Present Perfect Simple

The Present Perfect Simple is used, if an action happened in the past and there is a
connection to the present. This action has just stopped or is still going on. There's no
exact time expressed when the action happened.

Key words: already, just, yet, ever, never, for, since, so far, up to now, not
yet, lately, recently

How to form the Present Perfect Simple

I, you, we, they - have + 3rd form
he, she, it - has + 3rd form

They have visited her uncle recently. - She has just baked an apple pie.

Short forms
I've never been there before. - We've studied a lot so far.
He's worked in this shop lately. - He's found his wallet.

Negation
I, you, we, they - have not (haven't) + 3rd form
he, she, it - has not (hasn't) + 3rd form

They haven't tidied up their room so far. - He hasn't finished his homework yet.

Questions
Have you already done your homework?
Have/Has - subject - verb

How long have you been there?

Question word - have/has - subject -verb

Use of the Present Perfect Simple

Examples:
Past Present
Nick has gone on holidays. result He is not in the office.
connection with the
He has already met Sue. He likes her.
Present
He has just eaten something connection with the
He feels sick now.
bad. Present
He has lived in Spain for ten connection with the
He is still there.
days. Present
He has been in connection with the
He is still there.
Spain sinceFriday. Present
 Have you ever been to Italy? connection with the Do you know Italy?
Present No, I've never
been there.

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/present-perfect-simple.htm

Past Progressive
The past progressive is also called past continuous.

How to form the Past Progressive

We form the past progressive with was or were and the ing-form of the verb.

Positive Negative
I was working. I wasn't (was not) working.

You were singing. You weren't (were not) singing.

He was running. He wasn't (was not) running.

She was laughing. She wasn't (was not) laughing.

It was sleeping. It wasn't (was not) sleeping.

We were enjoying. We weren't (were not) enjoying.

You were playing. You weren't (were not) playing.

They were reading. They weren't (were not) reading.

Key words: while (während), when (als)

Use of the Past Progressive

1. Shows that an action in the past lasted a long time.

Example: What were they doing yesterday?

2. If an action happened, while another action took place. We use the past simple for
the short action and the past progressive for the long action.

Examples:
When Tom was cooking, he burnt his hand.
They came home when she was studying for the test.

3. Two long past actions happened at the same time. We use the past progressive for
both actions.
Examples:
While I was repairing my bike, she was watering the flowers.
He was watching TV while she was reading a book.

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/past-progressive.htm

Forming Questions
The use of question words and how to ask
questions in English
Who - asking for a person and animal: subject: no do, does, did
Jane opened the door. Who opened the door?
Tom helped in the garden. Who helped in the garden?

Who - asking for a person and animal: object: do, does, did
They greet their teacher. Who do they greet?
He asked Mary about the burglary. Who did they ask about the burglary?

What - asking for a thing: subject: no do, does, did

His ankle hurts. What hurts?
The flower pot fell on the floor. What fell on the floor?

What - asking for a thing: object: do, does, did

She usually wears jeans. What does she usually wear?
They built a castle in the sand. What did they build in the sand?

Which - asking for a limited number of items: subject: no do, does, did
She likes visiting foreign countries. Which countries has she already visited?
We should take the bus to the center. Which bus should we take to get to the
center?

Whose - asking for the 2nd case

This is Peter’s pencil. Whose pencil is this?
Carol’s father was a drummer. Whose father was a drummer?

When - asking for the time

I saw her yesterday. When did you see her?
They came home at midnight. When did they come home?

Where - asking for the place

He flew to Manchester. Where did he fly?
He lives in a big house. Where does he live?

Why - asking for a reason

He stayed at home because he was ill. Why did he stay at home?
They like him because he is always friendly. Why do they like him?

How - asking for the manner

He drove fast. How did he drive?
My holidays were great. How were your holidays?

How long - asking for a period of time

They stayed there for a week. How long did they stay there?
He lived in London for a year. How long did he live in London?
How many - asking for an exact amount
In this factory work 500 people. How many people work in this factory?
50 kids were at his party. How many kids were at his party?

