with a metallic reflective coating.
[23]
Over time, they can build immense speed—up to 10% of the speed of light.
[26]
Heat would not be much of a problem during interstellar/interplanetary travel. A typical 10
kW ion engine generates around 100 watts of heat, similar to a light bulb. The Inner Wall of
the engine is made of refractory metals like tantalum, molybdenum, or [23]
tungsten due to
their high melting points and resistance to erosion from the hot plasma. Tungsten has a
melting point of 3,422 °C, high enough to resist heat from an ion engine for extended periods.

Docking will not require any uniquely designed engine—simple RCS thrusters can be used
due to the precision needed in the maneuvers. RCS stands for Reaction Control System—

TERRA
NOVA
16 | P a g e

which does not need LOX-based fuel. They rely on liquid nitrogen to make minute corrections,
producing little to no heat.

Location- [26]
Construction Location: The Lagrange points (also known as Lagrangian points or
libration points) are locations of equilibrium for small-mass objects that are subject to
the gravitational pull of two giant circling entities in the field of celestial mechanics.

The centrifugal force and the two massive masses' gravitational pull balance each
[23]
other out at the Lagrange points. The Lagrange points L4 and L5 are stable if the
mass of the larger body is at least 25 times the mass of the secondary body. We will
be constructing Terra Nova on L5 Lagrangian point. The L5 Lagrangian point of
[7]
the Earth-Moon system is located 400,000 kmRfrom the Earth. We are using L5 for
construction because the Earth is revolving anticlockwise around the Sun, so as the
[7]
Lagrange points move along with the earth. So it will take less fuel as by the time we
launch the parts progressively L5 will get closer.

[7]
Settlement Location: Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet orbitingRProxima Centauri,
the closest known star to the Sun, as of my last knowledge update in January 2022.
[27]
About 4.24 light-years from Earth, Proxima Centauri is a member of the Alpha
[7]
Centauri star system. Proxima Centauri b gained attention because it is located in the
habitable zone of its host star, where conditions might be suitable for liquid water to
[27]
exist on the planet's surface. Although the exoplanet can be found in the habitable
[7]
zone of its star, Proxima Centauri, it is exposed to extremeRultraviolet radiation. This is
because it lies very close to its parent star and has an orbital period of just 11.2 days.

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NOVA
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So, we might need to create some artificial protection for life sustainability. We will
use fusion rockets for travelling with the fastest known interstellar travel speed of
500,000 mi/hr. So, it will take 19,200,000 years to reach there using fusion rockets. As
human body cannot survive for this long, we will be using cryopreservation to keep
the people alive. Cryopreservation is method in which a person a stored in
[14]
temperatures below -130°C. We will also be producing thermal energy only beneath
the body so that the water doesn't freeze.

[30]

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NOVA
 18 | P a g e

GRAVITY-
Provision of gravity is an essential task because gravity is one of the most essential
for the survival of humankind.
[2]
The gravity which is calculated in our terra nova is provided by the centrifugal force
which is provided with the help of the rotation of the project.
[2] [1]
Hence if we want to have a constant gravity of 9.8 newton we have to specify the
number of rotations per minute by the torus which can be specified by a formula of

Here,
Ac is centrifugal force which
is 9.8 N R denotes the
radius
The calculation for residential torus isof it Calculation for recreational cylinder

have, R= 00m √ 9.8

600
9.8
e have R= 77.9m 77.94√
2× 3.14 2× 3.14
RPM= 1.22 RPM=3.38

For the Calculation of agriculture For the calculation of docking

& industrial torus & the asteroid capturing unit.

√
e have, R00m 300
9.8
√ 9.8
e have, R 77. m 77.94
2× 3.14 2× 3.14
RPM= 1.72 RPM= 3.38

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

PRODUCTION-
Consumption-

A person's daily calorie intake may range from 2,000 to 3,000 on average (this can
vary greatly depending on age, gender, lifestyle, and dietary choices).

TERRA
NOVA
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To determine how much food is consumed overall by a population of 15,000 on

average: - Each person consumes 2,500 calories on average per day:

15,000 persons x 2,500 calories per person per day 37,500,000 calories per day

A comprehensive list of food groups and an approximation of each one

based on average consumption: -

Grains: Grains such as rice, wheat, corn, and others are dietary staples in many
cultures. Depending on the specific grain and dietary habits, a rough estimate for a
population of 15,000 could be several tons per day.
[2] [2]
Vegetables and Fruits: Consumption of fruits and vegetables differs widely but
could account for several tons per day for a community of this size.

Meat and Fish: Cultural and economic variables can also affect how much meat
and fish are consumed. Hundreds to thousands of kilograms per day could be the
range here, depending on preferences and availability. Dairy Products: Milk, cheese,
[4]
yogurt, etc., might account for a substantial quantity per day, possibly in the range of
several hundred to thousands of Liters/kilograms.

[4] [13]
Fats and Oils: Although it can be difficult to measure exactly, consuming fats and
[3]
oils (vegetables, olives, etc.) may be important.

Sugar and sweets: The amount of sugar and sweets consumed each day can
vary greatly, ranging from tens to hundreds of kilograms.

[18]
Types of food production-

1)Hydroponics-
[12]
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. Instead of soil, plants are
grown in a nutrient-rich water solution, allowing their roots to directly access the
necessary nutrients.
[31] [31]
Nutrient Film Technique (NFT): In this method, a shallow stream of nutrient solution
continuously flows over the roots of the plants.
[0]
The excess solution is then collected, recycled,
and re-circulated.
[0]
Deep Water Culture (DWC): Plants are
suspended in a nutrient solution, and their roots
[3]
are submerged in it. This method requires an
oxygen supply to ensure the roots receive
adequate oxygenation.

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Credit- https://www.facebook.com/GeetanjaliAgro/

[0]
Drip System: Nutrient solutions are dripped directly onto the base of the plants. This
method allows for precise control over the amount of nutrients delivered to each
plant.

[25]
2)Aeroponics-
As a type of hydroponic gardening known as
aeroponics, plants are grown without the use of
soil or any other solid medium in an
[0]
atmosphere of air or mist. Rather, a nutrient-
rich water solution is misted over the roots on a
regular or continuous basis while they are
[0]
suspended in the air. Aeroponics, like other
hydroponic techniques, uses a lot less water
than traditional soil-based agriculture because
the misting system hydrates the roots directly.
[32]
The main features of aeroponics:
Credit- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schedules-and-photos-of-five-treatments-DeepFlow-presspot-Deep-Flow-System-
with_fig2_316021549

[0]
Misting System: In a room or building, the plant roots are suspended in the
[0]
atmosphere. A high-pressure misting system is used to regularly spray the roots with
[0]
a nutrient solution. This misting ensures that the roots receive the essential nutrients
and moisture.
[0]
Oxygenation: Because the roots are exposed to the air, they receive an abundance of
oxygen, which is necessary for plant growth. This oxygenation helps plants grow more
rapidly and improves their ability to absorb nutrients.
[0]
Exact control over the nutrient solution given to the plants is possible with aeroponic
[0]
systems. This fine control allows for the optimization of plant growth and yields.

