Tiempos del presente en Inglés

SIMPLE PRESENT

El “Simple Present” se utiliza:

❏ Para expresar hábitos y rutinas, hechos generales, acciones repetidas o
situaciones, emociones y deseos permanentes:
I smoke​ (hábito); ​I work in London​ (permanencia);​ London is a large city​ (hecho general)
❏ Para dar instrucciones o indicaciones:
You walk ​for two hundred meters, then​ you turn​ left.
❏ Para hablar de eventos programados, presentes o futuros:
Your exam ​starts ​at 09.00.
❏ Para referirse al futuro, detrás de algunas conjunciones: ​after, when, before,
as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

¡Cuidado! El "simple present" no se utiliza para hablar de lo que está ocurriendo en este
momento.

Ejemplos:

❏ Hábitos y rutinas
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
❏ Eventos y acciones repetidos
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
❏ Hechos generales
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
❏ Instrucciones o indicaciones
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
❏ Eventos programados
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
❏ Construcciones de futuro
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.
FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PRESENT": TO THINK

Afirmativa Interrogativa Negativa

I think Do I think? I do not think
You think Do you think? You do not think
He think​s Does​ he think? He does not think
She think​s Does ​she think? She does not think
It thinks Does it think? It does not think
We think Do we think? We do not think.
They think Do they think? They do not think.

NOTAS SOBRE LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR DEL "SIMPLE PRESENT"

❏ En la tercera persona del singular, el verbo ​siempre termina en -s:

he want​s​, she need​s​, he give​s​, she think​s​.
❏ Para las formas negativa e interrogativa, se emplea DOES (= tercera persona
del auxiliar 'DO') + el infinitivo del verbo.
He want​s​ ice cream.​ Does​ he want strawberry? He ​does ​not want vanilla.
❏ Verbos que terminan en -y : en la tercera persona del singular, se cambia la
-y​ por ​-ies​:
fly --> fl​ies​, cry --> cr​ies
Excepción:​ cuando una vocal precede a la ​-y​:
play --> play​s​, pray --> pray​s
❏ Añadimos ​-es​ a los verbos que terminan en​:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he pass​es,​ she catch​es​, he fix​es​, it push​es

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS

El "present continuous" de cualquier verbo se compone de dos partes: ​el presente

del verbo to be + el "present participle" del verbo principal.
(Para formar el "present participle": raíz+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Afirmativa
Sujeto ​+ to be ​ + raíz + ing
She is talking.
Negativa
Sujeto + to be + not + raíz + ing
She is not (isn't) talking
Interrogativa
to be + sujeto + raíz + ing
Is she talking?
EJEMPLOS: TO GO, "PRESENT CONTINUOUS"
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I ​am going I am not going Am I going?
You ​are going You aren't going. Are you going?
He, she, it​ is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going?
We​ are going We aren't going Are we going?
You​ are going You aren't going Are you going?
They​ are going They aren't going Are they going?

Nota: contracciones de las formas negativas: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not
going etc.

Como ocurre con todos los tiempos verbales del inglés, la ​actitud del hablante​ es tan
importante como el momento en que ocurre la acción o el evento. Al emplear el "present
continuous", nos estamos refiriendo a algo que ​no ha terminado o está incompleto.

EL​ "PRESENT CONTINUOUS" ​SE ​UTILIZA:

❏ para describir una acción que está teniendo lugar en este momento: You are
using the Internet. ​You are studying ​English grammar.
❏ para describir una tendencia o una acción que está sucediendo en la
actualidad: ​Are you still working​ for the same company? More and more
people ​are becoming​ vegetarian.
❏ para describir una acción o evento futuros que ya están programados:​ We're
going ​on holiday tomorrow. ​I'm meeting ​my boyfriend tonight.​ Are they
visiting​ you next winter?
❏ para describir una situación o evento temporales: He usually plays the drums,
but ​he's playing​ bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but​ it's
raining ​at the moment.
❏ con "always, forever, constantly", para describir y enfatizar una sucesión de
acciones repetidas: Harry and Sally ​are always arguing​! ​You're constantly
complaining​ about your mother-in-law!

¡CUIDADO! Hay algunos verbos que no suelen emplear la forma progresiva

VERBOS QUE​ NO ​SUELEN EMPLEAR LA FORMA PROGRESIVA

Los verbos de la siguiente lista suelen utilizar la forma simple porque hacen
referencia a​ estados,​ más que acciones o procesos.

SENSACIÓN / PERCEPCIÓN OPINIÓN

➢ to feel* to assume
➢ to hear
 ➢ to see*
➢ to smell
➢ to taste

ESTADOS MENTALES EMOCIONES/DESEOS

➢ to forget
➢ to imagine
➢ to know
➢ to mean
➢ to notice
➢ to recognise
➢ to remember
➢ to understand

MEDIDAS OTROS
➢ to contain
➢ to cost
➢ to hold
➢ to measure
➢ to weigh

EXCEPCIONES
Los verbos de sensación y percepción (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) suelen utilizarse
con can: I can see... Pueden tomar la forma progresiva pero, en este caso, su
significado suele variar.
● This coat​ feels ​nice and warm. (percepción de las cualidades del abrigo)
● John's feeling ​much better now (está mejor de salud)
● She​ has​ three dogs and a cat. (posesión)
● She's having​ supper. (está tomando)
● I can ​see​ Anthony in the garden (percepción)
● I'm seeing​ Anthony later (tenemos intención de vernos)

Tiempos del pasado en inglés

SIMPLE PAST

El "simple past" se utiliza para hablar de una​ acción que concluyó ​en un tiempo
anterior al actual. ​La duración no es relevante. El tiempo en que se sitúa la acción
puede ser el pasado reciente o un pasado lejano.
Ejemplos:
● John Cabot ​sailed ​to America in 1498.
● My father​ died​ last year.
● He​ lived​ in Fiji in 1976.
● We ​crossed​ the Channel yesterday

Siempre se utiliza el "simple past" para referirse a​ cuándo ​ocurrió algo, de modo
que va asociado a ciertas expresiones temporales que indican:
❏ frecuencia​:​ often, sometimes, always
I sometimes ​walked​ home at lunchtime.
I often ​brought ​my lunch to school.
❏ un tiempo determinado​: ​last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks
ago
We ​saw​ a good film​ last week.
Yesterday, I​ arrived​ in Geneva.
She​ finished​ her work at ​seven o'clock
I ​went​ to the theatre ​last night
❏ un tiempo indeterminado​: ​the other day, ages ago, a long time ago​ People
lived in caves a long time ago.
She ​played ​the piano when she was a child.

Cuidado: el "simple past" del inglés puede parecerse a un tiempo verbal de tu

propio idioma y, sin embargo, su significado puede ser distinto.

FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PAST" CON VERBOS ​REGULARES

Afirmativa
Sujeto + raíz + ed
I skipped.
Negativa
Sujeto + did not + infinitivo sin to
They didn't go.
Interrogativa
Did + sujeto + infinitivo sin to
Did she arrive?
Interrogativa negativa
Did not + sujeto + infinitivo sin to
Didn't you play?
"SIMPLE PAST" DE LOS VERBOS TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
Sujeto ​ Verbo
​ Be Have Do
I was had did
You were had did
He/She/It was had did
We were had did
You were had did
They were had did

AFIRMATIVA
La forma afirmativa del "simple past" es sencilla.
● I ​was ​in Japan last year
● She ​had​ a headache yesterday.
● We ​did ​our homework last night.

NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA
Para las formas negativa e interrogativa del "simple past" del verbo "do" como verbo
ordinario, se emplea como auxiliar "do", e.g. We ​didn't do​ our homework last night.
La forma negativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele construirse utilizando el
auxiliar "do", aunque en ocasiones solo se añade not o la contracción "n't".

La forma interrogativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele emplear el auxiliar
"do".
Ejemplos:
● They ​weren't​ in Rio last summer.
● We ​didn't have​ any money.
● We ​didn't have​ time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
● We ​didn't do​ our exercises this morning.
● Were ​they in Iceland last January?
● Did you have​ a bicycle when you were young?
● Did you do​ much climbing in Switzerland?
Nota​: para construir las formas negativa e interrogativa de ​todos​ los verbos en
"simple past", se utiliza siempre el auxiliar​ 'did'​.

"SIMPLE PAST": VERBOS ​IRREGULARES ​(estos son los que no van con​ -ed al
final​).
Algunos verbos hacen el "simple past" de forma irregular. Para saber cuales son los
verbos irregulares debemos aprendernos la 3ª columna.
Ejemplos:
TO GO
● He ​went​ to a club last night.
● Did he go​ to the cinema last night?
● He ​didn't go​ to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
● We ​gave​ her a doll for her birthday.
● They​ didn't give​ John their new address.
● Did Barry give ​you my passport?
TO COME
● My parents ​came​ to visit me last July.
● We ​didn't come​ because it was raining.
● Did he come​ to your party last week?

PAST CONTINUOUS

El "past continuous" describe acciones o eventos situados en un tiempo ​anterior al

presente,​ cuyo comienzo se sitúa en el pasado y que​ todavía no ha concluido ​en
el momento de hablar. Dicho de otro modo, ​expresa una acción incompleta o
inconclusa del pasado​.
Se ​UTILIZA​:

❏ Con frecuencia, para describir el contexto en una historia escrita en pasado,

e.g.​ "The sun ​was shining ​and the birds​ were singing​ as the elephant came out of
the jungle. The other animals​ were relaxing​ in the shade of the trees, but the
elephant moved very quickly. She ​was looking​ for her baby, and she didn't notice
the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out,
she was running​ towards the river..."

❏ para describir una acción incompleta que se vio interrumpida por otra acción
o evento, e.g.​ "I ​was having​ a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."

❏ para expresar un cambio de opinión: e.g. ​"​I was going ​to spend the day at the
beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."

❏ con 'wonder', para formular una petición muy educada: e.g. ​"I ​was wondering
if you could baby-sit for me tonight."
Ejemplos:
● They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
● Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
● When we arrived he was having a bath.
● When the fire started I was watching television.

Nota: ​con los verbos que no suelen conjugarse en "past continuous" se emplea
normalmente el "simple past".

FORMACIÓN DEL "PAST CONTINUOUS"

El "past continuous" de cualquier verbo está compuesto de dos partes: el pasado del
verbo ​"to be" (was/were)​ y la raíz del verbo principal ​+ing.

Sujeto was/were raíz + ing

They were watching
Afirmativa
She was reading
Negativa
She wasn't reading
Interrogativa
Was she reading?
Interrogativa negativa
Wasn't she reading?

TO PLAY, "PAST CONTINUOUS"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I was playing I was not playing Was I playing?
You were playing You were not playing Were you playing?
He was playing He wasn't playing Was he playing?
We were playing We weren't playing Were we playing?
They were playing They weren't playing Were they playing?

Tiempos perfectos en Inglés:

PRESENT PERFECT

El "present perfect" de cualquier verbo está compuesto por dos elementos: la forma
apropiada del verbo auxiliar ​to have (​ en presente) y el "past participle" del verbo
principal. La forma del "past participle" de un verbo regular es ​raíz+ed,​ e.g.​ played,
arrived, looked. ​En cuanto a los verbos irregulares hay que consultar la Tabla de
verbos irregulares.
 AFIRMATIVA

SUJETO to have past participle

She has visited.

NEGATIVA

SUJETO to have + not past participle

She has not (hasn’t) visited

INTERROGATIVA

to have sujeto past participle

Has she visited?

Interrogativa NEGATIVA

to have + not sujeto past participle

Hasn’t she visited?

TO WALK, "PRESENT PERFECT"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?
You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?
We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?
You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?
They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?

FUNCIONES DEL "PRESENT PERFECT"

El "present perfect" se emplea para señalar un vínculo entre el presente y el pasado.
El tiempo en que transcurre la acción es ​anterior al presente pero inespecífico​ y,
a menudo, recae un mayor interés sobre el ​resultado ​que sobre la propia acción.

¡CUIDADO! Puede que, en tu idioma, exista un tiempo verbal con una estructura similar
pero es probable que su significado NO sea el mismo.

EL "PRESENT PERFECT" ​SE UTILIZA PARA DESCRIBIR

❏ Una acción o situación iniciada en el pasado y que continúa en el presente.​ I
have lived​ in Bristol since 1984 (= todavía vivo allí.)
 ❏ Una acción realizada durante un periodo de tiempo aún no concluido.​ She ​has
been ​to the cinema twice this week (= la semana todavía no ha terminado.)
❏ Una acción repetida en un periodo temporal inespecífico situado entre el
pasado y el presente.​ We ​have visited ​Portugal several times.
❏ Una acción que ha concluido en un pasado muy reciente, lo que se indica
mediante 'just'.​ I​ have just finished​ my work.
❏ Una acción para la cual no es importante el momento preciso en que
aconteció. ​He ​has read​ 'War and Peace'. (= lo relevante es el resultado de la
acción)

Nota: ​Cuando queremos dar o pedir información sobre cuándo, dónde o quién,
empleamos el "simple past".

ACCIONES INICIADAS EN EL PASADO Y QUE CONTINÚAN EN EL PRESENTE

● They ​haven't lived​ here for years.
● She ​has worked ​in the bank for five years.
● We​ have had ​the same car for ten years.
● Have you played​ the piano since you were a child?
CUANDO SE HACE REFERENCIA A UN PERIODO TEMPORAL INACABADO
● I have worked ​hard ​this week.
● It ​has rained ​a lot ​this year.
● We ​haven't seen ​her​ today.
ACCIONES REITERADAS EN UN PERIODO INESPECÍFICO, ENTRE EL PASADO
Y EL PRESENTE.
● They ​have seen​ that film six times
● It​ has happened ​several times already.
● She ​has visited​ them frequently.
● We​ have eaten ​at that restaurant many times.
ACCIONES CONCLUIDAS EN UN PASADO MUY RECIENTE (+JUST)
● Have you just finished ​work?
● I​ have just eaten.
● We ​have just seen ​her.
● Has he just left?
CUANDO LA DIMENSIÓN TEMPORAL NO ES RELEVANTE O CONOCIDA
● Someone ​has eaten​ my soup!
● Have you seen​ 'Gone with the Wind'?
● She's studied​ Japanese, Russian, and English
.
Cómo utilizar el “Present Perfect”con los términos “ver”, “already”, y “yet” y cómo
utilizar el “present perfect” con los términos “for” y “since”:

EVER:alguna vez
Los adverbios ​"ever"​ y​ "never" ​se refieren a un tiempo no identificado, ​anterior al
presente ​(Have you ​ever​ visited Berlin?).​ ​ "Ever"​ y​ "never"​ siempre se colocan
antes del verbo principal (en "past participle").​ "Ever" se utiliza:
EN PREGUNTAS
Have you​ ever​ been to England?
Has she ​ever​ met the Prime Minister?

