History of India 1757-1947 - 3rd Sem - BA - History - Bengali - 21072017

HISTORY OF INDIA (1757-1947)
BA [General]
Third Semester
Paper III
[Bengali Edition]
Directorate of Distance Education

TRIPURA UNIVERSITY
Reviewer
Prof. Sampa Goswami
Prof. of Ramananda College
Author: Sannyasi Samanta

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!¢ˆÏúÓy¢ Ó£zÈÙÈõƒy!˛ôÇ ˆ›˛!Óú
!¢ˆÏúÓy¢ Ó£z õƒy!˛ôÇ

≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 1
1.1 ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì˛,ì˛#Î˚ Î%k˛≠ Ñ˛yÓ˚í =Ó˚&_¥; S˛ô,¤˛y 1ÈÙÈ28V
1.2 ÓyÇúyñ õ£#ü)Ó˚ñ õ£yÓ˚y‹T…ñ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y;
1.3 ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ÈÙÈÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ≠ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚#ñ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ≠ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ;
1.4. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ (De-industrialisation debate);
!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 2

2.1 ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ– ˆî!üÎ˚ ~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü; S˛ô,¤˛y 29ÈÙÈ64V
2.2 v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íó !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yò¢ Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú;
2.3 v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ ïõ#≈Î˚ xyˆÏòyúò É Óy·˛ ¢õyãñ xyÎ≈ ¢õyãñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüòñ
ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏúñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#;
2.4 ˛v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ≠
ˆÑ˛yúñ ¢§yÁì˛yúñ ò#ú ~ÓÇ îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£ ;
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 3

3.1 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ˛ ; S˛ô,¤˛y 65ÈÙÈ104V
3.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ~ÓÇ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#;
3.3 ÓD!Ó¶˛yÜ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúòñ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ Ü‡˛ò;
3.4 ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚É õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛yñ õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ñ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zòñ1935 É ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ;
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 4

4.1 Üyı˛# ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúò É Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£ñ S˛ô,¤˛y 105ÙÈ137V
!Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúòñ xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúòñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúò;
4.2. ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ v˛zqÓ É !¢. !˛ô. xy£z ~ÓÇ !¢. ~¢. !˛ô.;
4.3 ¢%¶˛y°Ïâ˛w Ó¢% Á £z!u˛Î˚yò òƒyüòyú xy!õ≈;
4.4 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ É xyÓ˚. xy£z. ~ò. ≤ÃÑ˛yüƒ !ÓˆÏoy£ñ
õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò 1947;
¢)â˛#˛ôe
≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.1 ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì˛,ì˛#Î˚ Î%k˛≠ Ñ˛yÓ˚í =Ó˚&_¥ Sô,¤˛y 1ÈÙÈ6V
1.1.0 ˛˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
1.1.1 Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í S˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì˛,ì˛#Î˚ Î%k˛V !›˛Øò#
1.1.1.1 õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í¢õ)£
1.1.2. Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚&c
≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.2 ÓyÇúyñ õ£#ü)Ó˚ñ õ£yÓ˚y‹T…ñ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Sô,¤˛y 7ÈÙÈ14V
1.2.1 ˛ ô›˛¶)˛!õ
1.2.2. ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
1.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.2.2. õ¢òˆÏî !¢Ó˚yã Á ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚
1.2.2.3. Ó:yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Á ˆîÁÎ˚y!ò úy¶
˛
1.2.3. õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
1.2.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.3.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.5. â˛ì%˛Ì≈ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.6. v˛zô¢Ç£yÓ˚
1.2.4. õ£yÓ˚y‹T…
1.2.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.4.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k˛
1.2.4.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k
1.2.4.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k
1.2.4.5. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
!›˛Øò# 1.2.5. ôyOyÓ

1.2.5.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.5.2. xõ,ì˛¢Ó˚ ¢!ı˛
1.2.5.3. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈ!üÖ Î%k˛
1.2.5.4. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ!üÖ Î%k˛
≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.3 ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ÈÙÈÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ≠ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚#ñ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚

≠ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Sô,¤˛y 15ÈÙÈ22V
1.3.1. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛
1.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.3.1.2. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛
1.3.1.3. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
1.3.1.4. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
1.3.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛

1.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.3.2.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
1.3.2.3. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
1.3.3. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛

1.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.3.3.1. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
1.3.3.2. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.4. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ (De-industrialisation debate)
Sô,¤˛y 23 ÈÙÈ28V
1.4.1. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò Ñ˛#⁄

1.4.2. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Á !Óì˛Ñ≈˛
!›˛Øò#
1.4.3. ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´
1.4.3.1. !üˆÏ“ ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ
1.4.3.2. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ)˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ôüú Á !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò
1.4.3.3. £zfi›˛ÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Óy!íãƒò#!ì˛
1.4.3.4. £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ !ü“ !Ó≤’Ó
1.4.3.5. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏò xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
1.4.4. !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´
1.4.5. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.1 ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ– ˆî!üÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
£zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Sô,¤˛y 29ÈÙÈ36V
2.1.1. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚˛

2.1.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.1.1.2. ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚e´ˆÏõ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚
2.1.1.3. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ S1857 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚V
2.1.2. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
2.1.3. £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã Á ˆî!üÎ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü

2.1.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.1.3.2. î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y
2.1.3.3. ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#˚ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y
2.1.3.4. ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y
2.1.3.5. ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe !òÎ˚s˛fí xy£zò Á ˛ôyŒ›˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï
2.1.3.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
!›˛Øò#
!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.2 v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íó !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yò¢ Á £zÎ˚Ç
ˆÓDú Sô,¤˛y 37ÈÙÈ44V
2.2.1. v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ

2.2.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.2.1.2. òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y Óy ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´
2.2.1.3. £zì˛yú#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢yî,üƒ
2.2.1.4. ˜Ó¢yî,üƒ
2.2.1.5. òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿
2.2.1.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú

2.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ Á xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò
2.2.2.3. £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú
2.2.2.4. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.3 v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ ïõ#≈Î˚ xyˆÏòyúò É Óy·˛ ¢õyãñ
xyÎ≈ ¢õyãñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüòñ ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏúñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#
Sô,¤˛y 45ÈÙÈ54V
2.3.0. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
2.3.1. Óy·˛¢õyã
2.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.1.2. Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì˛ƒ%Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚
2.3.1.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.2. xyÎ≈¢õyã
2.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.2.2. îÎ˚yò® Á xyÎ≈¢õyã
2.3.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ !›˛Øò#
2.3.3. Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò
2.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.3.2. =Ó˚&Ó˚ SÓ˚yõÑ,˛°åV õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
2.3.3.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.4. ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏú

2.3.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.4.2. Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!ú
2.3.4.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.5. xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#

2.3.5.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.5.2. ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ !Ó!›˛üÎ%ˆÏÜ òyÓ˚#
2.3.5.3. v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#
2.3.5.4. !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#
!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.4 ˛v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ≠ ˆÑ˛yúñ

¢§yÁì˛yúñ ò#ú ~ÓÇ îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£ Sô,¤˛y 55ÈÙÈ64V
2.4.1. ÓúÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.1.2. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
2.4.1.3. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy
2.4.1.4. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ˛ôyŒ›˛y îõòò#!ì˛
2.4.1.5. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.2. ¢§yÁì˛yú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
!›˛Øò#
2.4.2.3. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
2.4.2.4. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.3. ò#ú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.3.3. ò#ú !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢)â˛òyñ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !¢k˛yhs˛
2.4.3.4. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.4. îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.4.2. xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ï¢ Á ˆîü#Î˚ õ£yã!òâ˛e´
2.4.4.3. òì)˛ò ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛
2.4.4.5. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
2.4.4.6. ö˛úyö˛ú
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.1 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ˛

Sô,¤˛y 65ÙÈ74V
3.1.0 ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
3.1.1. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í S1857 !Ö≠˛V
3.1.2. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ S1857 !Ö≠˛V
3.1.3. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ~ÓÇ

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3.2.1. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
3.2.1.1. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
3.2.1.2. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zqÓ Á !ÓÑ˛yü ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Óyîyò%Óyî
3.2.2. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#
3.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.2.2.2. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò
3.2.2.3. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!ÓÈÙÈîyÁÎ˚y
3.2.2.4. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ò#!ì˛
3.2.2.5. =Ó˚&c
3.2.3. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#
3.2.3.1. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆÏÑ˛ò Óy Ñ˛#
3.2.3.2. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ SˆÏÑ˛!¡∫ã õì˛ÓyîV
3.2.3.3. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
3.2.3.4. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì,˛c
3.2.3.5. ö˛úyö˛ú
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.3 ÓD!Ó¶˛yÜ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúòñ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ Ü‡˛ò
3.3.1. ÓD¶˛D
3.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.3.1.2. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
3.3.1.3. ö˛úyö˛ú
3.3.2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúò

3.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.3.2.2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚y
!›˛Øò#
3.3.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
3.3.3. õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y

3.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.3.3.2. !úÜ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛
3.3.3.3. !úÜ Ü‡˛ò
3.3.3.4. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.4 ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚É õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛yñ õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ñ

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zòñ1935 É ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Sô,¤˛y 95ÈÙÈ104V
3.4.1. õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚

3.4.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.4.1.2. ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò
3.4.1.3. ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚=!ú
3.4.1.4. ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Á ö˛ú◊&!ì˛
3.4.2. õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò

3.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.4.2.3. ö˛úyö˛ú
3.4.3. 1935ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò

3.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.4.3.3. xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒñ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Óy ˆîy°Ïe&!›˛
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 4.1 Üyı˛# ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúò É Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£ñ

!Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúòñ xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúòñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y !›˛Øò#
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4.1.1. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£

4.1.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.1.2. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ xy£zò
4.1.1.3. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛
4.1.1.4. xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
4.1.1.5. xyˆÏ®yúÏò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚
4.1.2. !Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.2.2. !Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÎ%_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛
4.1.2.3. x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
4.1.2.4. ¢yö˛úƒ Á ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y
4.1.3. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.3.2. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò£z ~Ñ˛õye ˛ôÌ Á xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy
4.1.3.3. ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚
4.1.3.4. xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy!Æ
4.1.4. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.4.2. !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛
4.1.4.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy
4.1.4.4. ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Á xyˆÏ®yúò úyÜyõ äÈyv˛¸y
4.1.4.5. xyˆÏ®yúò fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ Á Üí!ÓˆÏoy£
4.1.4.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
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4.2.1. C P I ÈÙÈÓ˚ v˛zqÓ

4.2.1.1. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
4.2.1.2. õyòˆÏÓwòyÌ Á !Ó≤’Ó# â˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#
4.2.1.3. ˆú!òò Á õyòˆÏÓwòyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚
4.2.1.4. ì˛y¢ÖˆÏ® Ñ˛!õv˛z!ò¤˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
4.2.1.5. Ñ˛yò˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ C P I È≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
4.2.2. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
4.2.2.1. ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¶˛yÓòy
4.2.2.2. Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¶˛yÓòy
4.2.2.3. Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ îú Ü‡˛ò
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 4.3 ¢%¶˛y°Ïâ˛w Ó¢% Á £z!u˛Î˚yò òƒyüòyú xy!õ≈ É

4.3.1. ¢%¶˛y°Ïâ˛w Ó¢%
4.3.1.1. ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
4.3.1.2. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢ ˆÎyÜîyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ö˛Ó˚ÁÎ˚yv≈˛ ÓœÑ˛ Ü‡˛ò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
4.3.1.3. !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛Ñ˛yú#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛
4.3.1.5. !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛ !õe˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÎyÜîyòñ xhs˛Ó˚#í Á ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ï)ˆÏúy !îˆÏÎ˚
˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ ¢y£yÎƒúy¶˛
4.3.2. I.N.A.
4.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.3.2.2. ˆòì˛yã# Á I.N.A.
!›˛Øò#
4.3.2.3. xyãyî !£® Óy!£ò#Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á ˛≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y
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≤ÃÑ˛yüƒ !ÓˆÏoy£ñ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò 1947
4.4.1. R I N (Royal Indian Navy) Mutiny
4.4.1.1. ˛ ¢)â˛òy
4.4.1.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ Á ö˛úyö˛ú
4.4.2. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

4.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.4.2.2. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛
4.4.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
4.4.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zòñ 1947

4.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.4.3.2. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ú
4.4.3.3. !ì˛ò!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ
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1.1.2. Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚&c
1.1.0 ô›˛¶)˛!õ É
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ õ%áú ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y xì˛ƒhs˛ ü!_´üyú# £ˆÏÎ˚ Áˆ‡˛
xyÓ˚ ˆÏ¢ ãòƒ£z ì˛yÓ˚y v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y¡Àyãƒ !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢# £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~£z˛¢õÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z
≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó˚*˛ô ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã˛v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ õyÓ˚y‡˛y xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ ¢%≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛
£Î˚ÙÈ Ñ˛yÎ≈ˆÏ«ˆÏe !î!Õ‘Ó˚ ¢¡Ày›˛ !äÈˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òyõõye– xÓüƒñ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ õ)ˆÏú
ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤ÃˆÏâ‹Ty ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y x@˘ÃÜíƒ ì˛yÓ˚y £ˆÏúò Úˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚yÛ Óy õyÓ˚y‡˛y Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˛≤Ãïyòõs˛f#– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ñ
Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ S1740ÈÙÈ È1761Ö#≠V ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ î% â˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú ˆÏÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ÖyˆÏò
˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Á Ü%Ó˚&_¥ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ õ)ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1.1.1. Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í É

Óy!ãÓ˚yÁÙÈÓ˚ õ,ì˛ƒ%Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%e Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ õye 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y ˛ôî
úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– xÓüƒñ !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ õ£Í =òyÓú#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!Ñ˛ä%£zÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú òy– ì˛y£z ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛
Ñ˛yÎ≈y!îÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈îy£z ¢yõhs˛ ≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ˆÏì˛ £ì˛– üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ì˛§yÓ˚
Ñ˛ì≈,˛c Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õ)úì˛ Ó˚yãïyò# fl˛iyòyhs˛Ó˚ˆÑ˛ ˆÏÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z– xyÓ˚ È~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÇüyò%e´!õÑ˛ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y– xyÓ˚ ~£z ÓÇüyò%e´!õÑì˛y üy˝ Ñ˛_,Ñ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y
˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ xy£zòÜì˛ ˜Óïì˛yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛xˆÏÌ≈ ˆôˆÏüyÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ Áˆ‡˛ò ¢ÏˆÏÓ≈¢Ó≈y–
Óyhfl˛!ÓÑ˛£z Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ !äÈˆÏúò ˆáyÓ˚ì˛Ó˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# üy¢Ñ˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ÚÚî!«˛ˆÏí
Ñ˛›˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÈ ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõ xy›˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y v˛zU˛#ò Ñ˛Ó˚y– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ xyõˆÏú
ˆÎõò õyÓ˚y‡˛y ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆÎõò ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ !Óhfl+˛!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚Á áˆ›˛–
Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ˛ôs˛iy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´
Ú!£®%ÈÙÈ˛ôyîÈÙÈ˛ôyîüy!£Û ò#!ì˛ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆÏúò ˆì˛õò Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÁ á!›˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆÏúò ºyhs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò–
~£z ˜mì˛ ò#!ì˛ !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ xˆÏÎyÜƒì˛yÓ˚ ºyhs˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛– ≤ÃÌõ!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ì˛!ò !£®%
Ó˚yãyˆÏîÓ˚ ˜õe#Óı˛ò !äÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xfl˛fïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôî ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏòò–
xyÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ˆÏì˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y Óy!£ò#ˆÏì˛ xÈÙÈ!£®% Á !ÓˆÏîü# ˜¢!òÑ˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚
ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ãòƒ Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ~Ó˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ì˛Ìy !Ó˛ô%ú 1
˛ô!Ó˚õyò Ó˚yãƒãÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü îyÎ˚# !äÈú– ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú !ì˛!ò ãÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢=!ú
!òˆÏ¡¨ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú–
S1V õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä% xÇü–
S2V Ñ˛í≈y›˛Ñ˛–
S3V !Óãy˛ô%Ó˚ñ ˆîÔúì˛yÓyî Á x!¢v˛¸Üv˛¸–
!›˛Øò# S4V v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy–
S5V !î!Õ‘ S~ÖyˆÏò õ%áú ¢¡Ày›˛ !mì˛#Î˚ xyúõÜ#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ !¢Ç£y¢ˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚V–
S6V úyˆÏ£yÓ˚–
S7V xyÑ≈˛›˛–
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ !¢ı%˛òî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ îy!«˛íyˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢#õyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛
˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ xye´õíñ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#ò Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Óyúy!ãÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ î)Ó˚î,!‹TÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú
xö%˛Ó˚hs˛ ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ò!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ì˛!ò ¢ãyÜ !äÈˆÏúò òy Óy ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò òy–
v˛z˛ô!Ó˚v˛z_´ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ôyOyÓ îÖú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xy£¡øî üy£ xyÓîy!úÓ˚
¢ˆÏD õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ x!òÓyÎ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ
≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò üy!hs˛ ü,CúyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÓì≈˛ò £Î˚!ò– 1758 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 13 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚
xy!îòy ˆÓÜ Öyò õ,ìƒ%õ%ˆÏÖ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¢õ@˘Ã ÈôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓ˚yãÑ˛ì˛y Á !Óü,Cú
¶˛@¿îüyÓ˚ õ)ì≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛– ~õì˛yÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !¢!ı˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y ~Ñ˛ ü!_´üyú# Óy!£ò#
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á ˆü°Ï Ó˚«˛y £Î˚!ò– x!ì˛ x“ !îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z xyÓîy!úÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ü!_´üyú# Óy!£ò#
˛ôyOyÓ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 1759 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ õy¢ òyÜyî õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛
˛ÈôyOyÓˆÏÑ˛ !äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ !î!Õ‘Ó˚Á !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y !äÈú òy– ~äÈyv˛¸y
õyÓ˚y‡˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ô !£®%ÈÙÈ õ%¢úõyò v˛z¶˛Î˚ üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈£z !äÈˆÏúò x¢hs˛‹T– ì˛y£z õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y ÎÌy¢õˆÏÎ˚
¢£ˆÏÎyÜ#ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z£z Ñ˛í≈˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ xyÓîy!ú õyúˆÏÓÓ˚
¶)˛ì˛˛ô)Ó≈ üy¢Ñ˛ xy£¡øî üy£ ÈÓyDyõˆÏÑ˛ !òã îˆÏú xyòˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛hs˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y
ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ üy¢Ñ˛ ¢%ãyÙÈv˛zîÈÙÈˆîÔÕ‘y ˆÑ˛ SxˆÏÎyïƒyÙÈÓ˚ òÓyÓV !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ îˆÏú
xyòˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒñ £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ¢%ãyÙÈv˛zîÈÙÈˆîÔÕ‘yÁ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óú˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛
xye´õˆÏí ¢s˛fhfl˛ !äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò ~£z õì˛ ¢%ˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÎ˚ !äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ xyÓîy!úÓ˚ ˛ô«˛
xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ%!â˛ì˛ ãÓyÓ !îˆÏúò– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ¢£yÎ˚ !äÈú õ%áú
v˛z!ãÓ˚ £zõyîÙÈv˛zúÈÙÈõ)úÑ˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ !Ñ˛òy ¢yõÌ≈ƒ !äÈú Îì ¢yõyòƒ– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yã˛ô)ì˛ Á xòyòƒ
!£®%ü!_´=!ú !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ì˛y xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚*˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ xy£¡øî üy£ xyÓîy!úÓ˚
ü!_´üy!ú Óy!£ò#Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y 1761 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !î!Õ‘Ó˚ ˛ôy!í˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ
xÓì˛#ò≈ £ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚–
xy£¡øî üy£ xyÓîy!úÓ˚ ˜¢òƒÓy!£ò# ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xyò%õy!òÑ˛ 60ñ000 !äÈú xyÓ˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
˜¢òƒÓy!£ò# !äÈú ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ 45ñ000– ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á xyö˛Üyò Óy!£ò# !äÈú
2
õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ˆ◊¤˛ì˛Ó˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÏÎ!›˛ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ì˛y £ú ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyv˛¸y£z õy¢ ˆÑ˛v˛z Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛
xye´õí òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ò!‹;˛Î˚ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚¢îy!îÓ˚
x¶˛yˆÏÓ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˜¢òƒîˆÏúÓ˚ î%Ó˚Ófl˛iy â˛Ó˚ˆÏõ ˛ˆÏ˛ôÔäÈÎ˚– ~Ó˚*˛ô !òÓ˚&˛ôyÎ˚ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ 1761 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚
14 £z ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ õì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ 15 £z ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y xyÓîy!úÓ˚ ˜¢òƒîúˆÏÑ˛ xye´õí Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ñ
v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ È~Ñ˛˛ ≤ÃÓú Î%k˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z Î%k˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Ú˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%k˛Û òyˆÏõ Öƒyì˛–
!›˛Øò#
1.1.1.1 ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í¢õ)£ SCauses
of Marathas Failure at the 3rd War of Panipath)
ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óyîyò%Óyî Ó˚ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ–
xyâ˛yÎƒ≈ Îî%òyÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò “The military disaster to the Marathas at Panipath
was inevitable” xÓüƒ Èˆ¢ãÁÎ˚yúÑ˛yÓ˚ ÈSÈshijwalkerV xyâ˛yÎ≈ƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚˚
ì˛#Ó¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z !Óì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òy !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢£ã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏú !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ~õò
î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ÈÙÈ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y !äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Î%k˛ ≤ÃÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ºy!hs˛ Á ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆÏ®Ó˚ ¶)˛úÈÙÈºy!hs˛– ˜¢òƒ
¢ÇÖƒyÁ ~ÖyˆÏò !Óâ˛yˆÏÎ≈ƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z ì˛y Èv˛zˆÏÕ‘!Öì˛– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%_´ £Î˚
Ó˚¢î–
≤ÃÌõì˛ñ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò Á Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú xyö˛ÜyòÓ˚y !äÈú Ó£% ˆÏÎyãò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛
õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ü!_´ !ò!£ì˛ !äÈú õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˛ôîy!ì˛Ñ˛ñ £yÕÒy o&ì˛Ü!ì˛¢¡ôß¨ xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# Óy!£ò#Ó˚
xì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ xye´õí Á ˆÜ!Ó˚úy Î%k˛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~=!úÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜyú®yã Óy!£ò# Á ~£z ˆ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
!mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ xyÓîy!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yõyò=!ú !äÈú xì˛ƒyï%!òÑ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yõyò=!ú xì˛›˛y
xyï%!òÑ˛ !äÈú òy– ˆ¢=!ú !äÈú ˆÎõò ¶˛yÓ˚# ˆì˛õ!ò Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !äÈú Ÿ’Ì–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ õyÓ˚y‡˛y Óy!£ò#Ó˚ Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛Ôüú !äÈú ¶)˛ú– Î%k˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ˛ôÔˆÏäÈ î%ÛõyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛ ü!_´
¢M˛ÈÎ˚ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ xhs˛≠¢yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏì˛y ¢õÎ˚ x!ì˛eýhs˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ£˚ z
¢!‡˛Ñ˛˛ !äÈú òy–
Èâ˛ì˛%Ì≈ì˛ñ ˆ¢òyîˆÏúÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í !òÎ˚õyò%Ó!ì≈˛ì˛y Óy ü,CúyˆÏì˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˆ¢òyîú Îì˛›˛y
x˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ !äÈúñ xyÓîy!úÓ˚ ˆ¢òyîú !äÈú ì˛ì˛›˛y£z ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ñ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˆ¢òyîˆÏú x¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛
Óƒ!_´ Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
ôM˛Èõì˛ñ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ !äÈú ≤ÃÓú– !¢!ı˛Î˚y Á
ˆ£yúÑ˛yÓ˚ ~£z î%£z ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸y Á ì˛#Ó Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢Çáyì˛ !äÈú– xyÓyÓ˚ ¢îy!üÓ
Ó˚yÁ ~Ó˚ ÖyõˆÏÖÎ˚y!ú˛ôòy ~Ñ˛Ü§%ˆÏÎ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÈÙÈ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ÓúyÓy˝úƒñ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú
˛ôäÈ® Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ òy–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy!í˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛Óú v˛z˛ô!Ó˚v˛z_´ Ñ˛yÓ˚í=!ú£z ÎˆÏÌ‹T
~õò!›˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ òÎ˚ñ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y !mì˛#Î˚ Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ îy!Î˚c ˆò£yÍ Ñ˛õ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
!äÈú òy– xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆ¢ !îÑ˛!›˛Á ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– 3
~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ ì˛Í¢õˆÏÎ˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ã!v˛¸ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Î%!_´¢Dì˛
Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú òy– ôyOyˆÓÓ˚ ˆ«ˆÏe õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆ¢!›˛Á !äÈú ¶)˛ˆÏú ¶˛Ó˚y–
!mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ îy!Î˚c ÈÙÈ !òÎ˚!õì˛ xfl˛fñ Öyîƒñ xÌ≈ñ ˆ¢òy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆÏÎyÜyò
ˆîÁÎ˚y ì˛y !ì˛!ò îy!Î˚c ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÎ ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛
ˆÎÖyˆÏò !òã ˆòì,˛ˆÏc !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !äÈú ì˛y !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ~ˆÏ«ˆÏe
!›˛Øò# x˛ôîyÌ≈ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ îy!Î˚c x˛ô≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏã !ü!ÓˆÏÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò– ~!îÑ˛!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xˆÏÎyÜƒì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛– @˘Ãyr›˛ v˛yö˛ ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ Ú Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ì˛yÓ˚ °Ïv˛¸Îs˛f ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÓòì˛y Á ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íyõ)úÑ˛
ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ !õe ü!_´ =!úÓ˚ xyfl˛iy £yÓ˚yò–ÛÛ
1.1.2 ôy!í˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c (Significance of the