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Animal husbandry-
Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of producing, rearing, and tending to
animals, particularly livestock, for a range of purposes, such as food, fiber, labor, and
[0]
companionship. Managing and caring for domesticated animals is necessary to ensure
their welfare as well as the production of goods and services for human use.

Breeding and Genetics: Animals can be selectively bred to acquire desirable

traits like higher milk production, higher-quality meat, and disease resistance.

Animal nutrition: For the growth, well-being, and productivity of various animals,
it is essential to provide them with appropriate and balanced diets. Different life
stages and species have different nutritional requirements.

Housing and Shelter: To keep animals safe from inclement weather,

scavengers, and illnesses, adequate housing and shelter are crucial. Their well-being
and natural behaviors should be supported by their housing.

Healthcare and Veterinary Services: Keeping animals healthy requires

routine examinations, immunizations, disease prevention, and treatment. Veterinary
care is essential to maintaining the health of animals.

Reproduction and Reproductive Management: The size and genetic

diversity of a herd or flock are contingent upon the management of the animal's
reproductive cycle, which includes mating, gestation, birthing, and caring for young
animals.

[0]
In artificial meat production-
In this procedure, animal muscle tissue is
grown in a lab environment using tissue
[0]
engineering techniques. The goal is to
create meat that is biologically identical to
conventional meat without requiring the
care, feeding, or killing of animals.

Credit- https://www.labmanager.com/new-technologies-ready-to-make-their-mark-on-
foods-of-the-future-11643

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WATER-
Water is a resource without which a living organism cannot survive. The production of
water will be an important task because our body is made up of 60% water without
which the inhabitants can dehydrate which will put the life of the inhabitants at high
risk. According to the scientists, the average amount of water that should be
consumed by men is 3.7 liters and by women is 2.7 liters (It's the amount which
should be consumed per day)

To produce water in Terra Nova we will use the procedures mentioned below:

1.RRRR Bosch Reaction

2.RRRR Purification of Urine

3. Extraction of water from C-type asteroids

Bosch Reaction

The Bosch Reaction is a catalyst chemical reaction between Carbon Dioxide (CO 2)
and Hydrogen (H2) which produces elemental carbon (C, Graphite), water, and a 10%
[43]
return of invested heat. CO2 is usually reduced by H2 to carbon in the presence of a
catalyst (e.g., iron (Fe)) and requires a temperature level of 530 - 730 oC (or) 986 –
1,346 oF.
[4]
RThe Reaction is as Follows: -

RCO2 (g) + 2H2 (g) ----- C (s) + 2H2O (L)

RThe above reaction will result in the formation of further 2 reactions. The first
reaction, the reverse water gas shift reaction, is the fast way to do it. The reaction is
as follows-

RCO2R+ H2R→ CO + H2O

RThe second reaction is the rate-determining step:R

CO + H2R→ C + H2O

RThe overall reaction produces 2.3×103RjoulesRfor every gram of carbon dioxide

[20]
reacted at 650 °C. Reaction temperatures are in the range of 450 to 600 °C.
[1]
The reaction can be accelerated in the presence of anRiron,Rcobalt,
[6]
orRnickelRcatalyst.RRutheniumRalso serves to speed up the reaction.

Purification of Urine

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The Purification of urine will be a great step towards the waste management
[1]
system in TERRA NOVA. It will be executed by the process of Reverse Osmosis.
[1]
Reverse Osmosis, is a process by which a solvent passes through a porous
membrane in the direction opposite to that of natural osmosis when subjected to a
hydrostatic pressure greater than osmotic pressure.

RNow let's see how the process will be executed:

[4]
Urine is composed of water, electrolytes, and waste products. The kidneys filter out
the waste products and excess electrolytes from the blood and produce urine. Urine is
[1]
about 95% water and 5% waste products. The process of turning urine into water is
[24]
calledRreverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is a process that uses a semipermeable
[1]
membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from a solution. The
semipermeable membrane allows water to pass through, but not the ions or larger
[1] [1]
particles. Reverse osmosis is used to purify water. It is also used to desalinate water,
[4]
which is water that has had the salt removed. Reverse osmosis can also be used to
remove other contaminants from water, such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.
[1]
Reverse osmosis is a simple process. It does not require any chemicals or energy. It is
a passive process, which means it does not require any external source of energy.
[0] [24]
Reverse osmosis can be used to treat sewage water. The sewage water is passed
[1]
through a semipermeable membrane. The water is then passed through a second
[1]
semipermeable membrane.RThe water that passes through the second membrane is
[3]
clean and can be used for drinking or irrigation. Reverse osmosis can also be used to
[1]
recycle water. Recycling water means using less water overall. This is important
because water is a scarce resource in outer space.

[1]
Extraction of Water from C-Type Asteroids

The extraction of water from C-type asteroids or Carbonaceous asteroids will be done
[4]
through the process of asteroid mining in TERRANOVA. C-type asteroids are rich in
[1]
volatiles, including water in the form of hydrated minerals or ice. Various methods can
be employed to extract water, depending on the form in which it exists on the
[5]
asteroid. If water is in the form of ice, thermal methods may be used to heat the
[3]
surface and release the water vapor. Drilling or excavation may also be considered.
[1]
Other methods include using solar concentrators to focus sunlight on the surface,
causing the ice to sublimate. The released water vapor will be collected and
condensed into liquid form. This will involve cooling systems onboard the settlement.
[1]

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Oxygen, atmosphere & pressure-

Mimicking the Earth's atmosphere is the first step in creating an artificial atmosphere.
[3]
Special attention must be given to providing the gases, pressure, and environmental
components needed to support life or specific activities. Below is a summary of the
steps involved:
[1]
Gas Composition: About 78% of the Earth's atmosphere is composed of nitrogen,
21% is made up of oxygen, and 0.9% is argon. Trace amounts of methane, carbon
[0]
dioxide, neon, and helium are also present. To create an artificial atmosphere, you
would need to replicate these gas quantities to sustain certain processes or keep life
alive.

AIR COMPOSITION

NITROGEN
OXYGEN
ARGON
OTHER GASES(carbon
dioxide,methane,neon,helium etc.)