EN PREGUNTAS ​NEGATIVAS
Haven't they ​ever​ been to Europe?
Haven't you ​ever​ eaten Chinese food?

EN ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON "NOTHING+EVER" O "NOBODY+EVER"

Nobody has​ ever​ said that to me before.
Nothing like this has​ ever ​happened to us.

CON "THE FIRST TIME"

It's the first time that I've ​ever​ eaten snails.
This is the first time I've ever been to England.

NEVER
"Never" significa nunca antes de ahora y equivale a "not (...) ever": (I have never
visited Berlin)
ALREADY
"Already" se refiere a una acción que ha ocurrido en un tiempo anterior al presente
pero no especificado. Sugiere que no es necesario repetir la acción.
Ej:
I've​ already​ drunk three coffees this morning. (= ¡y me estás ofreciendo otro!)
Don't write to John, I've​ already​ done it.

También se utiliza para preguntar:

Have you ​already ​written to John?
Has she finished her homework ​already​?

"Already" puede colocarse antes del verbo principal (en "past participle") o al final de
la frase:
I have ​already ​been to Tokyo.
I have been to Tokyo​ already.
YET
"Yet" se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, con el significado de (no) en
el periodo temporal entre el pasado y el ahora, (no) hasta el momento presente,
incluido éste. Suele colocarse al final de la frase.

Have you met Judy​ yet​?

I haven't visited the Tate Gallery​ yet
Has he arrived ​yet?
They haven't eaten ​yet
PRESENT PERFECT: FOR, SINCE
Empleando el "present perfect" podemos definir un periodo de tiempo anterior al momento
presente, considerando bien su ​duración,​ caso en el que utilizamos ​"for" + periodo
temporal,​ o bien su inicio o punto de partida, caso en el que utilizamos ​"since" + momento
concreto. ​"For" y "since" pueden asimismo emplearse con el "past perfect". "Since" admite
únicamente tiempos verbales perfectos. "For" puede también emplearse con el "simple
past".

"FOR" + PERIODO DE TIEMPO

for ​six years, ​for​ a week, ​for​ a month, ​for​ hours,​ for​ two hours
I have worked here​ for​ five years.

"SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO

since ​this morning, ​since​ last week, ​since​ yesterday
since​ I was a child,​ since ​Wednesday, ​since​ 2 o'clock
I have worked here​ since​ 1990.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "FOR"

She has lived here ​for​ twenty years.
We have taught at this school ​for​ a long time.
Alice has been married ​for ​three months.
They have been at the hotel ​for ​a week.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "SINCE"

She has lived here​ since​ 1980.
We have taught at this school ​since​ 1965.
Alice has been married ​since ​March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel ​since ​last Tuesday.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

El "present perfect continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos: el "present

perfect" del verbo 'to be' (have/has been) y el "present participle" del verbo principal
(raíz+ing)

SUJETO HAS/HAVE BEEN RAÍZ + ING

SHE HAS BEEN SWIMMING

Afirmativa:​ She has been / She's been running.
Negativa:​ She hasn't been running.
Interrogativa ​: Has she been running?
Interrogativa negativa:​ Hasn't she been running?

EJEMPLO: "PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS", TO LIVE

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?
He, she, it has been living He hasn't been living Has she been living?
We have been living We haven't been living Have we been
living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?
They have been living They haven't been living Have they been living?

FUNCIONES ​DEL "PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

El "present perfect continuous" se refiere a un periodo temporal inespecífico
situado entre el pasado y el presente. El hablante se refiere a algo que empezó y
que puede no haber concluido en ese periodo de tiempo. Le interesa tanto el
proceso como el resultado, y es posible que dicho proceso acabe de terminar o
que aún no haya finalizado.

ACCIONES INICIADAS EN EL PASADO Y QUE CONTINÚAN OCURRIENDO EN

EL PRESENTE
She ​has been waiting​ for you all day (= todavía está esperando).
I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= todavía no lo he
terminado).
They have been travelling​ since last October (= todavía no han vuelto).

ACCIONES QUE ACABAN DE CONCLUIR Y DE LAS QUE NOS INTERESAN

SUS RESULTADOS
She has been cooking ​since last night (= y la comida preparada tiene un aspecto
delicioso).
It's been raining ​(= y las calles aún están mojadas).
Someone's been eating ​my chips (= quedan la mitad).

VERBOS SIN FORMAS PROGRESIVAS

Con verbos que no suelen utilizar la forma progresiva, empleamos el "present
perfect". Por ejemplo:​ I've wanted​ to visit China for years.
She's known​ Robert since she was a child.
I've hated​ that music since I first heard it.
I've heard ​a lot about you recently.
We've understood ​everything.
we've heard​ this morning.

PAST PERFECT

El "past perfect" hace referencia a un tiempo anterior al pasado reciente. Se emplea

para señalar que un evento ocurrió antes que otro en el pasado. No importa cuál de
los eventos se mencione primero, porque el tiempo verbal deja claro el orden
temporal en que acontecieron.

En estos ejemplos, el Evento A es el que primero ocurrió y el Evento B tuvo lugar a

continuación, es el más reciente:
Evento A ​ Evento B
John ​had gone​ out when I arrived in the office.
Evento A Evento B
I ​had saved​ my document before the computer crashed.
Evento B ​ Evento A
When they arrived we ​had already started​ cooking.
Evento B ​ Evento A
He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

FORMACIÓN​ DEL "PAST PERFECT"

En inglés, el "past perfect" está compuesto por dos partes: ​el pasado del verbo to
have (had) ​+ ​el ​"past participle"​ del verbo principal.

Sujeto had past participle

Afirmativa
She had given
Negativa
She hadn't asked.
Interrogativa
Had they arrived?
Interrogativa negativa
Hadn't you finished?

TO DECIDE, "PAST PERFECT"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I had decided I hadn't decided Had I decided?
You had decided You hadn't decided Had you decided?
She had decided She hadn't decided Had she decided?
We had decided We hadn't decided Had we decided?
They had decided They hadn't decided Had they decided?
"PAST PERFECT" + JUST
'Just' se utiliza con el "past perfect" para referirse a un evento acontecido muy poco
antes de otro evento situado en el pasado, e.g.

The train ​had just left ​when I arrived at the station.

She ​had just left​ the room when the police arrived.
I ​had just put​ the washing out when it started to rain.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

El "past perfect continuous" se corresponde con el "present perfect continuous" pero

se refiere a un tiempo anterior al pasado reciente. Como ocurre con el "present
perfect continuous", nos interesa más el proceso que el resultado.
Ejemplos:
❏ Had you been waiting ​long before the taxi arrived?
❏ We had been trying​ to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
❏ It had been raining ​hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
❏ Her friends ​had been thinking ​of calling the police when she walked in​.

Esta construcción se emplea también en el estilo indirecto ("reported speech"). Es el

equivalente del "past continuous" y del "present perfect continuous" utilizados en el
estilo directo ("direct speech"):
● Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon." = Jane said she had been
gardening ​all afternoon.
● When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the office that
night." = When the police questioned him, John told them ​he had been
working ​late in the office that night.

