Analysis of Electric Circuits (EE101):

Module-1 Introduction to DC Analysis

R Kalpana.
Assistant Professor
Dep. E&E

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Contents

 1.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

 1.2 Basic Laws

 1.3 Network Reduction Techniques

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Analysis of Electric Circuits (EE101):
Module-1 Introduction to DC Analysis

Lecture 1.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Introduction
 We deal with transferring electrical energy from one point to
the other

 Example

Incandescent bulb
energized via a socket

An Electric Circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements

 Focus of this Module:

◦ Different circuit elements
◦ Their interconnection

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Definitions of basic quantities
 Electric Charge
◦ Most basic quantity
◦ Electrical property of atomic particles
◦ Measured in coulombs (C)
◦ Represented with letter q or Q

 Charge of an electron
◦ 1. 602 × 10 −19 C
◦ # of electrons in 1 C => 1/1. 602 × 10 −19

 Flow of charges 𝑖
𝑑𝑞
=
𝑑𝑡
◦ Time rate of change of charge is the Electric Current
◦ Convention: flows in the direction opposite to the flow of electrons.
◦ Direction is the “flow of positive charges”
◦ Measured in amperes (A)
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Definitions of basic quantities
 Electric Current (Cntd..)

 Two main types: “Sinusoidal” is the most

common

Direct Current (dc) Alternating Current (ac)

 Direction

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Definitions of basic quantities
 Voltage and current (Cntd..)

Voltage is an across variable and current is a through variable

◦ Example: there is a 10 V potential difference across a bulb and a 12 mA

current flows through it.
 Electric Power
◦ Time rate of expending or absorbing energy, watts (W)

𝑑𝑤 joule Joule coulomb

𝑝= per per × per
𝑑𝑡 sec coulomb sec

volt × ampere

𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖

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Definitions of basic quantities
 Electric Power (Cntd..)
◦ Time rate of expending or absorbing energy, watts (W)
? ?
 Passive Sign Convention

Current enters
Current enters through the -ve
through the +ve terminal
terminal
𝒑 = −𝒗𝒊
𝒑 = +𝒗𝒊

 Note: it is a convention only

𝒑 > 𝟎 absorbing

◦ Just like: +ve -ve 𝒑 < 𝟎 releasing

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Energy Sources
 Ideal Independent sources

Ideal voltage source

Ideal current source

◦ Lower-case used for time-varying quantities (like ac)

 V-I Characteristic of a constant ideal current & voltage source

𝑣 𝑣

𝑣 =𝑉 ∀ 𝑖 𝑖 =𝐼 ∀ 𝑣 Ideal constant
current source
Ideal constant voltage source
𝑉
𝑖 𝑖

𝐼 9
Energy Sources
 Ideal Dependent sources

 Represented by a diamond-shaped symbol

 4 possibilities

1. Voltage dependent voltage source (ex: 𝒗 = 𝜶 𝑽𝟗 )

2. Current dependent voltage source (ex: 𝒗 = 𝜷 𝑰 𝟑 )
Note: 𝜶 and 𝝐 are
dimension less
3. Voltage dependent current source (ex: 𝒊 = 𝜸 𝑽𝟗 )
4. Current dependent current source (ex: 𝒊 = 𝝐 𝑰 𝟑 )
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Analysis of Electric Circuits (EE101):
Module-1 Introduction to DC Analysis

Lecture 1.2 Basic Laws

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Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s law states that the voltage 𝑣 across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current 𝑖 flowing through the resistor
𝑣 ∝𝑖
 The resistance 𝑅 of an element denotes its ability to resist the
flow of electric current; it is measured in ohms.
 An element with 𝑅 = 0 is called a short circuit.
𝑣 =𝑖 𝑅 =0
 An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity.
𝑖 = lim 𝑣 / 𝑅 = 0
𝑅→∞

Linear resistor Non-linear resistor

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Basic terminologies:
 Branch: represents a single element such as a voltage source
or a resistor.
◦ Five branches with one voltage, one current source and three resistors.
 Node: is the point of connection between two or more branches.
◦ Three nodes.
 Loop: is any closed path in a circuit.
◦ A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of
nodes, and returning to the starting node without passing through any node
more than once.

