N

W E
Present S
Past
Tense

Sutanto Trijuni Putro

Present Tense
Simple
Digunakan untuk?
1. Sesuatu yang sedang terjadi Continous
2. Kebenaran umum / fakta
Present
3. Kebiasaan / sesuatu yang selalu
dikerjakan Perfect

Perfect
Continous
Simple Present Tense
Contoh simple present
Untuk kebiasaan Untuk instruksi atau arahan
He drinks tea at breakfast. Open the packet and pour the contents into hot
She only eats fish. water.
They watch television regularly. You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the
No.10 to Bedford.
Untuk tindakan atau kejadian
berulang Untuk jadwal tetap
We catch the bus every morning. His mother arrives tomorrow.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season. Our holiday starts on the 26th March
They drive to Monaco every summer.
Bersama pola future tense
Untuk kebenaran umum She'll see you before she leaves.
Water freezes at zero degrees. We'll give it to her when she arrives.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
 Rumus

S + V1 s/es
Present simple: form
Positive: Interrogative:

I/You/ We/They live Do you/I/we/they live? Yes, I do. /

No, they don’t.
She/He/It lives
Does she/he/it live? Yes, she does. /
Negative:
No, it doesn’t.
I/You/ We/They don’t live

She/He/It doesn’t live

 Positif Pertanyaan Negatif

I think. Do I think? I do not think.

You think. Do you think? You do not think.

He thinks. Does he think? He does not think.

She thinks. Does she think? She does not think.

It thinks. Does it think? It does not think.

We think. Do we think? We do not think.

They think. Do they think? They do not think.

Catatan:
• Untuk orang ketiga tunggal, kata kerja selalu diakhiri dengan
-s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
• Bentuk negatif dan pertanyaan menggunakan DOES (=
bentuk auxiliary 'DO' untuk orang ketiga) + infinitive dari kata
kerja.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not
want vanilla.
• Kata kerja yang berakhir dengan -y: Bentuk orang ketiga
mengubah -y menjadi -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Pengecualian: Jika terdapat huruf vokal sebelum -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
• Tambahkan -es ke kata kerja yang berakhir dengan:-ss, -x, -sh,
-ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Present Continues Tense
Present Continous Tense
Sedang memikirkan sesuatu yang belum selesai atau belum berakhir

Fungsi:
1. Mendeskripsikan tindakan yang sedang terjadi saat ini: You are using the Internet. You are studying English
grammar.
2. Mendeskripsikan tindakan yang sedang terjadi dalam suatu periode waktu atau tren: Are you still working for the
same company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
3. Mendeskripsikan tindakan atau kejadian di masa depan yang sudah direncanakan atau disiapkan: We're going on
holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
4. Mendeskripsikan kejadian atau situasi sementara: He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar
tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.
5. Jika digunakan dengan always, forever, constantly, untuk mendeskripsikan dan memberi penekanan pada
serangkaian tindakan berulang yang masih berlanjut: Harry and Sally are always arguing! You're constantly
complaining about your mother-in-law!
 Rumus
Positif

Subjek + to be + kata dasar + ing

She is talking.

Negatif

Subjek + to be + not + kata dasar + ing

She is not (isn't) talking

Pertanyaan

to be + subjek + kata dasar + ing

Is she talking?
Present Continous: Contoh
Positif Negatif Pertanyaan

I am going. I am not going. Am I going?

You are going. You aren't going. Are you going?

He, she, it is going. He, she, it isn't going. Is he, she, it going?
We are going. We aren't going. Are we going?

You are going. You aren't going. Are you going?

They are going. They aren't going. Are they going?

Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara masa kini dan masa lalu. Waktu tindakan atau
kejadiannya adalah sebelum sekarang, tetapi tidak spesifik, dan kita sering kali lebih tertarik dengan hasil
atau akibatnya daripada tindakan itu sendiri.

Fungsi:
1. Tindakan atau situasi yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut hingga kini. I have lived in Bristol
since 1984 (= dan saya masih tinggal di sana.)
2. Tindakan yang dilakukan selama periode waktu yang belum selesai atau berakhir. She has been to the
cinema twice this week (= dan minggu ini belum berakhir.)
3. Tindakan berulang dalam periode yang tidak ditentukan antara masa lalu dan kini. We have
visited Portugal several times.
4. Tindakan yang baru saja selesai atau berakhir, dinyatakan dengan just. I have just finished my work.
5. Tindakan di mana waktu tidaklah penting. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= hasil atau akibat dari
tindakan membaca itu penting)
TINDAKAN YANG DIMULAI DI MASA LALU DAN MASIH BERLANJUT HINGGA KINI
•They haven't lived here for years.
•She has worked in the bank for five years.
•We have had the same car for ten years.
•Have you played the piano since you were a child?

SAAT PERIODE WAKTU TINDAKAN BELUM SELESAI ATAU BERAKHIR

•I have worked hard this week.
•It has rained a lot this year.
•We haven't seen her today.

TINDAKAN BERULANG DALAM PERIODE WAKTU YANG TIDAK DITENTUKAN ANTARA MASA LALU DAN KINI
•They have seen that film six times
•It has happened several times already.
•She has visited them frequently.
•We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
TINDAKAN YANG BARU SAJA SELESAI ATAU BERAKHIR (+ JUST)
•Have you just finished work?
•I have just eaten.
•We have just seen her.
•Has he just left?

SAAT WAKTU TINDAKAN YANG TEPAT TIDAK PENTING ATAU TIDAK DIKETAHUI
•Someone has eaten my soup!
•Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
•She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
 Rumus
Positif

Subjek to have past participle

She has visited.