FORMACIÓN​ DEL "PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

El "past perfect continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos: el "past perfect" del
verbo ​to be​ (=had been) + el "present participle" del verbo principal ​(raíz+ing).

Sujeto had been raíz + ing

I had been walking
Afirmativa
She had been trying
Negativa
She hadn't been sleeping
Interrogativa
Had you been eating?
I​nterrogativa negativa
Hadn't they been living?

TO BUY, "PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I had been buying I hadn't been buying Had I been buying?
You had been buying You hadn't been buying Had you been buying?
She had been buying She hadn't been buying Had she been buying?
We had been buying We hadn't been buying Had we been buying?
They had been buying They hadn't been buying Had they been buying

FUTURE PERFECT

FORMACIÓN
El "future perfect" está compuesto por dos elementos:
el "simple future" del verbo "to have" (will have) + el "past participle" del verbo
principal.

SUJETO + WILL HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE del
verbo principal

He will have finished

I will have finished

TO ARRIVE, "FUTURE PERFECT"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Negativa Interrogativa

I will have arrived I won't have arrived Will I have arrived? Won't I have arrived?

You will have You won't have Will you have Won't you have
arrived arrived arrived? arrived?
 He will have He won't have Will he have Won't he have
arrived arrived arrived? arrived?

We will have We won't have Will we have Won't we have

arrived arrived arrived? arrived?

They will have They won't have Will they have Won't they have
arrived arrived arrived? arrived?

FUNCIONES:
El "future perfect" se refiere a una acción que se completará en el futuro. Cuando
empleamos este tiempo verbal, estamos proyectándonos hacia el futuro y echando
la vista atrás, hacia una acción concluida en algún momento posterior al presente.
La mayoría de las veces, se emplea con expresiones temporales.

● I will have been​ here for six months on June 23rd.

● By the time you read this ​I will have left.
● You will have finished​ your report by this time next week.
● Won't they have arrived ​by 5:00?
● Will you have eaten​ when I pick you up?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMACIÓN:
El "future perfect continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos:
el "future perfect" del verbo "to be" (will have been) + el "present participle"
del verbo principal (raíz + ing)

SUJETO +WILL HAVE BEEN + “PRESENT

PARTICIPLE” del
verbo principal

He will have been playing

I will have been playing

TO LIVE, "FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Negativa

interrogativa

I will have been I won't have been Will I have been Won't I have been
living living living? living?

You will have been You won't have been Will you have been Won't you have been
living living living? living?

He will have been He won't have been Will he have been Won't he have been
living living living? living?

We will have been We won't have been Will we have been Won't we have been
living living living? living?

They will have They won't have Will they have been Won't they have been
been living been living living? living?

FUNCIONES:
Al igual que el "future perfect", empleamos este tiempo verbal para proyectarnos
hacia el futuro y echar la vista atrás. El "future perfect continuous" se refiere a
eventos o acciones inacabadas, situadas entre el momento presente y un tiempo
futuro. La mayoría de las veces se acompaña de expresiones temporales.

● I will have been waiting​ here for three hours by six o'clock.
● By 2001 ​I will have been living​ in London for sixteen years.
● When I finish this course,​ I will have been learning English​ for twenty years.
● Next year ​I will have been working​ here for four years.
● When I come at 6:00, ​will you have been practicing ​long?
Tiempos del Futuro en Inglés

SIMPLE FUTURE

FUNCIONES ​DEL "SIMPLE FUTURE"

El "simple future" se refiere a un tiempo posterior al actual y expresa hechos o

certezas. En este caso, no hay lugar para la actitud.

El "simple future" se emplea:

❏ Para predecir un evento futuro:

It​ will rain ​tomorrow.
❏ Con "I" o "we", para expresar una decisión espontánea:
I'll pay ​for the tickets by credit card.
❏ Para expresar voluntad o disposición de hacer algo: I'll do the washing-up.
He'll carry​ your bag for you.
❏ En forma negativa, para expresar rechazo o falta de disposición para hacer
algo:
The baby ​won't eat ​his soup.
I ​won't leave​ until I've seen the manager!
❏ En forma interrogativa con "shall" y "I", para formular un ofrecimiento:
Shall I open​ the window?
❏ En forma interrogativa con "shall" y "we", para formular una sugerencia:
Shall we go​ to the cinema tonight?
❏ En forma interrogativa con "shall" y "I", para solicitar consejo o instrucciones:
What ​shall I tell​ the boss about this money?
❏ Con "you", para dar órdenes:
You ​will do​ exactly as I say.
❏ En forma interrogativa con "you", para formular una invitación:
Will you come ​to the dance with me?
Will you marry​ me?

Nota​:​en el inglés actual, ​will ​tiene un uso preferente frente a ​shall​. "Shall" se utiliza
fundamentalmente con las primeras personas, I ​y ​we, para ofrecer o sugerir algo, o para
pedir consejo (ver los ejemplos anteriores). Con el resto de las personas (you, he, she, they)
"shall" se emplea únicamente en construcciones poéticas o literarias, e.g. "With rings on her
fingers and bells on her toes, She ​shall have ​music wherever she goes."
FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE FUTURE"
​ infinitivo sin ​to
El "simple future" está compuesto por dos partes: ​will / shall +

Sujeto will infinitivo sin to

Afirmativa
I will go
I shall go
Negativa
They will not see
They won't see
Interrogativa
Will she ask?
Interrogativa negativa
Won't they try?

CONTRACCIONES
I will = I'll
We will = we'll
You will = you'll
He will = he'll
She will = she'll
They will = they'll
Will not = won't
La forma "it will" no suele contraerse.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

FORMACIÓN
El "future continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos:
el "simple future" del verbo 'to be' + el "present participle" (raíz+ing) del verbo
principal.

SUJETO “Simple future” de ‘to be’ “present participle” del

verbo principal

You will be watching

I will be staying
TO STAY, "FUTURE CONTINUOUS"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Negativa interrogativa

I will be staying. I won't be staying. Will I be staying? Won't I be staying?

You will be You won't be Will you be Won't you be staying?

staying. staying. staying?

He will be staying. He won't be staying. Will he be staying? Won't he be staying?

She will be staying. She won't be Will she be Won't she be staying?
staying. staying?

It will be staying. It won't be staying. Will it be staying? Won't it be staying?

We will be staying. We won't be staying. Will we be staying? Won't we be staying?

They will be They won't be Will they be Won't they be

staying. staying. staying? staying?

FUNCIONES:
El "future continuous" hace referencia a una acción o evento inacabados que
seguirán ocurriendo con posterioridad al momento presente. El "future continuous"
se emplea con una considerable variedad de propósitos​.

El "future continuous" puede utilizarse para proyectarnos hacia el futuro.

● This time next week​ I will be sun-bathing​ in Bali.
● By Christmas​ I will be skiing​ like a pro.
● Just think, next Monday ​you will be working​ in your new job.

El "future continuous" puede utilizarse para realizar predicciones o suposiciones

sobre eventos futuros.
● He'll be coming​ to the meeting, I expect.
● I guess ​you'll be feeling​ thirsty after working in the sun.
 ● You'll be missing​ the sunshine once you're back in England.
En forma interrogativa, el "future continuous" sirve para pedir educadamente
información sobre el futuro.
● Will you be bringing​ your friend to the pub tonight?
● Will Jim be coming​ with us?
● Will she be going ​to the party tonight?
● Will I be sleeping​ in this room?