[0]
Air Circulation and Filtration: To create an artificial atmosphere, systems for air
circulation and filtration are required to guarantee a constant supply of fresh air and
remove pollutants, dust, and other impurities.
[15]
Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Generation of Oxygen: For life to exist, there
needs to be a mechanism in place to produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
[3]
Oxygen can be produced via electrolysis, oxygen generators, and other methods
previously mentioned. Carbon dioxide removal systems, like chemical reactions or
carbon scrubbers, ensure that excess CO2 is not accumulated.
[0]
OXYGEN-

Oxygen is an element, and it's one of the most essential elements for life. It's a
colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up about 21% of the TERRA NOVA's
[1]
atmosphere. Oxygen is crucial for the process of respiration in living organisms, where
it's used to generate energy by breaking down food molecules.

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Electrolysis:
[0]
Oxygen gas is a byproduct of some chemical processes. For instance, water and
oxygen gas are produced when hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down:
[3]
2H2O2 (liquid) - 2H2O (liquid) + O2 (gas)

A variety of catalysts can be used to catalyze this reaction.

[ 1 ]
Photosynthesis (Biological Approach): Photosynthesis is the process by which
light energy is converted into chemical energy and is carried out by plants, algae, and
[1] [15]
certain bacteria. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct. Large-scale
artificial replication of this, however, is exceedingly difficult and necessitates specific
setups that imitate natural photosynthesis.
[1]
Mechanical Separation: Industrial cryogenic distillation plants and air separation
units are used to separate oxygen from air by cooling the air to extremely low
[2]
temperatures and separating the constituents of air (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) according
to their boiling points.
[3]
Although these techniques generate oxygen, they frequently require specialized
[1]
equipment and energy consumption. Except in certain industrial or scientific
applications, it is usually more practical and efficient to harvest oxygen from the
atmosphere using already-existing natural resources rather than creating it artificially.
[10]
Extraction of Nitrogen-

Because nitrogen doesn't easily exist in pure form in space and instead usually exists
as a gas in its elemental form (N2) in Earth's atmosphere, extracting nitrogen from
[0]
space can be difficult. Nevertheless, there are a few possible ways to get nitrogen in
space:
[15]
Mining from celestial bodies: Ammonia (NH3) and nitrates are two examples of
nitrogen-containing compounds that may be found on some moons and asteroids.
[36]
One possible source could be the mining of these celestial bodies and the extraction
of compounds containing nitrogen.
[0]
Utilization of resources: Future space missions may concentrate on the extraction
and processing of resources from planets, moons, or asteroids through the
development of machinery or procedures. This may entail taking nitrogen out of these
celestial bodies' surfaces or sub-surfaces.
[3]
Chemical processes: It may be possible to chemically separate nitrogen from other
space-based compounds using cutting-edge technologies. This might entail different
chemical reactions or nitrogen isolation procedures.
[44]
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA):

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One technique for purifying and separating gases is pressure swing adsorption (PSA),
which is also used to separate nitrogen from other gases under high pressure. There
are certain steps included in PSA.

Credit- https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/dual-flow-
oxygen-concentrator-12929044862.html

1. Adsorbent Material: An adsorbent is a porous solid that is used. Molecular

sieves, zeolites, and activated carbon are examples of adsorbents that are
frequently used. These substances selectively adsorb particular gases and have
a large surface
[1]
area.
2. Adsorption: A mixture of gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or other gases, is
passed through a vessel containing the adsorbent. The adsorbent selectively
captures the desired gas component (in this case, nitrogen), allowing the other
gases to pass through.
3. Pressure Increase: The pressure is raised after the target gas has saturated
the adsorbent. The trapped gas molecules are released and desorb from the
adsorbent surface with the aid of this pressure increase.
4. Purification: The target gas (nitrogen) is now more concentrated in the
desorbed gas, which is gathered and stored. The adsorbent is replenished and
prepared for a subsequent adsorption cycle in the interim.
5. Cycle Repeats: Using pressure variations to repeatedly capture and release
the targeted gas, the process alternates between the adsorption and desorption
phases.

Creating pressure in the space environment-

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Since space is a vacuum, or place with very little pressure, it is difficult to create
pressure there. The atmospheric pressure that keeps us alive and enables us to
breathe is absent from space. On the other hand, keeping a suitable pressure
environment within a spacecraft or space habitat is essential for human
survival.

Enclosed Environment: To hold in the atmosphere required for human survival,

the spacecraft or habitat must be airtight.

Pressurized vessels are a useful tool for keeping inhabitants in a liveable

environment. Spacecraft modules serve as virtual pressure vessels, offering
regulated air, shielding from space's vacuum, and the pressure required for
human survival.

Temperature and thermal

management-
The manipulation, control, and regulation of heat in a variety of environments and
systems is known as thermal management. It is essential in many areas, including
aerospace, energy production, automotive, electronics, and even biological systems.
Maintaining ideal temperatures, avoiding overheating, and effectively dissipating
excess heat are the goals of effective thermal management. The following are
important features and uses of thermal management:

Heat Dissipation: When operating, electronic devices produce heat. Efficient cooling
mechanisms, such as heat sinks, fans, and occasionally liquid cooling, are utilized to
avert overheating and guarantee maximum efficiency and durability of constituents.
[ 5 ]
Thermal Protection Systems: To protect spacecraft from extremely high
temperatures during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, thermal management
techniques include insulation and heat shields.

Industrial Methods: Manufacturing and Processing: A variety of processes, including

metalworking, plastic molding, and chemical reactions, frequently call for precise
temperature control in the industrial sector. To maintain ideal conditions, heating and
cooling systems are used.

System of Energy:

PowerPlants:

For maximum efficiency and

safety, temperatures in

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turbines, reactors, and other components must be regulated through effective thermal
management.

Credit- https://www.forbesmarshall.com/Power/Power-Plant

Renewable Energy: Thermal management enhances the efficiency of energy

conversion and capture in geothermal and solar panel systems.
[ 5 ]
Agriculture and greenhouses: In agricultural settings, thermal management
provides ideal temperatures for plant growth as well as shelter from server weather.

[5]
Techniques and technologies used for thermal management include: -

Components that absorb and disperse heat away from important areas are
[ 5
known
]
as heat sinks and heat spreaders.
Cooling fluids are gases or liquids that are used in cooling systems to divert heat
from parts.
Materials used in buildings or industrial settings to stop heat loss or transfer are
known as thermal insulation.
Thermal interface materials: These improve the efficiency of cooling by
facilitating heat transfer between surfaces.
Thermal interface materials: These improve the efficiency of cooling by
facilitating heat transfer between surfaces.
Effective thermal management is critical in many applications to ensure safety,
maximize efficiency, prolong equipment lifespan, and conserve energy. To address
changing demands and challenges, research and development efforts are still
improving thermal management techniques and technologies.

Controlling heat and cold environment-

1. Decreasing temperature-
Thermoacoustic refrigeration is an [5]environmentally friendly way to create
cooling effects in some applications. A thermoacoustic refrigerator cools by
creating a temperature differential through the use of sound waves and a
closed-loop system.
[5]
This system consists of a tube or chamber filled with a gas (such as hydrogen or
helium), two heat exchangers, a set of porous materials, and a heat source.

