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Both Oss and Application Software Are Written in Coding Schemes Called Programming Languages

Programming languages are used to write both operating systems and application software and provide instructions to computers to perform processing. Professionals work with programming languages which use keywords, symbols, and rules to communicate instructions to computers. Each programming language has its own syntax that dictates how symbols are combined into statements that convey meaningful instructions to the CPU.

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Ярослав Звягинцев
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417 views

Both Oss and Application Software Are Written in Coding Schemes Called Programming Languages

Programming languages are used to write both operating systems and application software and provide instructions to computers to perform processing. Professionals work with programming languages which use keywords, symbols, and rules to communicate instructions to computers. Each programming language has its own syntax that dictates how symbols are combined into statements that convey meaningful instructions to the CPU.

Uploaded by

Ярослав Звягинцев
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Both OSs and application software are written in coding schemes called programming languages.

The
primary function of a programming language is to provide instructions to the computer system so that it
can perform a processing activity. IS professionals work with programming languages, which are sets of
keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements by which humans can communicate
instructions to be executed by a computer. Programming involves translating what a user wants to
accomplish into a code that the computer can understand and execute. Program code is the set of
instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-switching operations. In the simplest coding schemes,
a line of code typically contains a single instruction such as, ‘’Retrieve the data in memory address X.’’
As discussed in Chapter 3, the instruction is then decoded during the instruction phase of the machine
cycle. Like writing a report or a paper in English, writing a computer program in a programming language
requires the programmer to follow a set of rules. Each programming language uses a set of symbols that
have special meaning. Each language also has its own set of rules, called the syntax of the language. The
language syntax dictates how the symbols should be combined into statements capable of conveying
meaningful instructions to the CPU. A rule that ‘’variable names must start with a letter’’ is an example.
A variable is a quantity that can take on different values. Program variable names such as
SALES,PAYRATE, and TOTAL, follow the rule because they start with a letter, whereas variables such
as %INTEREST, $TOTAL, and #POUNDS do not.

Programming languages were developed to help solve particular problems. Since they were each
designed for different problems, they contain different attributes. Each of the attributes in Table 4.10
represents two extremes, with most languages falling somewhere between these extremes

И операционные системы, и прикладное программное обеспечение пишутся с использованием


схем кодирования, называемых языками программирования. Основная функция языка
программирования — давать инструкции компьютерной системе, чтобы она могла выполнять
действия по обработке. Специалисты по информационным технологиям работают с языками
программирования, которые представляют собой наборы ключевых слов, символов и систему
правил построения операторов, с помощью которых люди могут передавать инструкции для
выполнения компьютером. Программирование включает в себя перевод того, чего хочет
пользователь, в код, который компьютер может понять и выполнить. Программный код — это
набор инструкций, которые сигнализируют ЦП о выполнении операций коммутации каналов. В
простейших схемах кодирования строка кода обычно содержит одну инструкцию, такую как
«Извлечь данные по адресу памяти X». Как обсуждалось в главе 3, инструкция затем декодируется
во время фазы инструкции машинного цикла. Подобно написанию отчета или статьи на
английском языке, написание компьютерной программы на языке программирования требует от
программиста соблюдения набора правил. В каждом языке программирования используется набор
символов, имеющих особое значение. Каждый язык также имеет свой собственный набор правил,
называемый синтаксисом языка. Синтаксис языка диктует, как символы должны быть объединены
в операторы, способные передавать осмысленные инструкции ЦП. Примером является правило,
что «имена переменных должны начинаться с буквы». Переменная – это величина, которая может
принимать различные значения. Имена программных переменных, таких как SALES, PAYRATE и
TOTAL, следуют правилу, поскольку они начинаются с буквы, а такие переменные, как
%INTEREST, $TOTAL и #POUNDS — нет. Языки программирования были разработаны для
решения конкретных задач. Поскольку каждый из них был разработан для разных задач, они
содержат разные атрибуты. Каждый из атрибутов в таблице 4.10 представляет собой две
крайности, причем большинство языков находятся где-то между этими крайностями.
Task 2. Read the text carefully. Say whether the sentences below the text are true or false.

1. Programming languages were developed to solve some problems. F


2. Each language also has its own set of rules, called the syntax of the language. T
3. Program code is the set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-switching
operations. F
4. The primary function of a computer is to provide instructions to IS professionals so that
they can perform a processing activity. F
5. Writing a computer program in a programming language requires the programmer to
follow a set of rules. T

Task 3. Choose the words from the box and put each of them in the correct place of the
sentence.

Primary; symbols; statements; the CPU; decoded; coding schemes; contain; programming
languages; translating; instruction

1. The research involved the use of primary source materials in national and local archives.

2. Programming languages are sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for
constructing statements by which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a
computer.

3. Both Oss and application software are written in coding schemes called programming
languages.

4. Programming languages contain different attributes.

5. A line of code typically contains a single instruction/translating

6. Programming involves instruction/translating what a user want to accomplish into a code.

7. IS professionals work with programming languages

8. Instructions are then decoded during the instruction phase of the machine code.

9. The language syntax dictates how the symbols should be combined into statements
capable of conveying meaningful instructions to the CPU

10. Each programming language uses a set of symbols that have special meaning.

Task 4. Find the words according to their definitions in the marked paragraph of the text.

1. A computer programming language consisting of binary or hexadecimal instructions


which a computer can respond to directly;
Machine code
2. an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change;
A variable
3. a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or
process;
Symbol
4. a complete and closed path around which a circulating electric current can flow;
A circuit
5. to achieve or complete successfully.
Accomplish

Task 6. Read the key terms carefully and find the best explanation.

1. Application E a) A series of instructions written in a


form that a computer can read and
understand
2. Machine code A b) To succeed in doing something,
especially something that you have
been trying to do for a period of
time
3. To communicate F c) A set of rules associated with a
programming language
4. Syntax C d) A very severe or serious measure
5. To accomplish B e) Software used for writing
documents, creating charts,
building databases etc. that is not
part of the computer's operating
system
6. Extreme D f) To impart or pass on (information,
news, or ideas)

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