How much - asking for not an exact amount

He gets 10 pounds pocket money a month. How much pocket money does he get a
month?
She bought three bottles of wine. How much wine did she buy?

How often - asking for frequency

They play tennis twice a week. How often do they play tennis?
She meets him every Friday. How often does she meet him?

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/forming-questions.htm
Present Perfect Progressive
The Present Perfect Progressive is also called present perfect continuous. It is used
when a long action has started in the past and has just ended (usually recently) or is
still continuing. There has to be a connection to the present. The verbs have to express
a long period of time.

Key words: all day, how long, for, since

How to form the Present Perfect Progressive

I, you, we, they - have been + ing form
he, she, it - has been + ing form

Short forms
I've been reading. / They've been listening.
She's been dancing. / He's been watching.

Negation
I, you, we, they - have not (haven't) been + ing form
he, she, it - has not (hasn't) been + ing form

They haven't been working in the office all the day.

Questions
Have they been helping you since this morning?
Have/Has - subject - been + ing form

How long has she been working at the office?

Question word - has/have - subject - been + ing form

Use of the Present Perfect Progressive

Examples:
I have been working all day.
She has been watching TV since 7.30.
Nick has been lying in bed for two days. - He is still in bed or has just got up.
She has been working since 4 o'clock. - She is still working or she has just stopped
working.
How long have they been playing?

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/present-perfect-progressive.htm
Simple Future Tense
How to form the Simple Future
will + infinitive (=1st form) They will be late. / He will come.
Short form: will = 'll They'll be late. / He'll come.
Negation: will not = won't They will not be late / He won't come.
Question: Will .... ? Will they be late? / Will he come?

Key words: tomorrow, next week (month, year, summer, Monday,

weekend,...), in 2020...

Examples:
I think I will meet her tomorrow.
I hope he will be back before 9.30.
I suppose I'll be there at five.

Use of the Simple Future

1. to talk about future actions we can't influence or control.

2. to foretell future actions or to express hopes, expectations, fears, offers,
promises, refusals,... .
Key words: I’m sure, I believe, I expect, I hope, I suppose, I think, I'm afraid, I
wonder, I fear, I worry, I promise, I guess or perhaps, possibly, surely, probably,
maybe
3. with I / we for spontaneous reactions or making promises
I shall is sometimes used instead of I will.
Present Perfect Progressive
The Present Perfect Progressive is also called present perfect continuous. It is used
when a long action has started in the past and has just ended (usually recently) or is
still continuing. There has to be a connection to the present. The verbs have to express
a long period of time.

Key words: all day, how long, for, since

How to form the Present Perfect Progressive

I, you, we, they - have been + ing form
he, she, it - has been + ing form

Short forms
I've been reading. / They've been listening.
She's been dancing. / He's been watching.

Negation
I, you, we, they - have not (haven't) been + ing form
he, she, it - has not (hasn't) been + ing form

They haven't been working in the office all the day.

Questions
Have they been helping you since this morning?
Have/Has - subject - been + ing form

How long has she been working at the office?

Question word - has/have - subject - been + ing form

Use of the Present Perfect Progressive

Examples:
I have been working all day.
She has been watching TV since 7.30.
Nick has been lying in bed for two days. - He is still in bed or has just got up.
She has been working since 4 o'clock. - She is still working or she has just stopped
working.
How long have they been playing?

NO Progressive FORM

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/present-perfect-progressive.htm
Adjectives and Prepositions
nice / kind / good / stupid / silly / intelligent / clever / sensible / (im)polite / ru
de / unreasonable OF someone (to do something)

Thank you it was very nice / kind of you to help me. It's stupid of her to go out without
a coat.

nice / kind / good / (im)polite / rude / (un)pleasant / (un)friendly / cruel TOso

meone

She has always been very nice / kind to me. Why are you so rude / unfriendly to Ann?

angry / furious ABOUT something / WITH someone / FOR something

Why are you so angry about it? They were furious with me for not inviting them to my
party.

pleased / disappointed / satisfied WITH something

I was pleased with the present you gave me. Were you disappointed with your
examination results?