TERRA
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Credit-
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-
A speaker[0]or loudspeaker produces sound waves, which are let through the gas
chambers. The gas experiences compressions and rarefactions as a result of the
speaker's vibrations.
The heat[5]
source causes a temperature differential to occur throughout the
system. One end of the tube is oriented toward the heat source, and the other
end is directed toward a heat sink.
The sound waves at the heated end [1] of the tube cause the gas to expand and
cool as it moves toward the cold end. The absorption of heat by the cooled gas
lowers the temperature of the heat sink even more.
[0]
A constant cooling effect is created as sound waves travel through the system,
changing the temperature and transferring heat from the hot end to the cold
end.
2. Increasing temperature-
Depending on the scale, we will use several ways to create a hot environment:

Steam systems: Heat is distributed by using steam boilers or steam pipes.

[4]
In a residential torus, steam can be used to create heat or even electricity.
[4]
Radiant heating: This technique warms areas directly using radiant heat
sources, such as heated coils or infrared panels put in the walls, floors, or
ceiling.
Insulation against heat: The temperature of an enclosed space can be
raised by keeping heat from escaping. Heat levels can be maintained or
raised with the aid of proper insulation.
Decreasing humidity-

Dehumidifiers: Appliances called dehumidifiers are made to lower and keep the
[4]
humidity levels in enclosed spaces constant. Through the use of cooling coils that
condense moisture, they draw moist air in, process it, and then release the drier air
back into the space.

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Credit-
https://pratisthalifecare.com/dehumidifier/

Increasing humidity-

Humidifiers: The most straightforward approach is to use a humidifier. Several kinds

add moisture to the air, such as steam, evaporative, and ultrasonic vaporizers.

Credit- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-

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Waste Management / Recycling-

Waste managementRorRwaste disposalRincludes the processes that are required to
manage wasteRfrom its origin to its finalRdisposalRThis includes theRgathering,
transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation
of the waste management process and waste-relatedRlaws, technologies, and
economic mechanisms.

Waste can be solid; liquid orRgasRand each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all kinds of waste, including-:

industrial
household
organic
biomedical
maybe radioactive waste

Waste Produced-: the total amount of waste in each field is shown in Table 3.6.1

Table-3.6.1
Torus Total waste/day
Residential 0.81 kg
Agricultural 25-35 kg
Recreational 0.23 kg
Industrial 0.44 kg

Waste Separation-

The best way to segregate different waste products is, Colour-codded Bins.

Credit-
https://freepngimg.com/png/73058-bin-symbol-recycling-baskets-paper-rubbish-recycle

Organic or Human Waste-

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Human waste or any organic waste can be used in the agricultural field,
The following steps explain, how.
The first step is separation of liquid and solid waste.
After separation the different wastes are transported to their respective
places.

If waste is solid- If waste is liquid-

1. The solids are sent to the 1. The liquids are sent to the
Bio-Reactors. Fertilizer processor facility.
2. the solid waste is 2. it will be treated to obtain
composted and fertilizers sent further to the
sent to the agricultural torus
agricultural
torus.

LAW AND ORDER

LAW:
The set of guidelines that TERRA NOVA acknowledges as controlling citizens' behavior
and that it has the authority to enforce through the application of sanctions. Everyone
will abide by the laws and will suffer the consequences if they don't. These laws will
help to maintain discipline, uniformity justice, equality and avoid conflicts. The go-to
punishment will be to send the criminal to a torture chamber where they will be
mentally tortured.

Some basic laws are:

No person or organization is allowed to endanger life or damage public property.

There will only be one exception during the defense.
Without the consent of both parties, one is not permitted to claim the property
[ 1
of 0
another
]
person or the public domain.
[ 1
After
4 ]
committing a crime, one should not fabricate information or hide facts.
The first period of punishment for anyone who attempts to escape the torture
chamber will be added to the leftover time.
If someone tried to take their own life, it would be considered illegal but instead
of going to the torture chamber for punishment, they would receive free
psychological counseling.
There won't be any discrimination based on background, race, gender, religion,
[ 1
or4 other
]
characteristics.
The personal information of a person shall not be shared without their consent.
The act of purchasing or selling human life will be regarded as unlawful.

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It will be illegal to provide false information that could cause a gathering to

become unruly.
[14]
POLITICAL SYSTEM
The government of TERRA NOVA will have adults operating it, and those in charge of
the government will be selected by the citizens of TERRA NOVA through election.
There will be 2 levels of leaders

IGETIS:

The lowest level will be in charge of a particular area and will make sure all the things
are functioning properly such as machines, schools, offices, etc. If any crime is
committed the leader of that area will be questioned. The election for this level of
leader will be committed annually.
[10]
This level of leaders will be called Igetis. These Igetis will be very important and need
to be very responsible. Igetis will make decisions for the benefit of the people

PRINCEPS:
[10]
the next level of leader will only be a singular person, this leader will be in charge of
all the igetis and will be selected based on elections conducted per 4 years. These
leaders will have the most power and can dismiss the decisions taken by Igetis if they
harm the people in any way possible

this level of leader will be called a princeps if the decision taken by princeps is not for
the benefit of the people then they will be trailed in court and if found guilty, would
have to face a long time in a torcher chamber and a new princeps will be elected

JUDICIAL SYSTEM
[14]
The system of courts in a particular area can be termed a judicial system. It can be
very helpful in the case of mismanagement, difference of opinion, dispute between
two or more persons, quarrel, etc.

All the courts at different levels put together are called the Judiciary.

[14]
In the case of settlement, we can have two levels of courts:

1. High Court [AT APEX]

2. Lower Court
We cannot have more levels of court after the lower court, the higher court will be
required if a person is not satisfied with the decision of the lower court.

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However, according to the fundamental rights and duties, there are very less chances
of an argument between two people. But in case it occurs, we will have the system of
courts i.e. judicial system.
[2]
It will be independent of anyone in the society.
[2]
The judiciary will have the power to make a new law, change an existing law, abolish
a law, and replace it with a new one.

If the Judiciary found a law against any statement of the constitution, that law would
be abolished.
[2]
EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS
The education will be available for students of age 15-24. This education system will
focus on both practical and theoretical learning. It will help the students to grow and,
[2]
in the future, make further developments in the TERA NOVA. The government will be
the only professional education provider.
[2]
This education system will be divided into two levels as mentioned below

1)Primary Education
This level of education system will be free and mandatory for all children from the age
[2]
of 15-18. It will consist of 2 schools each occupying ____of area on the opposite sides
of the TERA NOVA. the school will have classes for the students from the age 15 to 18
based on their age they will be sorted into classes, children of age 15-16 being in the
most junior class known as rank 1 and students age 17-18 being in the most senior
[2]
class in the school known as rank 3. Schools will have 4 divisions for each class and
[2]
every division will consist of around 40 students. The students will move to the next
rank only when they pass an examination conducted by the schools.
[2]
They will be taught the subjects of their choice but their main focus will be on
technology, maths, and science which will also be necessary for all the students.