El "future continuous" puede utilizarse para hacer referencia a eventos de cierta

duración que creemos que se desarrollarán en el futuro.
● I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
● When he is in Australia​ he will be staying​ with friends.
● I'll be eating ​with Jane this evening so I can tell her.
●
En combinación con el término "still", el "future continuous" hace referencia a eventos que
ya están ocurriendo ahora y que suponemos que se prolongarán en el futuro.
● In an hour ​I'll still be ironing​ my clothes.
● Tomorrow ​he'll still be suffering ​from his cold.
● Next year​ will she still be wearing​ a size six?
● Won't stock prices still be falling​ in the morning?
● Unfortunately, ​sea levels will still be rising​ in 20 years.

Tiempos condicionales en Inglés :

CONDITIONAL TIPO CERO

FORMACIÓN:
En las oraciones condicionales de tipo 0 ("zero conditional"), el tiempo verbal en ambas
proposiciones es el "simple present".

Proposición “if” Proposición principal (resultado​)

(condición)

“​If” + “simple present” “simple present”

If this thing happens that thing happens

Como ocurre con todas las oraciones condicionales, el orden de las proposiciones no es fijo.
Es posible que sea necesario modificar los pronombres y la puntuación al revertir el orden
de las proposiciones pero el significado de la oración no cambiará. En las oraciones de
"zero conditional" se puede sustituir "if" por "when" sin afectar al significado, puesto que
ambos términos sirven para expresar hechos generales.
Ejemplos:
● If you heat ice, it melts.
● Ice melts if you heat it.
 ● When you heat ice, it melts.
● Ice melts when you heat it.
● If it rains, the grass gets wet.
● The grass gets wet if it rains.
● When it rains, the grass gets wet.
● The grass gets wet when it rains.

FUNCIONES:
El condicional tipo 0 se emplea para realizar afirmaciones sobre el mundo real y
suele referirse a hechos generales que damos por ciertos, como los hechos
científicos. En estas oraciones el marco temporal es ​ahora o siempre ​y la situación
es​ real y posible​.
● If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.
● Plants die if they don't get enough water.
● If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.
● If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
● If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
●
El condicional tipo cero suele también utilizarse para dar instrucciones y, en este
caso, el verbo de la cláusula principal va en imperativo.
● If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.
● Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.
● If you want to come, call me before 5:00.
● Meet me here if we get separated.

CONDICIONAL TIPO 1
FORMACIÓN:
En una oración condicional de tipo 1, el verbo de la proposición "if" va en "simple
present", mientras que el de la cláusula principal va en "simple future".

Proposición "if" (condición) Proposición principal (resultado)

If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen.

Como ocurre con todas las oraciones condicionales, el orden de las proposiciones
no es fijo. Es posible que sea necesario modificar los pronombres y la puntuación al
cambiar el orden de las cláusulas pero el significado de la oración no cambia.
● If it rains, you will get wet.
● You will get wet if it rains.
● If Sally is late again I will be mad.
● I will be mad if Sally is late again.
● If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
 ● You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.

FUNCIONES:
El "type 1 conditional" se refiere a una condición posible y su resultado probable.
Estas oraciones se basan en hechos y se utilizan para hacer afirmaciones sobre la
realidad y sobre situaciones particulares; solemos emplearlas para hacer
advertencias. El marco temporal de las oraciones condicionales de tipo 1 es el
presente o el futuro​ y la situación es​ real.
● If I have time, I'll finish that letter.
● What will you do if you miss the plane?
● Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.
● If you drop that glass, it will break.
● If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!
● If you don't leave, I'll call the police.

En oraciones condicionales de tipo 1 también es posible utilizar verbos modales en

la cláusula principal, en lugar del futuro, para expresar el grado de certeza, permiso
o una recomendación sobre el resultado.
● If you drop that glass, it might break.
● I may finish that letter if I have time.
● If he calls you, you should go.
● If you buy my school supplies for me, I will be able to go to the park.

CONDICIONAL TIPO 2
FORMACIÓN:
En una oración condicional de tipo 2, el tiempo verbal de la cláusula "if" es el "simple past" y
el de la proposición principal puede ser el "present conditional" o el "present continuous
conditional.

Proposición “if” PROPOSICIÓN PRINCIPAL

If + simple past “present conditional”

If this thing happen that thing would happen

Como ocurre con todas las oraciones condicionales, el orden de las proposiciones no es fijo.
Es posible que sea necesario modificar los pronombres y la puntuación al cambiar el orden
de las cláusulas pero el significado de la oración sigue siendo el mismo.
● If it rained, you would get wet.
● You would get wet if it rained.
● If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.
● You wouldn't be so tired if you went to bed earlier.
● If she fell, she would hurt herself.
 ● She would hurt herself if she fell.

FUNCIONES:
El "type 2 conditional" sirve para hacer referencia a una condición hipotética o poco
probable y a su resultado probable. Estas oraciones no aluden a una situación real.
En las oraciones condicionales de tipo 2, el marco temporal es ​ahora o en
cualquier momento ​y la situación es​ hipotética.
● If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park. (Pero hace mal tiempo, así
que no podemos ir.)
● If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone a chicken. (Pero no soy la
Reina.)
● If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.
● If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.
Con el verbo "to be", es correcto y además muy habitual decir "if I were" en lugar de
"if I was".
● If I were taller, I would buy this dress.
● If I were 20, I would travel the world.
● If I were you, I would give up smoking.
● If I were a plant, I would love the rain.

En las oraciones condicionales de tipo 2 también pueden emplearse los modales en

la proposición principal para expresar el grado de certeza, permiso o una
recomendación sobre el resultado.
● We might buy a larger house if we had more money
● He could go to the concert if you gave him your ticket.
● If he called me, I couldn't hear.

EL "PRESENT CONDITIONAL"
El "present conditional" de cualquier verbo está compuesto por dos elementos:
"would" + infinitivo sin "to" del verbo principal

SUJETO + would + infinitivo

He would go

They would stay

TO GO: PRESENT CONDITIONAL

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Interrogativa negativa

 I would go I wouldn't go Would I go? Wouldn't I go?

You would go You wouldn't go Would you go? Wouldn't you go?

He would go He wouldn't go Would he go? Wouldn't he go?

She would go She wouldn't go Would she go? Wouldn't she go?

We would go We wouldn't go Would we go? Wouldn't we go?

They would go They wouldn't go Would they go? Wouldn't they go?

CONDICIONAL TIPO 3

FORMACIÓN:
En una oración condicional de tipo 3, el tiempo verbal de la proposición "if" es el
"past perfect" y el de la cláusula principal puede ser el "perfect conditional" o el
"perfect continuous conditional.