Third Battle of Paipath)
ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c Á õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢Ó ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛õì˛
òò– ~ú!ö˛ò‰ˆÏfi›˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïy xò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ~Ñ˛Ìy ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z õˆÏõ≈ õˆÏõ≈ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆÎ
˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛y Óy!£ò#Ó˚ â˛Ó˚õ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ì˛y ˆÎò ~Ñ˛ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õì˛ò
!äÈú– “It has been a fashion with the Maratha writer to minimise the politi-
cal result of the battle of Panipath”. ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôy!¢≈¶˛yú !fl˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ
˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%k˛ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ !äÈú òyñ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛ôˆ«˛ ~£z Î%k˛
!äÈú !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚Ñ˛Ó˚ (“The battle of Panipath ..... was not only a defeat but a
catastrophie for the Maratha cause”- Dr. P. Spear.)
!Ñ˛ls˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ˆÏîüy£z õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚
!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy– !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò “Not withstanding that terrible losses
in manpower suffered on that field by the Maratha, the disaster decided
nothing” ¢Ó˚ˆÏîüy£z ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ~£z Î%ˆÏk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T õ#õyÇ¢y £Î˚!ò– ~õò!Ñ˛
~£z Î%ˆÏk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚Á õ#õyÇ¢y £Î˚!ò (G. S. Sardesai, A New His-
tory of Maratha, vol III.)– ˆõãÓ˚ £z¶˛yò ˆÓúÁ xÓüƒ ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚõyÓ˚y‡˛y
ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÜÔÓ˚ÓõÎ˚ ¢yö˛úƒÛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò SEvans Bell, The Annexation of
Punjab.) – ~£z ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ £z¶˛yò ˆÓúÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ˆÏîüy£z ˆÎ!›˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚
õ)ú Ñ˛Ìy £ú õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢yö˛úƒ ˆÎõò ˆîÖy !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆì˛õ!ò ~Ñ˛ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ü!_´ ˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy!í˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ îü !îò ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ~£z
î%¢ÇÓyî !¶˛ú¢yÎ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ñ ~Ñ˛ãò ÓƒyB˛yÓ˚È õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛Ó˚ Óí≈òy îyò ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y ˆÑ˛
ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÈ “Two pearls have been dissolved twenty seven gold mohurs
have been lost,and of the silver and the copper the total can not be cost
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# up”– !Ó˛ôyò â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ 28 £yãyÓ˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˜¢òƒ Î%k˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ 22 ãò ≤ÃÓ#í
4
ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ õ,ì˛ƒ% áˆ›˛– !ÓŸªy¢ Ó˚yÁ Á ¢îy!üÓ Ó˚yÁ Î%k˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãyí ˆîò– £zÓy!£õ Öyò ÈÜ!î≈ Óy
¢yõˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy£yî%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õì˛ ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛Á xyÓ˚ !äÈú òy– ã#!Óì˛ !äÈˆÏúò ˆ£yúÑ˛yÓ˚ñ õ£yîI#È !¢!ı˛Î˚y
Á òyòy ö˛v˛¸òÓ#ü– xyâ˛yÎ≈ Îî%òyÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛y£z ÎÌyÌ≈£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò “It was, in short, a
nation - wide disaster like flodden field, there was not a in Maharastra that
had not mourn the loss of a member, and several houses, their very heads.
An entire generation of leaders was cut off at one stroke.” ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôyò
â˛w !‡˛Ñ˛£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎ ÚÚ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ üy¢Ñ˛ £ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏúˆäÈ ì˛y
!òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!òñ Ñ˛yÓ˚y üy¢Ñ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy ì˛y !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú (Bipan Chandra, !›˛Øò#
Modern India) – xyâ˛yÎ≈ Îî%òyÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ÓƒyÖƒy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%k˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÜƒ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚
¢õ@˘Ã õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛yüy@˘Ãhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛ ~£z ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ¶%˛úˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ õyïÓ Ó˚yÁ ~Ó˚ xÑ˛yúõ,ì˛% ƒ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï xyáyì˛ £yˆÏò (J.N. Sarkar,
Shibaji and His Times)
≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy!í˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%k˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈¢#õy ÈÙÈ õ#õyÇ¢Ñ˛
Î%k˛– £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ~£z ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ¶˛yÜƒ î%ÈÙÈî%ÛÓyÓ˚ !òí≈#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚
õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ¶˛yÜƒ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓyÓ˚ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £úñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¶˛@¿ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z !Ó!›˛üÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ
Á ¢Ç£!ì˛ ¢%î,ë˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÎ˚– ì˛y£z xyâ˛yÎ≈ Îî%òyÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò - “If plassey
had shown the seeds of British Supremacy in India, Panipath afforded time
for their maturing and striking roots.” ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ü!_´Ó˚ ¢%î,ë˛¸ x¶˛ƒ%îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
¢ˆÏD ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡˛!äÈú õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y–
xò% ü #úò#
Ó˚â˛òy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
2. ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í=!ú Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
3. ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏkÓ˚ =Ó˚&_¥ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. Óyúy!ã Óy!ãÓ˚yÁ ˆÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò⁄
2. xy£¡øî üy£ xyÓîy!ú Ñ˛Öò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò⁄
3. ˛ôy!ò˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Î%k˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ !äÈú òyñ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ãy!ì˛Ó˚
fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛ôˆ«˛ ~£z Î%k˛ !äÈú !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚Ñ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛Ìy ˆÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò⁄ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
5
@˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O É
1. ˆüÖÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ˛ôúy!ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!›˛≈üyò
2. ˆÜÔì˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ#ñ ˆÜÔÓ˚îy¢ £yúîyÓ˚ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
3. ˆì˛¢!úõ ˆâ˛Ôï%!Ó˚ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
4. ã#Óò õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
!›˛Øò#
5. Suranjan Chatterjee, Siddhartha Guha Ray - History of Modern India.
6
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.2 ÓyÇúyñ õ£#ü)Ó˚ñ õ£yÓ˚y‹T…ñ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´Ó˚
≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
1.2.1 ˛ ô›˛¶)˛!õ
1.2.2. ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
1.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy !›˛Øò#
1.2.2.2. õ¢òˆÏî !¢Ó˚yã Á ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚
1.2.2.3. Ó:yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Á ˆîÁÎ˚y!ò úy¶
˛
1.2.3. õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
1.2.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.3.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.5. â˛ì%˛Ì≈ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛
1.2.3.6. v˛zô¢Ç£yÓ˚
1.2.4. õ£yÓ˚y‹T…
1.2.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.4.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k˛
1.2.4.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k
1.2.4.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k
1.2.4.5. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
1.2.5. ôyOyÓ
1.2.5.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.2.5.2. xõ,ì˛¢Ó˚ ¢!ı˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
7
1.2.5.3. ≤ÃÌõÈÙÈ£zD !üÖ Î%k˛
1.2.5.4. !mì˛#Î˚ÈÙÈ£zD !üÖ Î%k˛
1.2.1. ˛ô›˛˛¶)˛!õ É
!›˛Øò#
ËÓ˚DˆÏãˆÏÓÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ ì˛Ìy õ%áú ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ü!_´Ó˚ xÓ«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛
~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛– ~£z ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú õ%áú ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ xyò%Üì˛ƒ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ
Ñ˛yÎ≈ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y !äÈú fl˛∫yï#ò– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÇúyñ õ£#ü)Ó˚ñ õ£yÓ˚y‹T…ñ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xì˛#Ó fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–
~õòÁ xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÏÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!_´Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zqÓ á›˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ó ˆÎõò ˆ°Ïyv˛¸üÏ õ£yãò ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õÜˆÏïÓ˚ v˛zayò áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆì˛õò!›˛ !Ñ˛ls˛
áˆÏ›˛!ò– ˆîÖy ˆÜúó õ%áú ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢!ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ì˚õˆÏïƒ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ !ÓˆÏî!ü
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ãü!_´ñ Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# £ˆÏúy–
1.2.2. ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´Ó˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y (British expan-

sion and Consolidation in Bengal)
1.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
≤ÃÌõ ˆÎ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã £zfi›˛ £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ì˛y £ú ÓƒÓ¢y
Óy!íãƒ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !Óü,Cú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü £zfi›˛ £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òˆÑ˛
xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôy£zˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ ÚÓ!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚˚ õyòîu˛ ˆÏîÖy
!îúñ ˆ˛ôy£yˆÏú üÓ≈Ó˚# Ó˚yãîu˛Ó˚&ˆÏ˛ôÛ– ~Ñ˛Ìy !‡˛Ñ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y Á üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
¢õ@˘Ã ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!_´
!£¢yˆÏÓ £zfi›˛ £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚–
1.2.2.2. õ¢òˆÏî !¢Ó˚yã Á ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ É

¢¡Ày›˛ ËÓ˚DˆÏãˆÓÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ S1707 !Ö≠V ˛˛ôÓ˚ ¢%Óy ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òÓyÓ# Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ £Î˚–
õ%!ü≈îÑ%˛!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!úÓ!î≈ Ö§yÓ˚ xyõú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ S1707 ÈÙÈ 1756 !Ö≠V ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓyÓˆÏîÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú ˆõyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yú– !Ñ˛ls˛ î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £zDÈÙÈö˛Ó˚y!¢ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
ˆÓ˚ü ~ˆÏ¢ ÓyÇúy õ%ú%ˆÏÑ˛Á äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã Á ö˛Ó˚y!¢Ó˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xã%£yˆÏì˛
î)Ü≈ÈÙÈ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xy!úÓ!î≈ Óyïy !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚˆì˛yõÓ˚y Ó!íÑ˛ñ Ó!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ
î)ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆò£z– xyõyÓ˚ üy¢òyï#ˆÏò üe&Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛Î˚ ˆò£z–ÛÛ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
õ¢òˆÏî ÓˆÏ¢ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÏîÔ!£e !¢Ó˚yãv˛zî‰ˆÏîÔÕ‘y–
8 !¢Ó˚yã !äÈˆÏúò xy!úÓ!î≈Ó˚ Ñ˛!ò¤˛ Ñ˛òƒy xy!õòy ˆÓÜˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô%e– ì˛Ìy!˛ô Ñ˛!ò¤˛ Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚
!¢Ç£y¢ò xy¢#òÈÙÈ xyd#Î˚fl˛∫ãò ¢%òãˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖò!ò– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ,°åîy¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛ò≈Ó˚
ˆv»˛Ñ˛ ~Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ îyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú òÓyÓ Á £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï ì˛#Óì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ Áˆ‡˛– ~äÈyv˛¸y !äÈú
!¢Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ !¢Ç£y¢ò xyˆÏÓ˚y£ˆÏò £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã Ñ˛ì,˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xˆÏ¢Ôãòƒõ)úÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í– !‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ó˚*˛ô ¢õˆÏÎ˚
Óy!íãƒ ÷ÕÒ ¢Çeýhs˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ õˆÏòyõy!úòƒ áˆÏ›˛– £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈
v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ò≈y›˛Ñ˛ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ü ì˛Öò ÓyÇúyÎ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– !¢Ó˚yã x!ÓúˆÏ¡∫ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
î)Ü≈ !òõ≈yí ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛y ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ö˛Ó˚y!¢Ó˚y ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏîü õyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y
ˆ¢£z !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛í≈˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚£z !¢Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y îÖú Á ¢!ÓˆÏü°Ï ÷Ó˚& £Î˚
˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%k˛– á›˛òyâ˛ˆÏe´ òÓyÓ !¢Ó˚yãv˛zî‰ˆÏîÔúyÓ˚ ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ S23ˆü ã%òñ 1757 !Ö≠V !›˛Øò#
˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ È˛ô)Ó≈yM˛ÈˆÏú !ÓãÎ˚# £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛˛ô òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚y£z £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ÚÓ˚yãfl˛À‹TyÛ
(King-Maker)– ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ü!_´ Á Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ x!mì˛#Î˚
ü!_´Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôß¨ £ˆÏúy–
1.2.2.3. Ó:yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Á ˆîÁÎ˚y!ò úy¶˛ É

˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#ˆÏì˛ Ó:yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ !Ó!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ !äÈú â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ õ#õyÇ¢Ñ˛– ˛ôúy!ü Î%k˛ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y
Ó:yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Î%k˛ £zÇˆÏÓã
˚ ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì õy!úÑ˛ Óy˛ üy¢Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– !¶˛òˆÏ¢r›˛
!fl˛øˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ Ó:yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%k˛£z !äÈú £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ !ÓãÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# v˛z_Ó˚í ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
!äÈú «˛õì˛y£#ò õ%áú ¢¡Ày›˛ !mì˛#Î˚ üy£ xyúõ Ñ˛ì,˛≈Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆîÁÎ˚y!òÛ ≤Ãîyò– ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˚ òÓy!Ó üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏî!ü ˆÏÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ üy¢ò– ~£z Ú˜mì˛Û
üy¢ò S1765ÈÙÈ1772 !Ö≠V «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ Á v˛zˆÏjüƒ ¢yïˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛‡˛yÑ˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛
ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ üy¢ò «˛õì˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1772 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛
1857 ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õ£yÓ˚yò#Ó˚ ˆáy°Ïíy S1858 !Ö≠V ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ üy¢ò£z Ó£yú
!äÈú– ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ üy¢òÑ˛yÎ≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ≤Ãy!Æ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú
˛ôÎ≈hs˛–
1.2.3. õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y (British expan-

sion and consolidation in Mysore)
1.2.3.1. ¢)â˛òy É
x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´Ó˚ v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ£˚ z õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚ £yÎ˚îyÓ˚ xy!úÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc
~Ñ˛ ü!_´üyú# õ%¢!úõ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ x¶˛%ƒîÎ˚ áˆÏ›˛– v˛É Ñ˛yú#!Ñ˛B˛Ó˚ î_ ˆúˆÏÖòñ ÚÚx‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ £ˆÏúy ¶˛yÜƒyˆÏß∫°Ï# î%É¢y£!¢Ñ˛ÜˆÏíÓ˚ «˛õì˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#–ÛÛ !òãyõñ ¢ö˛îÓ˚
ãÇñ £yÎ˚îyÓ˚ xy!ú ≤Ãõ%Ö Óƒ!_´ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õì˛ !ÓˆÏîü# Ó˚Óy›≈˛ Ñœ˛y£z¶˛ñ v%˛ˆÏ≤’ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Á xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z
!äÈˆÏúò õ)úì˛É ¶˛yÜƒyˆÏß∫°Ï# Á î%É¢y£¢#–
õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛È,c £yˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ £yÎ˚îyÓ˚ xy!ú Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢#õy Ó,!k˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ òãÓ˚ !îˆÏú ˆü°Ï
9
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y !òãyõ ~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÈÙÈ~£z !ì˛ò ü!_´Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚
ãòƒ Î%ˆÏk˛ òyõˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓÈÙÈ~õò ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆîÖy ˆÜú– 1767 !ÖÉ òyÜyî Ólfl˛ì˛ ì˛y ÷Ó˚&
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
1.2.3.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈõ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ S1767ÈÙÈ69 !ÖÉV

1767 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £yÎ˚îyÓ˚ xy!ú £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ ˆÏîÓ˚ xy!◊ì˛ Ñ˛í≈y›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òÓyÓ õ£¡øî xy!úÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
!›˛Øò# Î%k˛ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ≤ÃÌõ £zD ÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ £Î˚–˛ ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Î%ˆÏk˛ £zÇˆÓ˚ã ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛
!fl˛øˆÏÌÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ £˚yÎ˚îyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £ò– 1769 !Ö≠ £zˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ õyoyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢!ı˛ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛
£Î˚– ~£z â%˛!_´Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú £yÎ˚îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õÎ≈yîyñ õˆÏòyÓú Á xyd!ÓŸªy¢ Ó˝ú ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏò ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ Á
~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏD £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ õÎ≈yîyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓú xyáyì˛ £yˆÏò–
1.2.3.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ S1780ÈÙÈ84 !Ö≠V É

~Ñ˛Ìy ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ 1769 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢!ı˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y õ£#ü)Ó˚ Á £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛iyÎ˚# ¢õyïyò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ö˛ˆÏú x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z î%£z ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !ÓÓyî–
≤ÃÌõÈÙÈ£zD õyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%ˆÏk˛ S1775ÈÙÈ82 !Ö≠V £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒhfl˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ó%ˆÏG˛ £yÎ˚îÓ˚ Ñ˛í≈y›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚*ˆÏk˛ xye´õí˛ £yˆÏòò S1780 !Ö≠V ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãïyò# xyÑ≈˛›˛ îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòò– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú
÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈõ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y !Ó˛ôî ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú £ˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢úÓy£z ¢!ı˛ S1782V– È£z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ £yÎ˚îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ á›˛ˆÏú È¶˛y¢≈y£z ¢!ı˛ myÓ˚y £zÁˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ô
£zDÈÙÈö˛Ó˚y!¢ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ £yÎ˚îyÓ˚ ˛ô%e !›˛˛ô% ¢%úì˛yò ~Ñ˛yÈ£z Î%k˛ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ Sö˛Ó˚y!¢
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ÚˆÏãˆÏÑ˛y!Óò Ñœ˛yÓÛ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ £ÓyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ö˛Ó˚y¢# ˆÏfl˛∫FäÈyˆÏ¢ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ ˛ôyò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
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~£z Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓú ˛ôÓ˚yeýhs˛ üe&Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y ˛ôyÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛
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Óyïyîyò ≤ÃˆÏâ˛¤˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyÎ˚# !Óú%!ÆÁ á›˛˛ú–
1.2.4. õ£yÓ˚y‹T… É
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1.2.4.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k˛ S1779È Ù 82 !Ö≠V É

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òyõÑ˛ fl˛iyˆÏò £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã Ñ˛ì,˛˛ô«˛ Á õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ È~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢!ı˛ fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏúy– ~£z ¢!ı˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
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11
1.2.4.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zD õyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k S1803ÈÙÈ05 !Ö≠V
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!mì˛#Î˚ £zD õyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x¢È£zñ ÁÎ˚yv˛¸Ü§yÁñ !î!Õ‘ Á úy¢ÁÎ˚yÓ˚#Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !¢!ı˛Î˚y Á ˆÏ¶§˛y¢ˆÏú ÎÌye´ˆÏõ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢%Ó˚ãÈÙÈxI≈%òÜ§y Á ˆîÓÜ§yÁÈÙÈ
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!›˛Øò# ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˛¶˛yDò áˆÏ›˛–
1.2.4.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zD õyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k S1817 ÙÈ19 !Ö≠V

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ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%òyÓ˚ ¢!ı˛ S1817 Ö#≠V fl˛∫y«˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyïƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆÏ®Ó˚
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1.2.4.5. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
v˛≠ !fl˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ 1818 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Úãú!Ó¶˛y!ãÑ˛yÛ (watershed) ÓˆÏú
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¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– (In that year the British dominion in India
became the British dominion of India)– ì˛ˆÏÓñ È~Ñ˛Ìy fl˛øÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !üÖ ü!_´Ó˚
«˛õì˛y ì˛ÖòÁ !ò≠ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ò–
1.2.5. ôyOyˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í Á ü!_´≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ÈSBritish expan-

sion & Consolidation in Punjab):
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Ó˚í!ãÍ !¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ x≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏú !ì˛!ò Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ !›˛Øò#
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during Ranjit Singh, the British Government became the rider and Ranjit
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1.2.5.3. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈ!üÖ Î%k˛ É

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1.2.5.4. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ!üÖ Î%k˛ É

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13
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˚¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
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2. ˆîÁÎ˚yò# ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ò˛⁄
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˚@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
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4. ã#Óò õ%ˆÏÖy˚˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
14
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1.3.1. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛

1.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
!›˛Øò#
1.3.1.2. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛
1.3.1.3. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
1.3.1.4. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
1.3.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛

1.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
1.3.2.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
1.3.2.3. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
1.3.3. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛

1.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
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1.3.1. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ É
1.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
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15
1.3.1.2. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ É
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!›˛Øò# ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ (Permanent Settlement) ˛≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò–
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Öyãyòy !îˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈõˆÏì˛y ã!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏFäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !¢Ó˚yã%ú !›˛Øò#
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Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyey xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ~Ó˚ x!òÓyÎ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
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ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚˛ô«˛ fl˛iyÎ˚# õDúãòÑ˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Ó˚byˆÏúÖy Ó˚yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘Transition in Bengal Society’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ
!â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ ¢õyˆÏã !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ~õò ¶˛yÓy£z ¶%˛ú–
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ îÖúîy!Ó˚ £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚£z ÓãyÎ˚ !äÈúñ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛
v˛z_´ˆÏ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛£z fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ !îú–
Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛Üí !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õ)úì˛ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÈÙÈã!õîyÓ˚ Á Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
!ò!î≈‹T Ó˚yãfl˛∫ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ !Óïyò !äÈú òy– ö˛ˆÏú ã!õîyÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
«˛õì˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– xyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ñ%˛ú ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ¶)˛!õîyˆÏ¢– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ öœ˛yv˛zv˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛
~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛ ˆúy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– 1953 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
ã!õîy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏFäÈî á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÎÌ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
1.3.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ É
1.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
î!«˛í Á î!«˛íÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í Á ü!_´ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ˙ ¢Ó
xM˛ÈˆÏú Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈
â˛yú% £ÁÎ˚y !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ñ)˛ú ˆÎ ¢Ó≈fl˛∫ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yˆÏì˛£z ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ºyhs˛ˆÏõy£ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ ~¢Ó xM˛ÈˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüÁ !äÈú òyÈÙÈì˛y£z Ó˝ xò%¢ı˛yòñ
˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ Ñ˛ì≈,˛˛ô«˛ 1820 !Ö ‹TyˆÏ∑ õyoyã Á ˆÓy¡∫y£z
ˆ≤Ã!¢ˆÏv˛!™ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛ƒyˆÏ≤Wzò xyˆÏúÑ˛ãyu˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
Ó˚#v˛ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# ›˛õy¢ õòˆÏÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy!îÓ˚ õ)ú ˆ£yì˛y– 17
1.3.2.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ É
S1V Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ fl˛iy!˛ôì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆÑ˛òòyñ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy!îÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ñ)˛ú£z ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ≤Ãîyò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òÈÙÈ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ã!õîyÓ˚ Óy õïƒfl˛∫cˆÏ¶˛yÜ#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶)˛!õÑ˛y£z !äÈú òy–
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!›˛Øò# ü!_´Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ã!õˆÏÑ˛ òÓõ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy 9!›˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
S3V ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyÈÙÈfl˛∫c Óì≈˛yÎ˚!òó ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛Óú ã!õ ˆ¶˛yÜîÖˆÏúÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
S4V ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ £yÓ˚ ˆÎ Ö%Ó Ñ˛õ !äÈú ~õò òÎ˚ó ÓÓ˚Ç Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ £yÓ˚ !äÈú Ö%Ó£z
v˛z§â˛% ÈÙÈv˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ xï≈yÇü– ì˛ˆÏÓñ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ £yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !äÈú î#á≈¢yˆÏ˛ô«˛ ÎÌyÈÙÈÑ˛% !v˛¸
S20V ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !eü S30V ÓäÈÓ˚–
S5V Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛ ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ã!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏFäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!òñ
ÎyÓ˚y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚!õì˛ Öyãòy !îˆÏì˛ò– ÓyîÓy!Ñ˛Ó˚y ã!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ«˛yì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
S6V ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Öyãòy äÈyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ÓƒÓfl˛iy!î !äÈú òy– ÖÓ˚yñ Óòƒy xÌÓy ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yòÁ
≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ ö˛¢ú ò‹T £ˆÏúÁ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ïyÎ≈ Öyãòy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüyˆÏï Ók˛˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚
!äÈú–
S7V Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ
˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ õì˛ÈÙÈ~ÖyˆÏò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚£z £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúÈÙÈã!õîyÓ˚–
1.3.2.3. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É

~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy!îˆÏì˛ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ¶˛yˆÏúy!îÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁó Ñ˛yúe´ˆÏõ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y ã!õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛
Ó˚y‹T… ì˛Ìy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !üÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– v˛É ì˛yÓ˚y â§˛yî ÓˆÏúò
ˆÎñ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ≤ÃãyÓ˚y Ó˝ ã!õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ~Ñ˛ Ó,£Í ã!õîyÓ˚ Óy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí â˛ˆÏú
xyˆÏ¢– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy fl˛∫c òy ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
¢ÇÜ,˛£#ì˛ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ˆÏÑ˛ Öyãòy (Tax) òÎ˚ñ ¶˛yv˛¸y (Rent) !£¢yˆÏÓ£z˚ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈú– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú
ã!õÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îy!Ó ò¢ƒyÍ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏcÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ !äÈú Ö%Ó
v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛y£z Ó˚yãfl˛∫ òy Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Óyv˛¸!ì˛ Ó˚yãˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛y â˛y˛ôyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ö˛ˆÏú
ˆ¢¢Ó ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ÌyÑ˛ì˛ òy– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~!îˆÏÑ˛
òãÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚!òó ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T !äÈú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%k˛ãÎ˚ Á Ó˚yãƒ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚–
≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎÁ
˚ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ äÈyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy!î !äÈú òyó }í@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z }í ¢£ ¢%î ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ã!õÈÙÈãõy
!Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆü°ÏˆÏõü ¶)˛!õîyˆÏ¢ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w î_ ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ ã!õÓ˚ xfl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛£z
ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ îy!Ó˚o Á î%!¶≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛yÓ˚í– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú òÜ!î õ%oyÎ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ó
18
ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ~Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ôyÓ˚ õ%oyÎ˚
Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ö˛ˆÏúñ ~£z ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Á Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛
î%î≈üy£z Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚–
1.3.3. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ÈÉ
1.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy É !›˛Øò#

˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ ˆÎñ v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ÓyÓ˚yí¢# ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÈÙÈÓy˚ ãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛
≤ÃÓì˛≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ˙
xM˛ÈˆÏú ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤ÃÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò xˆÏÎyïƒyÓ˚ òÓyÓ ~úy£yÓyî
¢ˆÏõì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆãúy ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~£z ˆãúy=!úˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Öò Óúy
£ˆÏì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ ˆãúy– ~£z ˆãúy=!úˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á ˛ô_!òîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !ì˛ò ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ãòƒ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ÜDy Á Îõ%òyÓ˚ õïƒÓì˛#≈ ¶)˛¶˛yÜ Á õyÓ˚y‡˛yˆÏîÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚yãˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ Ñ%˛!«˛Üì˛ £Î˚– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÎ%_´ £Î˚ Ó%ˆÏ®úÖu˛ Á Ñ˛›˛Ñ˛– ~£z ¢õhfl˛ xM˛ÈˆÏú
xyÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yãfl˛∫ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ£z !äÈú òy– ö˛ˆÏúñ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏÓ˚QÓ˚Üí ì˛Öò Îì˛ ˆÓ!ü ˛ôyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚
Ó˚yãfl˛∫ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ~ãòƒ ~¢Ó xM˛ÈˆÏú õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ≤ÃÌy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛
£ú–
1.3.3.1. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ É

S1V ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ!‹Tõ)úÑ˛– ~ˆÏì˛ ¢õ!‹TÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘Ãyõ Óy Úõ£úÛ
S~úyÑ˛yV ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãˆÏcÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ õ£ú Óy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ x!ïÓy¢#Ó˚y£z
ˆÎÔÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ ïyÎ≈ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ Ók˛˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚ ÌyÑ˛ì˛– xÓüƒñ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛
Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ¢Ñ˛ú õ£úÓy¢# Óy @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚ Ó!r›˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛y– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ !ò!î≈‹T Ó˚yãfl˛∫ @˘Ãyõ ≤ÃïyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ì˛yÓ˚y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãõy !îì˛– ~ÖyˆÏò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏî ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
îyÎ˚Ók˛ !äÈˆÏúò–
S2V ˆÑ˛Óú ˆÎ¢Ó xM˛ÈˆÏú @˘Ãyõ ¢õyã v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óì≈˛õyò !äÈú ˆ¢£z ¢Ó xM˛ÈˆÏú£z
¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Á xò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã!õ ã!Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Úõ£yúÛ Óy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛
£ì˛– ~£z !äÈú x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Çeýhs˛ ò!Ì ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ≤ÃîyòÑ˛yÓ˚# Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ãfi›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛–
S3V ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏì˛y ã!õÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôy!îÑ˛y ü!_´ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚– úv≈˛ v˛z£z!úÎ˚yõ ˆÓ!r›˛Ñ˛
1833 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ 9 òÇ ˆÓ˚=ˆÏúüˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎ òì%˛ò ¶)˛!õÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò
ì˛yˆÏì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ö˛¢ú Á ÖyãòyÓ˚ !£¢yÓ ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏDñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚
ãòƒ Üv˛¸ ÖyãòyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy!î ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚–
S4V ≤Ã!ì˛ õ£ú Óy ˆõÔãyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ%˛!v˛¸ S20V Óy !eü S30V ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã!õÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
19
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
S5V ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚!ãfi›˛yˆÏÓv˚ ˛ @˘Ãyõ≤Ãïyò Óy ˆõyv˛¸ú Óy úfl˛∫Óî˚ yÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õïƒfl˛∫cˆÏ¶˛yÜ# !äÈú òy–
1.3.3.2. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É

v˛z˛ô!Ó˚v˛z_´ î%!›˛ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ òƒyÎ˚ õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈúÈÙÈÑ,˛°ÏÑ˛
¢¡±îyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òãfl˛∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ö˛ˆÏúñ ~ÖyˆÏòÁ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ñ)˛ˆÏúÓ˚ î%ÉÖ î%î≈üyÓ˚ xhs˛ !äÈú
!›˛Øò# òy– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ~£z ¢õÎ˚Á â˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛ £Î˚!ò– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !Ó!›˛ü
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,£Í Úõ£úÛ Óy ã!õîy!Ó˚– xyÓ˚ ã!õˆÏÑ˛£z ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚yãˆÏfl˛∫Ó˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü
úy¶˛ãòÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢ ÓˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚ Ú≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Û !äÈú òyñ !òäÈÑ˛ õã%ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˛ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ xyõˆÏú£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ áò áò Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ î%!¶≈˛«˛ ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy!îˆÏì˛Á Úõ£úÛ Óy @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ã!õÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ fl˛∫_¥ ÌyÑ˛ú òy ã!õˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì,≈˛c
ö˛!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢õ,k˛üyú#Ó˚y– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú
õïƒfl˛∫_¥ˆÏ¶˛yÜ#Ó˚ îúó ÎyÓ˚y !Ñ˛òy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶)˛fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô @˘Ãyõ¢õyˆÏã Öyãòy xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛–
ÓúyÓy˝úƒñ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÖyãòyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¶˛yÜ ~Ó˚yÁ xÇü#îyÓ˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ô xyïyÈ
¢yõhs˛ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Á xyïy Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛£z x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊í#ÈÙÈ¢Çáyì˛ ˆîÖy !îú– ÎyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
!äÈú ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏD áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%ˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢!% ÓïyÓ˚
xÓ¢yò– Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w î_ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ïò¢M˛ÈÎ˚ Óy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ò ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú
òy– Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ â˛y!£îyÓ˚ Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÁ ¢#õyˆÏÓ˚Öy ›˛yòy £Î˚ !ò– x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z
ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆ¶˛ˆÏD ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ (“The System broke-down ultimately by reason of this own
harshness.”)
xò%ü#úò#
1. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!ú Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
3. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
4. !ì˛ò ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
˚¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò⁄
2. !¢Ó˚yã%ú £z¢úyõ ˆÑ˛yò xy£zòˆÏÑ˛ ÚÑ˛yúy Ñ˛yò%òÛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò⁄
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3. ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xM˛ÈˆÏú Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚⁄
4. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ò˛⁄
˚@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
2. ˆ¢Ô!õe !◊õyò#È ÙÈ õ%áú Î%Ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò xyõú !›˛Øò#
3. Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆîv˛¸ˆÏüy ÓäÈÓ˚
4. ¢Óƒ¢yâ˛# ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈È ÙÈ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛
5. ã#Óò õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚È ÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
6. ÷!â˛Óì˛ ˆ¢òñ x!õÎ˚ ˆáy°ÏÈ ÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
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!›˛Øò#
22
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.4. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ (De-industrialisation
debate)
1.4.1. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò Ñ˛#⁄

