Indian - Eco - Developmen - XI
Indian - Eco - Developmen - XI
Indian - Eco - Developmen - XI
Part IV A (Article 51 A)
Fundamental Duties
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour
and achievement;
*(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to
his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
Note: The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with effect from
1 April 2010).
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~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !e˛õ%Ó˚y Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y
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G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2020 !¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ÓyÇ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚
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G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xl%ÓyòܲÙ[˛°# ı
1É ˆàÔï˛Ù Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓÙ≈îñ !¢«˛Ü˛
2É Ó˚yˆÏܲ¢ ˆây£Ïñ !¢«˛Ü˛
3É àë˛l ã˛w ò_ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
4É §%Ùl òy§ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
5É ¢yhs˝l% ≤çyò òy¢ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
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7É §%ܲyhs˝ §y•yñ !¢«˛Ü˛
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9É ¢ÇܲÓ˚ ˛õy°ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
10É ˛õyÌ≈ òy¢ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
11É x!ò!ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈ly
1É !ÓŸªlyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚
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3É ˆ§yly°# ˲Ryã˛yÎ#≈
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5É §%ô#Ó˚ ܲy!hs˝ Ë)˛£Ïî
6É ≤ÃË%˛Âô §%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚
≤Ãy ܲ‰ÈüÈܲ Ì l
çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005äÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól G fl%҈ϰÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲy á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y
Î!ò ¢%ô%Ùye fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ñ
Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z !ï˛l çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ¢)lƒfiÌylê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù G lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÉ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y
xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Órô •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏ F SÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ å1986ä !¢¢% ˆ Ï Ü ˛!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏ Ü ˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ
!¢¢%Ó˚y Î!ò §ÙÎ˚ñ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Óñ
Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã•#ï˛y ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xy¢y x!lÓyÎ≈– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l §ÙÎ˚ §)!ã˛ ˆÎÙl lÙl#Î˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ùl•z
Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly xyˆÏ§– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyˆÏç °yàˆÏÓñ GˆÏòÓ˚
fl%Ò°ç#Ól ܲï˛ê˛y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲÇÓy GˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ò%!Ó≈£Ï• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ !ܲlyñ §Óê˛y•z
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !Óàï˛ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÓyV˛y Ó•zˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ~•z§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ÎÑyÓ˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ≤âǧy çylyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ
•!Ó˚ Óy§%ˆÏòÓl ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y xôƒy˛õܲ ˆÎyˆÏàw !§Ç• وϕyòÎ˚àˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õ%là≈ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó•%
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z§Ó fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ å~Ù
~•zã˛ xyÓ˚ !í˛ä ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ !ç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ÓôyˆÏl
Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ
§ÙÎ˚ G xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãܲy¢ly ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ìyܲy ~l !§ •z
xyÓ˚ !ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛˛õ«˛ §Ó≈òy ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ˆÏܲ fl∫yàï˛ çylyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z §ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ õyˆÏÓ˚–
Many friends and colleagues have helped in preparing this textbook. The
National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges
M. Karpagam, Lecturer, Department of Economics, Meenakshi College,
Chennai; J. John, Director, Centre for Education and Communication, New
Delhi; Pratyusa K. Mandal, Reader, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi; Nandana
Reddy, Director (Development), Concern for Working Children, Bangalore;
V. Selvam, Research Scholar, Centre for Study of Regional Development and
Satish Jain, Professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Pooja Kapoor, Modern School,
Barakhamba Road, New Delhi; Priya Vaidya, Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, Lodhi
Estate, New Delhi; and Nalini Padmanabhan, DTEA Senior Secondary
School, Janakpuri, New Delhi for providing their feedback and inputs.
The Council expresses its gratitude to Jan Breman and Parthiv Shah
for using photographs from their book, Working in the mill no more, published
by Oxford University Press, Delhi. Some stories were taken from the book,
Everybody Loves a Good Drought, authored by P. Sainath and published by
Penguin Books, New Delhi. A photo relating to farmers committing suicides
has been used from The Hindu. A few photographs and text materials on
environmental issues have been used from the State of India’s Environment
1 and 2 published by the Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.