This school will maintain a balance between practical and theoretical education. For
[4]
this, we will need a high quality of set up of school. We would need large classrooms
with the tables that can be folded and stored in the closets present in the classroom
and will help to have more space and can be used for indoor games and activities
which will help to develop the brain of the students like chess, painting, solving
Rubik's cubes, etc. The closets will also consist of all the necessary equipment for
learning about technology in a practical for better understanding.
[2]
There will also be a stadium for the students in both schools. It will help the students
[0]
to maintain their physical and mental health. The stadiums can also be used for the
[2]
practical related to theoretical subjects. 1/3 part of the stadium will consist of the gym
[0]
and the left 2/3 portion will be for basketball, cricket, and volleyball. Every student will
have the choice to choose any of these sports and will get marks based on their
capability. These marks will also determine if the student will be passed to the next
rank or not.

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2)Secondary Education
This level of education will be optional and will cost money for the students. It will
consist of 3 branches of college; each branch of college will have its own specialty.
[3]
The first branch of college will work similarly to the level of primary education but will
lack balance and will focus more on the theoretical studies and the subjects apart
[6]
from maths, science, and technology. It will have a small stadium comparatively.
[4]
The second branch will work same as the primary education maintaining a balance
between the studies and physical education of students

The third branch will also be similar to primary education but will focus more on the
physical education of the students and will have a larger stadium comparatively.

[2]
Apart from the size of the stadium all the colleges and schools will have the same
structure

The students will also learn how different machines and TERA NOVA work in their
practical classes at both the levels of education system and will also learn to build
machines and program different A. I and software.
[0]
HEALTH AND HOSPITALS
To be able to maintain the health of the majority of people, a cost-effective and
efficient system is required. Effective hospital management is crucial for providing
quality patient care and ensuring that the hospital runs smoothly and efficiently.
[3]
Hospital management
[6]
plays a critical role in ensuring that patients receive the best
possible care. By managing resources effectively, hospital managers can ensure that
the hospital is adequately staffed, equipped [3]
with the necessary supplies and
equipment, and providing high-quality care. Effective hospital management also helps
to reduce costs and improve efficiency, which can lead to better patient outcomes and
increased patient satisfaction.

Efficient management for the following can help have a well-planned healthcare
system:

Financial management, including budgeting and cost control.

Staffing and scheduling, including hiring and training of employees.

Overseeing patient care and ensuring that quality standards are met.

Managing hospital resources, including equipment, supplies, and facilities.

Hospital management with technology:

Electronic Health Records (EHR) Electronic Health Records (EHRs) can make keeping
track of a patient's medical
[0]
history, exam, and treatments easier by consolidating
everything in one place. Plus, they help the patient's healthcare providers

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communicate with each other and get a better understanding of the patient's overall
health status. patient's medical history

Medical Devices:

An infusion pump is a medical device that is utilized to [29]

deliver precise and controlled
amounts of fluid, such as medications and nutrients. Into a patient's body. This
technology is essential in providing accurate and effective treatment to individuals
who require intravenous therapies. Infusion
[29]
pumps are reliable tools that can deliver
fluids at accurate rates and intervals. They are capable of administering a range of
medications and nutrients, such as insulin, antibiotics, chemotherapy, drugs, and pain
relievers. With the right training, individuals can effectively operate these pumps
through an integrated software interface

Robotic Surgery System:

[3]
Robotic surgery is significant in the medical field, allowing for precise and flexible
[3]
procedures. It's commonly used for minimally invasive surgeries, but can also be
employed in traditional surgeries. This technology empowers surgeons to conduct
delicate and complex procedures, potentially enhancing patient outcomes and
satisfaction.

Discussion with a doctor

Ultrasound:
[5]
Medical professionals utilize ultrasound, a non-invasive diagnostic technique, to
[2]
visualize the interior of the body. Ultrasound probes also referred to as transducers,
emit sound waves at frequencies beyond human hearing (above 20KHz), although
most contemporary transducers operate at much higher frequencies, generally in the
[0]
megahertz (MHz) range. Medical professionals frequently employ the use of
ultrasound in order to conduct thorough examinations of a variety of bodily regions,

TERRA
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such as the developing foetus, abdominal and pelvic organs, muscles and tendons,
and the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels.

X-ray:

Radiation with higher energy levels than visible light, to generate image of the
internal tissues and structures of the body. Due to their ability to easily
[2]
penetrate
most object, including the human body, e-rays can create “shadow” of the objects
inside the body when they pass through and are detected by a device on the other
side of patient. These shadows are then used to form detailed images of the internal
structures, allowing medical professionals to make informed diagnoses and treatment
plans.

Doctors:

To ensure that every patient receives top-notch medical care, we will have a diverse
range of nine distinct types of physicians, those are:

1. Gynaecologists
2. Cardiologist And Cardiothoracic Surgeon
3. Dentist
4. Endocrinologist
5. ENT specialist
6. Oncologist
7. Orthopaedic Surgeon
8. Paediatrician
9. Radiologist

Hospital Staff
Radiologist Gynecologists
Cardiologist
Pediatrician
Cardiothoracic
Surgeon

Orthopedic Den st
Surgeon
Endocrinologist
Oncologist
ENT specialist

Gynecologists Cardiologist Cardiothoracic Surgeon

Dentist Endocrinologist ENT specialist
Oncologist Orthopedic Surgeon Pediatrician
Radiologist

Recreation and entertainment –

Recreation located in the recreational area-

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Virtual treadmill-

A Virtual treadmill (VT) is a mechanical gaming

device, like a classic treadmill, that allows an
individual to execute his/her desired motion in any
direction up to 360 degrees of surroundings. Every
individual would be given virtual glasses which help
the user to imagine a new kind of environment
according to the player's wish and also the
treadmill enables him/her to move in a new
environment.

Galactic football-

Galactic football is an 11-a-side sport played in a zero-G environment. Players are

supplied with solar-energized jet belts. The football is itself installed with speed
sensors to measure the speed by which it is kicked. The ball is made up of synthetic
leather as it is thicker than natural leather.

Galactic Basketball-

Galactic basketball is a 6-a-side sport. Players are equipped and the qualities of the
basketball are very similar to the galactic football sport.

GalacticRacing-

Galactic racing is a sport dedicated to a bike racing sport in minute gravity.