a b

Alternate visualization

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Basic terminologies (cntd…):
Series and Parallel connections
 Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or
connected sequentially and consequently carry the same
current.
 Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to
the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage
across them.
 Ex: Find the branches, nodes, and which elements are in series
and which are in parallel

a Four branches
b
Three nodes

In parallel: 6Ω resistor and 2 A current source

c Together in parallel
In series: 5Ω resistor and 10 V voltage source

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Kirchhoff’s Laws:
 Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyse circuits
 However, when it is coupled with Kirchhoff’s two laws
◦ Powerful set of tools for analysing a large variety of electric circuits

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of

currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

Sign Convention

Entering currents  +ve

Leaving currents  -ve

𝑖 1 +𝑖 3 +𝑖 4 + −𝑖 2 + −𝑖 5 = 0

Alternatively, KCL can be stated as: The sum of currents entering is

equal to the currents leaving the node (or a closed boundary)

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Kirchhoff’s Laws:

Alternatively, KCL can be stated as: The sum of currents entering is

equal to the currents leaving the node (or a closed boundary)

𝑖 5
𝑖 4
𝑖1

𝑖 3 Closed
𝑖 2 boundary

Applying KCL
𝑖 1 +𝑖 2 +( −𝑖 3 ) + −𝑖 4 + −𝑖 5 = 0

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Kirchhoff’s Laws:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of

voltages around a closed path (or a loop) is zero.

Sign Convention

Polarity of the voltage encountered first

Trying clockwise
( −𝑣 1 ) +𝑣 2 +𝑣 3 + −𝑣4 +𝑣 5 = 0
Trying counter-clockwise
𝑣 1 + −𝑣 2 +( −𝑣 3 ) +𝑣 4 + −𝑣 5 = 0

Alternatively, KVL can be stated as: The sum of voltage drops is

equal to the sum of the voltage rises around a closed path (or loop)

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Elements of Electrical Engineering (EE110):
Unit-1 Introduction to DC Analysis

Tutorial 1.2 Basic Laws

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Ohm’s Law

P1.1: In the circuit shown below, find the current, conductance

and power consumed.
𝑣 30
𝑖 = = = 6 𝑚𝐴
𝑅 5000
𝑖
𝐺 = = 0. 2 𝑚𝑆𝑖 𝑒 𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑠
𝑣

𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 0. 18 𝑊 ; 𝑖 2 𝑅 or 𝑣 2 / 𝑅

Note: please also see the passive sign convention which follows the
positive convention for power (absorbed).

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KVL and KCL

P 1.2: For the circuit, find the unknown voltages using KVL and Ohm’s
Law

Applying KVL: 20
From Ohms law: 𝐼 = =4 𝐴
Algebraic Sum=0 2 +3

For the given direction of 𝐼

voltage rise - voltage drop = 0

voltage rise = voltage drop 𝑣 1 = 2𝐼 = 2 × 4 = 𝟖 𝑽

20 +𝑣 2 = 𝑣 1 Satisfies this eqn
𝑣 2 = −3𝐼 = −3 × 4 = −𝟏𝟐 𝑽

(passive sign convention of Ohm’s law)

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KVL and KCL

P 1.3: For the circuit, find the unknown voltages using KVL and Ohm’s
Law

Applying KVL: 10 +8
From Ohms law: 𝐼 = =3 𝐴
4 +2
voltage rise = voltage drop
For the given direction of 𝐼
10 + 8 +𝑣 2 = 𝑣 1

Satisfies this eqn 𝑣 1 = 4𝐼 = 4 × 3 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑽

𝑣 2 = −2𝐼 = −2 × 3 = −𝟔 𝑽

(passive sign convention of Ohm’s law)

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Analysis of Electric Circuits (EE101):
Module-1 Introduction to DC Analysis

Lecture 1.3 Network reduction techniques

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Series Connected Resistors:
Voltage divider ckt.

Find the current 𝑖

𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑣 1 +𝑣 2 = 𝑖 𝑅1 +𝑖 𝑅2 ⇒ = 𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑖

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in

series is the sum of the individual resistances.
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑣 1 𝑅1
Also: 𝑣 1 = 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑣 𝑣2 =
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑣 ⇒ =
𝑣 2 𝑅2
1 2

principle of voltage division: The source voltage will be divided in

direct proportion to the resistances.

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Parallel Connected Resistors:
Current divider ckt.

Find the current 𝑖

𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑖 = 𝑖 1 +𝑖 2 = + ⇒ = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑖 1 1 𝑅1 +𝑅2
+
𝑅1 𝑅2

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in parallel

is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.

𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑖1= 𝑖 𝑖 2 = 𝑖 𝑖 1 𝑅2
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1 +𝑅2 ⇒ =
𝑖 2 𝑅1

principle of current division: The total current 𝑖 is shared by the

resistors in inverse proportion to their resistances.

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WYE-DELTA Transformation:
 To tackle cases where resistors are neither in series or in parallel
◦ Consider the bridge network shown below:
Any series-parallel
combination here?

Can you see, wye or

delta formations here?

 WYE is also called a “star” at times.

Star/wye or T shape Delta or 𝝅 shape

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WYE-DELTA Transformation:
 Conversion from one to another

a b 1 2

c 3
a,1 b,2

For conversion we
ensure that:
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅12 :
𝑅𝑏𝑐 = 𝑅23 :
𝑅𝑐𝑎 = 𝑅31 :
c,3
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 WYE-DELTA Transformation:
 Conversion from one to another

a,1 b,2
For conversion we
ensure that:

𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅12 :
𝑅𝑏𝑐 = 𝑅23 :
𝑅𝑐𝑎 = 𝑅31 :
c,3
𝜟 to 𝒀:
𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑎
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑎 +𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑐
Y to 𝜟 :
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅𝑐 =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

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Other Circuit Elements
Capacitor

A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by a dielectric (insulator)

Stores energy in the form of charges

Ratio of charge of one of the plates to the voltage across the plates

𝑞 coulomb
𝐶= per farad (F)
𝑣
volt
V-I relationship:

𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑣 𝒅𝒗
Differentiating we have: =𝐶 ⇒𝒊 = 𝑪
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕

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Analysis of Electric Circuits (EE101):
Module-1 Introduction to DC Analysis

Tutorial 1.3 Network reduction techniques

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Series – Parallel resistances
P 1.4: Find the equivalent resistance across the two terminals using
the series/parallel configuration reduction

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 14. 4 Ω

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Wye-Delta Transformation

P 1.5: Find the equivalent Y network for the given circuit.

𝜟 to 𝒀:
𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑎
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑎 +𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑐

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Series – Parallel resistances

P1.6: Find the equivalent resistance across the two terminals using
the series/parallel configuration reduction

3 +5 + 4 = 12 Ω

12 × 4
12| | 4 ⇒ =3 Ω
12 +4

6 ×6
3 +3 | | 6 ⇒ = 3Ω ⇒𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2 +3 +1 = 𝟔 𝛀
6 +6

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Series – Parallel resistances

P1.7: Find the equivalent resistance across the two terminals using
the series/parallel configuration reduction

4| | 12 ⇒3Ω

3| | 6 ⇒2Ω
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 11. 2 Ω

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 Series – Parallel resistances

HW P1.8: Find the equivalent resistance across the two terminals using
the series/parallel configuration reduction

𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 11 Ω

𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 4 𝑠 𝑖 𝑒 𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑠

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Wye-Delta + Series - Parallel

P1.9: Find the equivalent

resistance 𝑅𝑎𝑏 and find the
current 𝑖 supplied by the 120 V
source.

Find all the possible Y and Delta

• a-c-n  Delta
• b-c-n  Delta
• a-c-b-n  Y (two of them)
• a-n-b  Delta

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Wye-Delta + Series - Parallel

P1.10: Find the equivalent

resistance 𝑅𝑎𝑏 and find the
current 𝑖 supplied by the 120 V
source.

,1
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑎 =
𝑅1
10 × 20 +20 × 5 +5 × 10
= = 35 Ω
,3 10
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑏 =
𝑅2
10 × 20 +20 × 5 +5 × 10
,2 = = 17. 5 Ω
20
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑐 = = 70 Ω
𝑅3
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Wye-Delta + Series - Parallel

P1.11: Find the equivalent

resistance 𝑅𝑎𝑏 and find the
current 𝑖 supplied by the 120 V
source.
12. 5| | 17. 5 = 7. 292 Ω

𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 7. 292 +10. 5 | | 21 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝜴

70| | 30 = 21Ω
15| | 35 = 10. 5Ω 𝑉 120
𝑖 = = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟖 𝑨
𝑅𝑎𝑏 9. 632
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 Source Transformation
 Source transformation is another tool for simplifying circuits.

A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source Vs in

series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or
vice versa

Source transformation also applies to dependent sources.

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 Source Transformation
P1.11: Use source transformation to find in Vo the circuit

Using current division rule

applied to the final circuit

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