Proposición “if” Proposición principal

If + past perfect “perfect conditional”

If this thing had happened that thing would have happened

Como ocurre con todas las oraciones condicionales, el orden de las proposiciones
no es fijo. Es posible que sea preciso modificar los pronombres y la puntuación al
revertir el orden de las cláusulas pero el significado de la oración seguirá siendo el
mismo.
● If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
● You would have gotten wet if it had rained.
● You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.
● If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
● I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to me before.
● If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed you.
FUNCIONES:
El "type 3 conditional" se refiere a una condición imposible, situada temporalmente
en el pasado, y a su resultado probable en el pasado. Estas oraciones son
ciertamente hipotéticas e irreales porque, en este momento, es demasiado tarde
para que la condición o su resultado se produzcan. El condicional tipo 3 casi
siempre implica cierto arrepentimiento o que lamentamos algo. La realidad es lo
opuesto o lo contrario de lo que se expresa en la oración. En las oraciones
condicionales de tipo 3 el marco temporal es el ​pasado​ y la situación es​ hipotética.
Ejemplos:
● If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam. (​But I didn't work hard,
and I didn't pass the exam.)
● If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. (​But I didn't know
and I didn't bake a cake.)
● I would have been happy if you had called me on my birthday. ​(But you didn't
call me and I am not happy.)

En las oraciones condicionales de tipo 3 también pueden emplearse los modales en la

cláusula principal, en lugar de "would", para expresar el grado de certeza, permiso o una
recomendación sobre el resultado.
Ejemplos:
● If I had worked harder I might have passed the exam.
● You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
● If he called you, you could go.
● If you bought my school supplies for me, I might be able to go to the park.

CONTRACCIONES:
Tanto ​"would" como ​"had" pueden contraerse de la misma forma, -'d, algo que
puede generar confusión si no dominamos las oraciones condicionales de tipo 3.
Recuerda estas 2 reglas:
​ unca aparece en la proposición "if"​, por tanto, si ​"-'d" aparece en la
1. ​"would" n
proposición "if", será la contracción de​ "had".
2. ​"had" nunca se pone antes de "have"​, por tanto, si "-'d" aparece tras un
pronombre y va seguido de ​"have"​, será la contracción de ​"would".
Ejemplos:
● If​ I'd ​known you were in hospital,​ I'd ​have visited you.
● If​ I had​ known you were in hospital,​ I would​ have visited you.
● I'd ​have bought you a present if​ I'd ​known it was your birthday.
● I would​ have bought you a present if ​I had​ known it was your birthday.
● If​ you'd ​given me your e-mail, ​I'd​ have written to you.
● If ​you had​ given me your e-mail,​ I would ​have written to you.

EL "PERFECT CONDITIONAL"
El "perfect conditional" de cualquier verbo está compuesto por tres elementos:
would + have + past participle
"Have", seguido del "past participle" de un verbo, se emplea también en otras
construcciones. Se denomina "perfect infinitive".

SUJETO + WOULD + HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPL
E

He would have gone

They would have stayed

TO GO: PERFECT CONDITIONAL

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Interrogativa negativa

I would have gone I wouldn't have gone Would I have gone? Wouldn't I have gone?

You would have You wouldn't have Would you have Wouldn't you have
gone gone gone? gone?

He would have gone He wouldn't have Would he have Wouldn't he have

gone gone? gone?

She would have She wouldn't have Would she have Wouldn't she have
gone gone gone? gone?

We would have We wouldn't have Would we have Wouldn't we have

gone gone gone? gone?

They would have They wouldn't have Would they have Wouldn't they have
gone gone gone? gone?
 CONDICIONAL MIXTO

En una oración condicional, existe la posibilidad de que las dos proposiciones que la
componen se refieran a periodos o momentos distintos. El resultado es una oración de tipo
condicional mixto ("mixed conditional"). Hay dos clases de oraciones condicionales mixtas.

RESULTADO ACTUAL DE UNA CONDICIÓN SITUADA EN EL PASADO

FORMACIÓN:
En este tipo de oración condicional mixta, el tiempo verbal de la proposición "if" es el "past
perfect" y el verbo de la cláusula principal va en "present conditional"

Proposición “if” (condición) Proposición principal (resultado)

If + past perfect present conditional

If this thing had happened that thing would happen.

.
Como ocurre con todas las oraciones condicionales, el orden de las proposiciones no es fijo.
Es posible que sea necesario modificar los pronombres y la puntuación al cambiar el orden
de las cláusulas pero el significado de la oración es el mismo.
Ejemplos:
● If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
● I would have a better job now if I had worked harder at school.
● If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
● We wouldn't be lost if we had looked at the map.
● If you had caught that plane you would be dead now.
● You would be dead now if you had caught that plane.
FUNCIONES:
Esta clase de oraciones condicionales mixtas se refieren a una condición irreal
situada en el pasado y a su probable resultado en el presente. Expresan una
situación que es contraria a la realidad tanto en el pasado como en el momento
actual. En estas oraciones condicionales mixtas, el marco temporal hace referencia
al pasado en la proposición "if" y al presente en la cláusula principal.
Ejemplos:
● If I had studied I would have my driving license. (​ pero no estudié y ahora no
tengo el carné)
● I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. ​(pero no acepté el empleo y
no soy millonario)
● If you had spent all your money, you wouldn't buy this jacket. ​(pero no te
gastaste todo el dinero y ahora puedes comprar esta chaqueta)
En este tipo de oraciones condicionales mixtas, es posible asimismo emplear los
modales en la proposición principal en lugar de usar ​"would", para expresar el grado
de certeza, permiso o una recomendación sobre el resultado.
Ejemplos:
● If you had crashed the car, you might be in trouble.
● I could be a millionaire now if I had invested in ABC Plumbing.
● If I had learned to ski, I might be on the slopes right now.

RESULTADO EN EL PASADO DE UNA CONDICIÓN ACTUAL O EN PROGRESO

Formación:
En este segundo tipo de oración condicional mixta, el tiempo verbal de la
proposición "if" es el "simple past" y el de la cláusula principal es el "perfect
conditional".

Proposición “if” (condición) Proposición principal (resultado)

If + simple past perfect conditional

If this thing happened that thing would have happened.

Como ocurre con todas las oraciones condicionales, el orden de las proposiciones no es fijo.
Es posible que sea necesario modificar los pronombres y la puntuación al revertir el orden
de las cláusulas pero el significado seguirá siendo el mismo.
Ejemplos:
● If I wasn't afraid of spiders, I would have picked it up.
● I would have picked it up if I wasn't afraid of spiders.
● If we didn't trust him we would have sacked him months ago.
● We would have sacked him months ago if we didn't trust him.
● If I wasn't in the middle of another meeting, I would have been happy to help
you.
● I would have been happy to help you if I wasn't in the middle of another
meeting.
FUNCIONES:
Esta clase de oraciones condicionales mixtas se refieren a una situación irreal en el
presente y a su resultado probable (​ aunque irreal​) en el pasado. El marco temporal
en la proposición "if" es ahora o siempre, mientras que en la principal hace
referencia al ​pasado​. Por ejemplo, "If I wasn't afraid of spiders" (​ si no tuviera miedo ​a
las arañas) ​expresa una idea que es contraria a la realidad actual, ya que tengo
miedo a las arañas. "I would have picked it up" (​ la hubiera recogido) es contrario a la
realidad situada en el pasado, ya que no la recogí.
Ejemplos:
● If she wasn't afraid of flying she wouldn't have travelled by boat.
 ● I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better.
● If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to lunch.
● If the elephant wasn't in love with the mouse, she'd have trodden on him by
now.

Las formas -ing en inglés :

GERUND
El "gerund" de los verbos ingleses se escribe exactamente igual que el "present
participle": entender en qué se diferencian ambas formas es realmente útil. El
"gerund" siempre cumple las mismas funciones que el nombre, a pesar de parecer
un verbo. A continuación vamos a considerar algunos de los usos del "gerund".
EL "GERUND" COMO SUJETO DE LA ORACIÓN
Ejemplos:
● Eating​ people is wrong.
● Hunting​ tigers is dangerous.
● Flying​ makes me nervous.
● Brushing​ your teeth is important.
● Smoking​ causes lung cancer.