1.4.2. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Á !Óì˛Ñ≈˛
1.4.3. ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ !›˛Øò#
1.4.3.1. !üˆÏ“ ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ
1.4.3.2. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ)˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ôüú Á !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zò
1.4.3.3. £zfi›˛ÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Óy!íãƒò#!ì˛
1.4.3.4. £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ !ü“ !Ó≤’Ó
1.4.3.5. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏò xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
1.4.4. !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´
1.4.5. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
1.4.1. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò Ñ˛# É

xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆãˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛#⁄
õjy Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ !ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏŒ›˛y !îÑ˛ ì˛Ìy !üˆÏ“Ó˚ xˆÏïyÜ!ì˛–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ !ü“ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ïπÇ¢¢yïò– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢Óƒ¢yâ˛# ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ
ÚÚ !üˆÏ“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛í £ú Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yÎ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ !ü“Ñ˛õ≈
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ xÇü xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÓyˆÏv˛¸ñ !ü“Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ !òˆÏÎy˚ !ãì˛ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ !òˆÏÎy˚ !ãì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Î!î £Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ Î!î ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°Ï !ü“Ñ˛õ≈ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ â˛y°Ï
xyÓyˆÏî ã#!ÓÑ˛y xã≈ò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌÓy ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛!°Ïã xÇü Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚ !ü“ã
xÇü Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y xÓ!ü“yÎ˚ò Sde-industrialisation) Óúy â˛ˆÏúÛÛ S¢Óƒ¢yâ˛# ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛V –
1.4.2. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Á !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ É

xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈‹T !îˆÏò ¢)e˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛ ~õò!›˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ òÎ˚ó £zfi›˛ÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y
ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!_´ !£¢yˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Á üy¢ò¶˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛
xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Úïò!òÉ¢Ó˚íÛ Á ÚxÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚òÛ ≤ÃÌõ!›˛ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈ òÎ˚ñ xyò%õy!íÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Á x!ïÑ˛ xyˆÏÜ£z ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xyÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã v˛z!òü fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
23
üì˛Ñ˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛y!Ó˚ÜÓ˚# Á Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò– ~!›˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#
ˆòì,˛Ó,® ˆÎõòñ õ£yˆÏîÓ ˆÜy!Ó® Ó˚yíyˆÏv˛ñ Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w î_ñ îyîy¶˛y£z òÁˆÏÓ˚yã# ≤Ãõ%Ö î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ £hfl˛!üˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ïπÇ¢¢yïò á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
Ó˚ãò#≤’yõ î_ñ ïòOÎ˚ Ó˚yõâ˛w Üƒyv˛!Üúñ ¢yÓ˚îy Ó˚yã%ñ òˆÏÓ˚wÑ,˛°å !¢Ç£ñ x!õÎ˚Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÜâ˛#ñ
!Ó˛ôyò â˛w ≤Ãõ%Ö xyï%!òÑ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ~£z xÓ!ü“yÎ˚ò ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏúÁñ ˛ô!u˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ !òˆÏÎ˚
Óyîyò%Óyî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!›˛Øò#
1.4.3. ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ É
1.4.3.1. !üˆÏ“ ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ É

x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õïƒ¶˛yˆÏÜ ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ !ü“ Á Óy!íˆÏãƒ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ¢õ,k˛ !äÈú– ~£z
¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢)!ì˛Ó˚ Ófl˛f !Ó˛ô%ú¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Æy!ò £ˆÏì˛y– !Ñ˛ls˛ 1860 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑
¢)!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ xyõîy!ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyò%õy!íÑ˛ 96 ú«˛ ˛ôyv˛zˆÏu˛Ó˚– 1880 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ ì˛y ˆÓˆÏv˛¸
îy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xyò%õy!íÑ˛ 1ˆÑ˛y!›˛ 70 ú«˛ ˛ôyv˛zu˛ xyÓ˚ 1990 !Ö‹TyÏ∑ òyÜyî ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ_yÓ˚í
îyv˛¸yˆÏúy xyò%õy!íÑ˛ 27 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ˛ôyv˛zu˛– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ !ü“Ñ˛õ≈ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
!ü“oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ òˆÏÓ˚wÑ,˛°å !¢Ç£ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ
xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Óâ˛y£zˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y î,‹Tyhs˛ Ófl˛f!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ïπÇ¢– õ%_´ Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆ£yì˛y £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛¶%˛ !äÈú £zfi›˛ÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òñ ì˛Ó% ì˛yÓ˚y£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆãyÓ˚
Öy!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ófl˛f!ü“ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛y˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
1.4.3.2. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü“˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ)˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ôüú Á !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ xy£zòÉ

ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ófl˛f!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ £zÇúƒyu˛ Á £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ófl˛fÈÙÈv˛zÍ˛ôyîòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y
¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòÎ˚!ò– !ü“˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ)˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ôüú Á òyòy!Óï îy!ÓÓ˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ 1700
!Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xy£zò ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ ÓyÇúyñ ˛ôyÓ˚¢ƒ Á â˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚üõ Ófl˛f ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !ò!°Ïk˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1720 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xy£zˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚!àò ¢)!ì˛Ófl˛f xyõîy!ò ¢¡ô)í≈
!ò!°Ïk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 1747ñ 1759 Á 1760 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ xyõîy!òÑ,˛ì˛ ¢%!ì˛ÓˆÏfl˛fÓ˚
Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛£yˆÏÓ˚ ÷ÕÒ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛ £Î˚–
1.4.3.3. £zfi›˛ÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Óy!íãƒò#!ì˛ É

xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ £zfi›˛ÈÙÈ£z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Óy!íãƒ ò#!ì˛Á Ñ˛õ îyÎ˚# !äÈú
òy– ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏîü#Î˚ Á ˛ôy£zÑ˛yÓ˚#
ê´ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z ÓyãyÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˜Ïmì˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ S1765 !ÖÉV ˛ôÓ˚
ˆ¢£z v˛zˆÏjüƒ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ úÓíñ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ Á ì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Ñ˛ì≈˛c ¢%≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏDñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
24
â˛Ó˚õ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ õ)ˆÏúƒÓ˚ â˛y£zˆÏì˛ Ó˝ Ñ˛õ îyˆÏõ ˆãyÓ˚˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ !ã!ò¢ !Ñ˛òˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– ˆÑ˛òòyñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y !äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛– ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ã%›˛ì˛ úyN˛òy ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏD
£ˆÏì˛y xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚– v˛z£z!úÎ˚õ ˆÓyŒ›˛¢‰ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ~ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDñ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!¢ˆÏv˛r›˛ !õÉ ˆÓâ˛yÓ˚ 1787 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÈÚÚ£z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈
ÓyÇúy !äÈú ãy!ì˛¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ ü¢ƒyÜyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏâ˛ƒÓ˚ Óy!íãƒñ !ü“Ñ˛õ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yu˛yÓ˚–
!Ñ˛ls˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ x˛ôüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ%˛!v˛¸ ÓÍ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˝ xÇü ≤ÃyÎ˚ õÓ˚&¶)˛!õÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô
˛ô!Ó˚@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ õyoyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe üyÓ˚îy Ó˚yã%ñ xı…˛≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚õò Ó˚yÁñ =ãÓ˚y›˛ Á
õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÓ˚.!¶˛ ˆâ˛yÑ˛!¢ ~ÓÇ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe £!Ó˚Ó˚Oò ˆáy°Ïyú ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ !›˛Øò#
ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~£z xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !â˛e ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
1.4.3.4. £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ !ü“ !Ó≤’Ó É

£z!ì˛õˆÏïƒñ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !ü“!Ó≤’Ó ì˛Ìy!˛ô Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓü £yˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ñ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ§˛yâ˛yõyú ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆîü ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ˆÎyÜyò !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü ~ˆÏòñ !ü“ ˛ôíƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y xyÓyÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓˆÏü Ó˚Æy!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ õ%òyö˛y ˆîˆÏü !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~£z ¢õhfl˛
!Ñ˛ä%È xÓÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú– xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z
xy¢ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xÓyï Óy!íãƒ– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏúñ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú x¢õ
÷ÕÒò#!ì˛– ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ !Ó!›˛ü xÌ≈ò#!ì˛!Óî xƒyv˛yõ !fl˛øÌ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛ @˘Ãs˛i ÚÁˆÏÎ˚úÌ xÓ ˆòüò¢‰Û
@˘ÃˆÏs˛i ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚y Óy!íãƒy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!›˛ü Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ Á
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ !Ó.!v˛. Ó¢% ì§˛yÓ˚ “Ruin of In-
dian Trade and Industries” @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ xyõîy!òÑ,˛ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ â˛y˛ôyˆÏòy ÷ÕÒ¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛#Î˚õyòñ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
!Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òã !ü“ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !üˆÏ“yˆÏîƒyÜ Óyòâ˛yú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ ò#!ì˛
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
1.4.3.5. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏò xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í É

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“ÈÙÈÓy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ ïπÇ¢¢yïò ì˛Ìy xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛
îyÎ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛ˆÏú– ÎÌyÈÙÈ
Ñ˛V ¢hfl˛y !ÓˆÏî!ü !ü“ ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ xyõîy!ò–
ÖV õïƒ!Ó_ Á v˛zFâ˛!Ó_ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏî!ü ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆG§˛yÑ˛–
ÜV ~ ˆîü#Î˚ !ü“˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚–
áV £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ !ü“ÈÙÈ!Ó≤’Ó Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !Ó˛ô%ú !ü“˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyò–
àV v˛z˛ô!òˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyãyÓ˚ îÖú–
â˛V v˛z˛ô!òˆÏÓü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎˆÏÌFäÈ¶˛yˆÏÓ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ Ñ§˛yâ˛yõyú ¢Ç@˘Ã£– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
25
äÈV ~äÈyv˛¸y !äÈú !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¢õ Óy ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ÷ÕÒ ò#!ì˛–
Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w î_ÈÙÈÓ˚ õì˛yò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ¶˛Ó˚ì˛#Î˚ Ófl˛f Ó˚Æy!òÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ 10% ÷ÕÒñ xyÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢)!ì˛Ófl˛f
xyõîy!òÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ 2% ÷ÕÒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ófl˛f!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í– £ƒy!õú›˛ò ¢£ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ !ü“ !Ó≤’Ó£z !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“ÈÙÈÓy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ú
Ñ˛yÓ˚íÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ îyÎ˚# !äÈú òy– xÓüƒñ Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w î_ ~£z Ó_´Óƒ õyòˆÏì˛ â˛yò!ò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xò%¢ì, ˛ ò#!ì˛£z !äÈú xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú Ñ˛yÓ˚í– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò#Ó˚
!›˛Øò# xyõˆÏú ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ñ Ófl˛f!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ïπÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ˆÏÑ˛ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÖyõyˆÏÓ˚
(Agricultural Farm of England)˛˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛
~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£z xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
1.4.4. !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ É

ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆòì˛yÓ˚yñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛!Óîñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥ ˆõˆÏò
!òˆÏúÁñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ô!u˛ì˛ ˆv˛!òˆÏÎ˚ú Ìò≈yÓ˚ (Daniel Thorner)ñ õ!Ó˚¢ ˆv˛!¶˛v˛ (Morris
David Morris), !ÌÁˆÏv˛yÓ˚ õ!Ó˚¢ò (Theodore Morrison) Á xòƒyòƒ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÏÜˆÏäÈ– xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ ¢Ó ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ Î%!_´ ˆ˛ôü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~õò !Ñ˛ls˛ òÎ˚ó ÓÓ˚Ç ~=!ú òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ–
≤ÃÌõì˛ñ ~Ñ˛îˆÏúÓ˚ Î%!_´ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõyˆÏï≈– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ x¢ÇÖƒ Ñ˛úÑ˛yÓ˚Öyòy Á !ü“ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆüˆÏ°Ï xÌÓy !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí ˆò£z– ~£z õˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ_ýˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xòì˛ƒõ £ˆÏúò v˛ƒy!òˆÏõú Ìò≈yÓ˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó_´Óƒ ì˛y £úñ 1881 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1931 ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòÜíòyÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yã Á !ü“Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~õò
!Ñ˛ä%È ì˛Ìƒ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ òy ˆÎñ ÎyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò â˛ˆÏú!äÈú– xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò
áˆÏ›˛!äÈú õ)úì˛ 1800ÈÙÈ1865 ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ ì˛Ó%Á ~Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÚÚˆÑ˛Óú !ü“ Óy
Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ Ñ˛ì˛ ãò ã#!ÓÑ˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z xyîõ¢%õy!Ó˚ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò ì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ìy
òÎ˚–ÛÛ
!mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ îú ˆúÖÑ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò xyˆÏîÔ £Î˚!ò– ~£z õˆÏì˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ
≤Ãïyò ≤ÃÓ_ý õy!Ñ≈˛ò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ õ!Ó˚¢ ˆv˛!¶˛v˛ õ!Ó˚¢– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛£z
!äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó˝ú ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òäÈÑ˛ Úxú#Ñ˛ Ñ˛“òyÛ
Óy ÚMyth’– ~£z ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó_´ÓƒÈÙÈ
S1V ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˙!ì˛£y!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y !ü“oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyõîy!ò Ó,!k˛ õyˆÏò£z xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò ïˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Î!î ãò¢ÇÖƒy Á ãyì˛#Î˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ !ü“ x«%˛ß¨
Ó˚£zˆÏúyÈÙÈxyõîy!òÁ Óyv˛¸ˆÏúy–
S2V !ü“oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyõîy!òˆÏì˛ ˆÎõò ~Ñ˛ ˆîü#Î˚ !ü“ «˛!ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛õ!ò xòƒ !üˆÏ“Ó˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# Ó,!k˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
26 S3V !Óúy!ì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ˛ôíƒ xyõîy!ò ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ~õò xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚ !ü“ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !äÈú
ˆÑ˛Óú !òãfl˛∫ ÓyãyÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ– ˆÎõòÈÙÈ îy!õ üy!v˛¸ñ ˆÎ!›˛ !õˆÏú ˜ì˛Ó˚# £ì˛ òy– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛
˛ôyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ üy!v˛¸ñ Îy ïõ#≈Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ì˛ÈÙÈ~=!úÓ˚ ÓyãyÓ˚ x«%˛ß¨£z !äÈú–
ãy˛ôy!ò ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ì˛Ó˚& õyÍ¢%£z SToro Matsui) õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó_´ÓƒˆÏÑ˛ Öu˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛
¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ ÈÙÈ
S1V v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛y!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛
áˆÏ›˛–
!›˛Øò#
S2V ì˛y§Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyˆÏò v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢%ˆÏì˛y xyˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛
ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú–
S3V £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ~ˆÏîü#Î˚ ÓyãyÓ˚ îÖú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ î#á≈¢õÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ¢%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚
xyõîy!ò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ófl˛f!ü“ xyÓ˚ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !äÈú òyñ ¢¡ô)í≈ ïπÇ¢ £ˆÏÎ˚
!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ¢hfl˛yÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏì˛y !Ñ˛ˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ì§˛yì˛#Ó˚y Ñ˛õ îyˆÏõ Ófl˛f ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏú!ì˛
ÓˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ xÓì˛#í≈ £ˆÏÓÈÙÈõ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~£z Î%!_´ Î%!_´Î%_´ òÎ˚–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ !Ó˚â˛yv≈˛ Ñ˛ÓˆÏv˛òñ ãò Óy£z›˛ñ !ÌˆÏÎ˚yv˛Ó˚ õ!Ó˚¢ò ≤Ãõ%Ö ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏò
xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ◊õ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ Ñ,˛!°Ï≤Ãïyò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á !ü“≤Ãïyò !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛Ìy v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ úy¶˛ãòÑ˛
ì˛_¥ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z î,!‹T¶˛!DÓ˚ õjy Ñ˛Ìy £úñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x@˘Ã¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y£z
◊õ!Ó¶˛yãò– ÓúyÓy˝úƒñ ~£z õì˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓü!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ õDú¢yïò
Óy úy¶˛ £Î˚!òó ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ õDú¢yïò Óy ¢¡ô)í≈ ú¶˛ƒyÇü xyd¢yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú !ÓˆÏ›˛ò–
1.4.5. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
Ñ˛yú≈ õyÑ≈˛¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘Capital’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÖˆÏu˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£Ü≈ì˛
¢¡ôî !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ü“˛ô§%!ãˆÏì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢¡ôî !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆ◊í#Ó˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ïòÓyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ ÎyÓ˚y !Ñ˛òy ˆ¢£z ¢¡ôî !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ü“ Óy!íˆÏãƒ !Ó!òˆÏÎ˚yÜ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ô ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚òñ ïò!òÉ¢Ó˚í ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ ~Ñ˛£z¢)ˆÏe Ó§yïy–
xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó!£Ü≈õò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w î_ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ “ So great an ‘Economic Drain’
out of the resources of a land would impoverish the most properous coun-
tries on earth, it has reduced India to a land of famines.....” ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚
xÓfl˛iy £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú !‡˛Ñ˛ ~õò›˛y£z–
xò%ü#úò#
1. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò !Óì˛Ñ≈˛!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò Ñ˛#⁄ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
27
2. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ î%!›˛ Î%!_´ !îò–
3. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%!_´ !îò–
4. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈ xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚# â˛yÓ˚ãò ˙!ì˛£y!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyõ !úÖ%ò–
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
!›˛Øò# 1. ˆüÖÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚È Ù È˛ôúy!ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛üyò
2. ˆÜÔì˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ#ñ ˆÜÔÓ˚îy¢ £yúîyÓ˚È ÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
3. ˆì˛¢!úõ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#È ÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
28
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.1 ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ– ˆî!üÎ˚
~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
2.1.1. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚˛
2.1.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.1.1.2. ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚e´ˆÏõ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ !›˛Øò#
2.1.1.3. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ S1857 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚V
2.1.2. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
2.1.3. £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã Á ˆî!üÎ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü

2.1.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.1.3.2. î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y
2.1.3.3. ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#˚ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y
2.1.3.4. ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y
2.1.3.5. ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe !òÎ˚s˛fí xy£zò Á ˛ôyŒ›˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï
2.1.3.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.1.1. ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚˛(Spread of Western Educa-

tion)
2.1.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ Óúy ¶˛yˆÏúy ì˛y £ˆÏúy ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ ~ÖyˆÏò õ)úì˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã
!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z xˆÏÌ≈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ~!üÎ˚y!›˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ~ÓÇ ˛ôyâ˛ƒ
!Óîƒyâ˛â≈˛y ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ˆö˛y›≈˛ v˛z£z!úÎ˚yõ Ñ˛ˆÏúã fl˛iy˛ôò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
òyòyfl˛iyˆÏò !Ö‹Tyòïõ≈ ÎyãÑ˛ Óy ˛ôyo#ˆÏîÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô !ì˛ò!›˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ
≤Ãühfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ô Á ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyõÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚Á
¢)e˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú !Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛–
!Ó!›˛ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú ˆîüã !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iy– ~£z !ü«˛y fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
29
ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ î%!›˛ ≤Ãïyò ïyÓ˚y !äÈú– ÎÌyÈÙÈ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛y Á v˛zFâ˛ÈÙÈ!ü«˛y– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ ~ î%!›˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ òy– ~ÖyˆÏò õ)ú xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚–
2.1.1.2. ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚e´ˆÏõ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ É

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¶˛y°Ïy!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚
üy¢ò ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z xy@˘Ã£ xyÓ˚Á Ó˝=í Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ÈÙÈ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Á Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî– ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ xyõˆÏú ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
!›˛Øò# !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
1772 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1813 !ÖÈ≠ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ £ú ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÓ≈– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò !ü«˛y!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ îy!Î˚c
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò–
!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú !äÈú 1813 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1835 !Ö≠ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !ü«˛yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c
fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁñ ˆîüãñ òy ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛yò !ü«˛y ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !mïy@˘Ãhfl˛
!äÈˆÏúò– 1835 ÈÙÈ~ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– 1835
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1857 !Ö‹Ty∑ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ £ú ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ e´õÓ,!k˛ áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ
!ì˛ò!›˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚–
!ü«˛y !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yú˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ òƒyÎ˚ !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ=!úˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y
â˛ˆÏú–
S1V !Ö‹Tyò !õüòyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Tyñ S2V ˆî!üÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏî!ü ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty ~ÓÇ S3V ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚
≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty–
≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛yú˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !Öfi›˛yò !õüòyÓ˚#Üí òyòy ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõñ ˆÎõò Óƒy˛ô!›˛fi›˛ !õüòyÓ˚#
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˛ôyâ˛ƒ Á ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢õß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ˛– xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏî!ü Óƒ!_´ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆv˛!¶˛v˛ ˆ£Î˚yÓ˚ñ £ƒy!Ó˚Ç›˛òñ
¢ƒyÓ˚ ~v˛ÁÎ˚yv≈˛ £y£zv˛ £zfi›˛ ≤Ãõ%Ö Óƒ!_´ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ òyõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– ~£z¢Ñ˛ú Óƒ!_´Ó˚
v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú Ú!£®% Ñ˛ˆÏúãÛ S1817 !Ö≠V ~ÓÇ ◊#Ó˚yõ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !õüòyÓ˚#Üò
◊#Ó˚yõ˛ô%Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúã S1818 !Ö≠V fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
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â˛ˆÏú!äÈú 1835 !Ö≠ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã#ˆÏÑ˛£z õyïƒõ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÑ˛y˛ôy!Ñ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ îy!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z ˆÓ!r›˛Ñ˛ ~Ó˚ xy£zòÈÙÈ¢î¢ƒ ›˛õy¢ Óƒ!ÓÇ›˛ò ˆõÑ˛ˆÏú ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò
v˛zFâ˛ Á õïƒ!Ó_ˆÏîÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú e´õ!ò¡¨ ˛ô!Ó˚◊&ì˛ ò#!ì˛ ( Down-
ward Filtration Theory) xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !ü«˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ–
~£z¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚ ÚÑ˛ƒyúÑ˛y›˛y ˆõ!v˛ˆÏÑ˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏúãÛ S1835 !Ö≠V– xyÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈£z !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚
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â˛yú≈¢ v˛zˆÏv˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Öy!ò î!úú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ~!›˛£z v˛zv˛¢‰ ˆv˛¢˛ôƒyâ˛ Óy v˛zˆÏv˛Ó˚ î!úú òyˆÏõ
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!òˆÏÎ˚yÜñ ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ò ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
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S1904 !Ö≠V ö˛ˆÏú fl˛ÿì˛ˆÏÑ˛y_Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ Á ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛
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2.1.2. ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É

˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y úyˆÏ¶˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢# xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ö˛¢ú=!úˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛òˆÏì˛
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Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîò– 1780ÈÙÈ1793 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓy˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
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~£z ˛ô!eÑ˛y=!úÁ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ 1818 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛ƒyúÑ˛y›˛y !›˛Øò#
ãyò≈yú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ô!eÑ˛y £ú ÚãòÓ%úÛ– ~£z î%!›˛
˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òyòy!Óï Óyîyò%Óyî â˛úì˛– 1826 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÚˆÏÓDú e´!òÑ˛úÛ òyˆÏõ xyÓ˚Á
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xyÓ˚Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú–
ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚ 1818 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑– ◊#Ó˚yõ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !õüòyÓ˚#Ó˚y
˙ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ Ú!îÜîü≈òÛ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ó ˙ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõ õyˆÏ¢
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ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆÏÓDú ˆÜˆÏã›˛Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yÆy!£Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – xyÓ˚ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ£˚ z xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü
áˆÏ›˛!äÈú Ú¢ÇÓyî ˆÑ˛Ôõ%î#Û S¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yV Á Ú¢õyâ˛yÓ˚ â˛!wÑ˛yÛ S¢yÆy!£Ñ˛ ˛ôeV ˛ô!eÑ˛y
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S1831V– ~£z ¢õhfl˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ïõ≈ Á ¢õyã ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ òyòy Óyîyò%Óyî â˛úì˛–
1831 ¢yˆÏú xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !äÈú Ú¢ÇÓyî
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¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛úò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z Ö%Ó ~Ñ˛›˛y ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖì˛ òy ì˛y ÓúyÓy˝úƒ–
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Ó˚yÎ˚– ¢%≤Ã#õ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛ !ú!˛ôˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñÚÚ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢%üy¢Ñ˛£z ~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
â˛y£zˆÏÓò ì˛yÓ˚ £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~õò ¢Ó !Ó°ÏÎ˚£z ì˛yÓ˚ òãˆÏÓ˚ xy¢%Ñ˛– xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
ãˆÏòƒ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛£z ˆÎò ~Ñ˛›˛y £y!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ú«˛ƒ xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ
¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ xÓyï fl˛∫yï#òì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ~Ñ˛õye Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ÛÛ
2.1.3.5. ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe !òÎ˚s˛fí xy£zò Á ˛ôyŒ›˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï É

1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ úv≈˛ Ñ˛ƒy!òÇ ÚPress Act’ â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
1857ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó!›˛üÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖy
ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îy!Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢yFâyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ñ 1858 ~Ó˚ ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢%!Óïy îyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚£z îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe=!ú ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
33
1861¢yú òyÜyî ÚIndian Council Act’ ˛ôyü £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚Ó˚y
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%_´ £Î˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy e´õü ˆÓˆÏv˛¸£z â˛ˆÏú–
v˛z!òü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆü°Ï!îˆÏÑ˛ !ü!üÓ˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï Á õ!ì˛úyú ˆáy°Ï ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Úxõ,ì˛ ÓyãyÓ˚
˛ô!eÑ˛yÛ– ú«˛ƒí#Î˚ñ 1861 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ≤Ãïyòì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï
õ)úÑ˛– xyÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛ì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôÏe=!úÓ˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚– ~£z ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ñ !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ úv≈˛ !ú›˛ò ÚVernacular
Press Act’S1861 !Ö≠V ÓúÓÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ~£z xy£zò
!›˛Øò# ≤Ãì˛ƒyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˆÓü!Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆÏÓD!úÛ Á Úxõ,ì˛ ÓyãyÓ˚Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y ãòõì˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈
¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y=!ú £ú Ú£z!u˛Î˚yò ˆòü¢òÛñ
Ú!òv˛z £z!u˛Î˚yÛñ Ú£z!u˛Î˚y !õÓ˚Ó˚Ûñ Ú!£ì˛Óyî#Ûñ ÚÓ¢%õì˛#Ûñ ÚÓDÓy¢#Û ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ÓD¶˛D Á
fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓy˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÷Ó˚& £Î˚–
ÎÌyÈÙÈ Ú¢ı˛yÛS1904 !Ö≠Vñ Úfl˛∫Ó˚yãÛ S1907 !Ö≠Vñ ÚòÓü!_´Ûñ ÚÓˆÏ®õyì˛Ó˚õÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÎ%Üyhs˛Ó˚Û
£zì˛ƒy!î– 1931ÈÙÈ32 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Indian Press Emmergence Power Act
~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– ~£z xy£zò!›˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚
¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÎ˚ £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
2.1.3.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe ~Ñ˛!›˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ õyïƒõ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ì˛Ìy!˛ô ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ú!Ó!›˛ü xyõúyì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚
õyò¢˛ô%eÛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ãß√@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò Óy ˆÑ˛Óúõye Ú£zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚
ãyî%õˆÏs˛fÛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÏß√°Ï áˆÏ›˛!òó áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ˆÎ¢Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓüƒ£z
˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ó˚*˛ô!›˛
ú«˛ƒí#Î˚–
xò%ü#úò#
1. ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ô!ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò⁄
2. ˆÏîü#Î˚ Á £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú⁄
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄
2. ≤ÃÌõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ!£úy @˘Ãƒyã%ˆÏÎ˚›˛ ˆÑ˛⁄
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3. ≤ÃÌõ õ!£úy !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚⁄
4. î%Û!›˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˛ôeô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ òyõ ˆúÖ%ò–
5. ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe !òÎ˚s˛fí xy£zò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôyü £Î˚⁄
6. Ú¢ı˛ƒyÛ Á Úfl˛∫Ó˚yãÛ Ñ˛#⁄
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É !›˛Øò#
1. ˆüÖÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚È Ù È˛ôúy!ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛üyò
2. !Ó˛ôyò â˛w Á xòƒyòƒÈ ÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ
3. ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
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!›˛Øò#
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~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.2 v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íó !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yò Á
£zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú
2.2.1. v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ
2.2.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.2.1.2. òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y Óy ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ !›˛Øò#
2.2.1.3. £zì˛y!úÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢yî,üƒ
2.2.1.4. ˜Ó¢yî,üƒ
2.2.1.5. òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿
2.2.1.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú

2.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ Á xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò
2.2.2.3. £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú
2.2.2.4. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.2.1. v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ É (19th Century ‘Ben-

gal Renaissance)
2.2.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ õïƒ!Ó_ Óyày!ú ¢õyã õyòÓì˛yÓyî#
Á Î%!_´Óyî# £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚£z õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏúyv˛¸ò ¢)!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
¢Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£zÈÙÈïõ≈ñ ¢õyãñ !ü«˛yñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ îü≈ò Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ xò%¶)˛ì˛ £Î˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
£zì˛y!úÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ~£z ãyÜÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ Óy ‘Ben-
gal RenaissanceÛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !â˛hs˛y!Óî Á ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ v˛z!òü
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ òÓãyÜÓ˚í Óy ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ òyˆÏõ x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈò–
2.2.1.2. ˛òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y Óy ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ É