The Council thanks the authors, copyright holders and publishers of these
reference materials. The Council also acknowledges the Press Information
Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi; National
Rail Museum, New Delhi for allowing to use photographs available in their
photo library. Some photographs were given by S. Thirumal Murugan,
Principal, Adhiyaman Matriculation School, Uthangarai, Tamil Nadu; John
Suresh Kumar, Synodical Board of Social Service; Sindhu Menon of Labour
File, New Delhi; R. C. Das of CIET, New Delhi; Renuka of National Institute
of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. The Council acknowledges their
contribution as well.
Special thanks are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department
of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities for her support.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of
Mamta and Arvind Sharma, DTP Operators; Neena Chandra, Copy Editor;
Dillip Kumar Agasti, Proof Reader; and Dinesh Kumar, Incharge Computer
Station in shaping this book. The efforts of the Publication Department,
NCERT are also duly acknowledged.
~•z Ó•z!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ÚÚ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zßΨ l˚ ÛÛ !¢£ÏÜ≈ ˛ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)° í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚
ã˛y!Óܲy!ë˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚%î ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ê˛y•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ˆÎ ~Ó˚y ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •ˆÏÓñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xAàˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ ≤âǧy ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏÓ– ~•z Ó•z!ê˛
xyÓ˚G çylyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò ܲ# ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ §¡õò !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!Óô ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ê˛y•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ˆÎñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî#
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛ˆÏÓñ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ˆÏܲ §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ï˛ò‰§ˆÏ_¥G §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y Ùï˛Óyòñ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚yܲyhs˝ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
!Ó!˲ߨ xy!Ì≈ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓîï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !Óܲ“ ˲yÓlyˆÏܲ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛
!lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛Ù ˆ¢£Ï •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ú˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z
§yÙ!T˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ âê˛ly§Ù)•ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ âˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ àîÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lydܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •ˆÏÓ˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù– SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛È‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò¢≈ lyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛y •° ~•z ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲˆÏÙñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡ !¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ùñ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ lÌ#˛õe
ˆÎÙl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yñ §Ç@˝Ã•¢y°yÎ˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙ@˝Ã#ñ §ÇÓyò˛õeñ ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•–
~•z §ÙhflÏ âê˛lyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡ !¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ñ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛Ù ¢%ÓÓ%̊ ˚ xyˆÏà•zñ
!ܲS%È ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yӈϣÓ≈Ï ˚ ¢%Óˆ%̊ ïÏ ˛•z SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe
~ÓÇ §yÙÎ˚#!ܲˆÏï˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤çAà ˆÎÙl ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly§Ù)•ñ
Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ñ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ áyï˛ ˆÎÙl òy!Ó˚oï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚
ÓÓ˚yjñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ fl∫yfĩñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛lñ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛
ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤çAàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏê˛ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yáy xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§ÎˆÏb §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õyë˛òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛Ù ¢%Ó%̊Ó˚ xyˆÏà §òƒ §Çà,•#ï˛ §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yáy xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛Ù ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
§Ç@˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°ñ Îál òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÓ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùç%ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z x˲ƒy§!ê˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ܲyˆÏç xy§ˆÏÓ–
!Óòƒy°Î˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ã˛°!ï˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ åHard copyä ܲÎ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ÚxÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yÎ˚Û !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
§ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚– SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ˙ §ÙhflÏ §ÇÓyòñ §Ù#«˛y
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!¢T˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ !Óã˛yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ á%Ó•z §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy!˲!_ܲ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ#– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó!° §y!Ó≈ܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢ ÈüüüÈ ~ê˛y !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÓyN˛l#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôÓ˚l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