EL "GERUND" COMO COMPLEMENTO DEL VERBO 'TO BE'

Ejemplos:
● One of his duties ​is attending ​meetings.
● The hardest thing about learning English ​is understanding​ the gerund.
● One of life's pleasures ​is having ​breakfast in bed.

EL "GERUND" DESPUÉS DE PREPOSICIÓN

Cuando un verbo sigue a una preposición, es necesario emplear el "gerund". Esto
también es cierto para determinadas expresiones que acaban con una preposición,
por ejemplo ​"in spite of" ​o ​"there's no point in".
Ejemplos:
● Can you sneeze​ without opening ​your mouth?
● She is good​ at painting.
● She avoided him​ by walking ​on the opposite side of the road.
● We arrived in Madrid​ after driving ​all night.
● My father decided ​against postponing ​his trip to Hungary.
● There's no point​ in waiting.
● In spite ​of missing ​the train, we arrived on time.

EL "GERUND" DESPUÉS DE "PHRASAL VERB"

Los "phrasal verbs" están compuestos por ​un verbo + adverbio o preposición.
Ejemplos:
● When will you ​give up smoking​?
● She always ​puts off going​ to the dentist.
● He ​kept on asking ​for money.
● Jim​ ended up buying​ a new TV after his old one broke.

Existen algunos "phrasal verbs" que incluyen el término "to" como preposición, por ejemplo:
to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, to be used to.​ Es
importante darse cuenta de que, en estos casos, la palabra "to" es una preposición, porque
debe ir seguida por un "gerund". Este "to" no es parte del infinitivo del verbo. Para saber si
"to" es una preposición o es parte del infinitivo, comprobamos si se puede añadir el
pronombre "it" a continuación del "to" y formar una oración con sentido; de ser así, "to" es
una preposición y debe seguirse de un "gerund".
Ejemplos:
● I​ look forward to hearing​ from you soon.
● I ​look forward to it​.
● I am ​used to waiting ​for buses.
● I am​ used to it.
● She didn't really​ take to studying​ English.
● She didn't really ​take to it.
● When will you ​get around to mowing ​the grass?
● When will you ​get around to it?

EL "GERUND" EN NOMBRES COMPUESTOS

En los nombres compuestos que incluyen un "gerund" queda claro su significado nominal y
que no estamos ante la forma progresiva de un verbo. Por ejemplo, el término "swimming
pool" hace referencia a una piscina para nadar, no a una piscina que esté nadando.
Ejemplos:
● I am giving Sally a​ driving lesson.
● They have a​ swimming pool​ in their back yard.
● I bought some new ​running shoes.

EL "GERUND" TRAS DETERMINADAS EXPRESIONES

El "gerund" es la forma verbal que debe emplearse tras las siguientes expresiones:
can't help, can't stand, to be worth, it's no use.
Ejemplos:
● She ​couldn't help falling​ in love with him.
● I​ can't stand being ​stuck in traffic jams.
● It's​ no use trying ​to escape.
● It might​ be worth phoning​ the station to check the time of the train​.
 VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE “GERUND”

El "gerund" inglés se emplea de forma habitual tras numerosos verbos. Los más relevantes
se recogen a continuación. Todos ellos pueden ir seguidos de nombres en lugar de
"gerunds". Recordemos que el "gerund" siempre funciona como un sustantivo en la oración.
Algunos de estos verbos pueden asimismo ir seguidos de una proposición introducida por
"that".

VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE NOMBRES O "GERUNDS"

avoid celebrate consider contemplate defer delay detest

dislike dread enjoy entail escape excuse finish

forgive involve keep loathe mind miss pardon

postpone prevent resent resist risk save stop

Ejemplos:
● I avoid going ​to the dentist.
● I avoid ​chocolate.
● I miss taking ​walks in the morning.
● I miss ​England.
● I have finished working.
● I have finished ​the cake.

VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE NOMBRES, "GERUNDS" O PROPOSICIONES INTRODUCIDAS

POR "THAT"

acknowledge admit anticipate appreciate deny imagine mean

mention propose recall recollect report suggest understand

Ejemplos:
● I can't imagine living ​in that big house​.
● I can't imagine ​a purple unicorn in my yard.
● I can't imagine that ​he lied on purpose.
● I understand​ French.
● I understand fishing ​pretty well.
 ● I understand that ​you would prefer to stay​.

Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos por un "gerund" o por un infinitivo. En estos casos,
ambas construcciones pueden tener el mismo significado o significados distintos,
dependiendo de los verbos que las preceden. Se dedican páginas específicas a los verbos
seguidos por "gerund" o infinitivo con significado equivalente y a los verbos seguidos por
"gerund" o infinitivo con significados diferentes.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

El "present participle" de la mayoría de los verbos sigue la estructura raíz del verbo
+ -ing.​ Se usa de muy diversas maneras.

EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" EN LAS FORMAS PROGRESIVAS DEL VERBO

Ejemplos:
● I​ am working.
● He​ was singing.
● They​ have been walking.
● We​ will be staying.
● She​ would have been expecting me.

EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" TRAS VERBOS DE MOVIMIENTO Y POSICIÓN

Esta construcción es particularmente útil con el verbo "to go".

Ejemplos:
● She​ went shopping.
● I ​go running​ every morning.
● He​ lay looking ​up at the clouds.
● She​ came running ​towards me.

EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" TRAS VERBOS DE PERCEPCIÓN

En este uso, la estructura seguida es verbo + objeto + "present participle".
Cuando estas oraciones contienen un infinitivo sin "to" en lugar de un participio, el
significado varía. El infinitivo se refiere a una acción terminada, mientras que el
"present participle" implica una acción en progreso.
Ejemplos:
● I heard someone​ singing.
● He saw his friend ​walking ​along the road.
● I can smell something ​burning!
● I watched the birds​ flying​ away.
EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" COMO ADJETIVO
Ejemplos:
● It was an​ amazing ​film.
● Dark ​billowing ​clouds often precede a storm.
● He was trapped inside the​ burning ​house.
● Many of his paintings show the​ setting ​sun​.

EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" CON LOS VERBOS "SPEND" Y "WASTE"

Con estos verbos, la construcción sigue la forma verbo + expresión de tiempo o
dinero + "present participle".
Ejemplos:
● My boss​ spends two hours a day travelling ​to work.
● Don't ​waste time playing ​computer games!
● They've​ spent the whole day shopping.
● I ​wasted money buying​ this game.

EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" CON LOS VERBOS "CATCH" Y "FIND"

La construcción con estos verbos sigue la estructura ​verbo + objeto + "present
participle". ​En el caso de ​"catch"​, el participio siempre hace referencia a una acción
que genera molestia o enfado, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con ​"find", que no
conlleva carga emocional.
Ejemplos:
● If I ​catch you stealing ​my apples again, there'll be trouble!
● Don't let him ​catch you reading ​his letters.
● I ​caught him going ​through my bag.
● We ​found some money lying ​on the ground.
● They​ found their mother sitting​ in the garden.

EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" PARA DOS ACCIONES SIMULTÁNEAS

Cuando dos acciones ocurren al mismo tiempo y son realizadas por el mismo sujeto
(persona o cosa), podemos emplear un "present participle" para describir una de ellas.
Cuando una de las acciones sucede muy poco después de otra realizada por el mismo
sujeto, podemos expresar la primera mediante el "present participle".
Ejemplos:
● Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he
walked down the road.
● They went ​laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into
the snow.
● Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and
put her hands in the air.
● Putting ​on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house​.
EL "PRESENT PARTICIPLE" PARA EXPLICAR MOTIVOS
El "present participle" puede utilizarse en lugar de una frase introducida por ​"as",
"since" o ​"because"​. En este uso la frase de participio explica la causa o la razón de
una acción​.
Ejemplos:
● Feeling ​hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
● Being poor, ​he didn't spend much on clothes.
● Knowing ​that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
● He whispered, ​thinking his brother was still asleep.

Infinitivos:

LA VOZ PASIVA

FUNCIONES​ DE LA VOZ PASIVA

La voz pasiva se utiliza para mostrar interés por la persona o cosa que es objeto de
una acción, en lugar de la persona o cosa que realiza dicha acción. Dicho de otro
modo, la persona o cosa más importante pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración.
Ejemplos:
● The passive voice ​is used ​frequently. (= nos interesa la voz pasiva, no quién
la usa.)
● The house ​was built​ in 1654. (= nos interesa la casa, no quién la construyó.)
● The road ​is being repaired. ​(= nos interesa la carretera, no quién la está
arreglando.)
En ocasiones empleamos la voz pasiva porque desconocemos o no queremos
mencionar quién realizó la acción.
Ejemplos:
● I noticed that a window ​had been left​ open.
● Every year thousands of people ​are killed​ on our roads.
● All the cookies​ have been eaten.
● My car​ has been stolen!

La voz pasiva suele utilizarse en textos formales. Cambiar a la voz activa hará que
lo que escribes resulte más claro y fácil de leer.

Pasiva Activa

A great deal of meaning is conveyed ​by a few A few well-chosen words ​convey a great
well-chosen words. deal of meaning.
 Our planet ​is wrapped​ in a mass of gases. A mass of gases ​wrap​ around our planet.

Waste materials ​are disposed of in a variety of The city ​disposes of waste materials in a
ways. variety of ways.

Si queremos decir quién o qué realiza la acción en una construcción en pasiva,

​ uando sabemos quién realizó la acción y el sujeto
empleamos la preposición ​"by". C
nos interesa, siempre es mejor optar por la voz activa.

Pasiva Activa

"A Hard Day's Night" ​was written by​ the Beatles. The Beatles ​wrote​ "A Hard Day's Night".

The movie ET ​was directed by​ Spielberg. Spielberg ​directed​ the movie ET.

This house​ was built by​ my father. My father​ built​ this house.

FORMACIÓN DE LA VOZ PASIVA

En inglés, la voz pasiva está compuesta por dos elementos:
la forma apropiada del verbo "to be" + "past participle"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Interrogativa

negativa

The house was The house wasn't Was the house built Wasn't the house
built in 1899. built in 1899. in 1899? built in 1899?

These houses were These houses Were these houses Weren't these
built in 1899. weren't built in 1899. built in 1899? houses built in 1899?

“TO CLEAN”, VOZ PASIVA

Sujeto + "to be" (conjugado) + "past participle" + resto de la oración

Simple present

The house is cleaned every day.

Present continuous

The house is being cleaned at the moment.

Simple past

The house was cleaned yesterday.

Past continuous

The house was being cleaned last week.

Present perfect

The house has been cleaned since you left.

Past perfect

The house had been cleaned before they arrived.

Future

The house will be cleaned next week.

Future continuous

The house will be being cleaned tomorrow.

Present conditional

The house would be cleaned if they had visitors.

Past conditional

The house would have been cleaned if it had been dirty.

Infinitivo

The house must be cleaned before we arrive.

LA VOZ PASIVA CON INFINITIVOS

El infinitivo en la voz pasiva se emplea detrás de los verbos modales y de la mayoría
de los verbos que normalmente van seguidos de infinitivo.
Ejemplos:
● You​ have to be tested ​on your English grammar.
● John ​might be promoted​ next year.
● She ​wants to be invited ​to the party.
● I ​expect to be surprised ​on my birthday.
● You ​may be disappointed.

LA VOZ PASIVA CON EL "GERUND"

El "gerund" en la voz pasiva se utiliza después de las preposiciones y verbos que
normalmente van seguidos de "gerund".
Ejemplos:
● I​ remember being taught ​to drive.
● The children are excited ​about being taken ​to the zoo.
● The children are excited​ to be taken to the zoo.
● Most film stars​ hate being interviewed.
● Most film stars​ hate to be interviewed.
● Poodles ​like to be pampered.
 ● Poodles​ like being pampered.

USO DE "TO BE BORN"

"To be born" es una formación pasiva y suele emplearse en pasado. Sin embargo,
en algunos casos, el presente o el futuro resultan apropiados.
Ejemplos:
● I ​was born​ in 1976.
● Where ​were you born​?
● Around 100 babies ​are born​ in this hospital every week.
● We don't know on exactly which day the baby​ will be born.
En ocasiones, la voz pasiva se forma utilizando los verbos "to get" o "to have" en lugar del
verbo "to be". Estas particularidades se llaman, modos alternativos de formar la voz pasiva.

MODOS ALTERNATIVOS DE FORMAR LA VOZ PASIVA

Es posible construir oraciones que tengan sentido pasivo aun sin tener forma pasiva,
utilizando los verbos "to get" o "to have" en lugar del verbo "to be". Estas construcciones
suelen describir situaciones en las que queremos que otra persona haga algo por nosotros,
o en las que vamos a contratar a alguien para que haga algo por nosotros. El sujeto está en
forma activa pero solo actúa para conseguir o hacer que otra persona, a la que no se
menciona, realice la acción expresada por el verbo principal de la oración. Esa otra persona
no se explicita cuando la oración tiene sentido pasivo. Nos interesa más el resultado de la
actividad que la persona que la realiza.
Ejemplos:
● I must ​get my hair cut.
● I must ​have my hair cut​.
● When are you going to ​get that window mended?
● We're​ having the house painted.
●
Este tipo de construcción puede referirse a la conclusión de una actividad, en
especial si se utiliza una expresión temporal.
Ejemplos:
● We'll ​get the work done ​as soon as possible.
● I'll​ get those letters typed ​before lunchtime.
● She said she'd ​have my lunch delivered ​by noon.
● You should​ have your roof repaired ​before next winter.
Si el verbo hace referencia a una acción indeseada, tiene el mismo significado que
una oración en pasiva.
Ejemplos:
● Jim ​had his car stolen​ last night​.
● Jim's ​car was stolen.
● They​ had their roof blown off ​in the storm.
● Their roof ​was blown off ​in the storm.

USO DE "TO NEED" EN CONSTRUCCIONES PASIVAS

Es también posible emplear el verbo ​"to need" ​seguido por el "gerund" en una
construcción activa con sentido pasivo. Lo que nos importa en estas oraciones es la
persona u objeto que experimenta la acción, no el sujeto que la realiza.
Ejemplos:
● The ceiling ​needs painting.
● The ceiling ​needs to be painted.
● My hair ​needs cutting.
● My hair​ needs to be cut.
● That faucet ​needs fixing.
● That faucet ​needs to be fixed.