¢ƒyÓ˚ Îî%òyÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ‘History of Bengal’ (vol. II) @˘ÃˆÏs˛i x!ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ 37
¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ !mïy£#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ~£z ãyÜÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ÚòÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ Óy ÚˆÏÓˆ˚ Ïò¢§yÛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ÚÚIt was truly a Renaissance, wider, deeper, and mare revolutionary
than that of Europe after the fall of Constantinople.’’ SÚÚÑ˛òfi›˛y!r›˛ˆÏòy˛ôˆÏúÓ˚
˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ £zÁˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ô ˆÎ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ñ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í !äÈú ì˛îyˆÏ˛ô«˛y
Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛– ~£z òÓãyÜÓ˚í !äÈú ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y–ÛÛV
xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏüy¶˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Úx!õì˛ ˆ¢òÛ äÈpòyˆÏõ ì˛y§Ó˚ ÚNotes on Bengal
!›˛Øò# RenaissanceÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓD#Î˚ ãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ òyòy ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏòÁ ~£z ãyÜÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆÏÓˆ˚ Ïò¢§yÛ
ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó_´ÓƒÈÙÈ ÚÚThe impact of British rule, bourgeois
economy and Modern Western Culture was felt first in Bengal and Pro-
duced an awakening known usually as the Bengal Renaissance.ÛÛ S ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü£z
≤ÃÌõ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢òñ Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ Á xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ xò%¶)˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ ãyÜÓ˚í áˆÏ›˛ñ ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓD#Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y Óúy £Î˚–ÛÛV
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ñ !üÓòyÓ˚yÎ˚í Ó˚yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ˛ô!ÿ˛õ £zÁˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yˆÏ¢Ó˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò £Î˚– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ïyE˛y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆîˆÏü£z
xò%¶)˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ ˆîü=!úˆÏì˛ ˆÓÔ!k˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛Ó˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ òyˆÏõ x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ â˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe î,!ãñ xyÓ˚ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xƒyˆÏr›˛y!òÎ˚yõ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe î%£z fl˛∫òyõïòƒ £z!ì˛£y¢!Óî Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ Á Îî%òyÌ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÁ v˛z!òü üì˛Ñ˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ x!Ó¶˛_´ ÓDˆÏîˆÏü ˆÎ !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyv˛¸ò ì˛yÓ˚Á ¢yïyÓ˚í
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ÚÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ–
2.2.1.3. ˛£zì˛y!úÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢yî,üƒ É

xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏüy¶˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í Á £zì˛y!úÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È
¢yî,üƒ Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÎÌyÈÙÈ
S1V £zì˛y!úÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ £zÁˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ì˛wyFäÈß¨ ¶˛yÓ Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ £zÁˆÏÓ˚y˛ôˆÏÑ˛
õ%!_´Ó˚ ˛ôÌ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÁ ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ñ ãv˛¸ì˛y Á xı˛!ÓŸªy¢
Óy!ì˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ ˛ôÌ õyòÓì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ãÎ˚Üyò£z ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
S2V £zì˛y!úÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%î,ë˛¸ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ !äÈú !@˘ÃÑ˛ Á úƒy!›˛ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒó ÓD#Î˚
òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !¶˛!_ !äÈú ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ñö˛yÓ˚!¢ Á £zÇÓ˚y!ã ¢y!£ì˛ƒ–
S3V £zì˛y!úÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òñ Î%!_´Óyî# Á xò%¢ı˛yò# õyò!¢Ñ˛y Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
!v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈ïyÓ˚yÎ˚–
S4V £zì˛y!úÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yÓ˚ õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò ≤Ãfl˛≥%˛!›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò Á !Óîƒy¢yÜˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
õˆÏïƒ–
S5V Ñ˛Ìƒ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ ú«˛ƒ
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
38
~õò!Ñ˛ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÎ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ
£zÁˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yˆÏ¢ £zì˛y!ú ˆ¢£z ˆ¢£z ~Ñ˛£z ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ÓyÇúy£z òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
ˆ«˛e¶)˛!õ ˆÑ˛ò ~Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒyÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏüy¶˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ “ The impact of British rule,
burgeoise economy........was felt first in Bengal” ˚~ !îÑ˛!›˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
2.2.1.4. ˜Ó¢yî,üƒ É !›˛Øò#

v˛É xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD £zì˛y!úÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì%˛úòy xÌ≈£#ò–
S1V myîü Á eˆÏÎ˚yîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!íãƒ !Ó≤’Óñ òÜÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ õãÓ%ì˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
£zì˛y!úÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢Ó˚*˛ô õãÓ%ì˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏí !äÈú òy–
S2V £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy áˆÏ›˛– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ñ xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%Ü ÓúˆÏì˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ïòì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iy ì˛ÖòÁ !äÈú ïòì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ˜üüÓÑ˛yú–
S3V £zì˛y!úÓ˚ ˆöœ˛yˆÏÓ˚™ òÜÓ˚# ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ü“#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ
úyúò˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃyíˆÏÑ˛w Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆ¢ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò–
2.2.1.5. òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ É

x˛ôÓ˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ñ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚Á ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– xy£z.!¢.~¢ xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe ì˛§yÓ˚
!Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ~£z ãyÜÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ Úì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈò– !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ
!â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ã!õîyÓ˚ ˆ◊í#£z úy¶˛Óyò £Î˚– ~£z¢õhfl˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ˆÏ◊í# ¢¡ôî
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ â˛yúyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ú¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ãyÜÓ˚íÛ á›˛yÎ˚– ~!›˛£zñ ÚòÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ
!£¢yˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õyÑ≈˛¢Óyî# ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ ¢%≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊í#
xïƒ%!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ü£ˆÏÓ˚£z ~£z ãyÜÓ˚í ¢#õyÓk˛ !äÈú– ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ xM˛Èú=!úˆÏì˛
!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ @˘ÃyõyM˛ÈˆÏú ˆÎ ¢Ó ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆë˛v˛z ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ!äÈúñ ì˛y !äÈú õ)úì˛
!£®%ÈÙÈõïƒ!Ó_ xïƒ%!°Ïì˛ xM˛Èú– !ÓíÎ˚ ˆáy°Ï ã#ÓòÈÙÈ¢yÎ˚yˆÏ£´ õì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í !äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ äÈúòy Óy ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íyÈÙÈ “nothing but a
historical hoax”– ì§˛yÓ˚ õì˛yò%ÎyÎ˚# ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í !äÈú Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ì˛Ñ˛ÌyÛÈÙÈ‘myth’–
v˛É ò#£yÓ˚Oò Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÓD¶)˛!õÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í ˆÎ ˆÑ˛ò ~ÓÇ Ñ˛# v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛!úì˛ £ì˛ Óy ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ Óyày!ú Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛yú% £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúñ ì˛y Óúy Ö%Ó£z Ñ˛!‡˛ò– Î!î ì˛y òyÁ £Î˚ ì˛Ó%Á ~Ó˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y !Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏäÈ
ÓˆÏú Ó˚yÎ˚ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy–
39
2.2.1.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈¢¡øì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy !Ñ˛ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Á ¢%!ò!î≈‹T Ó_´Óƒ ~ÖòÁ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚!ò–
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ãˆÏã≈y ¶˛y¢y!Ó˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ !Ó!Óï á›˛òyÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏÓˆÏü ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õyˆÏã ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z
¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!£ì˛ v˛zqyÓò# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y ≤ÃÓú¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢!e´Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô%òÓ˚yÓ,!_Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ¡øy£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õò õ%_´ £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò õyòÓ#Î˚ ¢,ãò# ü!_´Ó˚ ˆÎ
Ó˝õ%Ö# v˛zß√#úò áˆÏ›˛ ì˛yÓ˚£z x˛ôÓ˚ òyõ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ Óy rinascital– ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ˛ô!ÿ˛õ# ¶˛yÓ%Ñ˛ Á
!›˛Øò# ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛â≈˛y ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢)â˛òyˆÏì˛£z– Ó˚yõˆÏõy£òñ
!Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ñ x«˛Î˚Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ î_ñ õy£zˆÏÑ˛ú õï%¢)îòñ Ó!B˛õâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚£z
õyò¢ v˛z I #ÓˆÏ ò !Ó!ü‹T ¶) ˛ !õÑ˛y !äÈ ú – Ólfl˛ì˛ñ òÓãyÜÓ˚ ˆ Ï í Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹T ƒ Î!î
Î%!_´ÓyîÈÙÈfl˛∫yï#ò!â˛hs˛y Á õyòÓì˛yÓyî £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ ~î%!›˛ !â˛hs˛y v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#
Á !ü!«˛ì˛ Óyày!úÓ˚ õòˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓú¶˛yˆÏÓ ïyE˛y !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚£z Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ !äÈú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Ó˚&!â˛ñ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ Á ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ Ó!£ÉÓ˚ˆÏD– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò v˛z£z!úÎ˚yõ xƒyv˛yõ– xƒyv˛yõ Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò “......He
would be free or not be at all..... Love of freedom was perhaps the strongest
passion of his soul-freedom not of action merely, but of thought.....”– ì˛Ìy!˛ô
Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò ˆÎñ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ,˛Í ˆ¢Ñ˛Ìy Ñ˛yÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãì˛#Î˚õyò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ñ
òyòy e&!›˛ Á ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ~£z òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú É (Derogians and

Young Bengal)
2.2.2.1.¢)â˛òy É
!v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛îú ˛äÈye ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Ú£zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDúÛ òyˆÏõ£z ¢õ!ïÑ˛ Öƒyì˛–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xïƒyÎ˚ ˆ£ò!Ó˚ !¶˛!¶˛Î˚yò !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ v˛zÕÒyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y v˛zayò Á ≤Ãfl˛iyò– v˛zÕÒyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚y «˛íÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
ãòƒ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ G˛úÑ˛y!òˆÏì˛ xhs˛ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ £ˆÏúÁ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ãòõyòˆÏ¢ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎ G•˛yÑ%˛!ò !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y !mõì˛ˆÏ˛ôy°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò–
2.2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ Á xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò É

~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyí˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï !v˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ãÁ S1809ÈÙÈ31 !Ö≠V ãˆÏß√!äÈˆÏúò Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ~r›˛y!ú
xM˛ÈˆÏú ~Ñ˛ £zDÈÙÈ˛ôì%≈˛!Üã ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚– !ü«˛yúy¶˛ ïõ≈ì˛úy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛!õˆÏì˛– !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆv˛!¶˛v˛
v»˛yõu˛ÈÙÈ!Î!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò ˛ö˛Ó˚y!¢ !Ó≤’Óñ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# xyˆÏ®yúòñ Î%!_´Óyî Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
¢yïòyÓ˚ Ó#ã Ó˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– 1826 ~ Sõì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1827 Óy 1828V õye ¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !ì˛!ò !£®% Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã Á £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ !òÎ%_´ £ò– ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚£z
40 ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ £z!ì˛£y¢ Á îü≈ˆÏò ¢%˛ô!u˛ì˛ ~£z xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ÎÌyÎÌ fl˛∫yï#ò !â˛hs˛y Á Î%!_´Óyî#
î,!‹T¶˛!DÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ~Ñ˛ õ£yò ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú– ~£z v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ 1828 !ì˛!ò õy!òÑ˛ì˛úyÎ˚
◊#Ñ,˛°å !¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ ÓyÜyòÓy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÚxƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎü ˚ òÛ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ ¢¶˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ÖyˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# äÈyeÓ˚y ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xyÎ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Á ïõ#≈Î˚ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ òyòy!Óï ¶˛u˛y!õÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ õì˛yõì˛ Óƒ_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
~!›˛£z !äÈú äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ ¢¶˛y– ˆÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓu˚ ˛ úyú!Ó£yÓ˚#
ˆî ì§˛yÓ˚ xydÑ˛ÌyÎ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õ)ú ¢%Ó˚£z !äÈú ïõ#≈Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò=!úÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ !ÓˆÏoy£– ......xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&í !¢Ç£Ó˚y ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Æy£ ïˆÏÓ˚ Üã≈ò
ì%˛úì˛ Ú!£®%ïõ≈ !ò˛ôyì˛ ÎyÑ˛Ûñ ÚˆÏÜy§v˛¸y!õ !ò˛ôyì˛ ÎyÑ˛Û ÛÛ (The general tone of the dis- !›˛Øò#
cussions was a decided recolt against religious intitutions...... The young
lions on the Academy roared out, week after week, ‘Down with Hinduism!
Down with orthodoxy.”) ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ Ú!£®% ˛ôƒy!›˛ΔˆÏÎ˚›˛Û Á !úÖˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ ÚÚx:ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ Á
ˆÑ˛!¡∫L !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñœ˛yÓ=!ú ˆÎ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !£®% Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛
ÚxƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xƒˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üòÛ Á ˆ¢£z ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ#ˆÏîÓ˚
xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ÎÌyÈÙÈÚ˛ôyˆÏÌ≈òòÛñ
ÚˆÏ£¢ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚y¢Ûñ ÚÑ˛ƒyúÑ˛y›˛y !ú›˛yÓ˚y!Ó˚Ûñ ÚÑ˛ƒyˆÏú£zˆÏv˛yˆÏfl˛Òy˛ôÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛– ~£z¢õhfl˛ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y=!ú
òyÓ˚# fl˛∫yï#òì˛yñ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
£z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÁ !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yòˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú– ~ì˛î‰¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˛ô)Ó≈!ò!î≈‹T
¢õyã!â˛hs˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ˆÏì˛ !£®% ¢õyã !Óâ˛!úì˛ Á ü!B˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– 1831 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !£®%
Ñ˛ˆÏúã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôîì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚£z ˙ ÓäÈÏÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ õye ˆì˛£zü ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
xyï%!òÑ˛ !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ x!@¿!üÖy !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ xÑ˛yú ≤ÃÎ˚yí áˆÏ›˛–
2.2.1.3. £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú É

ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ú£zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDúÛ îˆÏúÓ˚ xÓîyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# !Ó!Óï
õì˛Óyî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ñ ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Î%Ü ÎÌyÌ≈ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Üí ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ òƒyÎ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ¢ì˛ƒ v˛zÂáy›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ˆÏe´!›˛¢ˆÏÑ˛
ˆÎõò ~ˆÏÌò#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü !Ó°Ï˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyíì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò
!v˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ãÁˆÏÑ˛ !Ó°Ï˛ôyò òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓÁ
˚ !ì˛ú !ì˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îs˛fíyÎ˚ !Ók˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– !v˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ãÁÓ˚
ˆîüˆÏ≤ÃˆÏõÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Öyî !äÈú òy– ˆîüˆÏ≤Ã!õÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Á ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓîòy xyÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yõòyÓ˚ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ‘To India My Native Land’ ~ÓÇ
‘Independence’ òyõÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚–
!v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÓü!Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ˆòì,˛c ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò £zÎ˚Ç
ˆÏÓDú îú– Ñ,˛°åˆÏõy£ò ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘The Enquiren’ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ‘The Perse-
cuted’ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ õ)úì˛ !£®% ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#Ó¶˛yˆÏÓ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò
Á Ó˚yïyÑ˛yhs˛ ˆîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Enquiren ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ‘Coming a far
half the way on religion and politics.” ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – õjy Ñ˛Ìy £ˆÏúy Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò
!£®% ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚&I#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòó xyÓ˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
!v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yò˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ¢õhfl˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆ¶˛ˆÏD !îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– 41
ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Öò£z ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÁ
!v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yòˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ˆì˛õò!›˛ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# !äÈú
òy– ö˛ˆÏúñ xyˆÏ®yúò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛– xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò òy !äÈú ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ òy !äÈú
ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏüy¶˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ e&!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò
“ It was not a sustained movement”. ~äÈyv˛¸y ˛ô)Ó≈K˛yòÁ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚!ò– ì˛y£z v˛É ¢%!õì˛
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ “ Generation without fathers and children” ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú òy– v˛É x!òú ü#ú ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ
!›˛Øò# ÚÚì§˛yÓ˚y Üãîhs˛ !õòyˆÏÓ˚ Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òÛÛ S“They lived in ivory towers.”)
2.2.2.4. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
!v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yò Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDúÈÙÈˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ó_´Óƒ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢ˆÏúÁ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓîyòˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ ì˛yÓ˚yâ§˛yî
â˛e´Óì˛#≈ñ î!«˛íyÓ˚Oò õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ó˚yõˆÏÜy˛ôyú ˆáy°Ïñ Ó˚yõì˛ò% úy!£v˛¸#ñ ˛ôƒy!Ó˚â§˛yî !õˆÏeÓ˚ òyõ
!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ– ~ÖyˆÏò !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ Á £zÎÇ˚ ˆÓDú ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛£z !äÈˆÏúò–
!ÓïÓy !ÓÓy£ xy£zò ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛Ó˝ xyˆÏÜ î!«˛íyÓ˚Oò Óï≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ õ£yÓ˚yãy ˆì˛ˆÏãü â˛w
Óy£yî%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚&í# !ÓïÓy ˛ôb# Ó˚y!í Ó¢hs˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ ˆÓÌ%ò fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛
î!«˛íyÓ˚OˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ÖyòyˆÏì˛£z– ~õòÑ˛# Ó˚!¢Ñ˛Ñ,˛°å õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ñ î!«˛íyÓ˚Oò Á ˛ôƒyÓ˚#â§˛yî !õe 1833
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ â˛y›≈˛yÓ˚ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛úƒyíÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏãÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´ xyˆÏäÈ– ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì˛§yÓ˚ “A Nation in
Making.” @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎñì§˛yÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò ÚÚÓyÇúyÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈì˛yÓ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
ãy!ì˛Ó˚ !˛ôì˛yñ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ =íyÓú# !â˛Ó˚fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–ÛÛ
xò%ü#úò#
1. v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyˆÏã Ñ˛# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú⁄
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ò⁄
2. òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ î%!›˛ Î%!_´ !îò–
3. £zì˛y!úÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yî,üƒ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# 4. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁ ˆÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò⁄
42
5. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÎ˚yò Ñ˛yÓ˚y⁄
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
1. ˆÜÔì˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ#ñ ˆÜÔÓ˚îy¢ £yúîyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
3. ã#Óò õ%ˆÏÖy˚˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ !›˛Øò#
4. J.N.Sarkar (ed.) - History of Bengal
5. Amit Sen (Sushobhan Sarkar) - Notes on Bengal Renaissance
6. Derozio - To India My Native Land.
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!›˛Øò#
44
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.3 v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ ïõ#≈Î˚ xyˆÏòyúò É Óy·˛
¢õyãñ xyÎ≈ ¢õyãñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüòñ ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ
ö%˛ˆÏúñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#
2.3.0. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
2.3.1. Óy·˛¢õyã !›˛Øò#
2.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.1.2. Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì˛ƒ%Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚
2.3.1.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.2. xyÎ≈¢õyã
2.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.2.2. îÎ˚yò® Á xyÎ≈¢õyã
2.3.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.3. Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò

2.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.3.2. =Ó˚&Ó˚ SÓ˚yõÑ,˛°åV õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
2.3.3.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.4. ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏú

2.3.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.4.2. Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!ú
2.3.4.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
2.3.5. xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#

2.3.5.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.3.5.2. ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈ!Ó!›˛üÎ%ˆÏÜ òyÓ˚# fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
45
2.3.5.3. v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#
2.3.5.4. !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#
2.3.0. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ É
˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ õ)úì˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyãñ ïõ≈ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛
!›˛Øò# ~Ñ˛ xyõ)ú ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õ!ò°Ï#–
õ)úì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛y!hs˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ ïõ≈¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ£˚ z ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ãy!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ≤ÃÌyñ òyÓ˚#õ%!_´ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚=!ú£z ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ~Ñ˛yã
÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ÎÌyÈÙÈÓy·˛ ¢õyãñ
xyÎ≈ ¢õyãñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò Á ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–
2.3.1. Óy·˛¢õyã É (Brahma Samaj)
2.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
˛ôyâ˛ƒ Á ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆõúÓı˛òÑ˛yÓ˚# ≤ÃÌõ õyò%°Ï!›˛ !äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò Ó˚yÎ˚– !ì˛!ò ~ˆÏÑ˛ŸªÓ˚ÓyˆÏî
!ÓŸªy¢# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ£˚ z ì˛y ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ 1815 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆÏúò
Úxyd#Î˚ ¢¶˛yÛ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ 1828 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ÚÓy·¢¶˛yÛ– 1830 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
ÚÓy·˛¢¶˛yÛ Ó˚ òyõ £ú ÚÓy·˛¢õyãÛ– ïõ#≈Î˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ~£z ¢¶˛y Óy ¢õyã!›˛ ïõ≈ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á !ü«˛yÈÙÈ¢Çeýhs˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÁ xÓì˛#í≈ £Î˚– Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á
~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÌˆÏõ !äÈú òy– ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ ˆÑ˛üÓâ˛w ˆ¢ò ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc xyˆÏ®yúò
â˛ú!äÈú–
2.3.1.2. Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì˛ƒ%Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ É

~Ñ˛Ìy !‡˛Ñ˛ Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1833 S!Ö≠V Óy·˛ ¢õyã !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !hfl˛!õì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúÁ
myÓ˚Ñ˛yòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%e ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ Óy·˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò òì%˛ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚
áˆÏ›˛– !ì˛!ò Óy·˛ xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ïõ#≈Î˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆîò ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌõ Óy·˛ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚
v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ò– ~ãòƒñ ÚÓy·˛ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ xò%¤˛yòÈÙÈ˛ôk˛!ì˛Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘Ãs˛iÁ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ
fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Úì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò# ¢¶˛yÛ S1839 !Ö≠V ~ÓÇ Úì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÛ S1843 !Ö≠V ÓyÇúyÓ˚
!ü«˛yñ ¢õyã Á ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Úì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò# ¢¶˛yÛ !›˛ !äÈú
îúõì˛ !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï Óyày!ú Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ !õúòˆÏÑ˛w– 1840 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÚÓy·˛ ¢õyãÛ ~Ó˚ xyâ˛yÓ˚
xò%¤˛yò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y ˆîÓyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ !ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Úì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò# ˛ôy‡˛üyúyÛ–
1858 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÑ˛üÓâ˛w ˆ¢ò S1838ÈÙÈ1884 !Ö≠V Óy·˛¢õyˆÏã ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Óy·˛
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# xyˆÏ®yúò xyÓ˚Á ü!_´üyú# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ £z!u˛Î˚yò !õÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ú¢Dì˛
46 ¢¶˛yÛñ ÚÓy·˛Óı%˛ ¢¶˛yÛ Á ÚÑ˛ƒyúÑ˛y›˛y Ñ˛ˆÏúãÛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– òyÓ˚# Ñ˛úƒyˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
ÓyõyˆÏÓy!ïò# ¢¶˛y Á Óy!·˛Ñ˛y ¢õyã– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Á ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü !ì˛!ò Óy·˛ ïõ≈ Á
¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyîü≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ˆÏÑ˛üÓâ˛w ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì,˛cyï#ò ì˛Ó˚&í
Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ˛%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï ÓyˆÏï– !ÓïÓy !ÓÓy£ñ x¢Óí≈ !ÓÓy£ñ ¢Çfl˛,ÒˆÏì˛Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õs˛f v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Á Óy·˛ xyâ˛yÎ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ#ì˛ @˘Ã£í ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ ˆîˆÏÓwòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Ó˚«˛íü#úì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛üÓâ˛w Á ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ#Ó˚y ÚÓy·˛ ¢õyãÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£‹,Òì˛ £ò–
ˆÑ˛üÓâ˛w ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï#≈Î˚ Óy·˛ ¢õyãÛ S1866 !Ö≠Vñ ~ÓÇ ˆîˆÏÓwòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Óy·˛
¢õyã Úxy!î Óy·˛ ¢õyãÛ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ò#!ì˛Üì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿
Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈#Î˚ Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÛÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓú ÓyÜ‰ÈÙÈ!Óì˛u˛y– ~Ó˚£z õˆïƒ òyÓy!úÑ˛y !›˛Øò#
Ñ˛íƒy ¢%ò#!ì˛ ˆîÏÓ#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD òyÓyúÑ˛ !£®% Ó˚yã˛ô%e ò,ˆÏ˛ôw òyÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ ¢¡ôß¨ £Î˚– ì˛Ó˚&í
Óy·˛Ó˚y !ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò Ú¢yïyÓ˚í Óy·˛ ¢õyãÛ– ˆÑ˛üÓâ˛w
Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚòÓ!ÓïyòÛ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï#≈Î˚ Óy·˛ ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏúò ÚòÓ!Óïyò Óy·˛
¢õyãÛ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°ÏˆÏõü òÓ!Óïyò ì˛yÓ˚ Îü £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ú Ú¢yïyÓ˚í Óy·˛ ¢õyãÛÈÙÈ~–
2.3.1.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛Ò,˛!ì˛ ì˛Ìy ãòã#ÓˆÏò Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xÓîyò xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– v˛É ~. xyÓ˚.
ˆîüy£z (Dr. A.R.Desai) ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ ÚÚÓy·˛ ¢õyã !äÈú ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ,˛Í–ÛÛ
Ó˚Óy›≈˛ £z!úÎ˚›˛ (Robert H. Elliot) Óy·˛ xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ÚxyˆÏ@¿Î˚!Ü!Ó˚ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD â%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ˆÎñ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈ ì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ S!Ó!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚V ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ– Ólfl˛ì˛ñ Óy·˛ ¢õyã ¢õyã¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z
ãòõˆÏò fl˛∫yï#òˆÏâ˛ì˛y õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏß√°Ï á›˛yˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛
!ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
2.3.2. xyÎ≈¢õyã É
2.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ïõ#≈Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúò î%!›˛ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~Ñ˛îú
˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¶˛yÓïyÓ˚yÎ˚ v˛zm%k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ¢yïˆÏò Óì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– xyÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛ñ
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á ïõ#≈Î˚ xò%¤˛yˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ≤Ãyâ˛ƒ xyîü≈ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
≤ÃÌˆÏõy_´ îˆÏú Óy·˛¢õyã Á ≤ÃyÌ≈òy ¢õyã xyd!òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !mì˛#Î˚ îú!›˛Ó˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï#≈Î˚ !£®% ïõ≈ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚&I#Óò– ~£z
!mì˛#Î˚!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xyÎ≈¢õyã Á Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛–
2.3.2.2. îÎ˚yò® Á xyÎ≈¢õyã É

xyÎ≈¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÎyÓ˚ òyõ ~Ñ˛yd £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ !ì˛!ò £ˆÏúò îÎ˚yò® fl˛∫Ófl˚ ˛∫ì˛# S1824ÈÙÈ1883 fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
!Ö≠V– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xÜyï K˛yò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁó ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú 47
òy– 1875 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ì˛!ò ˆÓy¡∫y£zÈÙÈ~ xyÎ≈¢õyã ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ÷!k˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
!ì˛!ò x!£®%ˆÏÑ˛ !£®%ˆÏì˛ ˛Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~Ó˚£z õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ îÎ˚yò® ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈
~Ñ˛ ãy!ì˛ñ ~Ñ˛ ïõ≈ Á ~Ñ˛ ¢õyã ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚
á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z õyò%°Ï!›˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛
v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛i# ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
îÎ˚yò® v˛zî%≈Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ !£!®ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy !£¢yˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ îyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zÍ¢y£ ¢,!‹T
!›˛Øò# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛ˆÏÓñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÜyÈÙÈ£ì˛ƒy !ò!°Ïk˛Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò êýï Á !ÓˆÏm°Ï
¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ !ò!Öú ü)ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆúÖy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyÎ≈¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
úyˆÏ£yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!£õ ÖyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ%˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ñ xyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛íü#ú !£®%Ó˚y£z îÎ˚yò®ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– õ%¢úõyò Á !Öfi›˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ îÎ˚yò® Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁñ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ !£Ç¢yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛Ìy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ƒ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÜyÈÙÈÓ˚«˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈)˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò v˛zÍ¢y£ ¢M˛ÈyˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚–
îÎ˚yòˆÏ®Ó˚ xyÎ≈ ¢õyã !£®% ˛ô%òã≈yÜÓ˚ˆÏí !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ õy£zúö˛úÑ˛ !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ
˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ õ)ˆÏúÁ Ñ%˛‡˛yÓ˚yáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˆÑ˛òòy ˆÜyÈÙÈÓ«˚ ˛y xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Óò‹T £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡±#!ì˛– 1893 !Ö fi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÜyÈÙÈÓ˚«˛y xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y !äÈú ˆ¢£z ¢¡±#!ì˛ !ÓòˆÏ‹TÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü–
2.3.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
xyÓyÓ˚ v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈ ˛ô%Ó˚yò Á õ)!ì≈˛˛ô)ãyˆÏÑ˛ ÎÖò !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ì˛Öò !£®% ¢õyˆÏãÁ ~Ñ˛ â˛Ó˚õ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú
ÚòÎ˚y !£®%Óyî#Û !â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚y– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü ~£z òÎ˚y !£®%ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò v˛zˆÏîƒy_ý
!äÈˆÏúò Ó!B˛õâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– !ì˛!ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ üyfl˛f Á ïõ≈@˘Ãs˛i=!úˆÏÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ !â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚yÓ˚
¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜ òì%˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– õ)úì˛É ì§˛yÓ˚£z ˙Ñ˛y!hs˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ !£®%ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚&I#Óò
Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢)â˛òy á›˛ú– ˛ôy!òE˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñÚÚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#
x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ö‹Tyò Á £z¢úyõ ïõ≈õˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# ¢Çfl˛iy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xyÎ≈¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
=Ó˚&c Ñ˛õ òˆÏ£– v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !£®%ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ xyÎ≈¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xÓîyò
=Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈–ÛÛ !£®%ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ îÎ˚yò® ~Ó˚£z xãyˆÏhs˛ xÖu˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyîˆÏÑ˛
xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü£z «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú xyÓ˚ !ãßÿ£ÈÙÈÓ˚ v˛zayò !äÈú ˆ¢£z xÖu˛ Óy ˙Ñ˛ƒ ¶˛yDyÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ
˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛–
2.3.3. Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò (Ramkrishna Mission)
2.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy É
48 ˆÑ˛Óú v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ïõ≈yˆÏ®yúˆÏò òÎ˚ñ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ïõ≈ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ◊#Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ á›˛òyó xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚£z xyîü≈ xyãÁ x«%˛ß¨ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å
!õüˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– fl˛∫yõ# !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò S1897V– Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú ïõ≈ Á ¢õyã
¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ õyòÓ ˆ¢Óy– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆò£z ˆÑ˛yòÁ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ïõ≈yı˛ì˛y– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò õ‡˛ fl˛iy˛ôòñ
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yúÎ˚ fl˛iy˛ôòñ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛iy˛ôòñ Óòƒy ~ÓÇ î%!¶≈˛«˛ ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !õüò xyãÁ î,‹Tyhs˛fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£zñ ˆîü!ÓˆÏîˆÏüÁ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüˆÏòÓ˚
üyÖy xyãÁ ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛– Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyâ˛ƒ Á ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈
ˆõúÓı˛ò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ 1893 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ !â˛Ñ˛yˆÏÜy ïõ≈¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò !£®%ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛y Á !›˛Øò#
õ£c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ÓŸªÓy¢#Ó˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõÑ,˛°åÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜƒ !ü°Ïƒ fl˛∫yõ# !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò®–
ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ õyòÓ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ xyîü≈ˆÏÓyï ~£z !ü«˛y Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò õyòÓ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚
xDÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô Üíƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
2.3.3.2. =Ó˚&Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ É