Negatif

Subjek to have + not past participle

She has not (hasn't) visited.

Pertanyaan

to have subjek past participle

Has she visited?

 Positif Negatif Pertanyaan
I have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?
You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?
We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?
You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?
They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?
Present Perfect Continous
Present Perfect Continous Tense
Present perfect continuous digunakan untuk merujuk ke waktu yang tidak diketahui antara 'sekarang' dan
'sebelum sekarang'. Penutur memikirkan sesuatu yang berawal, tetapi mungkin tidak selesai dalam periode
waktu tertentu. Penutur tertarik dengan proses dan hasil/akibat, dan proses ini mungkin masih berlanjut
atau sudah selesai.

Fungsi:
KEJADIAN YANG TERJADI DI MASA LALU DAN MASIH TERJADI DI MASA KINI
She has been waiting for you all day (= dan dia masih menunggu sekarang).
I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= dan saya masih belum
menyelesaikannya).
They have been travelling since last October (= dan mereka belum pulang).
KEJADIAN YANG BARU SAJA SELESAI, TETAPI KITA TERTARIK DENGAN HASIL/AKIBATNYA
She has been cooking since last night (= dan makanan di meja terlihat lezat).
It's been raining (= dan jalanan masih basah).
Someone's been eating my chips (= separuhnya telah habis).
 Rumus

Subjek + has/have been + kata dasar + ing

 Positif Negatif Pertanyaan
I have been living. I haven't been living. Have I been living?

You have been living. You haven't been living. Have you been living?

He, she, it has been living. He hasn't been living. Has she been living?

We have been living. We haven't been living. Have we been living?

You have been living. You haven't been living. Have you been living?

They have been living. They haven't been living. Have they been living?
Catatan:
• Untuk kata kerja yang biasanya tidak digunakan dalam bentuk continuous, gunakan simple present
perfect (kata kerja seperti know, hate, hear, understand, dan want).
I've wanted to visit China for years.
She's known Robert since she was a child.
I've hated that music since I first heard it.
I've heard a lot about you recently.
We've understood everything.
 END OF
PRESENT
Past Tense
Simple
Digunakan untuk?
Kejadian masa lalu Continous
Present
Perfect

Perfect
Continous
Simple Past
Simple Past
Kejadian sudah selesai. Kejadian terjadi belum lama atau sudah lama dan durasinya tidaklah penting.
Simple past tense selalu memiliki keterangan waktu

Fungsi:
frekuensi: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
waktu yang spesifik atau jelas: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
waktu yang tidak spesifik atau tidak jelas: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Positif
Subjek + kata kerja
(verb) + ed
Rumus
I skipped.
Negatif
Subjek + did not + infinitive
tanpa to
They didn't go.
Pertanyaan
Did + subjek + infinitive
tanpa to
Did she arrive?
Pertanyaan negatif
Did not + subjek + infinitive
tanpa to
Didn't you play?
Subjek Kata Kerja (Verb)
Be Have Do
I was had did
You were had did
He/She/ was had did
It
We were had did
You were had did
They were had did
Past Continous
Past Continous
Kejadian yang berawal di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut. Kejadian belum selesai/lengkap di masa lalu

Fungsi:
sering kali, untuk mendeskripsikan latar belakang suatu kisah yang ditulis dalam past tense, seperti "The
sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other
animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was
looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars.
When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
untuk mendeskripsikan tindakan atau kejadian yang belum selesai yang terhenti atau terganggu oleh
tindakan atau kejadian lain, seperti "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
untuk menyatakan perubahan pikiran, seperti "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've
decided to get my homework done instead."
jika digunakan dengan wonder untuk menyatakan permintaan yang sangat sopan, seperti "I was
wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."
Subjek was/were kata dasar + ing Rumus
They were watching
Positif
She was reading
Negatif
She wasn't reading
Pertanyaan
Was she reading?
Pertanyaan negatif
Wasn't she reading?
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Tense ini digunakan untuk memperjelas bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi sebelum kejadian lain di masa
lalu. Tidak penting kejadian mana yang disebutkan lebih dahulu karena tense akan menunjukkan kejadian
mana yang terjadi lebih dahulu.

Kejadian A Kejadian B
John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Kejadian A Kejadian B
I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Kejadian B Kejadian A
When they arrived we had already
started cooking.
Kejadian B Kejadian A
He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.
Subjek had past participle Rumus
Positif
She had given
Negatif
She hadn't asked
Pertanyaan
Had they arrived?
Pertanyaan negatif
Hadn't you finished?
PAST PERFECT + JUST
Just digunakan dengan past perfect untuk merujuk ke
kejadian yang hanya sedikit lebih awal dari sebelum
sekarang, seperti:
•The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
•She had just left the room when the police arrived.
•I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
Past Perfect Continous
Past Perfect Continous
Past perfect continuous mirip dengan present perfect continuous, tetapi pada waktu yang lebih awal dari
'sebelum sekarang'. Sama seperti present perfect continuous, kita lebih tertarik dengan proses.

CONTOH
•Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
•We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane
found her key.
•It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were
very wet.
•Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she
walked in.
Subjek had been kata kerja + ing
Rumus

I had been walking

Positif
She had been trying
Negatif
She hadn't been sleeping
Pertanyaan
Had you been eating?
Pertanyaan negatif
Hadn't they been living?
Bentuk ini juga digunakan dalam kalimat tidak langsung (reported speech). Bentuk ini
setara dengan past continuous dan present perfect continuous dalam kalimat langsung (direct
speech):
Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon." = Jane said she had been gardening all
afternoon.
When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the office that night." =
When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the office that
night.