~ܲê˛y ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ Ü˛yç ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãy܉˛ ôyÓ˚îy ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ¢%ôÙ% ye ≤ÃÓ!, ÂôÓ˚ §Çáƒyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
ly â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y ˆ¢áyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ôyÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏΕ˚ z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ly¡∫yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Óy:ñ ~•z Óy:à%ˆ°Ï y Ó•zˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ !¢ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z Óy:à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y Ùyl!Óܲ flõ¢≈
ˆòÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
~•z Óy:à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Úܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚yÛ !¢£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°y !ܲv ˛õÓ˚#«˛y §Çܲyhs˝ Óy
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ lÎ˚–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï•z ≤ÃÌyàï˛ xl%¢#°l#Ó˚ Úܲyçà%ˆÏ°y
ܲˆÏÓ˚yÛ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ !ÓhflÏï, ˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲ“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡
!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !°Æ •ÓyÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yó ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ˆÓyôàÙƒ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y §ÙhflÏ fl%҈ϰ ˛õyGÎ˚y lyG ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!Óô ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°ñ Îy •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ §•ç°Ë˛ƒñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ à%Ó%̊ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ
xy•Ó˚ˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó §y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ ò!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó¢ò !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y çyly ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•ñ ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ
ò!Ó˚oï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ÓÓÓ˚î xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚#
≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yê˛y §Ó §ÙÎ˚ §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ly ˆ§•zˆÏ•ï%˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡
!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ÓÓÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yí˛zlˆÏ°yí˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
!Óàï˛ 10 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î§Ù)• http://www.budgetindia.nic.in lyÙܲ
GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛yly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~Ùl
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ §rôyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly ï˛ˆÏÓ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ G•z §ÙhflÏ
GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ à%à%°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ åwww.google.co.inä ÙˆÏï˛y xl%§¦þyl# ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ áÑ%ˆÏç !lˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ §•ç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Ú§Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚Û !¢£≈ܲ xLjϢ í˛zÂô,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ë˛yG °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §)e ‡ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l ܲyÓ˚î ~•z §ÙhflÏ §)e‡í˛zÍà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ §Çܲyhs˝ xLjϢ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §ï˛ƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲÙ!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%áƒ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ SÈye §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §yÙ!T˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ñ ï˛Ìƒ§Ù,Âô !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y– xyÙÓ˚y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ê˛yG
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y˛õ)î≈ !¢ál ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ x!ï˛à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xlƒylƒ í˛zͧ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç SÈyeSÈye# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡ !¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yê˛y á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ §Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚
§¡∫ˆÏrô !¢ál ~ÓÇ !¢«˛îñ í˛z˲Î˚ ܲyˆÏç•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎyàylÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿ Óy Ùï˛yÙï˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ylyÎ˚
˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ı
ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyÙ ˆÜ˛yÈüÈx!í≈˛ˆÏlê˛Ó˚ åxÌ≈l#!ï˛ä
!í˛˛õyê≈˛ˆÏÙrê˛ xÊ˛ ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l •zl ˆ§y¢ƒy° §yˆÏÎ˚™
lƒy¢ly° ܲyí˛z!™ xÊ˛ ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢ly° !Ó˚§yã≈˛ ~u˛ ˆê˛∆!lÇ
◊# xˆÏÓ˚y!Ó® Ùyà≈
!lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ ÈüÈ 110016
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔÏ!°Ü˛ ˛x!ôܲyÓ˚
å˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôylñ ôyÓ˚y 14ÈüÈ30 32G 226ä
1ä §yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §Óy•z §Ùyl ~ÓÇ xy•zl §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
D çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ˛õ%Ó£%˚ ñÏ çß√fiÌyl ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚yT˛… ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàƒï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D xflõ,¢ƒï˛y !l!£ÏÂô ~ÓÇ xy•zl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ò[˛l#Î˚ x˛õÓ˚yô–
2ä fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D Óy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y G Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ G !lÓ˚flf˲yˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏÓï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D §Çâ G §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈e fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#!Óܲyñ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy ÓƒÓ§y Óy!îçƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ç#Ól G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