Special metalled tracks on the borders. Super-speed bikes that use HTPG
[1]
(Hydroxyl-terminated poly-butadiene fuel) as a solid rocket propellant. Tires
are made up of a thermoplastic polymer known as poly-phenylene and are
coated with special synthetic wax to improve surface properties as a scratch
resistance, gloss repellancy.

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Residential Recreation-

Recreation located within the residential area-

RECREATION
[1]
DESCRIPTION LAYOUT
1. PUBLIC Public parks offer a variety of
PARKS amenities and facilities, including
green spaces, walking paths,
playgrounds, picnic areas, sports
fields, gardens, and sometimes
even water features such as
lakes or ponds.
2. AMUSE Amusement parks often feature
MENT roller coasters, water slides,
PARKS carousel rides, Ferris wheels,
bumper cars, and other
exhilarating attractions
3. RESTRA They offer rooms or suites
UNTS, equipped with beds, bathrooms,
HOTELS and basic amenities such as
furniture, television, Wi-Fi, and
air conditioning.

4. MOVIE They provide a space for people

THEATR to watch movies, enjoy cinematic
ES experiences, and immerse
themselves in storytelling.

[8]
5. LIBRARI Libraries are institutions that
ES provide access to a wide range of
informational resources such as
books, magazines, newspapers,
journals, audiovisual materials,
and digital resources.R

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CONTROL AND SURVIELANCE-

[28]
Control and surveillance for the entire ship will be done in the control room. It will not be
[28] [28]
located in the front of the ship. Instead, it will be located in the center of the ship. it is a
room—made of aluminum and bulletproof glass windows and opened after fingerprint and
[8]
iris recognition. Inside, a complete interface can show any part of the ship. AI will identify
possible dangers, which are then displayed on the screen. Operators in the control room
can choose whether or not the danger poses an actual threat.

Surveillance will be done not only using Cameras and Microphones but also using Infrared
Cameras and Motion sensors. All input will be monitored by the same AI, which displays
them in the control room. The Room also has an intercom system, which can communicate
messages to the whole ship.

AI does not control engines—they are done using a fly-by-wire system. At any moment, the
engine's thrust or direction can be changed. Essential information like Fuel level and
Warnings are displayed outside the control room.

Control over the AI is in the Room—from there, it is possible to assign new tasks, change
the functioning/update the AI, request data about specific systems, etc.

COMMUNICATIONS-
Internal Communications, which are supposed to be sent across the ship, will be done using
an intercom system. The intercom system can also be divided across quarters or
compartments. The

tTRANSPORTATION-

Internal Transportation refers to the transport provided to/owned by citizens of Terra Nova.

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Hyperloop systems— A magnetically-levitated train placed inside a tube with a near vacuum
that can have incredible speeds, rivaling the fastest trains of modern times, will be used as a
public transportation system.
[8]
Private Transportation (in residential areas) will be done with ZEVs or Zero-Emission Vehicles,
representing a transformative shift in the automotive industry, utilizing electric motors powered by
[34]
rechargeable batteries instead of traditional internal combustion engines. This innovation aligns with
global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change.

Electric Cars: Environmentally friendly vehicles powered by electric motors, promoting clean
and efficient commuting within the residential tori. The electric cars include Electric SUVs and
Cargo Vehicles.

Electric Bicycles (E-bikes): Providing an eco-friendly and convenient mode of Transportation

for shorter distances within the settlement.
Electric Scooters: Compact and emission-free, these vehicles offer an agile and efficient
means of travel within the confines of the residential tori.
[28]
External Transportation refers to the Transportation of entities outside the settlement. This will be done
using two of the most efficient capsules of today's day and age—

HTV(H-II Transfer Vehicle)- H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) is an uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed
[8]
by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Here are some key points about the HTV:

The HTV is designed to transport cargo, supplies, and experiments. The HTV is launched atop an H-IIB
rocket from the Tanega Shima Space Center in Japan. The spacecraft has a pressurized section for
sensitive cargo and an unpressurized section for more oversized items. It can deliver both internal and
external cargo to TERRA NOVA. HTV missions involve delivering various supplies, including food,
equipment, and scientific experiments. After delivering cargo to the TERRA NOVA, the HTV will be
typically loaded with waste material for disposal during its reentry into Earth's atmosphere.
[16]
Cargo Dragon- Cargo Dragon, officially known as Dragon CRS, is a variant of the Dragon spacecraft
developed by SpaceX. Here are some key points about the Cargo Dragon:
[33]
The Cargo Dragon is designed for uncrewed cargo resupply missions to the International Space Station
[16] [33]
(ISS). It is part of NASA's Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program. The Cargo Dragon is launched
atop SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It can carry both pressurized and
[5]
unpressurized cargo. The pressurized section can carry a variety of supplies, including food, equipment,
and scientific experiments, while the unpressurized "trunk" section allows for transporting more
oversized items. Like other SpaceX vehicles, the Cargo Dragon is designed for reusability. The
spacecraft can be refurbished and reused for multiple missions, contributing to cost savings. The Cargo
Dragon has undergone several upgrades over time. In particular, the transition from the first-
generation Dragon (Dragon 1) to the second-generation Dragon (Dragon 2) brought about design,
performance, and capabilities improvements. The Cargo Dragon has an automated docking system,
allowing it to dock with the ISS autonomously. This capability facilitates a smooth and efficient transfer
of cargo.

SECURITY-
Internal Security refers to the Security of entities inside the spaceship. Security breaches can be
caused by both manual error and unintentional failure. Most of the ship's major systems, such as
oxygen generators, CO2 scrubbers, and water filtration systems, are automated to prevent manual
error. However, every system has a manual override, which can be used with proper authorization. In
case of a system failing, multiple backups are in place—and while they are running, the fault can be
identified in the broken component.

[8]
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Not to mention the Control Room—it controls every single room on the ship. In a disaster like a fire,
the compartments can be sealed off. Fires will be extinguished using soda acid fire extinguishers. After
the compartment is sealed off, the extinguishers (located at the corners of every cabin) will pop open
and extinguish (or at least weaken) the fire. If the fire is too large and has not been extinguished, 3-4
firemen will be sent in.

External Security refers to the Security of the spaceship from external threats such as radiation,
micrometeorites, etc.

Protection from Asteroids and meteorites will be done simply by changing the ship's course.
There will be no need for any particular protection because it is extremely unlikely for the ship
to be in grave danger due to a collision.
Protection from Radiological Events such as Solar Flares can only be done through early
warning systems. When one is detected, people will be told to move into the nearest Safe Zone
(A compartment lined with "Whipple Sheilds—a thin aluminum bumper layer followed by a
spaced layer of Kevlar or Nextel fabric, which can reduce the damage from a solar flare.")

Activities about satellite deployment, space manufacturing, space exploration, and

other commercial space endeavors are commonly referred to as "industry in space."