bored / fed up WITH something

You get bored / fed up with doing the same thing every day.

surprised / shocked / amazed / astonished AT / BY something

Everyone was surprised by /at the news.

excited / worried / upset ABOUT something

Are you excited about going on holiday next week?

afraid / scared / frightened / terrified OF someone / something

Are you afraid of dogs?

proud / ashamed OF someone / something

I'm not ashamed of what I did.

good / bad / excellent / brilliant / hopeless AT (doing) something

I'm not very good at repairing things.

married TO someone (Linda is married to an American.)

sorry ABOUT something (I'm sorry about the noise last night.)

sorry FOR doing something (I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.)

be / feel sorry FOR someone (I feel sorry for George.)

famous FOR something (Florence is famous for its art treasures.)

responsible FOR something (Who was responsible for this noise last night?)

interested IN something (Are you interested in art?)

fond OF something / someone (Mary is fond of animals.)

full OF something (The letter was full of mistakes.)

short OF something (I'm a bit short of money.)

keen ON something (We stayed at home because Mary wasn't very keen on going out
in the rain.)

similar TO something (Your writing is similar to mine.)

crowded WITH (people,...) (The city was crowded with tourists.)

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/adjectives-prepositions.html

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Use of the possessives
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns are used to show that something or someone
belongs to a person. The Possessive adjective is used with a noun, the Possessive
pronoun is used without a noun.
The Possessive pronoun replaces an Possessive adjective + a noun:

Examples:
This laptop is his laptop and not my laptop. This laptop is his and not mine.
These keys are her keys and not your keys. These keys are hers and not yours.
Are that your motor bikes over there? Yes, they are ours.
Is this your grandparents' house? Yes, it's theirs.
This isn't my sister's cat. Hers is much bigger and has a darker fur.

Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

This is my house. No, it's mine.

Is this your bike? No, it's yours.
This is his book. Yes, it's his.
Her pullover is green. No, hers is brown.
Here is its ball. ---- (We don't use its)

We like our dog. This dog is ours.

Is this your car? Yes, it's yours.
This is their telephone. No, it isn't theirs.

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/possessive-pronouns.html
Conjunctions
Use of Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that join different kinds of grammatical structures. They connect
words, phrases or sentences and are used to give more information about time, place,
persons and things, but also give reasons, conditions and express contrast.

Conjunctions of Time

when, as, until, till, after, before, since, while, at first, but
then

Janet was in her room when her mother called.

He waited until she came.
After Peter had had dinner, he read a book.

Conjunctions of Place
where

He didn't know where he had put his purse.

Conjunctions of Reason

because, therefore / that's why, why, in order (that)

He couldn't help them because he didn't have any time.

She was ill, and that's why she couldn't go to the party.

Conjunctions of Contrast

but

This city is nice to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there.

Conjunctions of Condition

if, unless, even if, in case (that)

Take your umbrella with you in case it starts raining.

Relative Clauses
who (persons), which (animals, things), that, whose

This is the man who / that won the race.

Is this the car which / that he bought last summer?
https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/conjunctions.htm

Quantifiers
Quantifiers are words we use to express an amount or quantity. These words are
usually put in front of noun phrases. They can be used with countable and uncountable
nouns.

Examples for quantifiers

much, many, more, most, few, little, less, least, some, any, a bit (of), a lot of, all,
another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, neither, no, several, some.

Examples:
We have enough work to do. - quantifier + noun
They have a lot of old books. - quantifier + adjective + noun

MUCH - MANY - A LOT OF

We use much with uncountable nouns and many and a lot of with countable nouns.
We use much and many in questions and negations.
We use much and many in formal English, but a lot of in spoken and informal English.

FEW - LITTLE
We use little with uncountable nouns and few with countable nouns.
Examples: a few problems, a few friends, little work, little time

A few and a little mean some. Little and few have negative meanings, they mean not
much/many or hardly any.
Examples:
We have a little money. = We have some money.
We need little money. = We don't need much money.

SOME - ANY
Go to the SOME OR ANY site to find out the difference.