1886 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ =Ó˚&Ó˚ !ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó≈e ˆÓîyˆÏhs˛Ó˚ xò%üy¢ò
≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– õ)úì˛ ◊#Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ~£z ˆ¢ÓyˆÏÎyˆÏÜ v˛zm%k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yõ#!ã ˆ¢!îò ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòÉ
ÚÚÑ˛# xq(ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛£z xyã ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ˛ôy£zúyõ...‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ xyã ¶˛yÓyˆÏÓˆÏü Îy Ó!úˆÏúò
ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ Ó%G˛y ˆÜúÈÙÈ ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓîyhs˛ˆÏÑ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ xyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú Ñ˛yˆÏã v˛z£yˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò
Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚... !üÓ Óy òyÓ˚yÎ˚í K˛yˆÏò ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏú {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚
îü≈ò˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ¶˛!_´úyˆÏ¶˛ ¶˛_´ÈÙÈ¢yïÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú fl˛∫“Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ,˛ì˛Ñ˛yÎ≈ ££zˆÏÓ–....Îy£y £v˛zÑ˛ ¶˛ÜÓyò
Î!î Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy !îò ˆîò ˆì˛y xy!ã Îy£y ÷!òúyõ ~£z xq(ì˛ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó≈e ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Ó–ÛÛ ~Ó˚£z
õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® ã#Óhs˛ ã#ÓˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ◊#Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ú!üÓ K˛yˆÏò ã#Ó ˆ¢Óy˚ÛÓ˚
îü≈ò ÌˆÏÑ˛–
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ñ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆîüˆÏ≤ÃˆÏõÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy áy›˛!ì˛ !äÈú òy– xy¢ˆÏú ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ÓúˆÏì˛
xyõÓ˚y Îy Ó%!G˛ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õò !äÈˆÏúò òy– !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õyò¢˛ô%eÈÙÈ!Î!ò
!Ñ˛òy ïõ≈ Á ˆîüˆÏ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ò– ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Óy!£ƒÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò–
!ì˛!ò ˆ¢£z ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ˆÎ !Ñ˛òy ˜Ü!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á ãòˆÏ¢ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ÎÌyÈÙÈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y£z ïõ≈ñ ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛y ˛ôy˛ô– ~ ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ Óyí# !äÈú òyÈÙÈì˛y òy £ˆÏú
!ì˛!ò Î%Óü!_´Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÜyï xyfl˛iy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò òy– !ì˛!ò ÓLÑ˛ˆÏt˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛õyì˛y xhs˛ì˛
¢£fl˛À Î%ÓÑ˛ Ó!ú â˛yò– õˆÏò ˆÓ˚Ö õyò%°Ï â˛y£z– xK˛ òÎ˚– ì%˛!õ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ î%Ó≈ú ¶˛yÓˆÏúñ î%Ó≈ú £ˆÏÓ–
ˆì˛ãfl˛∫# ¶˛yÓˆÏú ˆì˛ãfl˛∫# £ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ó!ú¤˛ ˆáy°Ïíy “I am Existence Abso-
lute, Knowledge Absolute, Bliss Absolute, I am he, I am he.” !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ÷ï% õyì,˛¶)˛!õ !äÈú òyñ !äÈúñ “The Queen of his adoration”– ì§˛yÓ˚
!â˛hs˛yÎ˚ !äÈú òy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛y– !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® xÑ˛˛ôˆÏ›˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚ xy!õ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ñ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢# xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z–ÛÛ
49
2.3.3.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
~Ñ˛ãò õyò%°Ï ãy!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛îñ xfl˛ô,üƒì˛yñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛!ÓÑ˛£z õˆÏò
≤ÃyˆÏí Î!î á,íy òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò !ì˛!ò Ñ˛Öò£z ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò òy ÚÚ xy!õ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z–ÛÛ Ólfl˛ì˛ ~›˛y£z !äÈú ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ Óyí#– ¢yïyÓ˚í xˆÏÌ≈ ïõ#≈Î˚ ˆòì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ Îy ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚
!ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆì˛õò !äÈˆÏúò òyó !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
x!@¿ˆÏ£ye#– 1897 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® !â˛Ñ˛yˆÏÜy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚxyÜyõ#
!›˛Øò# ˛ôM˛Èyü ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ ãòò# õyì,˛¶)˛!õ ˆÎò ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye xyÓ˚yïƒ ˆîÓì˛y £ò–ÛÛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ≈ ˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îò!›˛£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ î)Óî˚ !ü≈ì˛yÁ Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò
!äÈú– ì§˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy “freedom is the song of the soul,” “There can not be
any growth without liberty, Liberty is the first condition of growth,” “India
should be free politically first.”
2.3.4. ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏú É
2.3.4.1. ¢)â˛òy É
õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ !Ó!ü‹T fl˛iyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ãß√ ~Ñ˛ ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ%˛ò!Ó Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ–˚ õ)úì˛ fl˛Ò!›˛ü !õüòyÓ˚# fl˛%ÒˆÏú !ü«˛yúy¶˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óy·˛íƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# õì˛yîü≈ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Ú=úyõ!Ü!Ó˚Û òyõÑ˛ ì˛y§Ó˚
Ó£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ ~£z Óy·˛íƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ˆã£yî ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óúy â˛ˆÏú ¢õhfl˛ !òÎ≈y!ì˛ì˛ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ !ì˛!ò Ú¢ì˛ƒ¢yïÑ˛ ¢õyãÛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xı˛ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
õ)ˆÏú Ñ%˛‡˛yÓ˚yáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚Á Sü)oˆÏîÓ˚V £zÇÓ˚y!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y õˆÏò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓyï ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ–
2.3.4.2. Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!ú É
1870 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ì˛!ò ÚÓy·˛òyˆÏâ˛ Ñ˛¢yÓÛ S˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô v˛zˆÏß√yâ˛òV ~ÓÇ ÚˆÏŸªì˛
Ñ˛y°Ï≈›˛ xò%îÛ SÑ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÓ%Ñ˛V òyˆÏõ î%!›˛ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ÎÌyÌ≈£z v˛zˆÏß√yâ˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ü)oˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ !£®%ˆÏcÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ü)ˆÏoÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚
Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ !ì˛!ò Á ì˛§yÓ˚ ˛ôb# ¢y!Óe#Óy{ ~Ó˚£z !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ãòõì˛– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ !ÓïÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˛≤ÃÓú xyˆÏ®yúò
~ÓÇ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
~Ñ˛Ìy !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎñ ö%˛ˆÏú !äÈˆÏúò !Ó!›˛üÈÙÈ Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛– !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ Óy·˛í
!ò@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü)oˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ó!›˛üÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò– xyÓ˚ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ
ïˆÏÓ˚£z õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T… Óy·˛íÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúò xyÓ˚Á ˆãyÓ˚îyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ
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50
ÚõyòÓ ïõ≈ ¢¶˛yÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚y õ)úì˛ ãyì˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏÑ˛ŸªÓ˚Óyî ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– î%Ü≈yÓ˚yõ îú˛ôì˛Ó˚yõñ !îòõ!í üB˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏu˛ñ îyˆÏõyîÓ˚ îy¢ñ
ˆîÔúì˛Ó˚yõ ≤Ãõ%ÖÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò ~£z ïõ≈¢¶˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ¢!e´Î˚ ¢î¢ƒ– 1867 !Öfi›˛y∑ òyÜyî
ˆÓy¡∫y£zˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ≤ÃyÌ≈òy ¢õyã– õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe õyò%ˆÏ°Ï õyò%ˆÏ°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!ÓˆÏ¶˛î ÌyÑ˛y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚ó ì˛Ìy xfl˛ô,üƒˆÏîÓ˚ Óí≈ !£®% õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ îy!Ó Ñ˛Ó˚yÁ !äÈú ~£z
¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xòˆÏì˛õ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ–
2.3.4.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É !›˛Øò#

ãyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy á›˛ˆÏúÁó ì˛y e´ˆÏõ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ¢yì˛yÓ˚y ˆãúyÎ˚ ¢ì˛ƒˆÏüyïÑ˛ ¢õyã
Ñ˛õ#≈Óy˚ fl˛iyò#Î˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ Á õ£yãòˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃÓú Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú S¢%!õì˛
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ Úxyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Û Sxò%ÓyîVñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1995V– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛iyˆÏò Ó˚_ý_´
¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚Á ÖÓÓ˚Á ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ãyì˛˛ôyì˛ !¶˛!_Ñ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛
Ú¢ì˛ƒˆÏüyïÑ˛ ¢õyãÛ !äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ# â˛!Ó˚eÈÙÈÎy õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó§yâ˛ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ
≤ÃÓú fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÑ˛yõ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
2.3.5. xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚# (Women in Modern India)
2.3.5.1. ¢)â˛òy É
v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ Ó˝ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y õÎ≈yîy Á x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ xyã#Óò
¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Óúy ÎyÎ˚ñ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛y!hs˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ Á xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢£ˆÏÎyÜ#ì˛yÎ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy ~ÓÇ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– ÎÌyÈÙÈ òyÓ˚# !ü÷ £ì˛ƒyñ
¢ì˛#îy£ ≤ÃÌy v˛zˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓïÓy !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ xy£zò!¢k˛ Óyhfl˛Ó!îÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– Î!îÁ
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xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y Á ¶˛yÓïyÓ˚y ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ˆÎ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ãyÜÓ˚í
áˆÏ›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú üì˛y∑#Óƒy˛ô# ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ òyÓ˚# õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúò–
2.3.5.2. ≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈ!Ó!›˛üÎ%ˆÏÜ òyÓ˚# É

≤ÃyÑ˛‰ÈÙÈ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢õyòy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú òy– òyÓ˚# x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÎ˚
˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õÑ˛«˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ òy Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢£z x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õyã ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚!ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~›˛y
!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ÜyÜ#≈ñ ˜õˆÏeÎ˚#ñ â§˛yî!Ó!Óñ ò)Ó˚ãy£yòñ =úÓîò ˆÓÜõñ Ó˚y!ãÎ˚yñ G˛y§¢#Ó˚
Ó˚yí# ú«˛#Óy{ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ xòòƒ ¢yïyÓ˚í õ!£úyÓ˚ òyõ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ¢yïyÓ˚í ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚# ãy!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˝ î)ˆÏÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ì˛y ˆÑ˛yò¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
¢õ@˘Ã ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚#ãy!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Óy xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü !äÈú òy–
51
2.3.5.3. v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚# É
˛ôî≈yÓ˚ xhs˛ÉÓ˚yˆÏú ÌyÑ˛y xyîü≈ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈ãò#ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛yÓ˚í
~£z üì˛ˆÏÑ˛£z òyÓ˚# !ü«˛y Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ò S!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ú«˛ƒV Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓñ
v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ fl˛f# !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%¤%˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy !äÈú òy– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò
¢£ Óy·˛ ¢õyã Á !Öfi›˛yò !õüòyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ òyÓ˚#!ü«˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ !â˛hs˛y¶˛yÓòy !äÈú ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z
òãÓ˚Ñ˛yv˛¸y– 1916 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ¶≈˛ Ñ˛ì≈,˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ!£úy !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚
!›˛Øò# òyÓ˚# !ü«˛y ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò !äÈú– £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ñ ˆÓÌ%ò ¢£ â˛yú≈¢ v˛zv˛ ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚y òyÓ˚#!ü«˛y
!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– 1882 ˆì˛ £yr›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü xò%ÎyÎ˚# fl˛f#
!ü«˛y ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Á xò%îyò xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– òyÓ˚#!ü«˛yÓ˚
î,ë˛¸ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ~ì˛›˛y£z ˛ô!Ó˚ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎñ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ˚ì˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 1917 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
12 ú«˛ 30 £yãyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 1937 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ 28 ú«˛ 90 £yãyÓ˚–
2.3.5.4. !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚# É

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ üì˛ üì˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò !˛ôˆÏÑ˛›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ !õ!äÈˆÏú ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈñ ˆãú ˆÖˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈñ úy!‡˛ÈÙÈ=!úÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÙÈ ~
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ì˛yÓ˚y xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢ˆÏÓ˚y!ãò# òy£zv%˛ñ Ñ˛õúyˆÏîÓ# â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ !ÓãÎ˚ú«˛# ˛ô!u˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õì˛
xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ Öƒy!ì˛¢¡ôß¨ ˆòe# ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~äÈyv˛¸yñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÁ !äÈú xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– 1942ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyÜfi›˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚
xÇü@˘Ã£í ¢ÓˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü òãˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚
xÇü@˘Ã£í ~Ñ˛ òì%˛òõyey ˛ôyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛ÌyÁ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛zß√yîòyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ£z ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ú õ!£úyÓ˚y£z– £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ï!°Ï≈ì˛ £Î˚ñ òÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y xyd£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ú«˛ õ!£úy ≤Ãyí !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆÏúò Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ v˛z˛ôõ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢
¢ÓˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ xïƒyÎ˚–
xò%ü#úò#
1. Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ !úÖ%ò–
2. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã Á ïõ#≈Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏò xyÎ≈ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xÓîyò Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüˆÏòÓ˚ xÓîyò Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò⁄
4. õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T… ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xÓîyò !Ñ˛ !äÈú⁄
52 5. xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. Óy·˛¢õyã ˆÑ˛ñ ˆÑ˛ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò⁄
2. xyÎ≈¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ˆÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò⁄
3. Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò ˆÑ˛ñ ˆÑ˛ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò⁄
4. Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ,˛!ì˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ òyõ ˆúÖ%ò–
!›˛Øò#
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2. ˆì˛¢!úõ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
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¢§yÁì˛yúñ ò#ú ~ÓÇ îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£
2.4.1. ÓúÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yú !ÓˆÏoy£
2.4.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.1.2. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !›˛Øò#
2.4.1.4. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ˛ôyŒ›˛y îõòò#!ì˛
2.4.1.5. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.2. ¢§yÁì˛yú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.2.4. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.3. ò#ú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.3.3. ò#ú !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢)â˛òyñ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !¢k˛yhs˛
2.4.3.4. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.4. îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
2.4.4.2. xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ï¢ Á ˆîü#Î˚ õ£yã!òâ˛e´
2.4.4.3. òì)˛ò ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛
2.4.4.5. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 55
2.4.4.6. ö˛úyö˛ú
2.4.1. ÓúÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yú (Restorative-Kol) !ÓˆÏoy£ É
2.4.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
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2.4.1.2. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í É

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2.4.1.3. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy É

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2.4.2. ¢§yÁì˛yú (Santhal) !ÓˆÏoy£ É
2.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
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˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ v˛É ü!ü¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ì§˛yÓ˚ Civil Distrubances During the British Rule
in India @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !Ó!›˛ü üy¢òÑ˛yˆÏú !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ó˝ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– !ÓòÎ˚
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2.4.2.3. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ É

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2.4.2.4. ö˛úyö˛ú É
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2.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy É
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fl˛iyˆÏò !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòÜò xhs˛ì˛ 50 ÓyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒ%ayò á!›˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ
ˆÎ=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !¢˛ôy£#Ó˚yÁ ¢y!õú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~=!ú !äÈú õ)úì˛ x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛
!Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !òîü≈ò ~ÓÇ ~£z v˛zayò=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ Üu˛#Ó˚ ¢#õyˆÏÓÖ˚ y
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¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚˚ Üí!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ 1857 ¢yˆÏú£z ≤ÃÌõ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ Üu˛#Ó˚ ¢#õyˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆ¶˛ˆÏD ˆÏö˛úy
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Óhfl+˛í≈ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%°Ï !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî õ%ÖÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ ~ÓÇ Ó,!›˛ü ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ Ñ§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛yÎ˚ Á fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ì˛yÎ˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !Ó!›˛ü ≤Ãüy¢ò xˆÏÑ˛ˆÏãy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– !Ó!›˛ü
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~£z fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ hfl˛!Ω˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ü!_´Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ì˛Ìy !Ó!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚ ãÎ˚ Îì˛›˛y ¢£ˆÏã ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚
õ£y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yã ~ì˛›˛y£z Ñ˛!‡˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– ÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏò
~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆîü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÏÎÔ!_´Ñ˛ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ãyˆÏÜ ≤ÃŸ¿– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ !Ó!›˛ü Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò xyˆÏ¢– !Ó!›˛ü
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ì˛Óv˛¸ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ñ ÜíÈÙÈx¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ïñ ~ÓÇ ¢yõhs˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü xyˆÏÜ
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy áˆÏ›˛!ò– ì˛y£zñ ¢Ó!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ~£z õ£y!ÓˆÏoy£ !äÈú xòòƒ ˜ÏÓ!ü‹Tƒ˛ô)í≈–
¢%Üì˛ Ó¢% Á xyˆÏÎ˚°Ïy ãyúyú ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ñ ‘Modern South Asia-History, Culture, Po-
litical Economy’ ü#°Ï≈Ñ˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò “Neither military mutiny nor civil
revoult was uncommon in early colonial India. But they had in the past
been rather disparate and unco-ordinated. What gave the 1857 revoult its
unique character was the convergence of vanous stand of resistance, the
eapansion of scale, and a new level of intensity.”
65
3.1.1. !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í S1857 !Ö≠˛V É
≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z õ£y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xy¢y ÎyÑ˛– úv≈˛ v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢Ó˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî#
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≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚y S1848Vñ òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ñ ¢¡∫ú˛ô%Ó˚ñ v˛zîÎ˚˛ô%Ó˚ G§˛y!¢ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆîü#Î˚ üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ î_Ñ˛ÈÙÈ˛ô%e ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÜì˛
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!M˛Èì˛ £ò– 1854 !Ö≠ Ñ˛í≈y›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òÓyÓ˛ôî ˆúy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ 1856 !Ö≠
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¢yõhs˛≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ î%Ó˚!¶˛¢!ı˛ fl˛ô‹T £Î˚– ˆîü#Î˚ ü!_´ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õˆÏò ¢%î,ë˛¸ £Î˚
ˆÎñ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyò%Üì˛ƒ Á !õeì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò õ)úƒ ˆò£zñ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
x!hfl˛c !Óú#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– úv≈˛ v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢Ó˚ õyey!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# xy@˘Ãy¢ò ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ
ˆîü#Î˚ üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈ xyì˛B˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– P.E. Roberts ì˛§yÓ˚ “History of British In-
dia” Î˚ÈÙÈ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúò ˆÎÈÙÈ “There can be no deubt that dalhousie’s annex-
ations and the doctrine of lapse had caused a thrill of unecsiness and
suspiction thoughout India.” !Ñ˛ls˛ v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢Ó˚ ~£z ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Óy›≈˛¢ !ò®y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òñ ÓÓ˚Ç ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ ¢Ñ˛ú õ£y¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚£z Ñ%˛!«˛Üì˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ xÓüƒ£z !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôy!¢≈¶˛yú !fl˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ÈÙÈÁ ~Ñ˛£z õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– xy¢ˆÏúñ !Ó!›˛ü
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xâ˛ú üy¢ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆîü#Î˚ üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈ õˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏí ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò
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¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏ¢ú Óy fl˛Ò!›˛ü !õüòyÓ˚# ˆÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ˚u˛ xyˆÏúÑ˛ãyu˛yÓ˚ v˛yö˛ ≤Ãõ%Ö ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
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¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ xï%òyì˛õ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ =Ó˚&c Á ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ˆÎ x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õñ ì˛y ˆì˛y
~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Ñ≈˛yì˛#ì˛– v˛É üü#¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘English Historical Writings on the
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≤Ãõ%ÖÜíˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ !äÈú õ)úì˛É ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ– ~õò!Ñ˛ ¢ƒyÓ˚ ˜¢Î˚î xy£ˆÏõî Öyòñ
î%Ü≈yîy¢ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ£!Ó˚üâ˛w õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈÁ v˛z_´ x!¶˛õì˛ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
Óì≈˛õyˆÏò x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏoy£ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô
x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛É !¶˛. ¢y¶˛yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ The In-
dian War of Independence òyõÑ˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ~£z x!¶˛õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w
õã%õîyÓ˚ñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ˆ¢ò Á ü!ü¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyú∏˛ ì˛Ìƒ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ v˛É Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ The Sepoy Mutiny and
Revoult of 1857 õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ !ÓˆÏoy£ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ Î%k˛ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ òyñ ˆÑ˛òòy
v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆÏîü Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈Óì˛#≈ xM˛Èú äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !ÓˆÏoy£ Üí!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆòÎ˚!ò–
¢Ó!îÑ˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢˛ôy£# !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢ÓˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&c ˛ô)í≈
˜ÏÓ!ü‹Tƒ £ú !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô£yî≈ƒ– ~£z !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£®% Á õ%¢úõyò xÇü@˘Ã£í
¢ì˛ƒ£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ á›˛òy Îy ÷ï% xyÓ%ú xyãyîÈÙÈ£z òòñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ˆ¢òÈÙÈÁ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
v˛É Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ 1857 ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚e ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ Á ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
ˆü°Ïì˛õ !¢k˛yhs˛ £úÈÙÈ “ It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that so called first
National War of ‘Independence of 1857 is neither the first, nor National,
nor a War of Independence.”
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ˆ¢ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘Eighteen Fifty Seven’ òyõÑ˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i
!ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎ Ú1857’ ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ !¢˛ôy£# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁñ ¢Ó≈e
v˛z_´ !ÓˆÏoy£ !¢˛ôy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ !äÈú òy– xˆÏÎyïƒyˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£Î˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ !üÖÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛yòÓ˚yÁ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~õò!Ñ˛ñ xˆÏÎyïƒyÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚!¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛úÓ˚yÈÙÈÁ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– =ã≈Ó˚Ó˚yÁ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
xÌ≈yÍ v˛É ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ˆ¢ò 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ˆÏÑ˛ !¢˛ôy£# !ÓˆÏoy£ Á ãyì˛#Î˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ ÓúˆÏì˛
!mïy ˆÓyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò–
xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ ˆÜÔì˛õ ¶˛ˆÏoÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãòÜˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ !äÈú ¢!e´Î˚ñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚í!ãÍ =£Û ì§˛yÓ˚ Ayodhya in Revolution òyõÑ˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈò ˆÎñ ÚxˆÏÎyïƒyÓy¢#Üí fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ¢yˆÏÌ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ¢ÓÓ˚Ñ˛õ ¢!ı˛ òyÑ˛â˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîò– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!® 69
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò x!ïÑ˛yÇü£z !äÈú ¢yïyÓ˚í òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛– ~õò!Ñ˛ñ v˛z_´ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò
!ò–
v˛É üü#¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ì§˛yÓ˚ Civil Disturbunces During the British Rule in
India (1765-1857) òyõÑ˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !¢˛ôy£# !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Üíâ˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ î%£z ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓyˆÏî ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Civil Rebellion in the Indian
Mutinies (1857-1859)– ≤ÃÌõ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xòyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓyï
!›˛Øò# ì˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– v˛É üü#¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï
xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y
xyï%!òÑ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ xì%˛úò#Î˚– !¢˛ôy£# !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ õ£ˆÏú !Óì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚
xhs˛ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁñ üü#¶)˛°Ïí !ÓˆÏoy£ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆÎ £z!ì˛£y¢ !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !òˆÏõ≈y£ äÈy˛ô ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÜˆÏäÈòñ
ì˛y Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
v˛É Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ British Paramoutancy and In-
dian Renaissance @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ˆÏÑ˛
≤ÃÌõ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ÓˆÏú x!Ó!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ˆúÖÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ Ú≤ÃÌõÛ !Ñ˛¡∫y Úãyì˛#Î˚Û
!Ñ˛¡∫y Úfl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚Û Î%Ü ÓˆÏú @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– v˛É õã%õîyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy History of
Freedom MovementÈÙÈ~ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò “The outheart of 1857 would surely go down
in history as the first great and direct challenge to the British rule in Indian
on an extensive scale.” ~£z õhs˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆãˆÏÓ˚ v˛É üü#¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ 1857
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÓc fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛
¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí !ÓˆÏoy£ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ Î%k˛ Óúy £Î˚– v˛É õã%õîyÓ˚ xÓüƒ
!ÓˆÏoy£ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ Á ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ â˛ƒyˆÏúO ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– v˛É üü#¶)˛°Ïí
ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ÛÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ 1857 !Ö≠ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£ !¢˛ôy£#Ó˚y xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÓ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ !úÆ £Î˚– ˆÓ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ v˛zayò !Ñ˛ÇÓy Civil Rebellion ~
ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎÌyÈÙÈã!õîyÓ˚ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ñ ãòõã%Óñ˚ !£®% Á õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ÓˆÏîü# ˆüy°ÏÑ˛ˆÏ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ô¢yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚îyÓ˚ îy!Ó
v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– v˛É ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ì§˛yÓ˚ Civil Rebellian Á Theories of Indian Munity 1857-
1858 î%!›˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ì˛Ìƒ Á ÓƒyÖƒy¢ˆÏõì˛ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !¢˛ôy£# !ÓˆÏoy£ Üí!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚
xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ õ£ˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# õì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Áñ
~Ñ˛Ìy !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆîüã%ˆÏv˛¸ Ó˝ !ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆîüÓy¢#ˆÏÑ˛
!Óâ˛!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó≈e£z £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚í !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ £!FäÈúñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ïõ#≈Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ Óyî ÎyÎ˚ !ò– ì˛ˆÏÓñ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
x¶˛yˆÏÓ Óy x«˛õì˛yÎ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢yö˛úƒ òy ~ˆÏúÁñ x!ïÑ˛yÇü fl˛iyˆÏò ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏÎ˚
!¢˛ôy£#ñ ì˛yú%Ñ˛îyÓ˚ñÑ,˛°ÏÑ˛ñ ã!õîyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãy›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÜíãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚ñ Îy £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó≈ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúñ ÓyÓ˚yí¢#ñ xˆÏÎyïƒyñ !õÓ˚y›˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ~£z xyˆÏúyv˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢!¡ø!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
70 1857È!Ö≠ !ÓˆÏoy£ ãyì˛#Î˚ x¶˛%ƒayò ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ òy £ˆÏúÁñ õ)úì˛≠ Óy£yî)Ó˚ üy£ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyò !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã !Óì˛yv˛¸ˆÏò xy£¥yò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ !¢˛ôy£#Ó˚y ÎÖò
Óyîüy£ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈúñ ì˛Öò !Óãyì˛#Î˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ x¶%˛ƒayˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢)â˛òy ˆîÖy !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy x¢ÇÜì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z !ÓˆÏoy£ˆÏÑ˛ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
!ÓˆÏoy£ ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ x¶%˛ƒayˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ xÓüƒ ¢ÇÜì˛
Á fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ !¢k˛yhs˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ õì˛ˆÏ¶˛î x!òÓyÎ≈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ãòõyòˆÏ¢
~£z !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛iyò !äÈú xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– ãyì˛#Î˚ õ%!_´ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Á ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Î%ˆÏÜ ~£z
!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓÜ Á v˛zj#˛ôòyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ !›˛Øò#
ˆÜÔÓ˚ÓõÎ˚ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xì˛~Óñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ üü#¶)˛°Ïí ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ÛÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ “Yet the sepoy war marked beganing of a new era which ended with
transfer of power in 1947”
3.1.3. õ£y!ÓˆÏoy£ ì˛Ìy 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú É