The following are some salient features of our space industry:

Earth observation and satellite communication: The space industry involves the
installation and management of satellites for scientific research, Earth observation,
communication, and navigation.

Space mining: A few businesses are investigating the potential of mining asteroids
and other celestial bodies for valuable resources like metals and minerals. Utilizing
these resources for in-space manufacturing is the plan.

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[22]
n-Space Manufacturing: The idea of
developing manufacturing skills in space is still
in its infancy. It entails manufacturing
materials and goods in space, utilizing the
special circumstances to produce goods that
might be costly or difficult to produce on Earth.

Credit-
- https://wallpapers.com/wallpapers/space-
mining-1920-x-1080-wallpaper-byjf6ddzcdvizlfu.html#google_vignette

Business- Here are some key characteristics and components of our business:

1. Legal structure of a business- The way a business is set up

and registered with the government is referred to as its legal
structure. For business
owners, selecting the
appropriate legal structure is
essential because it impacts
several factors, including
management, liability,
taxation, and regulatory
compliance.

2.

3. Financial management- The strategic planning, organizing,

directing, and controlling of a company's financial resources to
effectively and efficiently meet its goals and objectives is
known as financial management. It entails choosing how to
acquire, distribute, and use money to improve the
organization's value and financial performance.

4. Funding- The financial resources needed by a company to

launch, run, and expand its operations are referred to as
funding. For businesses to pay for various expenses, invest in
assets, and explore expansion opportunities, they must obtain
sufficient funding. Businesses can choose from a variety of
funding sources, depending on their needs for capital as well as
the type of business, stage of development, and other factors.
5. Brand and marketing- Brand marketing refers to the
activities and strategies that a company employs to promote
[51]
and build awareness of its brand. A brand is more than just a
logo; it encompasses the overall

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perception and reputation of a business

in the minds of consumers. Effective
brand marketing aims to create a
strong, positive, and distinctive brand
image that resonates with the target
audience.

6. Legal and regulatory

compliances-
Permits and Licenses: Obtain any
required permits and licenses for your
industry and location.
Compliance: Understand and comply
with local, state, and federal regulations.
Credit-
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-marketing-spring2016/chapter/
reading-commercializing-new-products/

Insurance- Commercial insurance, commonly referred to as business

insurance, is a kind of coverage meant to shield companies against liabilities
and monetary losses brought on by a variety of risks. Business insurance acts as
a safety net to assist organizations in coping with the financial fallout from
unforeseen circumstances that might cause operational disruptions or legal
liabilities.

7. Launch and promotion- The launch and promotion of a

business refer to the strategic
activities undertaken to
introduce the business to the
public, create awareness, and
attract customers or clients
and advertising. A successful
launch and promotion can
significantly impact a
business's initial growth and
long-term success.

Credit- https://www.presentermedia.com/powerpoint-
clipart/angled-billboard-display-pid-6270

Some main Industries in TERRA NOVA -

Food industry
Electrical industry
Agricultural industry
Fabrication/ cloth industry

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Industries
What is an Industry?
An industry is a set of organizations that produce or handle the same sort of product
or service.
[32]
Manufacturing: The manufacturing sector includes the process of converting raw
materials or components into completed
[32]
items using a mix of tools, human labor,
equipment, and chemical processes. Manufacturing is an important aspect of the
economy, contributing to economic growth, providing money, and creating
employment.

Credit- https://www.csesupply.com/about
credit- https://www.morrisonsystem.com/watch-out-for-the-latest-technologies-in-mild-
steel-and-metal-fabrication-industries/

Healthcare: The healthcare sector provides goods and services to treat patients with
various sorts of care along with providing medical insurance, aiding in the delivery of
healthcare to patients, and producing medical equipment and pharmaceuticals

.
credit-
Credit- https://mariatodd.com/category/hospital-management-2/
https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/health-it/wi
ll-digital-technologies-propel-healthcare- industry-in-
[48]
Research and Development: The research and development (R&D) sector is
concerned with the invention of new goods, processes, and technologies via scientific
study and testing. The R&D business is a critical component of the economy,
contributing to economic growth, producing income, and creating jobs.

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Credit- https://pix4free.org/photo/12186/research-and-development.html
credit- https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/looking-ahead-uncertain-path-pharmaceutical-
industry-fei-shen

Tourism: The tourism industry is a vibrant worldwide sector that includes leisure,
adventure, and cultural activities. It's a tangle of lodgings, transportation, attractions,
and services that all come together to make amazing experiences. Tourism is an
important aspect of the economy since it generates cash, creates employment, and
promotes cultural interchange.

credit- https://drmarkcamilleri.com/2014/03/24/tourisms-impact-on-economic-
development-and-competitiveness/ credit- https://tapfiliate.com/blog/travel-
affiliate-programs/

FOOD INDUSTRY-

Several procedures are involved in food processing for commercial use to convert raw
materials into consumable final products. Depending on the industry and type of food
product, the particular process may change:

Raw Material Selection: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and
legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional
value.

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Cleaning and Sorting: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and legal
requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional value.
To get rid of contaminants, foreign objects, and impurities, clean and sort your raw
materials. Ensuring the final product's safety and quality requires completing this
crucial step.

Preparation: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and legal
requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional value.
Cut, dice, slice, or grind raw materials according to the demands of the particular
product. Certain products might go through other preparation processes like peeling
or blanching.

Cooking or Heat Treatment: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety
and legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and
[32]
nutritional value. Apply heat to the food by cooking, steaming, boiling, frying, or
baking, among other techniques. Cooking eliminates bacteria and other pathogens,
improving flavor and enhancing product safety.

Cooling: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and legal requirements.
Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional value. Cool the
cooked product quickly to avoid overcooking and preserve quality. It takes proper
cooling to stop the growth of bacteria.

Packaging: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and legal
requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional value.
Place the processed food in appropriate containers to maintain product integrity and
protect it from the elements (such as air, light, and moisture). Depending on the
product, packaging techniques may include vacuum sealing, canning, or other
techniques.

Labeling: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and legal
requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional value.
Put labels on products that include important details like ingredients, nutritional data,
information about allergies, and expiration dates. It's crucial to follow labeling
regulations.

Storage and Distribution: Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and
legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional
value. To keep the packaged goods fresh and high-quality, store them in the proper
settings. Create effective channels of distribution to get goods to distributors,
retailers, or customers directly.