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/quantifiers.htm
Conditional Clauses
How to form and use
Conditional clauses are also called conditional sentences or if sentences. They always
have two parts, a main clause and an if clause. These two parts are closely connected.
The action in the main part can only happen if a certain condition is taking place. This
condition has to be expressed in the if clause.

If he comes to my party, I will be happy.

The condition is "If he comes to my party" and the consequence of this condition is "I
will be happy".

You can start a conditional clause with the main clause or the if clause:
If I have a problem, Susan always helps me. or Susan always helps me if I have a
problem.

Zero Conditional
The zero conditional is used with general statements, actions that are certainly
happening and facts. We use it with things that are true. In both clauses the present
tense is used.

If there is a problem, I can always talk to Carol.

Present Tense ------ Present Tense

First Conditional - type I

It's possible that . . . We use the Conditional I to talk about the future situations that
are realistic to happen. We use the present tense in the if-clause and the will-future in
the main clause.

Colin is an intelligent boy. It is April 15th. The exam is on April 23rd. He has enough time
to learn for the exam - he can pass it.

If he studies, he will pass the exam on April 23rd.

Present Tense ------ Will Future

Second Conditional - type II

It's possible but not very probable . . . We use the Conditional II to talk about the
future situations that are unreal or nearly impossible to happen. We use the past tense
in the if-clause and conditional present in the main clause.

Colin didn't learn. He played football. It' April 22nd. Tomorrow is the exam. It is possible
but not very probable that he will pass the exam.

If he studied, he would pass the exam.

Past Tense ------ Conditional Present (would + infinitive)

Third Conditional - type III

It didn't happen and it is impossible now . . . We use the Conditional III to talk
about past situations that didn't happen. We use the past perfect tense in the if-clause
and the conditional perfect in the main clause.

It's April 23rd. Colin didn't pass the exam.

If he had learned, he would have passed the exam.

Past Perfect ------ Conditional Perfect (would + have + 3rd form)

Using commas in conditional sentences

When the condition is at the beginning of the sentence, you have to separate it from the
main clause with a comma. If the condition is at the back of the sentence, you don't use
a comma.

Examples: If he comes to my party, I'll be happy. I'll be happy if he comes to my party.

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/conditional-clauses.htm
 Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are types of auxiliary verbs which express necessity, ability, permission or
possibility. We also use them to make requests and offers. The most common modal
verbs are can, may and must. Modal verbs don't have a past form (except can) and a
past participle (3rd form). You can only use them with the present tense. When you use
other tenses you have to replace them.

CAN - MAY - MUST

No -s after he, she, it

He can speak English. - She may go there. - It must sleep now. - My sister can juggle.

No do, does in questions and negation

Can you come? Sorry, I cannot. - May he come to your party? No, he must not.
She cannot come at 10.

Replacements: can → to be able to

must → have to
may → to be allowed to

CAN – TO BE ABLE TO
I can drive. = I am able to drive.

Present tense Past tense

I am able to drive. was able to drive.
He, she, it is able to drive. was able to drive.
You, we, they are able to drive. were able to drive.

Present perfect Will - future

I have been able to drive. will be able to drive.
He, she, it has been able to drive. will be able to drive.
You, we, they have been able to drive. will be able to drive.

MUST – HAVE TO
I must learn. = I have to learn.

Present tense Past tense

I, you, we, they have to learn. had to learn.
He, she, it has to learn. had to learn.

Present perfect Will – future

I, you, we, they have had to learn. will have to learn.
He, she, it has had to learn. will have to learn.
 MAY – BE ALLOWED TO
I may go out. = I am allowed to go out.

Present tense Past tense

I am allowed to go was allowed to go
he, she, it is allowed to go was allowed to go
you, we, they are allowed to go were allowed to go

Present perfect Will – future

I have been allowed to go will be allowed to go
he, she, it has been allowed to go will be allowed to go
you, we, they have been allowed to go will be allowed to go

NOTE: Positive Negative

I may I must not
I must I need not

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar/modal-verbs.htm