v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò ã!D ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# xyˆÏ®yúò õyÌy â˛yv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú
~ÓÇ ˆ¢=!ú ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T !ÓÓì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óƒy!Æ Á Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛
!îˆÏÎ˚ 1857 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ x¶%˛ƒayò xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# !ÓˆÏoy£=!ú äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ
fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˆÎñ ~£z x¶%˛ƒayò !Ó!›˛ü üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ò!ãÓ˚ !Ó£#ò !Ó˛ôî ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏò!äÈú–
x“ õ)£)ˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ ãòƒ £ˆÏúÁ !ÓˆÏoy£#Ó˚y v˛z_Ó˚ Á õïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã Ñ˛ì,≈˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
ì˛y£zñ Ü¶≈˛òÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ú úv≈˛ Ñ˛ƒy!òÇ !òˆÏãÁ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈú ˆÎ “I look upon cen-
tral India as gone; and to be reconquered” ~£z x¶%˛ƒayò £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z !ü«˛í#Î˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛Óyí# îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ úv≈˛ êýõyÓ˚ ì˛y£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ
ÚÚI wish the young generation of the English would read, mark, learn and
inwardly digest the history of the Indian Mutiny : It abounds in lessons and
warnings”– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Óv˛¸ !ü«˛í#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ú ~£z ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õì˛ ~ì˛ Óv˛¸
ˆîˆÏü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!íãƒ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˆÏäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚– ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ
üì˛Ó°Ï≈Óƒy˛ô# ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢%üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ 1858
¢yˆÏú 2Ó˚y xyÜfi›˛ !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ Act for the Better Government of India
òyõÑ˛ xy£zò ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!›˛üÈÙÈÓ˚yã ~ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚– ~£z xy£zò ÓˆÏú £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ó˚yí# !¶˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢¡ÀyK˛# £ò– Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !£¢yˆÏÓ
!Ó!›˛ü õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢î¢ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛Ó ˛ôˆÏî !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !ì˛!ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó≈õÎ˚ Ñ˛ì≈,˛c– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Council Óy v˛z˛ôˆÏî‹Ty ¢¶˛y
Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ Î!îÁ ~£z v˛z˛ôˆÏî‹Ty ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢!â˛ˆÏÓÓ˚
£zFäÈyï#òñ ~Öò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü¶≈˛òÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓú
˚ Ú¶˛y£z¢Ó˚ÎÛ˚ v˛z˛ôy!ïˆÏì˛ ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ £ò– ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Îˆ˚ ÏÑ˛
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ îyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ¢!õ!ì˛ Óy Executive Council Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
õ£yÓ˚yí# !¶˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆáy°ÏíyôˆÏe ˆÎ ¢%üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎñ
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïõ#≈Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢!£°%åì˛yÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ ˆõˆÏò â˛úy £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ ≤ÃÌyò%ÎyÎ˚# üy¢òÑ˛yÎ≈
˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ îõˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ì˛Ìy !ÓˆÏoy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆÎ â˛Ó˚õ 71
!ò¤%˛Ó˚ì˛y ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏoy£_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏm°Ï Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚–
£yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ !¢˛ôy£# Á ¢yïyÓ˚í !ÓˆÏoy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ ö§˛y¢# !îˆÏÎ˚ Óy Ñ˛yõyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜyúyÎ˚ v˛z!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚
!Ó!›˛üÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì!£Ç¢y ˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚í â˛!Ó˚e v˛zÂáy›˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~õò!Ñ˛ñ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w=!úÓ˚
˛ôyŸª≈Óì˛#≈ @˘Ãyõ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã !ÓˆÏm°Ï â˛Ó˚õ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚–
ì˛y£zñ xy˛ôyì˛É üy!hs˛Ó˚ xyv˛¸yˆÏú xüyhs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– ˆîü#Î˚
Ó˚yãòƒÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢!£ì˛ !Ó!›˛ü Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢%¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏúÁñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚Óy˚ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢òˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò≤ÃyˆÏí
ˆÏõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏú xÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ
!›˛Øò# Î!îÁ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y Óƒ!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚– ˆ¢òy ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÁ !Ó!›˛üÓ˚y xyõ)ú ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
1857 ¢yˆÏú !ÓˆÏoy£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!›˛üÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈú ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
!‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚– 1857 ¢yˆÏú !ÓˆÏoy£ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ÈÙÈ!Ó!›˛ü Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy›˛y !äÈú ÎÌye´ˆÏõ
40ñ000 ~ÓÇ 240ñ000– !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ £Î˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Á £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ˆ¢òyÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ 2≠1– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Ó,!k˛ òy ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#ˆÏì˛ ïõ≈ Á ¢¡±îyÎ˚Üì˛ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚– ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ Á ˆúy¶˛ò#Î˚
˛ôî=!úˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü x!ö˛¢yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛Ó%Áñ v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ õïƒ¶˛yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z
!ü!«˛ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆõy£ ¶˛yàˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yˆÏÓyï– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z òÓ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî !Ó!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ
xyáyì˛ ˆ£ˆÏò!äÈú–
xò%ü#úò#
1. 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
2. 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
3. 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
2. 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Ñ˛# Üí!ÓˆÏoy£⁄
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
1. !Ó˛ôyò â˛w Á xòƒyòƒ ÈÙÈ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyõÛ
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# 2. ˆì˛¢!úõ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#È ÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
72
4. ˆÏüÖÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚È ÙÈ Ú˛ôúy!ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛üyòÛ
5. ≤ÃˆÏõyî ˆ¢ò=ÆÈ ÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ£y!ÓˆÏoy£
6. ~¢. ~ò. ˆ¢ò ÈÙÈ 1857
!›˛Øò#
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!›˛Øò#
74
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 3.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ~ÓÇ
â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#
3.2.1. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
3.2.1.1. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
3.2.1.2. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zqÓ Á !ÓÑ˛yü ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Óyîyò%Óyî !›˛Øò#
3.2.2. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#
3.2.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.2.2.2. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò
3.2.2.3. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!ÓÈÙÈîyÁÎ˚y
3.2.2.4. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ò#!ì˛
3.2.2.5. =Ó˚&c
3.2.3. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#
3.2.3.1. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆÏÑ˛ò Óy Ñ˛#
3.2.3.2. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ SˆÏÑ˛!¡∫ã õì˛ÓyîV
3.2.3.3. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
3.2.3.4. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì,˛c
3.2.3.5. ö˛úyö˛ú
3.2.1 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÈÈ É (Formation of the

Indian National Congress)
3.2.1.1 ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶˛)!õ É

ãyì˛#Î˚ ãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ |°ÏyúˆÏ@¿ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢# v˛z˛ôú!È∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏÎñ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏÈk˛È
ˆîü#Î˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛y Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# xòyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ÈˆÏk˛ ãòõì˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õyeÈ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ £ú ¢ÇáÓk˛
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò– ~£z v˛zôú!∏˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z |!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xM˛ÈˆÏú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛
ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì¤˛yòÈ– ~£z ãòƒ£z ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ x!òú ü#ú |ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
75
Ú¢!õ!ì˛˛Ó˚ Î%ÜÛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– 1857 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚È ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈# ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ¢Ñ˛ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ ≤Ã!ì¤˛yòÈ=!ú
ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ˆ¢=!ú £ú ÎÌye´ˆÏõÈÙÈ 1836 !ÖÈÉ ˆÏüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡ ÚÓD¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃÑ˛y!üÑ˛y
¢¶˛yÛñ 1838 !ÖÉ Úã!õîyÓ˚ ¢¶˛yÛñ 1839 !ÖÉ Ú!Ó!›˛ü £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÏ¢y¢y£z!›˛Ûñ 1843 !ÖÉÚˆÏÓDú
!Ó!›˛ü £z!u˛Î˚y ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛Ûñ 1851 !ÖÉ ã!õîyÓ˚ ¢¶˛y Á ˆÓDú !Ó!›˛ü £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÏ¢y¢y£z!›˛ ~Ñ˛!eì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ú Ú!Ó!›˛ü £z!u˛Î˚yò ~ƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üòÛ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Á ˆÓü!Ñ˛ä%È
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÈ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆ¢=!ú £ú õ)úì˛ÉÈÙÈ1852 !ÖÉ ˆÓy¡∫y£z ~ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î ˚ÚˆÏÓy¡∫y£z
ˆò!›˛¶˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÎ˚üòÛñ 1852 !ÖÉ õyoyˆÏã ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ Úõyoyã ˆò!›˛¶˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üòÛ–
1857 !ÖÈfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ãyÜÓ˚ˆÏí ≤Ã¶)˛ì˛ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛– ˆ¢£z¢õÎ˚
!›˛Øò# ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆÎ¢Ñ˛ú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò=!ú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆÏ¢=!ú £ú ÎÌye´ˆÏõÈ ÙÈ1875 !ÖÉ
Ú£z!u˛Î˚yò ú#ÜÛñ 1876 !ÖÉ Ú£z!u˛Î˚yò xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üòÛ £zì˛ƒy!î– xyÓyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò=!ú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚)˛ô Óúy ˆÏÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚È ÙÈ 1865 !ÖÉ Ú!î
úu˛ò£z!u˛Î˚yò ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛Ûñ 1867 !ÖÉ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ Ú˛ô%íy ¢yÓ≈ãò#ò ¢¶˛yÛñ 1884 !ÖÉ Úõyoyã
õ£yãò ¢¶˛yÛ ≤Ã¶˛,!ì˛–
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ˆÏÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÈA Nation in Making’È ~ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ì˛Öò
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ïòì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ˛ôÌ ¢%Üõ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ¢%ò#!ì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï ì§˛yÓ˚ “Indian Big Bour-
geois His Genesis, Growth and Character” @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó,£Í !ü“˛ô!ì˛
Ñ˛Öò£z fl˛∫yï#ò Ó%ˆÏãy≈Î˚y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!òñ Ó,!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú
õ%Í¢%!j Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚y Ó,!›˛ü ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ õ%òyö˛y
xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ x!hfl˛c Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó,!›˛ü ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú !äÈú–
Ó,£Í ˛ô%§!ã˛ô!ì˛ ˆ◊í# !äÈú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ !¶˛!_– îyîy¶˛y£z ˆòÔÓ˚ã# Óy î_
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ !Ó!›˛ü ú%t˛òˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁñ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úÈ !ü“yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏÓy!îì˛
ïyÓ˚yñ Îy ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ú%t˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ≤Ãühfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆ¢£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÑ˛yò ¢Ó˚Ó £Î˚!ò–
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üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x!Óâ˛ú !ò¤˛yñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ#≈Î˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ !¢!k˛¢¡ôß¨ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ãhfl˛yÓñ
xyˆÏÓîòÈÙÈ!òˆÏÓîò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !¶˛«˛yÓ,!_ñ ãò¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛
¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ Üu˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyÓk˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú– òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ì˛Ó˚&í ≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ãyÎ˚Üy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
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ˆÎ £ì˛yüy ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ì˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ≤Ãühfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
3.2.3. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# (The Extremists)
3.2.3.1. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆÏÑ˛ò Óy Ñ˛# É

Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ xy!î˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ô fl˛∫“¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛«%˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòyÓ,!_ñ
80
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ˆì˛õ!ò !Ó˛ô%ú ãòõyòˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛yò äÈy˛ô ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ ì˛Ó˚&í ≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚ õˆÏò ~Ñ˛
£ì˛yüy Óy¢y Óy§ïˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ˆäÈy›˛ÖyˆÏ›˛y ÓƒÓ¢y Óy!íˆÏãƒ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆì˛õò òy ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ õïƒÓ,_
ˆ◊í#Ó˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y e´õü≠ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# â˛yÑ%˛Ó˚# Óy xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ,˛‹T £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# â˛yÑ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú ¢#!õì˛ñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ xy£zò ÓƒÓ¢yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G%§˛!Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚
~£z Ó,!_ˆÏì˛ ¢yö˛úƒ !äÈú Ñ˛õñ ˆÑ˛òòy xÑ,˛ì˛Ñ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy e´õü≠ Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ ˛ôyÓyÓ˚
ÚˆÏÎyÜƒì˛y£#ò Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ñ õˆÏïƒ £ì˛yüyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ì˛#Ó £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ~£z x¢ˆÏhs˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y
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ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ ˆ≤’Ü ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ãyî%¶≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ò
e´õü≠ x!≤ÃÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe=!ú ÎÌyÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛üÓ˚#ñ ÓDÓy¢#ñ
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚*˛ô ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~õì˛yÓfl˛iyÎ˚ñ õv≈˛yˆÏÓ˚›˛˛ôs˛i#Ó˚
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˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ò)ì˛ò ˆòì,˛cñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ îyÓ# !äÈú fl˛∫Ó˚yã– ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
£z!ì˛£y¢ ~£z ò)ì˛ò ≤Ããß√ Úâ˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#Û Óy ‘Extremist’ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
3.2.3.2. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ SˆÏÑ˛!¡∫ã õì˛ÓyîV É

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xò#ú ü#úñ Üv≈˛ò ãò¢òñ ÈÁÎ˚yüÓ&Ñ˛È ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎñ õ)úì˛É ~!ú›˛ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
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Bengali ˛˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yÖì˛ õ!ì˛úyú ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Amrit Beegar Patrika ~£z
î%£z ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˆãˆÏÓ˚£z 1876 ¢yˆÏú Ú£z!u˛Î˚yò !úÜÛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢¶˛yÛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xy˛ô¢˛ôs˛i# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓú !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ò !Ó!˛ôòâ˛w ˛ôyúñ
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ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ õyÎ˚úy˛ô%Ó˚ â˛e´ñ üB˛Ó˚ò òyÎ˚yÓ˚ Á ˆÑ˛. xyÓ˚. xyˆÏÎ˚DyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~Ü‰ˆÏõyÓ˚
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ˆÜy¤˛#!›˛ ~Ü‰ˆÏõyÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ 1905 ¢yˆÏú õyoyˆÏã â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ãß√
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓˆÏú îyÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆv˛!¶˛v˛ ÁÎ˚yüÓ&Ñ˛ ì˛y§Ó˚ ÚÚThe Emergence of Provincial
Politics : The Madras Presidency, 1870-1920ÛÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i– C.A. ˆÏÓ£z!ú òyõÑ˛ x˛ôÓ˚
ˆÑ˛!¡∫…ã ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ The Local Roots of Indian Politics’ Allahabad @˘ÃˆÏs˛i
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈò ˆÎ ~úy£yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã !ü!«˛ì˛ õïƒ!Ó_ v˛z!Ñ˛ú Á xòƒ Ó,!_ˆÏ¶˛yÜ# fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü ˆòì˛yÓ˚y
!äÈˆÏúò ÓƒyÇÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Ó!íÑ˛ Á ã!õîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ˆü!‡˛Î˚y ˆ◊í#Ó˚ xò%Ü,£#ì˛ õ%Ö˛ôye–
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ì§˛yÓ˚ “Leadership in Western Indian Politics and Communities in Bombay
City 1840-1885ÛÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i–
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3.2.3.3. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ É

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ì˛y !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyd¢¡øyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôs˛i#– xyˆÏÓîòÈÙÈ!òˆÏÓîò ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛
xyd!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛y Á Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆfl˛‘yÜyò v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ ˆî!üÎ˚
!ü“ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyñ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ @˘ÃyõyM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ãò≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÈÙÈ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛
Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
3.2.3.4. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì,˛c É

òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛iy Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃÌõ ¢%¢ÇÓk˛ xyˆÏ®yúò â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò xÓ˚!Ó® ˆáy°Ï– !ì˛!ò
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈò 1893-94 ¢yˆÏú New Lamps for Old @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛Ñ˛yˆÏú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¢õ¢ƒy
!£¢yˆÏÓ ÚòÜÓ˚Óy¢# õïƒ!Ó_Û ˆîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ú¢Ó≈£yÓ˚y ˆ◊í#Û– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ !ì˛!ò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ @˘ÃyˆÏõÜˆÏO !£®%
˛ô%òÓ˚&I#!Óì˛ õì˛yîˆÏü≈ v˛zm%k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ =Æ ¢!õ!ì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªhfl˛
ÓyÓ˚#w˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ï Á Îì˛#wòyÌ ÓƒyòyI#≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ â˛yúyÎ˚ñ Îy fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ú!ò!‹;˛Î˚
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïÛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢!e´Î˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢Ó˚Ó £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò x!Ÿªò# Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ î_– !ì˛!ò
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ x!ïˆÏÓüòˆÏÑ˛ Ú!ì˛ò!îˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yõyüyÛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ !ì˛!ò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢#
!¶˛«˛yÓ,!_ˆÏÑ˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xydü!_´ xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xy£¥yò ãyòyò–
~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ÓK˛yò# ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘â˛w Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓDú ˆÑ˛!õÑ˛ƒyú S1893Vñ ¢ì˛#üâ˛w õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Úv˛ò ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛Ûñ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úüy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛òÛ xy◊ˆÏõÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ÓˆÏîü# !òÎ˚s˛fí õ%_´
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# !ÓÑ˛“ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y £Î˚–
82
â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iy õì˛yîü≈ˆÏÑ˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ ÎyÓ˚ xÓîyò xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ !ì˛!ò £ˆÏúò õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚
Óyú ÜDyïÓ˚ !ì˛úÑ˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T… 1894 ¢yˆÏú ÚÜí˛ô!ì˛ v˛zÍ¢ÓÛ 1896 ¢yú
Ú!üÓyã# v˛zÍ¢ÓÛ â˛yú% £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– 1896 ¢yˆÏú ¢Ó≈òyüy î)!¶≈˛«˛ õ£yÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ãy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÖò
ˆö˛úúñ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ˛y!Ó˚ÜÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ xyˆÏ¢ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ î%Óy˚ Ófl˛iy– ~£z î%Óy˚ Ófl˛iyÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ñ˛ õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ ˆ≤’Ü õ£yõyÓ˚#– ~õì˛yÓfl˛iyÎ˚ñ Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛
Ó˚yã# òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ñ !ì˛úÑ˛ÈÙÈÁ ˛ôyŒ›˛y îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ òy ˆîÓyÓ˚– ~£z ˆ≤’Ü !òÓyÓ˚í Ñ˛!õ!›˛ˆÏì˛
õ%Öƒ ì˛_¥y!ÓïyÎ˚Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò ÁÎ˚yŒ›˛yÓ˚ Óƒyu˛ Á xyÎ˚y¢â≈˛ñ ~£z î%£z Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# â˛yˆÏ˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ ºyì,˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
£yˆÏì˛ !ò£ì˛ £òñ ~£z !ò£ˆÏì˛Ó˚ îyÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú Óyú ÜDyïˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ˆÑ˛òòy v˛zˆÏ_ãòyõ)úÑ˛ !›˛Øò#
Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ õyõúyÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚yâ˛òy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ~Ó˚
ãòƒ Óyú ÜDyïÓ˚ !ì˛úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚yîˆÏu˛ î!u˛ì˛ £òñ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚yîu˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚
G˛v˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
3.2.3.5. ö˛úyö˛ú É
!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ îüˆÏÑ˛ ÎÖò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆë˛v˛z
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈúñ ì˛Öò£z fl˛ô‹T ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ õv˛yˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛õ≈¢â) ˛# xyúyîy– òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ˆÑ˛Óúõye ü£Ó˚yM˛ÈˆÏú ~!ú›˛ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú !äÈˆÏúòñ
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ò¡¨ õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊í#ñ î!Ó˚oì˛Ó˚ äÈyeÈÙÈ¢õyãñ !ü!«˛ì˛ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈÎ%ÓÑ˛ñ
~õò!Ñ˛ î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎñ !ÓˆÏîü# ¢Çfl˛iyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Ó˚ì˛ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ â˛›˛Ñ˛ú Á
˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ò !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ïõ≈áˆÏ›˛ xÇü ˆòò– ~õò!Ñ˛ !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛¡ôyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ò#úâ˛y°Ï#Ó˚y !ÓˆÏoy£ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛ˆÏÓñ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# xyˆÏ®yúò ÷ï%õye õïƒ!Ó_ Á !ò¡¨!Ó_
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ !äÈú òy– !ü!«˛ì˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊í# !Ó!¶˛ß¨ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˛ô!eÑ˛y ì˛Ìy Î%Üyhs˛Ó˚ñ
¢ı˛ƒyñ ˆÑ˛üÓ˚#ñ ˛ôyOyÓ# ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ú¤˛ õì˛yõì˛ ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iy
õì˛yîü≈ Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓÑ˛“ Ñ˛õ≈¢â) ˛# @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúñ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏD xy˛ôˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# úv˛¸y£z !äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛yõƒ–
xò%ü#úò#
1. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛# ãyˆÏòò⁄
2. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛!›˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
3. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!ÓîyÁÎ˚y Á Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
4. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iy Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í=!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
83
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ò⁄
2. Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚⁄
3. òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# Ñ˛yÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ò⁄
4. â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# Ñ˛yÓ˚y⁄ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ òyõ !úÖ%ò–
!›˛Øò#
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
2. ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚È ÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
4. ˆÏüÖÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ Ú˛ôúy!ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛üòÛ
5. ¢õÓ˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛˛ÈÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚yã
7. xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛#È ÙÈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢
84
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 3.3 ÓD!Ó¶˛yÜ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúòñ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ
Ü‡˛ò
3.3.1. ÓD¶˛D
3.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.3.1.2. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !›˛Øò#
3.3.1.3. ö˛úyö˛ú
3.3.2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúò

3.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.3.2.2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚y
3.3.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
3.3.3. õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y

3.3.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.3.3.2. !úÜ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛
3.3.3.3. !úÜ Ü‡˛ò
3.3.3.4. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
3.3.1. ÓD¶˛D (Partition of Bengal) É
3.3.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï!îˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ÎÖò ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî ¢%fl˛ô‹T xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ
ì˛Öò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óv˛¸úy›˛ úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ò ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úˆÏÑ˛w ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ !mÖ!u˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Óyày!ú ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyîˆÏÑ˛ ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ v˛zîƒì˛ !äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÓD¶˛D Óy ÓyÇúy
!Ó¶˛yãò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛
!Ó¶˛!_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– 1874 ¢yˆÏú xy¢yõˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó¶˛!_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– 1874 ¢yˆÏú xy¢yõˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ 1901 ¢yˆÏú v˛z!v˛¸°ÏƒyˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ˆ≤Ã!¢ˆÏv˛!™ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
xyúyîy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õïƒ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ÇÎ%!_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò õïƒ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúö˛ˆÏ›˛òƒyr›˛ 85
Ü¶˛í≈Ó˚ xƒyu»˛$ ˆö˛ãyÓ˚– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ì˛!îò xyõúy õ£ˆÏú !äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ 1900
¢yˆÏú xy¢yõ ¢ö˛Ó˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò ˆÎ î)Ó˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!òÑ˛›˛Óì˛#≈ ˆÑ˛yò Ó®Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ â˛y Ó˚Æy!ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£í ÓƒÎ˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÓ– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚
õˆÏò ÓyÇúy ≤ÃˆÏîü ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ ãyÜ!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆö˛ãyÓ˚ 1903 ¢yˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ü¶≈˛òÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò ~ÓÇ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ v˛zay!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ˙ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ Ñ˛yã≈ò Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ xò%ˆÏõy!îì˛
£ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚y‹T… ¢!â˛Ó !Ó˚ã!ú !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈ì˛ò Ñ˛ì,˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ v˛z_´
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ≤Ãhfl˛yˆÏÓ Óúy £Î˚ÈÙÈˆÏäÈy›˛òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yÜ õïƒ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%_´ £ˆÏÓñ
!›˛Øò# ë˛yÑ˛y Á õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Á ¢õ@˘Ã â˛R@˘Ãyõ !Ó¶˛yÜ xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢ÇÎ%_´ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z ˛ô%òÜ≈!‡˛ì˛ ò)ì˛ò
≤ÃˆÏîü ˛ô)Ó≈ÓD Á xy¢yõ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– 1905 !Ö≠ 20 ã%úy£z úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ò ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˙ ÓÍ¢Ó˚ 16£z xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ì˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ £ú– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓDˆÏîü î%£z!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü !Ó¶˛_´
£ú–
ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!_´ !äÈú ˆÎñ ÓDˆÏîü ~Ñ˛ !Óüyú ≤ÃˆÏîü– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ÓyÇúyñ
!Ó£yÓ˚ñ v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛ !Óüyú ≤ÃˆÏîü ¢%üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyˆÏÌ≈ ÓDˆÏîü !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
3.3.1.2. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í É

!Ñ˛ls˛ ¢%üy¢ò Á v˛zß¨ì˛ üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iy !äÈú xã%£yì˛ õyeñ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õ%Öƒ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛– ˆÑ˛òòyñ ÓDˆÏîü !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò
≤ÃyíˆÏÑ˛w– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓDˆÏîˆÏü ¢Ç@˘Ãyõü#ú ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúò
≤Ã¢yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z v˛z@˘Ã ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆõyˆÏ›˛Á ¢%ÖÓ˚Ñ˛ òÎ˚–
ì˛y£zñ v˛zˆÏjüƒ≤ÃˆÏíy!îì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓDˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ !Ó¶˛!_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
xyáyì˛ £yòˆÏì˛ v˛zîƒì˛ £òñ 1904 ¢yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚y‹T… !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢!â˛Ó !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò
ˆÎñÈÙÈ “Bengal United is a power Bengal divided will pull several different
ways. That is what the Congress leader feel, their apprehensios are per-
fectly correct and they form one of the great merits of the scheme... in this
scheme as in the matter of the amalgamatio of Bihar to the Central prov-
inces one of our main objects is to split up and thereby weten a solid body
of opponents to our rule.”
Ñ˛yã≈ò õ)úì˛≠ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓyÇúyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÈ,ÌÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyày!ú !£®% Á õ%¢úõyò î%£z
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ Ó!ï≈°%å õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ö˛y›˛ú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛y£z ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆÎñ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õ%Öƒ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ñ üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢%!Óïy !äÈú òyõ õye–
~ ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛Ó Óv˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖy Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆÎñ !ì˛!ò
!úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÈÚÚÓyày!úÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ£yò ãy!ì˛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ ÎÖò ˆîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ ÓyÓ% Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy›≈˛ ≤Ãy¢yˆÏî
86 «˛õì˛yÎ˚ x!ï!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛›˛y
ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%¢Ç£ì˛ Á ¢%î,ë˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓñ xî)Ó˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛ Îy ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z e´õÓï≈õyò xüy!hs˛Ó˚
v˛zÍ¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ô)Ó≈ÓD ¢ö˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚
˛ô)Ó≈ÓD ¢ö˛Ó˚ !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü xò%¢,ì˛ Ú!ÓˆÏ¶˛î Á üy¢òò#!ì˛ÛÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛‹T v˛zîy£Ó˚í–
ÓD¶˛D ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛#Ó xy˛ô!_ Á !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óv˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z
≤Ãhfl˛yÓˆÏÑ˛ õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– xy¢ˆÏú xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛Öò£z ˆÑ˛yò G%§˛!Ñ˛ !òˆÏì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛
!äÈú òyñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛yã≈ò !òã x!¶˛õˆÏì˛ !äÈú xòv˛¸– Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓD ¢ö˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚
ãòƒ ~Ñ˛ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ Ö¢v˛¸y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛Ó 9 ã%ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ö¢v˛¸yÓ˚ !›˛Øò#
¢¡ø!ì˛ ˆîòñ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy £Î˚– 6 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ÓD¶˛D !îò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# £Î˚ñ
˛ô)Ó≈ÓD Á xy¢yõ òyõÑ˛ î%£z!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏîü Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ú– â˛R@˘Ãyõñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ Ó˚yãüy£# !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ
!e˛ô%Ó˚yñ õyúî£ Á xy¢yõ ~£z ò%ì˛ò ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü xhs˛¶≈%˛!_´ £ˆÏÓ–
ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú ¢!e´Î˚– !ì˛!ò õ)úì˛ Óyày!úÓ˚
˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyîˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ)ˆÏú îõˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ õ)ú ÓD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ë˛yÑ˛y Á õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ˆÏÑ˛ Óyî ˆîòñ
~ÓÇ ˛ô)Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢!e´Î˚ õ%¢úõyò ≤ÃˆÏîü Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõÈÙÈ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zfl˛Òy!ò
ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ó˚ãˆÏú ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy
ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚òñ ~õò!Ñ˛ úv≈˛ £y!v≈˛Ç õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ‘The desire to aim a blow of Bengalis
overcome their consideration.’ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ =Ó˚&c !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
õƒyÑ˛ˆÏúò xÓüƒ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c ˆîòñ Î!îÁ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛
¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õƒyÑ˛!úˆÏòÓ˚ õhs˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ì˛#Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛# ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÈÚÚThe genesis of the partition had nothing to do with Curzon’s de-
termination to crush a seditious among the civiliens and in the administra-
tive necessity imposed by the geographical and demographical-expansion
of Bengal under the British rule.” xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ !e˛ôy‡˛# xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ó,!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛– v˛zîy£Ó˚í
fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛˛ôˆÏî Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ I.C.S. ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 21
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ 19 ÓäÈÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ £zúÓy›≈˛ !Óú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏm°Ï £zì˛ƒy!î– Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ Ó!ï≈°%å êýï !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã≈òˆÏÑ˛ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏíy!îì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ì˛y !e˛ôy‡˛# ¢%®Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
3.3.1.3. ö˛úyö˛ú É
1905 ¢yˆÏú 16£z xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ÓD¶˛D xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# £ÓyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yÓ˚y
ÓyÇúy v˛z_yú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ˙ !îò ˛ôy!úì˛ £Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆüyÑ˛!îÓ¢– ¢yÓ˚y ˆîü ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚
£Ó˚ì˛yú Á ïõ≈á›˛– ˙!îò ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï xòüò ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÚÓˆÏ®õyì˛Ó˚õÛ ïπ!ò v˛zFâyÓ˚í
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆîüydˆÏÓyïÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ ÜDyfl˛ÿò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢Ôºyì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
˛≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ Á !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyò ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ !òîü≈ò fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôy!úì˛ £ú ÚÓ˚y!Ö v˛zÍ¢ÓÛ– ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á xyò®ˆÏõy£ò Ó¢% ÓD¶˛D !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ãò¢¶˛y xy£¥yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ãò¢¶˛yÎ˚ 87
ãòˆÏãyÎ˚yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– üˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏÎ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ÚÓD¶˛DÛ Óyày!úˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓÓ˚Ç ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ÷ï%õye Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y òÎ˚ñ Ó!Ó˚üyúñ õÎ˚õò!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ õì˛ î)Ó˚Óì˛#≈ ˆãúyˆÏì˛Á
ÓD¶˛DÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓòyÓ˚¢ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y¢ˆÏò ˆÜyÖˆÏú
ÓD¶˛DˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚ~Ñ˛ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ xòƒyÎ˚ÛÛ ÓˆÏú !ò®y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
3.3.2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúò É