3ä ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲÎ˚ñ !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy ˆÓàyÓ˚ áyê˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D ˆã˛Ôj ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ á!lñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ˛Óy xlƒˆÏܲyˆÏly !Ó˛õIlܲ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
4ä ôÙ#≈Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D §Ü˛° ôˆÏÙÏ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ùyl ◊Âôy G §Ùyl !lÓ˚y˛õ_yñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôÙ≈yã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)î≈ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyly!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ–
D ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ òyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D Ó˚yT˛… ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §y•y΃≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl !¢«˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl G ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D ôÙ≈ xÌÓy ˲y£Ïy!˲!_ܲ §Çáƒy°â% §¡±òyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌy˛õl G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
5ä §Çfl,ÒÈ!ï˛ G !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lç !lç ˲y£ÏyÈüÈ!°!˛õ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
D ôÙ≈ çy!ï˛ Óy ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ܲyí˛zˆÏÜ ˛§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Îy•y΃ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
6ä §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ó°ÓÍ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛ G •y•zˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓòl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓÈ üüüÈÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ°á çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆ•!ÓÎ˚y§ ܲ˛õ≈y§ñ Ùƒy[˛yÙy§ñ §yÓ˚!¢ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y•zñ ≤Ã!•!Ó¢l G Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y GÎ˚yÓ˚yˆÏrê˛y–
§)!ã˛˛õe
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 198-206
~ܲܲ
UNIT
1
III
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ°
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy
1.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚ y xyô% ! lܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyÑ ã ˛yÙy°
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
ÚÚ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ÛÛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ~•z Ó•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ àï˛ §yˆÏí˛¸ SÈÎ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãôyl í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ù)° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó•z òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ 1.2
1.2 Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yˆÏly– Î!òG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσÍ
§Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆ° Ï y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ fl∫“ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l
xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyG ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÓfiÌyl §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓy ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#l xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°– Î!òG Ü,˛!£Ï•z
í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ–
§ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚Ó– ï˛Ó%G ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆëÏ ˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z !lò¢≈l
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚•z !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–
xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ܲv lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ •hflÏܲyÓ˚% !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ §%lyÙ
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ò%•z¢ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)!ï˛ÈüȈÓ˚¢Ù Óflfñ !¢“ñ ôyï%˛
Îál ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl !SȈϰy ~ÓÇ G Ù)°ƒÓyl ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚%!¢“ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢ˆÏ“
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˲yÓ˚ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ ܲyÑã˛yÙy° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y !SÈ° ΈÏÌT˛ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚–
15•z xyàfiê˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§l ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓŸª ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !¢“à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyG !SȈϰy
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏl o%ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù–
Óy: 1.1: ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Óflf!¢“
Ù§!°l‰ •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)!ï˛ Óflf ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧfiÌ° !SÈ° ÓyÇ°yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ì˛yܲy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y– åfl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î !SÈ° ì˛yE˛yä– ì˛yܲy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyl#– Úì˛yE˛y•z Ù§!°l‰Û
á%Ó §)- ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)!ï˛Óflf !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟª áƒy!ï˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ù§!°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ ôÓ˚l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ
Úٰٰۖ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl §ÙÎ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢# ˛õÎ≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ٰٰ ¢y•# Óy
ٰٰ áy§ Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˙ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ åٰٰ
¢y•# ‡ ٰٰ áy§ä ˛õ!Ó˚ôylˆÏÎyàƒ–
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆ§•z xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ˆÎà%ˆ°
Ï y ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˙ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !SÈ°⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ≤çAàï˛ í˛zˆÏՑრí˛É Ó˚yˆÏçw ≤çyò ~Ó˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ‘India Divided’.