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY-

Select premium raw materials that adhere to safety and legal requirements. Take into
account elements like flavor, freshness, and nutritional value. The production,
distribution, and use of electrical energy are all included in the broad spectrum of
activities that make up the electrical industry. This sector is essential to the operation

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of houses, companies, and numerous technological devices. The following are some
crucial facets of the electrical sector:

Power Generation: Power Plants: A variety of

energy sources, including nuclear energy,
hydroelectric power, wind, solar, and geothermal
energy, as well as fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and
oil), are used in power plants to generate electricity.
[22]
Renewable Energy: As sustainability becomes more
and more of an issue, renewable energy sources like
solar and wind power are becoming more and more
important.
Credit- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barry_Electric_Power_Plant_at_the_Mobile_River,_AL.jpg

Transmission and Distribution: Select premium raw materials that adhere to

safety and legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and
nutritional value. Grid Infrastructure: The transmission and distribution networks that
move electricity from power plants to final consumers make up the electrical grid.

Substations and transformers: Substations aid in the efficient management and

distribution of electrical power, while transformers are used to adjust voltage levels.

Manufacturing of Electrical Equipment:

Transformers and Switchgear: Producing
transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear, and
additional equipment for power distribution
networks.

Electric motors and generators: Manufacturing

electric motors and generators for diverse uses.

Smart Grid Technology: Application of smart

grid technologies to distribute energy more
intelligently and efficiently. Digital communication and control technologies are
integrated to improve grid performance and reliability.
Credit- https://www.luminancesys.com/pages/installation-services

Electric Vehicles (EVs): Battery technology is the creation and production of

batteries used in electric cars.

Infrastructure for Charging: Establishing infrastructure and charging stations to

facilitate the expansion of electric vehicle usage.

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Transmission and Distribution: Select premium raw materials that adhere to

safety and legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and
nutritional value. Grid Infrastructure: The transmission and distribution networks that
move electricity from power plants to final consumers make up the electrical grid.

Transmission and Distribution: Select premium raw materials that adhere to

safety and legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and
nutritional value. Grid Infrastructure: The transmission and distribution networks that
move electricity from power plants to final consumers make up the electrical grid.

Transmission and Distribution: Select premium raw materials that adhere to

safety and legal requirements. Take into account elements like flavor, freshness, and
nutritional value. Grid Infrastructure: The transmission and distribution networks that
move electricity from power plants to final consumers make up the electrical grid.

 ASTEROIDS –
They are small-scaled and rocky objects that orbit the sun. Although asteroids orbit
the sun like planets, they are much smaller than the planets.

 TYPES OF ASTEROIDS:
1. The C-Type (Chondrite)
2. The S-Type (Stony)
3. The M-Type (Nickel-Iron)
 The C-Type (Chondrite)- It is the most common type of asteroid. It consists of CLAY
[1]
and SILICATE rocks. They have a dark appearance. They are among the earliest objects
[ 1 ]
in the solar system.
 The S-Type (Stony)- They are made up of SILICATE MATERIALS, NICKEL, and IRON.
[19]
 The M-Type (Nickel-Iron)- They are metallic asteroids. They experience high
temperatures after they are formed, thus they are partly melted with iron sinking to
the center of the asteroid and forcing basaltic (volcanic) lava to the surface.

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 MINERALS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF

ASTEROIDS-
 C-Type Asteroids- Dark carbonaceous (C-Type) asteroids are set to be rich in
volatiles such as Carbon and Frozen water, they have accumulated in the cold
[1]
regions of the solar system. It is an invaluable resource for living in space.
About 75% of known asteroids are C-type.
[ 1 ]
 S-Type Asteroids- These asteroids carry a small amount of frozen water but
they are more attractive because they contain numerous minerals including
[1]
Nickel, Cobalt, Gold, Platinum, and Rhodium. These are the most common in
the deep asteroid belt.
[ 1 ]
 M-Type Asteroids-These asteroids are composed of 80% Iron and 20% a
mixture of Nickel, Iridium, Palladium, Platinum, Gold, magnesium, and other
precious metals such as Osmium, Ruthenium and Rhodium.

 WHICH TYPE OF ASTEROIDS SHOULD BE MINED-

[37]
1. M-type asteroids are most likely to be mined although they are rare, they
contain about
10 times more minerals or metals compared to S-type asteroids.
2. C-type asteroids ought to be mined because they have an abundant amount of
frozen
water which currently is not being mined but can be mined in the future.

 CAPTURING OF ASTEROIDS-
We the team TERRA NOVA have come
up with a method of capturing asteroids.
[14]
For capturing an asteroid, we have introduced
Landers in our space settlement which would
help us to get a grip on the target asteroid.

 MINING OF ASTEROIDS-
For mining an asteroid, we the team TERRA NOVA
have used the process of heating using solar radiation.
For drilling into the asteroid we will use a Laser so that it can heat
the asteroid up and break it down into comparatively smaller pieces.

 MINERALS STORING-

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For minerals storage, we have made a very unique storage

Area. The minerals that we will obtain from asteroid
mining will undergo many processes like heating,
extracting, Packaging Etc. After these processes, the packed
minerals will be sent to the dock.
 WHOLE MECHANISM-

Capturing asteroids was a huge problem for us so we have come up with an idea.
Instead of capturing the asteroid which can cause serious damage to our space
settlement, we have installed landers on the top of our space settlement which will
help us to land on the asteroids. Once it lands successfully the surface that is in
contact with the asteroid will open and its edges will start to heat up so that it can
break a chunk of the asteroid that can go into further processes.
 WHOLE MECHANISM-

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Capturing asteroids was a huge problem for us so we have come up with an idea.
Instead of capturing the asteroid which can cause serious damage to our space
settlement, we have
installed landers on the top of our space settlement which will help us to land on the
asteroids. Once it lands successfully the surface that is in contact with the asteroid
will open
and its edges will start to heat up so that it can break a chunk of the asteroid that can
go into further processes.

After the asteroid is broken into

smaller pieces it will be sent into
the processing chamber. There the
metal present in the asteroid will be
extracted and refined So that we
[10]
can use it. Then the refined metal
will be sent to the storage
[0]
chamber. It is a vacuum chamber.
Finally, the last stage is the
[2]
packaging chamber. The metal
extracted from the asteroid will be
packed here and it will be sent to
[2]
the dock.

COST
Structural Components
Residential Torus $ 752553449
Agricultural Torus $ 210240369

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Recreation Area $ 170819069

Docking Area $ 29072010
Main Axis $ 12022140
Asteroid Mining $ 9024142270
Total $10198849307

Internal Infrastructure
Material $450000000000
Demographical features $369000000
Agriculture $190008471
Operations and $40137258600
Automations
Total $490696267071

TOTAL- $500895116378

SCHEDULE

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PHASE-0
We have decided this phase for the resesrch for finding
2030 - 2050 interested investors for the gathering of specific materials used
in our project

PHASE-1 After
& 2the funding and collection of materials will be
2055-2070 done the construction of the main axis will be started
along with the connectors

PHASE- 3 & 4
Phases 3 & 4 will include the construction of the Tori
2075-2085 connectors and the Tori, it will also include the
construction of Asteroid mining station

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