!›˛Øò#
3.3.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ 1905 !Ö≠ xì˛ƒhs˛ =Ó˚c˛ô)í≈– ˙ ÓÍ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚
ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ !¢k˛yˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ãy@˘Ãì˛ ãòõì˛ ~Ñ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
ò)ì˛ò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓD ÓƒÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ì˛y fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü
xyˆÏ®yúò òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ≤ÃÌõ!îˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_´ xyˆÏ®yúò xyM˛È!úÑ˛ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁñ
e´õyÜì˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~ÓÇ !Ó!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢%î,ë˛¸ !¶˛ì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1905ÈÙÈ1908 !Ö≠ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
Ó˚ˆÏõüâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ñ xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛# ≤Ãõ%ÖÜí ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ñ x!Ó!FäÈß¨ Á
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ Á ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ xyˆÏ®yúò !£¢yˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ “The
Swadeshi Movement in Bengal” òyõÑ˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˛ïyÓ˚y Óí≈òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÎÌye´ˆÏõÈÙÈòÓ˚õ˛ôs˛iyñ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ fl˛∫yˆÏî!üÑ˛ì˛yñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚«˛y Á ¢s˛fy¢Óyî– ~£z
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xfl˛f !£¢yˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£®% Á õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ
“Divide and Rule Policy” @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏõÎ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ £ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ 1905 !Ö≠ úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ !¢k˛yˆÏhs˛ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ó˚õ
!ÓˆÏ¶˛î ò#!ì˛Ó˚ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛– õ%¢úõyò xïƒ%!°Ïì˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓDˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyò%Üì˛ƒ xã≈ˆÏò ¢ö˛úì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ì˛ˆÏÓñ ~Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˆÎñ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y Óv˛¸ xÇü ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# !äÈˆÏúò òy–
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# 3.3.3.2. !úÜ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛ É

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ÓD¶˛DˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ o&ì˛ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ õ%¢úõyò
¢¡±îyÎ˚ ì˛y xyˆÏîÔ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy £Î˚ ˆÎñ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓD Á xy¢yõ ≤ÃˆÏîü !òˆÏÎ˚
òì)˛ò ≤ÃˆÏîü Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò õ%¢úõyò ≤Ãyïyòƒ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ Îy !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ x¢£ò#Î˚–
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!_´üyú# ¢Çfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏúñ õ%¢úõyò Á ü!_´üyú# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò !£¢yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
~Ó˚*˛ô õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ Óv˛¸ xÓîyò !äÈú xy!úÜv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ xïƒ«˛ !õ.
xy!â≈˛ÓˆÏ”˛Ó˚– !õ. xy!â≈˛ÓˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ ˆÎñ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛
!£v˛zˆÏõÓ˚ xÓîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õ%¢!úõ !úÜ‰ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ xy!â≈˛ÓˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì§§˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏì˛y õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚y ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛!ú!˛ô ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ÎyÓ˚ Ö¢v˛¸y !›˛Øò#
≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !õ. xy!â≈˛Ó”˛ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ !ì˛!ò òyòy ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–
1906 !Ö≠ 1 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ xyÜy Ö§y ˆòì,˛ˆÏc õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó!ü‹T ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï îú úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !¢õúyÎ˚ !õ!úì˛ £òñ !‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_´ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ òì)˛ò üy¢ò
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy â˛ú!äÈú– ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï îˆÏúÓ˚ îy!Ó !äÈú õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛
òì)˛ò ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyñ ~!îˆÏÑ˛ !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú !£®% õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yàòñ ÎyÓ˚
ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ Óy îy!Ó Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ ˆîò– xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !¢õúy ˆv˛˛ô%ˆÏ›˛üò ~Ñ˛!›˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô !äÈú– ˆÑ˛òòyñ ~£z !¢õúy ˆîÔˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ £ú !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î ¢,!‹T– !¢õúy ˆv˛˛ô%ˆÏ›˛üˆÏò õ%¢úõyò
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úì˛≠ !ì˛ò!›˛ îy!Ó !äÈúñ ˆ¢=!ú £úÈÙÈ
(i) ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy£zò¢¶˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛òñ
(ii) ~£z xy£zò¢¶˛y ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ òyñ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ xy¢ò äÈyv˛¸yÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ xy¢ò !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
(iii) ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï îú õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ xyúyîy !òÓ≈yâ˛Ñ˛ õu˛ú#Ó˚ îy!Ó ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ ã!õîyÓ˚ñ xy£zòã#!Óñ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#ñ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ fl˛ÿì˛Ñ˛ñ ˆãúy Á £zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚
¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y !äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈ– ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú îy!Ó ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏò ˆòÓyÓ˚ xyŸªy¢
ˆîò !õ. !õˆÏr›˛y–
3.3.3.3. !úÜ Ü‡˛ò É

Î!îÁ !ü!«˛ì˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&í ≤Ããß√ ~£z ¢Ó îy!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢ls˛‹T £ò!ò– ˆÑ˛òòy õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ Civil Service ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Óy £y£zˆÏÑ˛y›≈˛=!úˆÏì˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎy˚ ÜÈÙÈ£zì˛ƒy!î !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z Óyì˛ƒ !äÈú– ì˛Ó˚&í ≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ x¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï ¢ˆÏ_¥Á
!¢õúy ˆv˛˛ô%ˆÏ›˛üò v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì)˛ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xy!õÓ˚ xy!ú 19th Century ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸
ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆúˆÏÖò– v˛z_´ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ òÓyÓ ¢!úõ%Õ‘y£ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – 1906 ¢yˆÏú 30 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚
!¶˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈv˛zúÈÙÈõ%úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ìˆÏc ë˛yÑ˛yˆÏì˛ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏ¡øúò xy£)ì˛ £Î˚–
Úxú £z!u˛Î˚y õ%¢!úõ !úÜÛ òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ñ òÓyÓ !¶˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈv˛zúÈÙÈõ)úÑ˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
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£ò– õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ v˛zˆÏjüƒ £úÈÙÈ S1V õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛y
Ñ˛Ó˚y S2V Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!ì˛ xyò%Üì˛ƒ x«%˛ß¨ Ó˚yÖy S3V ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
fl˛∫yÌ≈ Á x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚=!ú ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í S4V !úˆÏÜÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ v˛zˆÏjüƒ Á ú«˛ƒ !Ó!á¯ì˛ òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xòƒ ïõ#≈Î˚ ¢¡±îyÎ˚=!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢qyÓ Á ¢¡±#!ì˛ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy–
!¢õúy ˆv˛˛ô%ˆÏ›˛üˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ì˛Ìy õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ
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≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï îú Á ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ìy !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓŸªhfl˛ ˆÎyÜ¢)e– Ólfl˛ì˛≠ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛
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õ%¢úõyò !Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛yÓyî v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ !£®% ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆòì˛y ì˛Ìy â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#
ˆòì,˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ì˛úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã– 1890
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Ñ˛ˆÏt˛ ïπ!òì˛ £Î˚– !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ¢ˆÏD v˛z@˘Ã !£®%ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆõúÓı˛ò á›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
!ì˛úÑ˛ ÎÌye´ˆÏõ ˆÜyÈÙÈÓ«˚ ˛y ¢!õ!ì˛ñ !üÓyã# v˛zÍ¢Óñ Üí˛ô!ì˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ˆì˛õ!ò xÓ˚!Ó®
Óy !Ó!˛ôò â˛w ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ñ˛yú#
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!£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÌyÑ˛y ÓyN˛ò#Î˚– fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£zñ ~ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛iyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z@˘Ã !£®%cÓyî# Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚
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Ñ˛yÓ˚í xyˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢=!ú £ú õ)úì˛≠ÈÙÈ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü ˆòì˛yÓ˚y ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇáÓk˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó ˛ôk˛!ì˛
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ ö˛ú ¢Ó≈îy ~Ñ˛ £Î˚!òñ S1V fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú ïyÓ˚y !äÈú
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â˛yúyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü ˆòì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yÜ¶˛yãò £ò õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛– ˆÑ˛òòy Ó˝
î!Ó˚o õ%¢úõyò ÓyãyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ó!ú!ì˛ ˛ôíƒ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛y !òÓ≈y£ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ~£z x˜ÏòÑ˛ƒ Á
!ÓˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
3.3.3.4. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
v˛z˛ô!Ó˚v˛z_´ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ õ%¢úõyò !Ó!FäÈßì¨ ˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ãß√ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛
1906 !Ö≠ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y– î!Ó˚o õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛y¶˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏúÁ ~£z ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yì˛yÓ˚y Á î!Ó˚o õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏí !ÓˆÏü°Ï xy@˘Ã£# !äÈú òy– õ%¢!úõ !úÜ !äÈú
92
õ)úì˛≠ ÓyÇúy Á v˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ~Ñ˛îú ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ¢yõhs˛ ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ !Ó !›˛ü
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó≈ú
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛îú v˛zFâ˛!Ó_ Ó˚yãyò%Üì˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ
˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
xò%ü#úò#
!›˛Øò#
1. ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛# !äÈúÈÙÈÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y=!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
3. õ%¢!úõ !úÜ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ú ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. ˆÑ˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛# v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ÓD¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˛ ˆòò⁄
2. fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúò ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ò⁄
3. õ%¢!úõ !úÜ Ñ˛# Ú~!ú›˛Û !äÈú⁄
4. õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò ˆòì˛yÓ˚ òyõ !úÖ%ò–
˘@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
1. !Ó˛ôyò â˛w Á xòƒyòƒÈ ÙÈ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyõÛ
2. ˆì˛¢!úõ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#È Ù È¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
4. ºõÓ˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛È ÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚yã
93
!›˛Øò#
94
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 3.4 ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚É õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛yñ
õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zòñ 1935
É ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
3.4.1. õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚

!›˛Øò#
3.4.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.4.1.2. ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò
3.4.1.4. ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Á ö˛ú◊&!ì˛
3.4.2. õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò

3.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.4.2.3. ö˛úyö˛ú
3.4.3. 1935ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò

3.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
3.4.3.3. xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒñ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Óy ˆîy°Ïe&!›˛
3.4.1. õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ É
3.4.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
1906 !Ö≠ 1úy xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛îú õ%¢!úõ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï îú !¢õúyÎ˚ úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï îú !õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È îy!ÓÈÙÈîyÁÎ˚y ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ îy!Ó
îyÁÎ˚y=!ú Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ˆîò úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛y– ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛úÈÙÈ£z £ú 1909
¢yˆÏú õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚– v˛z_´ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí v˛z_yú £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
ÎÌye´ˆÏõÈÙÈ S1V ÓD¶˛D !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Á fl˛∫ˆÏîü# xyˆÏ®yúò S2V ¢s˛fy¢ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zqÓ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ñ S3V
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# Á â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛#Ó õì˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒñ ÎyÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
1907 ¢yˆÏú ¢%Ó˚y›˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢– 95
3.4.1.2. ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò É
1892 ¢yˆÏú “Indian Council Act” ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ Ö%ü# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò–
ì˛yÓ˚y Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãòÜíˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£# òÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óì≈˛õyò üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛
v˛z_yú £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛#Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛Öò
!Ó!›˛üÓ˚y ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛Óúõye îõò˛ô#v˛¸ò myÓ˚y
!›˛Øò# ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# Á â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# !ÓˆÏ¶˛îñ
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ !úÜ Ü‡˛òñ Îy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÚÚ!ÓˆÏ¶˛î Á üy¢ò ò#!ì˛ÛÛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ
~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ó˚*˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ v˛zîyÓ˚˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ «˛õì˛y úy¶˛ ~ÓÇ
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Óv˛¸úy›˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛y Á ò)ì˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛Ó !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ úv≈˛
!õˆÏr›˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ò)ì˛ò Ü!ì˛ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ £Î˚– úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z
¶˛yú Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ~£z á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ Úî)¶˛≈ yÜƒÏãòÑ˛ ¶%˛úÛ ÓˆÏú !ì˛!ò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆ«˛y¶˛ Á x¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï ãõy £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– úv≈˛ Ñ˛yã≈ò Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y!FäÈúƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁñ
úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛y !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ÖyˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏîˆÏÖò!ò– !ì˛!ò Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎñ
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü!_´ÖÓ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ú!¢õúy ˆîÔì˛ƒÛ
!äÈú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô– ˛ôy!¢≈¶˛ƒyú !fl˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ úv≈˛ õˆÏú≈ Á !õˆÏr›˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÈ “The
two men (Morley and Minto) so different in their origins and natures, proved
useful foils to each other, Minto’s patience enabled him to sustain urbanely
his secretary’s verbal shafts, Marley’s keen intellect and in fluence clari-
fied issues and achived results which Minto Could not have attained with-
out him.”
£zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ v˛zîyÓ˚˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ «˛õì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ò)ì˛ò xyüy
¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ÓyˆÏã›˛ ¶˛y°ÏˆÏí õˆÏú≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xy¶˛y¢ ˆîòñ Îy
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì˛y ˆÜy˛ôyú Ñ,˛°å ˆÜyÖˆÏú £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
¢!â˛Ó õˆÏú≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢y«˛yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛y ÓˆÏúò– õˆÏú≈ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
ˆÎñ ˆÜyÖˆÏúˆÏÑ˛ ¢ls˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ â˛›˛yˆÏòy– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!îFäÈyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛Ó˚¢y !äÈú òy– ¢!â˛Ó õˆÏú≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛Ó˚¢y !äÈú òy–
¢!â˛Ó õˆÏú≈ â˛Ó˚õôs˛i#ˆÏÏîÓ˚ îΩ˛ Á ü!_´ â)˛í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ls˛!‹TÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ!äÈˆÏúò–
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ !õˆÏr›˛y xò%Ó˚*˛ô !â˛hs˛y¶˛yÓòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ î)Ó≈úì˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ãÓ˚y ˆÎ ò#!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y “Rallying the Moderates” Óúy £Î˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛
òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì˛y ˆÜyÖˆÏú â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ÖÓ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ 1906 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚
x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò îyîy¶˛y£z òÁˆÏÓ˚yã#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏî Ó¢yò– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ Ö%Ó ã!›˛ú
xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1907 ¢yˆÏú òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# Á â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˆòÎ˚ñ
¢s˛fy¢ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ o&ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢s˛fy¢Óyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚)˛ôñ ˆÓyõy ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Î%_´ ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ xÓ˚!Ó® ˆáy°Ï Á Óy!Ó˚ò ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÈÓ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ õyõúy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !ì˛úÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ 3 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚yîˆÏu˛ î!u˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– õˆÏú≈ ~£z
96
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ îõòò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò òy– !ì˛!ò â˛y£z!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎò o&ì˛ ¢¡ôß¨
£Î˚–
1908 ¢yˆÏú 1úy xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ì˛y£z !õˆÏr›˛y ~Ñ˛ Ö¢v˛¸y ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ~£z Ö¢v˛¸yÎ˚ ÚÜíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛Û
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÑ˛yò v˛zFâ˛ÓyÑ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò– ˆÑ˛òòyñ !õˆÏr›˛y õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ˆÎñ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛s˛f ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
˛ôˆÏ« xò%˛ôÎ%_´– ~£z Ö¢v˛¸yÎ˚ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyÎ˚ñ Ó!íÑ˛ñ ¶)˛fl˛∫yõ# ˆ◊í#Ó˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
xy£zò ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏî õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ 5!›˛ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– õˆÏú≈ !Ñ˛ls˛ v˛z_´ Ö¢v˛¸yÎ˚
x¢ls˛‹T !äÈˆÏúòñ ˆÑ˛òòyñ õ%¢úõyò ˆ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ls˛!‹TÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ x¢ls˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÈÙÈì˛y !›˛Øò#
!ì˛!ò Ñ˛Öò£z â˛y£zˆÏì˛ò òy– Î!îÁñ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô õˆÏú≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £Î˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ÓƒÓfl˛iy @˘Ã£íñ ì˛y £ˆÏú ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ úv≈˛ !õˆÏr›˛y ì§˛yÓ˚
!¢õúy ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ˛ôyúˆÏò v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ò–
3.4.1.3. ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚=!ú É

1909 ¢yˆÏú õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zò ˛ô!Ó˚°Ïî Á ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏîÓ˚
Ü‡˛ò Á «˛õì˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛yˆÏòy £Î˚– ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xy£zò ¢¶˛yÓ˚
¢î¢ƒ 16 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 60 Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xò!ïÑ˛ 18 ãò ¢î¢ƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ü¶≈˛òÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚úˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ 5 ãò ¢îˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ õˆÏòyò#ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
Óy!Ñ˛ 27 ãò ¢î¢ƒ fl˛iyò#Î˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ñ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±îyÎ˚ñ ˆâ˛¡∫yÓ˚ xö˛ Ñ˛õy¢≈ Á ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛
xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢î¢ƒ Ñ˛ì≈,˛Ñ˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓò– ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒyÁ
Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ òy £ò ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
~Ñ˛õye ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ!Ó˚¤˛ì˛y Ó˚yÖy £Î˚– ~£z xy£zò myÓ˚y õ%¢úõyò
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢î¢ƒ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏcÓ˚ îy!Ó fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚–
˛ô%òÜ≈!‡˛ì˛˛ xy£zò¢¶˛y=!úˆÏÑ˛ ~£z xy£zˆÏò ÓyˆÏã›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ v˛zay˛ôò
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ãòfl˛∫yÌ≈ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÁ ˆ¢ !Ó°ˆÏÎ˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚üõ)úÑ˛
≤Ãhfl˛yÓ xyòÎ˚ò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ~£z ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ Á ˛ôÓ˚Ó˚yãƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yòÓ˚*˛ô ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ ˆ˛ôü
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zò ¢¶˛y=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ òy–
õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò myÓ˚y Ü¶˛≈íÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏî ~Ñ˛ãò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– ¢ˆÏì˛ƒw ≤Ã¢ß¨ !¢Ç£ ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏî xy£zò
¢îˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏî !òÎ%!_´ £ò– ˆÓy¡∫y£z Á õyoyã Ü¶≈˛íˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üy¢ò ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!k˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 4 ãò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z xy£zˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£Ñ˛ xy£zò˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏî ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓüy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
!äÈú òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚#úyú ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Î˚ˆÏî !òÎ%!_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚
¢)e˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ˆÑ˛v˛z£z ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò
òyñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £zFäÈyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCy ˛ô)Óˆ˚ ÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈú òy– ì§˛yÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó,!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
97
fl˛iy!Î˚c Á !òÓ˚y˛ô_y !ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ !òÎ˚yõÑ˛– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ£z ¢Ó≈ˆÏ¶˛ÔõˆÏcÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ
ãò≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏcÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ «˛õì˛y x˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚y Ó,!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !òÓ˚y˛ôî òÎ˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
ü!_´üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚y£z !äÈú ~£z xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ õ%Öƒ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty– õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó
˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí ÓƒÌ≈ £òñ üy¢ò ¢Çeýhs˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ õì˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Á ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Ñ˛ì,≈˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚
£yˆÏì˛£z–
!›˛Øò# 3.4.1.4. ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Á ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ É

õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCy ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ÓƒÌ≈
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=ˆÏúy ò)ì˛ò ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚
¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– ˆõÔúyòy xyãyî ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ~£z xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ü,£Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîˆÏÓñ ~£z xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !£®% õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xÓò!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛– ~
≤Ã¢ˆÏD fl˛ô#Î˚yÓ˚ ì˛y£z ÓˆÏúòñ “It may perhaps be describe else the official germ of
Pakistan.” !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢ % úõyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ £zÇˆÏÓã
˚ Ó˚yñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ !¢!k˛Ó˚
v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛# õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yì˛ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ â˛Ó˚õ
!ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜyhs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ÓˆÏú xyÖƒy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD fl˛∫Î˚Ç õˆÏú≈ õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎñ “It could
be said that this chapter of reforms led directly or indirectly to the estab-
lishment of a parliamentary system in India, I for one, would have nothing
at all to do with it.” ì˛ˆÏÓñ ~£z ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zˆÏò ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# îyÓ# ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí x˛ô)í≈ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁñ
~£z ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚Ï ˆÏÎñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛ïy˛ô x@˘Ã¢Ó˚
£ú–
3.4.2. õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò S1919 !Ö≠V É
3.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
1909 !Ö≠ õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ îy!Ó ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí x¢õÌ≈
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ˆÜyÖˆÏú Á xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Á õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ îy!Ó
ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¢!â˛Ó õˆÏr›˛= ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢ò ~ÓÇ !ì˛!ò Á ì˛ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚
¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ ˆâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ !õ!úì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1919 !Ö≠
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò ˛ôyü £Î˚– ~£z ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ õˆÏr›˛= ˆâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò òyˆÏõ
98 ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– Î!îÁ ~£z xy£zò Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ üy¢ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛
≤Ã!ü«˛í ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ õDˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õò ˆÑ˛yò
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xy£zò ≤ÃˆÏíì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !äÈú òy–

1919 !Ö≠ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zˆÏò ˆì˛õò ˆÑ˛yò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ !ò– ~£z xy£zˆÏò
Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ú Á ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢!â˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ÎyˆÏì˛ x«%˛ß¨ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#«˛ î,!‹T !äÈú– !›˛Øò#
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!Ó°ÏÎ=˚ !ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ xyòyÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ xy£zò¢¶˛y=!ú xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛
!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò «˛õì˛y xy£zò¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò–
1919 !Ö≠ üy¢ò ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ fl˛∫yÎ˚_ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ îy!Ó ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyüy xyÑ˛yCy ˛ô)Óí˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !ò– ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~£z ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ “Indequate,
Unsatisfactory and disappointiny” ÓˆÏú x!Ó!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i# ˆòì˛y !ì˛úÑ˛
xy£zò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Úx!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy˛ô)í≈Û ÓˆÏú ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖƒyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîòñ xƒy!ò ˆÓ¢yhs˛ Úx˛ôõyòãòÑ˛Û ÓˆÏú
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¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Á Ó!ú¤˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ôÛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
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~Ó˚y ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ xyŸªhfl˛ £ò– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ñ ¢õhfl˛ «˛õì˛y£z
Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£Ñ˛ ¢¶˛y ~ÓÇ ¶˛y£z¢Ó˚Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈!òÓ≈y£Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !äÈú
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˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÎ˚ ÓyïyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ì˛y£zñ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ îy!Î˚cü#ú ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚
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Ñ˛yÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆì˛õò ¢ö˛úì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !ò–
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ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ «˛õì˛y !Ó_Óyò ˆ◊í#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– Î!îÁ 1919 !Ö≠ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò
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ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒˆÏì˛ !Óò‹T £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyüB˛y ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– !ÓÖƒyì˛ Ó,!›˛ü ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ ˆ˛ôyÁˆÏÎú ˚
Ñ%˛!›˛ú ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò “Himalayan Blounder”
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3.4.2.3. ö˛úyö˛ú É
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¶)˛!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– 1919 !Ö≠ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zòˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îÑ˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô x!Ó!£ì˛
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ “They Constitute the first step on the road to self-government.”
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Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~£z !Ó!ï @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ !äÈú òy–
3.4.3.3. xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒñ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Óy ˆîy°Ïe&!›˛ É

1935 !Ö≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛üy¢ò xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢# Á ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÈ£z
¢ls˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ ò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì˛y ¶%˛úy¶˛y£z ˆîüy£z Á õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ˆòì˛y !ãßÿ£‰ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õ)úÑ˛
≤Ãhfl˛yÓ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˜òÓ˚yãƒ ãòÑ˛ ÓˆÏú õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ Ó˚yˆÏãw≤Ã¢yî ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zòˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ x¶˛#‹T úˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ x≤Ãì%˛ú ÓˆÏú õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# õ£ú ~£z
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õ)úÑ˛ xy£zòˆÏÑ˛ á,íy¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖƒyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ñ Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚ õïƒfl˛iì˛yÎ˚
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~Ñ˛ õ#õyÇ¢y ¢)ˆÏe ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ üì≈˛¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xy˛ôyì˛ì˛É ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ !Óïyò=!ú ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã £ò– xy£zò¢¶˛yÎ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢õÌ≈ò
Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆîy°Ïe&!›˛=!ú ãò¢õˆÏ«˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y£z £ú Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ%Öƒ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
101
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1935 !Ö≠ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛üy¢ò xy£zˆÏò ≤Ãhfl˛y!Óì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
Óyhfl˛Óy!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚!ò– ~£z xy£zˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iy !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò–
~£z ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò ˆÑ˛yò ˆÏ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ls˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì˛y ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~£z
üy¢ò!Ó!ïˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚîy¢ˆÏcÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ò)ì˛ò xïƒyÎ˚ÛÛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ~£z üy¢ò!Ó!ïÓ˚ ì˛#Ó !ò®y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– v˛z_´ xy£zò xy˛ôyì˛ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £ˆÏúÁ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~£z xy£zò !Ó!ï
!›˛Øò# xhs˛¢yÓ˚ü)òƒ ~Ñ˛ xÈÙÈÜíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ îy¢ˆÏcÓ˚ î!úú !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Ü!íì˛ £Î˚– fl˛∫yÎ˚_¥üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
£z!Dì˛ ~£z xy£zˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥)˛›˛ £Î˚!ò– fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£zñ ~£z xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCy ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí
ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚–
1937 !Ö≠ 1úy ~!≤Ãú ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ üy¢ò¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚=!ú Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z
¢õÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü õs˛f#¢¶˛y Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ó!›˛ü Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚Ó˚y ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛É
≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ~£z xyŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆãˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ x!ïÑ˛yÇü Ñ˛ì,≈˛c
˛ôyÎ˚– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒñ 1939!Ö≠ !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xyÓ˚ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÎ˚
ÌyÑ˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ x¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ÷Ó˚& £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ¢ˆÏD
ã!v˛¸ì˛ ÌyÑ˛y x¢Ω˛Ó £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ›˛ò !Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏì˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
!îˆÏì˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ õs˛f#¢¶˛y ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚£z ö˛ˆÏú òì)˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢)e˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛–
1935 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ üy¢ò!Ó!ï ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ó˝ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
1919 !Ö≠ õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õòˆÏö˛yv≈˛ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 1935 !Ö≠ ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ üy¢ò!Ó!ï !äÈú xˆÏòÑ˛
ˆÓ!ü ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò!Ó!ïˆÏì˛£z ≤ÃÌõ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw xyÇ!üÑ˛ Á ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫yÎ˚_¥üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ì˛y£zñ !ãßÿ£ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ üy¢ò Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#úì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú
x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛ˆÏÓñ õ)ú Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy !äÈú x!ÓÑ,˛ì˛– ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ú !òÓ˚B%˛ü «˛õì˛yˆÏì˛
≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ò õÎ≈yîy ¢%î)Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚y£)ì˛ £Î˚– xyÓ˚ñ ~£z üy¢ò!Ó!ïÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈
˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô £ú ˆ¶˛y›˛y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í– ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~£z xy£zò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆì˛yˆÏú– ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ~£z xy£zò ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ ~£z üy¢ò!Ó!ï ~õò ~Ñ˛›˛y
ˆõy›˛Ó˚Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úò#Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ £z!Oò ˆò£z !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛ o&ì˛ ü!_´üyú#– xÌ≈yÍ ~£z üy¢òì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆò£zñ xÓÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ú«˛í !äÈú fl˛ô‹T–
xò%ü#úò#
1. õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
2. õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õòˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚=!ú !ÓÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# 3. 1935 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛# ãyˆÏòò⁄
102
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1. õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò Ñ˛#⁄
2. õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õòˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ˆÏÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò⁄
3. 1935 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò ~Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É !›˛Øò#
1. !Ó˛ôyò â˛w Á xòƒyòƒÈ Ù ÈÚ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyõÛ
2. ã#Óò õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚È Ù È¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
4. Ó˚ì˛ò Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢˛ÈÙÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
103
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!Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúòñ xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ
xyˆÏ®yúòñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúò É
4.1.1. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£

!›˛Øò#
4.1.1.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.1.2. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ xy£zò
4.1.1.3. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛
4.1.1.4. xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
4.1.1.5. xyˆÏ®yúÏò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚
4.1.2. !Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.2.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.2.2. !Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÎ%_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛
4.1.2.3. x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
4.1.2.4. ¢yö˛úƒ Á ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y
4.1.3. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.3.2. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò£z ~Ñ˛õye ˛ôÌ Á xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy
4.1.3.3. ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚
4.1.3.4. xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy!Æ
4.1.4. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.4.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.1.4.2. !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛
4.1.4.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy
4.1.4.4. ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Á xyˆÏ®yúò úyÜyõ äÈyv˛¸y fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
4.1.4.5. xyˆÏ®yúò fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ Á Üí!ÓˆÏoy£ 105
4.1.4.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚
4.1.1. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£ É
4.1.1.1. ¢)â˛òy É
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¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ 1919 !Öfi›˛y∑ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò !îÜˆÏhs˛Ó˚
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ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ e´õyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ï% ˆÓˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ~õò òÎ˚ñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ õ£# Ó#ã
xB%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂÜõÁ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ≤Ãy!Æ !äÈú ˆ¢£z ì˛yÓ˚£z Ó›˛Ó,«˛ó xyÓ˚ ~£z xˆÏÌ≈
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Óy ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–
4.1.1.2. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ xy£zò É