Ø !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ܲ# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰy⁄ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãî#ï˛
~•z Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓhflÏ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# Ùï˛yÙï˛⁄
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ál xlƒylƒ xyô%!lܲ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl xyô%!lܲ !¢“ ܲyÓ˚áyly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y
ܲ#⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ V˛yí˛¸á[˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ çyوϧò˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆ°Ô• ~ÓÇ •zflõyï˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚ ӈϰy–
Ø Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ ˆ°Ô• •zflõyï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù⁄ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ly!ܲ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%l!l≈Ù≈yî Óy §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Î!ò §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ Ùï˛ˆÏ˲ò ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢°àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ lÎ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ˆl•z– ~§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Ü˛#⁄
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ §)!ï˛ Óflf!¢“ñ ˛õyê˛Ü˛° ~ÓÇ Óflf!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛zͲõyòl ~ܲܲ ΈÏÌT˛ !SÈ° ly– x!ôܲvñ lï%˛l Ó˚Æy!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl
!¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fiÌ)° ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆË˛yà oÓƒ åˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚¢Ùñ ï%˛°y ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏ°Ó˚
ÈüÈ~ xÓòyl !SÈ° á%Ó•z làlƒ– lï%˛l !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óflf ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ù)°ô!l oÓƒ ˆÎÙlñ •yÕÒy Îsf˛õy!ï˛ä
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y !SÈ° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ á%Ó §#!Ùï˛ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛– ÓyhflψÏÓ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ˆÏ«˛e ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ xˆÏÌ≈ !ÓˆÏê˛l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l ~ÓÇ
ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyñ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòlñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyñ Ó®Ó˚ xyÙòy!l Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !Ó˲yà#Î˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
§#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ•z §#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– ~ÓÇ
1.5 ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ !ã˛lñ !§°l å◊#°Aܲyä ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚ˆ§Ï ƒÓ˚ å•zÓy˚ lä §yˆÏÌ Óy!ܲ
≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ !ܲS%È Óy!îçƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– §%ˆÏÎ˚ç áy°
ˆò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆáy°yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xyÓ˚G ÙçÓ%ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° å1.3 Óy:!ê˛
!lÎ˚sfîÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛ñ Óy!îçƒ ¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!lÈü Ó˚Æy!l ˆòˆÏáyä
¢%ÕÒ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛
Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ §Ç!Ù◊î ~ÓÇ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !SÈ° ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §,T˛ Ó˚Æy!l
«˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛yÑã˛y ˆÓ˚¢Ùñ |Âô,_– !ܲv ~•z í˛zÂô,ˆÏ_Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
ï%˛°yñ í˛z°ñ !ã˛!lñ l#°ñ ˛õyê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
Ø !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Æy!lÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈òÆÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ó•z Ú•zˆÏܲyl!Ùܲ §yˆÏË≈˛Û xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó˚Æy!lÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ §Ù)ˆÏ• ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l ~ÓÇ
xyÙòy!l ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ §yÙ°yˆÏlyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ó®Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
áyòƒoÓƒñ Óflfñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓyÓò áÓ˚ã˛à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙê˛yˆÏly
oÓƒ §yÙ!@˝Ã á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓñ •ˆÏï˛y–
~•z Ó˚Æy!l í˛zm,_ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ fl∫î≈ Óy Ó˚)˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ÓÓ˚Çñ ~•z í˛zm,_ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1.6 çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
!ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!Ê˛§ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ 1881 §yˆÏ° çlàîlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ •zLjÏÓç
˚
xlƒylƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏly •ï˛– !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ¢y§lyô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ xò,¢ƒ ˛õîƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y !SÈ°ñ
!ã˛e 1.3 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ x!ôܲyLjϢÈÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˆl•z–
§Ç!«˛ÆÓ,!_
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ø Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲl#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
§yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~à%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y ly–
Ø ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàî ç#Ól !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏ°G ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛
Ü˛Ù¢ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ xÓl!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓŸªáƒyï˛ •hflÏ!¢“ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~Ùl!ܲ
~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl xyô%!lܲ !¢“fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yG ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚!l–
Ø x˛õÎ≈yÆ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyñ âlâl §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yà ~ÓÇ ò%!Ë≈˛«˛ x§•yÎ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çlàîˆÏܲ !l/fl∫ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚•z Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Ù,ï˛% ƒ•yÓ˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°–
Ø ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ܲS%È ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ܲv
ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ ˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xï˛~Óñ fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
1. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ ~•z §ÙhflÏ xy!Ì≈ܲ
l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛# !SÈ°⁄
2. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲyÓ˚# !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
3. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
4. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ §!ܲÎ˚ !ܲS%È xyô%!lܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà !Ó!ê˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y §%ã˛yÓ˚%˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓ!¢“yÎ˚l l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˜mï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#
!SÈ°⁄
6. !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•# •hflÏ!¢“ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z
Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
7. ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°⁄
8. !Ó!ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ≤ây§l myÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢“l#!ï˛Ó˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§• Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
10. çl§Çáƒy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ !lÓ˚)˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÓSÈÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
11. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ §Çáƒyï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏáy–
13. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù%რxÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
15. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù §òÌ≈ܲ xÓòyl !SÈ° !ܲ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
1. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õ°kô ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z §ÙhflÏ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ ï˛y
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙylÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ‡¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈ!Ó §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ÚÚ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ç!Ùòy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ÛÛ ÈüüüÈ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ à%FSÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò §ÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe }îydܲ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#
˛õÂô!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ §yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàî ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ%=˛ !SÈ° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ%=˛⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓñ 2020 ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 15 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
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BUCHANAN, D.H. 1966. Development of Capitalist Enterprise in India. Frank
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CHANDRA, BIPAN. 1993. ‘The Colonial Legacy’ in Bimal Jalan (Ed.), The Indian
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D UTT, R.C. 1963. Economic History of India, Vols I and II. Ministry of
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SEN, AMARTYA. 1999. Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
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x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yG ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy í˛z=˛ §Óà%ˆÏ°y °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl à%Ó%̊c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§Çܲyhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ §#!Ùï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲG í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ– åÓy: 2.2 à%Ó%̊c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ l#!ï˛
°«˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y ä 1948 §yˆÏ ° Ó˚ Ú!¢“l#!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ à, •#ï˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝§Ù)•ÛÛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !lˆÏò≈¢ydܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ly •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z
l#!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– 1950 §yˆÏ°ñ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ xhs˝ï˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y
≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒà%ˆ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó%̊ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Î%à– Ü˛!Ó˚–
2.2 ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ§Ù)• !Óܲy¢ / !Óܲy¢ Óy ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õîƒ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §%flõT˛ñ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˆ§ÓyܲÙ≈ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl
°«˛ƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y •° •Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛ Ó,!Âô Óy
•° / ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Óy !Óܲy¢ñ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y í˛zͲõyòl Ù)°ôl ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y
~ÓÇ §yÙƒ ÈüÈ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎñ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §•yÎ˚ܲÙ)°Ü˛
ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ç!ÙÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ áyçly çlƒ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyG !SÈ° ï˛y •° ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §#Ùy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
xÓòyl !SÈ° ly– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫“ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l ç!ÙÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ §#Ùyly !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y– ç!ÙÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ §#Ùy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ !SÈ° !ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §yÙƒï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y–
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùôƒfl∫cˆÏ˲yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚
ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 200 °yá ã˛y!£Ï §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°–
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z Ùôƒfl∫cˆÏ˲yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ ~˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛
§yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤Ãçy ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÎ˚
çlƒ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚
Î%!=˛ !SÈ° ˆÎñ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° Ê˛ˆÏ ° Ü, ˛ !£Ï ˆ Ï « ˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ x@˝ à à!ï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏ Ó
ï˛yÓ˚y ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ùôƒfl∫cܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ!ê˛
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚G §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó˚î •Î˚!l– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xM˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ç!ÙòyÓ˚Ó˚y xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ í˛zͲõyòl xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ó,!Âô– ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó° ôl# Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ !SÈ°–
xÇ¢ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ӈϰ– §Ó%ç ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛yÓ˚y•z §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ôyl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛y– x!ôܲvñ ~§ÙhflÏ í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° çyˆÏï˛Ó˚
xÇ¢•z Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ï˛ åÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ¢§ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢Aܲy ˆÓ!¢
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓä– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ xlƒylƒ ˆË˛yàƒoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !SÈ°– ï˛y•z «%˛o Ü,˛£Ïܲñ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°
áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ òyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÙ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– fl∫“ xyÎ˚# ˆ◊!î ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyÜ˛ÙˆÏî §Ó≈fl∫yhs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓ¢ï˛ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ
òyÙ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ x!ôܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z §ÙhflÏ xy¢Aܲyà%ˆÏ°y ÓyhflψÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •Î˚!l– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ «%˛oã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ §%ˆÏò }î ≤Ãòyl
áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ áyòƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰy ~ÓÇ Ë˛ï≈%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ «%˛o
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓy˚ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò¢ Ó•%°yLjϢ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ «%˛oã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛yñ
§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ V%Ñ˛!ܲ Ù%=˛ !SÈ° lyñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl V%Ñ˛!ܲ ï˛y•z ܲy°Ü˛ˆÏÙ «%˛o Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,•Í
§Ω˛Óï˛ !SȈϰy ôl# ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§yÙƒï˛y Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏáSÈñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ òyÙ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó
çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ•z •° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓƒ ò%‹±y˛õƒ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô
˛õyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z oÓƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚y òyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ §!ë˛Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝
!lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚ Î!ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï á%Ó Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
ç° ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ç° §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyàyˆÏl ç° ˆòGÎ˚y Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏÓ– Îál ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆòy£ÏyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ ܲ!Ó˚– !ܲv
ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ò%‹±y˛õƒï˛yˆÏܲ •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òyÙ Ó,!Âô Ù)°ï˛ ~Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛yˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò!≈ ¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ Ü˛Ù ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ !Óܲ“ çµy°y!lÓ˚ §rôyˆÏl í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
!ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù)°ƒ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÎyàylˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– Îál ˲ï≈%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ Óy !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ò%‹±y˛õƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ΈÏÌFSÈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!ò !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ç° !l!Óí˛¸ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ê˛°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~ÙlG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˙ §ÙhflÏ xM˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ á%Ó•z ò%‹±y˛õƒ ~ÓÇ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˙ §ÙhflÏ
ò%‹±y˛õƒ í˛zͧˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !l/fl∫ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– Î!ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%‹±y˛õƒï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ !lô≈yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˙ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ¢§ƒ•z ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï ~Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !çK˛y§y
ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£Î˚!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ !ܲly–
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– xˆÏlܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~ê˛yˆÏܲ 1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
à,•#ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ӈϰ xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ
x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢“ !Ó!Óôï˛y Ù)°ï˛ §#ÙyÓÂô
2.4 !¢“ ~ÓÇ Ó!îçƒ !SÈ° §%!ï˛Óflf !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˛õyê˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ˙ §ÙÎ˚
xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ò!Ó˚o ò%!ê˛ §%ÓƒÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆ°Ô• ~ÓÇ •zflõyï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly !SÈ° ÈüüüÈ
ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛ál•z í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%ò,ì˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyوϧò˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚–
!¢“ ˆ«˛e ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓñ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù,!Âô ˆÏ˛õˆÏï˛
!¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– Îy •ˆÏ°ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚
xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ !˲!_ˆÏܲG !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛–