1918 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛
!Ó!›˛ü üy¢ò!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ 1918
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ Sedition Committee ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xyÓ˚ ~£z !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚
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ˆòì,˛c ˆîòñ ì˛y£z ~!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ òyõyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÁúy›˛ xy£zò– ~£z xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚
Ñ˛t˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ñ ÎˆÏÌFäÈ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Óòy !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yîu˛ Á !òÓ≈y¢ò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ~=!ú ˆÎ !Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôîãòÑ˛
xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ~£z xy£zò Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚
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¢¡ôy!îì˛ Essays on Gandhian Politics : The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919
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new stream came into the nationalist movement with the khilafat move-
ment - Modern India, Bipan Chandra.
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1920 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï x!ïˆÏÓüò !äÈú òyòy !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈–
x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Üy!ı˛!ã ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ≤ÃˆÏîü=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyòyò õì˛yõì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛
xy¢ˆÏúÁ Üy!ı˛!ã ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# ˛≤Ãhfl˛yÓ õyòˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã òy £ˆÏú ˆ¶˛y›˛y¶%˛!›˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫“ ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓïyˆÏò Üy!ı˛!ã ãÎ˚# £ò– xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüƒ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ !Ó˛ô%ú ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Üy!ı˛ã# ˆÎ !ì˛ò!›˛ ú«˛ƒ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢=!ú £úÈÙÈ S1V ˛ôyOyÓ xòƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyîñ !›˛Øò#
S2V !Öúyö˛Í ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyòñ S3V ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫Ó˚yã xyòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛– xÓüƒñ !ì˛!ò
fl˛∫Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò xÌ≈ ÓúˆÏúò òy– òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y Úfl˛∫Ó˚yãÛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ fl˛∫yÎ˚_¥üy¢ò õˆÏò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y–
òyòy ì˛Ñ≈˛ÈÙÈ!Óì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢ x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ xò%ˆÏõyîò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ£˚ z
x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü‡˛òì˛ˆÏs˛f áˆÏ›˛ xyõ)ú
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò– !fl˛iÓ˚ £Î˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ Á ˆãúyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆÑ˛w ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ¢ÇÖƒy !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ !ò!Öú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Ñ˛!õ!›˛
~ÓÇ 15 ãò ¢î¢ƒ !Ó!ü‹T ÁÎ˚y!Ñ≈˛Ç Ñ˛!õ!›˛– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ ãyì˛#Î˚
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ îÓ˚ãy Ö%ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ãò¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
~Öò ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ òyòyò !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛y £ú Üy!ı˛!ã ~£z x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ ˆòì,˛c ˆÑ˛ò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ î#á≈ Óyîyò%Óyî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ!›˛
¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x!¶˛òÓˆÏcÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ì˛y £ú !£®%ÈÙÈ õ%¢!úõ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ¢yïò– ~ Ñ˛Ìy
fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ñ Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ òyòy !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ õì˛˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !äÈú– ~ˆ«˛ˆÏe òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚
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~£z òyÜ˛ô%Ó˚ x!ïˆÏÓüò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ ˛Ó˚*˛ô ~ÓÇ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ˆîüÓƒy˛ô# x!£Ç¢
x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò– ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ !Öúyö˛Í xyˆÏ®yúò ì˛Öò ì%˛ˆÏD– x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ˆ¢!›˛Ó˚ Î%_´ á›˛ˆÏú v˛z¶˛Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ¢õyˆÏÓˆÏü !Öúyö˛Í x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
òì%˛ò ü!_´ v˛zqy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ˆîüÓƒy˛ô# ¢ö˛Ó˚– ÓÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!ü«˛y ÓÎ˚Ñ˛›˛ Îì˛Öy!ò ¢yö˛úƒ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú xy£zò xyîyúì˛ ÓÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏ›˛ xÓüƒ xì˛Öy!ò ¢yö˛úƒ
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v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !îÑ˛ !äÈú !ÓˆÏî!ü oÓƒ Óã≈òñ !ÓˆÏî!ü ÓˆÏfl˛f x!@¿¢ÇˆÏÎyÜñ fl˛∫ˆÏî!ü Ófl˛f !Ó!e´ñ !ÓˆÏî!ü
Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !˛ôˆÏÑ˛!›˛Ç– ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ !ÓˆÏî!ü oÓƒ xyõîy!òÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ
ÎyÎ˚– ~£z x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ e´õyß∫Î˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ !äÈú
1921 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyâ≈˛ õy¢ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ fl˛%Òú Ñ˛ˆÏúã !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò
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â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ ò!Ì¶%˛!_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ã%úy£z fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
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ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1922 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !äÈú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò
â˛Ó˚õ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢¶˛y¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛y ãy!Ó˚ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆîüÓƒ˛ô# Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
Á ◊õã#Ó# õyò%°Ï !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!›˛Øò# 4.1.2.4. ¢yö˛úƒ Á ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y É

Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ !äÈú x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫Ó˚yã
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î%!›˛ !îÑ˛£z v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢– ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚
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Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
4.1.3. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò É
4.1.3.1. ¢)â˛òy É
x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£*ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚
xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z !hfl˛!õì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– Üy!ı˛Ó˚ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆÎyÜƒ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
x¶˛yÓ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛yüy ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ üy¢ò
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˛ô%ò!Ó≈ˆÏÓâ˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ 1927 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ¢ƒyÓ˚ ãò ¢y£zõˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ˆÏc ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õüò
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£ˆÏúÁó ¢%¶˛y°Ïâ˛w ¢£ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ îy!Ó ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ïñ 1929 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
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4.1.3.2. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò£z ~Ñ˛õye ˛ôÌ Á xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy É

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fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y îö˛y îy!Ó ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛!ú!˛ô ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yã £Î˚!òó Ñ˛yÓ˚í
110
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11 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ≈˛Ç Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ¢¶˛yÎ˚ Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc xy£zò xõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
!¢k˛yhs˛ ˛ôyÑ˛y˛ôy!Ñ˛ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛ôy¢õ%Ö# ≤Ãhfl˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚*˛ô ¢õˆÏG˛yì˛yÎ˚ òy xy¢yÎ˚ Üy!ı˛!ãÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò xy£zò xõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
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4.1.3.3. ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ É

xõˆÏúü !e˛ôy‡˛#ñ ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ !Ó.xyÓ˚.ò®.ñ !Ó˛ôyò â˛w ≤Ãõ%Ö ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛Üí xy£zò
xõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÎyÜîyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c
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4.1.3.4. xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy!Æ É

ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ ÎÌyÈÙÈÓyÇúyñ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¢#õyhs˛ ≤ÃˆÏîüñ ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆÏîüñ
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äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú–
4.1.4. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúò É
4.1.4.1. ¢)â˛òy É
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !e´˛ô¢ !õüˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜõò õ£Í fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ !äÈú òy ÓÓ˚Ç !äÈú !ÓˆÏ¶˛î ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
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4.1.4.2. !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛ É

x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ö˛ƒy!¢fi›˛ xye´õíã!òì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ Á !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛ òì%˛ò â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ xy˛ôˆÏ¢Ó˚
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ÁˆÏ‡˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛Ñ˛yˆÏú õ£ydy Üy!ı˛ 1942 ~Ó˚ 26 ~!≤Ãú £!Ó˚ãò
˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ó!›˛üˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï ãyòyò– ~Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
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4.1.4.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy É

1942 ~Ó˚ 14 ã%úy£z Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ≈˛Ç Ñ˛!õ!›˛ˆÏì˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸y ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚
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4.1.4.4. ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛c ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Á xyˆÏ®yúò úyÜyõ äÈyv˛¸y É

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Ñ§˛yîyˆÏò Üƒy¢ Á =!ú ÓÎ≈í– xyˆÏ®yúò xyˆÏÓ˚y ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ Á !£Ç¢y◊Î˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
4.1.4.5. xyˆÏ®yúò fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ Á Üí!ÓˆÏoy£ É

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!äÈú õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ äÈye Á Î%Ó ¢¡±îyÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ äÈye Á Î%ÓˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏ◊í# ˆÎyÜîyò
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4.1.4.6. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
Üy!ı˛!ã ~ÖyˆÏòÁ x!£Ç¢ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆÏúò; !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢Ó≈e ~£z xyˆÏ®yúò x!£Ç¢
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5. xy£zò xõyòƒ Ñ˛# ~Ñ˛õye ˛ôÌ !äÈú⁄
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4.2.1. C P I ÈÙÈÓ˚ v˛zqÓ
4.2.1.1. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
4.2.1.2. õyòˆÏÓwòyÌ Á !Ó≤’Ó# â˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛# !›˛Øò#
4.2.1.3. ˆú!òò Á õyòˆÏÓwòyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚
4.2.1.5. Ñ˛yò˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ C P I È≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
4.2.2. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
4.2.2.1. ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¶˛yÓòy
4.2.2.2. Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¶˛yÓòy
4.2.2.3. Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ îú Ü‡˛ò
4.2.1. C P IÙÈÓ˚ v˛zqÓ É
4.2.1.1. ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ É
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Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛òyõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–
4.2.1.2. õyòˆÏÓwòyÌ Á !Ó≤’Ó# â˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛# É

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Úv˛Ñ%˛ˆÏõr›˛¢ xö˛ îƒ !£!fl˛T… xö˛ îƒ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ xö˛ £z!u˛Î˚y S1917ÈÙÈ1922V ¶˛ú%ƒ≠1
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4.2.1.3. ˆú!òò Á õyòˆÏÓwòyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ É
~ì˛!îò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú ïyÓ˚íy !äÈú ˆÎ Ñ˛!õò›˛ˆÏò≈Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢ S1920V
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4.2.1.4. ì˛y¢ÖˆÏ® Ñ˛!õv˛z!ò¤˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y É

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4.2.1.5. Ñ˛yò˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ C P I È≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y É

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ˆ¢£z î,‹Tyhs˛=!úˆÏÑ˛£z ≤ÃÌõ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò 1923ÈÙÈ24 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛yò˛ô%Ó˚ °Ïv˛¸Îs˛f õyõúyÓ˚
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°Ïv˛¸Îs˛f õyõúyÎ˚ xy¢yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛≤ÃÌõ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ~§Ó˚ òyõ !äÈúV ~Ñ˛îõ ˜Óï¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛›˛y fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ Üv˛¸ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÈxÓüƒ õˆÏfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ç◊Ó òy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z– 117
1925 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛yò˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ïˆÏÓüò â˛ú!äÈú– ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛yò˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚£z ì§˛yÓ˚ õì˛yÓú¡∫#
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£z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛ SThe Indian Communist Party) òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÁ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò–ÛÛ ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ î%!›˛ õì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈúÈÙÈÑ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛
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≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xã≈ò ~ÓÇ úˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÌ !äÈú ˆüy°Ïíõ%_´ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
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dom). ˛˛ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ãòì˛yÓ˚ ~£z ì˛#Ó !Ó!›˛ü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ v˛zÍ¢y£ Á xyüB˛y
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4.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy
4.4.3.2. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ú
4.4.3.3. !ì˛ò!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ
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131
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÷Ó˚& £Î˚ Úì˛ˆÏúyÎ˚yÓ˚Û òyõÑ˛ ãy£yˆÏã ~Ñ˛!›˛ xòüò ïõ≈á›˛– ¢õ¢ƒy ÖyÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyò Á ãy!ì˛Üì˛
˜Ó°Ïõƒ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îò xyˆÏÓ˚y 21 !›˛ ãy£yˆÏã ïõ≈á›˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚
¢õ¢ƒy ˆÑ˛Óú ÖyÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyò ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˜ÏÓ°ÏˆÏõƒ£z !ò£#ì˛ !äÈú òyó ~Ó˚ !üÑ˛v˛¸ !äÈú xyˆÏÓy˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ–˚
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Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛V ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú !ÓˆÏoy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó ˆÑ˛Óú xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !äÈú òyÈÙÈ!äÈú xÓüƒ£z
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xõyòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚ =!úÓ°Ï≈ˆÏí !ÓˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÁ ≤Ãì%˛ƒ_Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏúñ ˆòÔ ˆ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£
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ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£#ÜíˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛ò!®ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
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!Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ú– £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò
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ãy£yãñ 20!›˛ ì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ îö‰˛ì˛Ó˚ Á 20ñ000 ˆÓ˚!›˛Ç ~ˆÏì˛ ã!v˛¸ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ˙!îò ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛Ó˚yâ˛#ˆÏì˛
Ú!£®%hfl˛yòÛ ãy£yã!›˛ ˆÜyúyÎ%k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ xyd¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Á!îˆÏÑ˛ !£®% Á õ%¢úõyò äÈye Á
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4.4.1.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ Á ö˛úyö˛ú É

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≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚yˆÏhs˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏD ˆö˛ˆÏú– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ñ ˆòÔÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏoy£#Ó˚y xyd¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚– ãyì˛#Î˚
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ÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛£z ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!®– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ !ÓˆÏoy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üy!hfl˛õ)úÑ˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iy
ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ òyñ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ ì˛y ˆÑ˛Óú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒyúyˆÏ˛ô£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
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Ó˚_´ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí–ÛÛ S¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ Úxyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì Û ˛ô,.
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132
xÌâ˛ 1946 ~Ó˚ ˆòÔ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚!›˛ÇˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò ˆ¢ÈÙÈõÎ≈yîy ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ !ò–
˛4.4.2. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ≤’ƒyò É
4.4.2.1. ¢)â˛òy É
~¢.~ò.ˆ¢ò Ú!£!fl˛T… xö˛ õv≈˛yò £z!u˛Î˚yÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ “Into this distracted scene
came the historic announcement of the British Prime Minister, Attlee, on
20 February 1947. He declared in no uncertain terms decission on the Brit-
ish Government to quit India by June 1948. The Viceroy, Lord Wavell did !›˛Øò#
not agree with the opinion of Attlee as the former feared the inevitable
outbreak of disorder and violence on the British Withdrawal. It was also
annouced that Lord Mountbatten would succeed Lord Wavell to prepare a
plain for the hand over.”
õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈˆÏúò !Ó!›ˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛ Óy Ñ%˛Öƒyì˛ Rule of Law ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !îò ö%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ–
~ì˛î‰¢ˆÏ_¥Áñ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ÚÓúÑ˛yò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÛ– ~ˆÏì˛ Óúy £ú ˛ôyOyÓ Á
ÓyÇúy ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ¢Ó ≤ÃˆÏîü Óy v˛z˛ô≤ÃˆÏîü ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ ˆîˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ˆò£Ó˚&Ó˚ xyüB˛y !äÈú ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆîˆÏü ˜òÓ˚yãƒ Á !Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛y ˆîÖy ˆîˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z !ì˛!ò
~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ Ó˚y!ã £ˆÏúò òy– !ãßÿ£‰ Á ˛ôyOyÓ Á ÓyÇúy ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !äÈˆÏúò òy– !ì˛!ò
ÓúˆÏúò ~£z ˆ˛ôyÑ˛yÎ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚y ˛ôy!Ñhfl˛yò !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò⁄ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy˛ô«˛£z ~£z
≤Ãhfl˛yÓ @˘Ã£ˆÏí Ó˚y!ã £ú òy–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyúy˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ~£z !¢k˛yˆÏhs˛ xyˆÏ¢ò ˆÎñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
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î%£z ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ~ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ò ˆfi›˛›˛y¢– ~£z !¢k˛yhs˛!›˛ úu˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ !ì˛!ò ˛ôyÑ˛y˛ôy!Ñ˛ ÓˆÏ®yÓˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü õs˛f#¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈õì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
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òy ~õò!›˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ òÎ˚ó ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚
úu˛ˆÏò ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ Á «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ˆáy°Ïíy£z !ÓÖƒyì˛ Úõyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÛ òyˆÏõ Öƒyì˛–
4.4.2.2. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ É

õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˙!îò£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏˆÏí ¢¡ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy!›˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛
ˆîò– xÓüƒñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îò xÌ≈yÍ 4‡˛y ã%ò ˆáy°ÏíyÎ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 1948 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ã%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 15 xyÜfi›˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– !òõy£z ¢yïò Ó¢% ì˛yÓ˚ Ú£z!u˛Î˚yò
òƒyüòyú õ%¶˛ˆÏõr›˛ xƒyò xyv˛z›˛úy£zòÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÈ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
1. If the people of the muslim majority areas so desine they would be 133
allowed to form a separate Dominion. A new Constituent Assembly would
be constituted for that purpose.
2. In case there is partition, there will be a partition of Bengal and the
Punjab if the representative of the non-Muslim majority districts of the
two provincial legislative assemblies so desire.
3. The degislative Assembly of Sind would decide as to whether its
Constitution should be framed by the existing or a new and separate Con-
!›˛Øò# stituent Assembly.
4. “In view of its Special Position” a referendum would be taken in the
North-West Frontier Province to ascertain whether it would join Pakistan
or remain in India.
5. In case of Partition of Bengal there will be a referendum in the dis-
trict of sythet (Assam) to ascertain whether the people would join the new
province of East Bengal.
6. In case of partition of the Punjab and Bengal a Boundary Commis-
sion will be set up to demarcate the exact boundary line.
7. Legistation would be introduced in the current session of the parlia-
ment “for the transfer of power in 1947” on dominion status basis to one or
two successor authorities according to the decissiona taken under the plan.
This will be without Prejudice to the right of the constituent Asemblies to
decide in due course whether the parts of India which they represent will
remain within the British Common Wealth.”
!úÁòyv≈˛ ˆõy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ xÑ˛˛ôˆÏ›˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆÏúò
ì˛y £úñ ÚÚxyõÓ˚y !äÈúyõ Ñœ˛yhs˛ ~ÓÇ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚Á ÓÎ˚¢ £!FäÈú..... xyõÓ˚y ˛ôyOyˆÏÓ xy=ò ãμúˆÏì˛
ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈúyõ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò£z õ,ìƒ% Ó˚ ÖÓÓ˚Á ÷ò!äÈúyõ– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏÓy˚ ÓyÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ xyõÓ˚y ì˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúyõ–ÛÛ fl˛øÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z ÚxyõÓ˚yÛÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ Üy!ı˛ xÓüƒ£z ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ò òy– ì˛Ìy!˛ôñ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÏîü!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z
ãß√ £Î˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ î%!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚– !ì˛ò ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú üy¢òì˛s˛f Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛yãó
26ˆü ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓúÓÍ £Î˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò– xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛s˛f Ó˚y‹T…Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
4.4.2.3. v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ É
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ myÓ˚y õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏú !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
ì˛y Óyhfl˛ÓyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yã ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÇúy Á ˛ôyOyÓ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚ƒyv˛Ñœ˛ˆÏö˛Ó˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ˆÏc
î%!›˛ ¢#õyòy Ñ˛!õüò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%úy£z !Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõˆÏr›˛ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zòÛ ˛ôy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚ 15 xyÜfi›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ !Ó!›˛ü Ó˚yãˆÏcÓ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# xÓ¢yò á›˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
134
4.4.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò É SIndian Independence Act,
1947V
4.4.3.1. ¢)â˛òy É
!Ó!›˛ü ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ≤Ãí#ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò Sã%úy£zñ 1947V xy£zòÈÙÈ£z ˛ôˆÏÌ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÌ ≤Ãüfl˛i Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– xÓüƒñ £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 20 !›˛Øò#
ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ 1948 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ã%ò õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚
£yˆÏì˛ «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– xyÓyÓ˚ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 3 ã%ò !Ó!›˛ü ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#
~ƒr›˛!ú £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õ™¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò !î!Õ‘Ó˚
xyÑ˛yüÓyí# ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ˆáy°ÏíyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛ˆÏÓñ ~ÖyˆÏò 1947 ~Ó˚ xƒyˆÏQÓ˚
!Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛£z xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ú–
4.4.3.2. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ú É

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò myÓ˚y 15£z xyÜfi›˛ 1947ÈÙÈ~ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò î%!›˛
˛ô,ÌÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Independence Act myÓ˚y ˆî!üÎ˚
Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛ÔõˆÏcÓ˚ xÓ¢yò ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆî!üÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… xÌÓy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y
£Î˚– ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôyOyÓñ ˆÓú%!â˛hfl˛yòñ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¢#õyhs˛ ≤ÃˆÏîüñ !¢ı%˛ñ ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúy xy£zò£z˛ ÓˆÏú
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏò£z xhs˛¶≈)˛_´ £Î˚–
≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ó!›˛ü Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ £ò ~Ñ˛ãò Ü¶≈˛òÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ú–
!Ñ˛ls˛ xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ¢õhfl˛ «˛õì˛y x!˛ô≈ì˛ £Î˚ÈÙÈÎyˆÏì˛ xòƒyòƒ Ó˚yãƒÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y
x˛ôyˆÏÓ˚üò â˛yúyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xy£zò ˛ôyü Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú òyó xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ
«˛õì˛y x!˛ô≈ì˛ £ú ÎyˆÏì˛ xòƒyòƒ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ˆÏò xhs˛¶)≈˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!úÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä% ÈxÇü â%˛!_´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢Çú@¿ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !õˆÏü ÎyÎ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !õˆÏúÁ òì%˛ò Ó˚yãƒ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yãƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 26 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òì%˛ò ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏú â%˛!_´Ó˚ üì≈˛
xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆîü#Î˚ Ó˚yãòƒÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yãòƒ¶˛yì˛y Óy Privy PurseÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy £Î˚– x!òú â˛w ÓƒyòyI#≈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘The History of
Modern India’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò “As regards the princely states the suterainly of
the British Crown Lapsed. All treaties and agreements relating to them - as
also to the tribal areas - lapsed. The British crown would no longer exer-
cise any function in regard to any of these territories.”
“There would be a change in the royal title; the imperial title would be
dropped, ie; the king-Emperor would now be called king.”
“Appointment by the secretary of state to the Indian Civil Service and 135
other services would be discontinued.”
!Ó!›˛ü Ñ˛õòÁˆÏÎ˚úÌ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ !Óâ˛%ƒ!ì˛ Indian Independence Act Á˛ôÓ˚
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú òy– «˛õì˛y £hfl˛yhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ 15 xyÜfi›˛ñ 1947 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 25 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 1950
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ÓˆÏ›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yãyÈÙÈ£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yãy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈
ˆv˛y!õ!òÎ˚ò fi›˛ƒy›˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˛¶%˛_´£z !äÈú– õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò SÓ˚yã≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïV Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓú ˚ !äÈˆÏúò
15 xyÜfi›˛ñ 1947 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 21 ã%òñ 1948– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 25 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 1950 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚
ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ îy!Î˚ˆÏc xy¢#ò £ò Ó˚yãyˆÏÜy˛ôyúyâ˛y!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!Î!ò ≤ÃÌõ Á ˆü°Ï ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ü¶≈˛íÓ˚
!›˛Øò#
ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ú–
4.4.3.3. !ì˛ò!›˛ fl˛∫yï#ò ˆî!üÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒ É

1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆî!üÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒÈÙÈ£yÎ˚oyÓyîñ ã%òyÜv˛¸ Á ã¡ø%ÈÙÈÑ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚
äÈyv˛¸y xòƒyòƒ ¢Ó ˆî!üÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒ£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏò ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ ¢¡øì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– 1949
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ £yÎ˚oyÓyî Á ã¡ø%ÈÙÈÑ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ !¶˛ß¨ x˛ôÓ˚y˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆî!üÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú£z ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ÓÈ,£_õ ˆî!üÎ˚ Ó˚yãƒ £yÎ˚oyÓyî !òãyˆÏõÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò !äÈú– xyÓ˚ !òãyõ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
fl˛∫yï#ò òÓ˚˛ô!ì˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ£z ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ £yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yãyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛
!£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ã!›˛úì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô
˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí xyˆÏ¢ÈÙÈ£yÎ˚oyÓyî Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ ~ú. £zo&Ì ˆõãÓ˚ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ú ˆã. ~ò.
ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ xyd¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !òãyˆÏõÓ˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ !òãyõ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ v˛zay!˛ôì˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ!›˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÓyÓ˚ £zFäÈy
!òÓ˚y˛ô_y ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏîˆÏÑ˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò– 1950 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 27 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ !òãyõ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
õ%¢!úõ ãò¢ÇÖƒy!ïÑ˛ƒ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ!›˛ !äÈú ~Ñ˛ãò !£®% Ó˚yãyÓ˚ xï#ò– ã¡ø% Á Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
õ£yÓ˚yãy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Óy ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ˆÏì˛£z ˆÎyÜ ˆîò!ò– ÓÓ˚Ç !ì˛!ò ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛
!fl˛iì˛yÓfl˛iy â%˛!_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ì˛î¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xfl˛f üfl˛f !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ xye´õí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢ÓÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ñ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 26
xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ£yÓ˚yãy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˛¶)≈˛!_´ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ÓƒÓfl˛iy
!ò!Öú ã¡ø% Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ òƒyüòyú Ñ˛ò˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ™Ó˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ ˆüÖ xyÓî%Õ‘y Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ¢õ!Ì≈ì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛
~£z ¢õ¢ƒy ˆÌˆÏõ ÌyÑ˛ú òy– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ ãÓ˚&Ó˚# üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛iyñ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ Óy £yòyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚
xye´õˆÏí ãy!ì˛˛ô%O ò#Ó˚Ó îü≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°Ïî Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ Ü,£#ì˛ òì%˛ò
üy¢òì˛s˛f xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ x!ÓˆÏFäÈîƒ xÇü !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~£z òì%˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò xÌÓy ãy!ì˛˛ô%O Ñ˛ì,˛≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy
xyãÁ xÓƒy£ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ–
136
xò%ü#úò#
1. R.I.N.¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ !úÖ%ò–
2. R.I.N.xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í–
3. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&í– !›˛Øò#
4. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zò S1947V ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛# ãyˆÏòò⁄
¢Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
1. R.I.N.~Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y òyõ Ñ˛#⁄
2. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛#⁄
3. ˛¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú Ó_´Óƒ Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
@˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É
5. Anil Chandra Banerjee - The History of Modern India
6. Nimai Sadhan Basu - Indian National Movement an Outline.
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HISTORY OF INDIA (1757-1947)

Directorate of Distance Education

Author: Sannyasi Samanta

Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

!¢ˆÏúÓy¢ Ó£z õƒy!˛ôÇ

!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 2

ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 3

â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÉ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 4

!›˛Øò# 1.2.5. ôyOyÓ

≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 1.3 ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãfl˛∫ÈÙÈÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ≠ !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚#ñ Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚

1.3.2. Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãﬂ˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhﬂ˛

1.3.3. õ£úÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚yãﬂ˛∫ ÓˆÏ®yÓhﬂ˛

1.4.1. xÓÈÙÈ!ü“yÎ˚ò Ñ˛#⁄

2.1.1. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚˛

2.1.2. ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

2.1.3. £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã Á ˆî!üÎ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü

2.2.1. v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓD#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íÛ

2.2.2. !v˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ãÁÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# Á £zÎ˚Ç ˆÓDú

2.3.4. ˆãƒy!ì˛Ó˚yÁ ö%˛ˆÏú

2.3.5. xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#

!mì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 2.4 ˛v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ≠ ˆÑ˛yúñ

2.4.1. ÓúÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.2. ¢§yÁì˛yú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.3. ò#ú !ÓˆÏoy£

2.4.4. îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£

ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.1 1857ÈÙÈÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ˛

ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.2 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ òÓ˚õ˛ôs˛i# ~ÓÇ

3.3.2. ﬂ˛∫ˆÏî!ü xyˆÏ®yúò

3.3.3. õ%¢!úõ !úÜ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y

ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ É 3.4 ¢yÇ!Óïy!òÑ˛ ¢Çﬂ˛ÒyÓ˚É õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛yñ õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ñ

3.4.1. õˆÏú≈ÈÙÈ!õˆÏr›˛y ¢Çﬂ˛ÒyÓ˚

3.4.2. õˆÏr›˛=ÈÙÈˆÏâ˛õ¢ˆÏö˛yv≈˛ ¢Çﬂ˛ÒyÓ˚ xy£zò

3.4.3. 1935ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ üy¢ò xy£zò

â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 4.1 Üyı˛# ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúò É Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£ñ

4.1.1. Ó˚yÁúy›˛ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£

4.1.2. !Öúyö˛ÍÈÙÈx¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.3. xy£zòÈÙÈxõyòƒ xyˆÏ®yúò

4.1.4. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛äÈyˆÏv˛¸y xyˆÏ®yúò

4.2.1. C P I ÈÙÈÓ˚ v˛zqÓ

â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ É 4.3 ¢%¶˛y°Ïâ˛w Ó¢% Á £z!u˛Î˚yò òƒyüòyú xy!õ≈ É

4.4.2. õyv˛zr›˛ÓƒyˆÏ›˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy

4.4.3. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ﬂ˛∫yï#òì˛y xy£zòñ 1947

£z!ì˛£y¢ !Ó¶˛yÜ ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ¢yõhs˛

1.1.1. Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í É

1.1.2 ôy!í˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c (Significance of the

1.2.2. ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´Ó˚ !Óhﬂ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y (British expan-

1.2.2.2. õ¢òˆÏî !¢Ó˚yã Á ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ É

1.2.2.3. Ó:yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Á ˆîÁÎ˚y!ò úy¶˛ É

1.2.3. õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!›˛ü ü!_´ !Óhﬂ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y (British expan-

1.2.3.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈõ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ S1767ÈÙÈ69 !ÖÉV

1.2.3.3. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ S1780ÈÙÈ84 !Ö≠V É

1.2.3.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ S1790ÈÙÈ92 !Ö≠V É

ﬂ˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# 1.2.3.5. â˛ì%˛Ì≈ £zDÈÙÈ õ£#ü)Ó˚ Î%k˛ S1799 !Ö≠V É

1.2.4.2. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈõyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k˛ S1779È Ù 82 !Ö≠V É

1.2.4.4. ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ £zD õyÓ˚y‡˛y Î%k S1817 ÙÈ19 !Ö≠V

1.2.5. ôyOyˆÏÓ !Ó!›˛ü ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í Á ü!_´≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ÈSBritish expan-

1.2.5.2. xõ,ì˛¢Ó˚ ¢!ı˛ É

1.2.5.3. ≤ÃÌõ £zDÈÙÈ!üÖ Î%k˛ É

1.2.5.4. !mì˛#Î˚ £zDÈÙÈ!üÖ Î%k˛ É