Ø ~ܲò° SÈyeSÈye# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÊ˛yˆÏÙ≈ ºÙî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y GáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly §Ù#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ôÓ˚îñ §yÓ˚ñ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ !lÓ≈y!•ï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ñ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛ í˛zm,_
~ÓÇ x!ç≈ï˛ xyÎ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ烤˛ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Î!ò Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y á%Ó•z í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ–
ܲä Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
áä !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã˛% õ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yñ
Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ §yÓ˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°ñ ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚–
Ø !ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˲y[˛yÓ˚ åIMFäñ !ÓŸª Óy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌy åWTOä ~ÓÇ åG7, G8, G10
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°lä §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤Ãòyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛zߨï˛
Ó˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §yÓ˚!î xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•z !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
˛!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛e 1950–51 1990–91 2015–16
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e 72.1 66.8 47
!¢“ˆÏ«˛e 10.7 12.7 22
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e 17.2 20.5 31
Ü,˛!£Ï ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Î%!=˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ !ܲ⁄
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~•z Î%!=˛ ˆòáyl ˆÎñ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ñ
í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÎ˚ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚Æy!l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çˆÏlƒ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ lyÙˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù⁄
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆï˛Ùl Ù%°ôl Ìyܲï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓG Ó,•Í ≤Ãܲ“ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛e ı l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Óí˛¸ ≤ß¿ !SÈ° ÈüüüÈ !¢“ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆï˛Ùl Óí˛¸ ÓyçyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl !SÈ° ly– Ù)°ï˛ ~§ÙhflÏ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy
!ܲ •GÎ˚y í˛zã˛!ï˛⁄ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚§yˆÏÌñ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ#
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !¢“ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ
Ù)°ôl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢“˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– Î!ò !¢“˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÎ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ GDP ˆï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•z !ã˛e àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,T˛
˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆ«˛e§Ù)• 1950-51 1990-91
Ø ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ° !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôà,•#ï˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲy!Ó˚ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲò° SÈyeSÈye# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôà,•#ï˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
xlƒ ò°!ê˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ– åÎï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §Ω˛Ó SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yl ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚%l–ä
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÓòyl §ˆÏ_¥G !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ xˆÏlܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ 90ÈüÈ~Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ !òˆÏܲG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl §ÇˆÏÎyà ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y á%Ó x!ôܲ çlƒ ~ܲçl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛y–
!SÈ° Îy ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛zm,_ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~álñ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÚÙí˛yl≈ ˆÓí˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– Îy
~ê˛y Ó•%°yLjϢ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°y ~Ùl !SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ í˛zͲõyòl §ÇfiÌy ~Ùlê˛y ÙˆÏl •Î˚
!ܲS%È ˛õîƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ˆÎl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆl•z å≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ly– 2001 §yˆÏ° ~•z §ÇfiÌy!ê˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙä– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈
ˆê˛!°ˆÏÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl– ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ܲS%È
ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ~•z !¢“ !ܲS%È !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ åÜ˛ä §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ~álG §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáy ˆ«˛e fl∫ï˛sf˲yˆÏÓ !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ñ åáä ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eG
§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÙyçï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ
˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ _Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ §!¡ø°l âê˛ˆÏÓ– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ù◊ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛Ø õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z §ÙhflÏ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛Ø õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ !Óܲy¢ñ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ fl∫Î˚Ç˲Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙƒï˛y–
Ø Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï y !SÈ° Ë)˛!Ù§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó– ~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï y
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
Ø Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚!l–
Ø !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe à,•#ï˛ l#!ï˛ÈüÈí˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÈGDPüÈˆï˛ ~Ó˚ å!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ä xÓòyl Ó,!Âô ˆÏ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl e%!ê˛ !SÈ° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xò«˛ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛ Ü˛Ù¢
ˆ°yܲ§yˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#!Ùï˛ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°y !l/ˆÏ¢£Ï •!FSÈ°–
REFERENCES
BHAGWATI, J. 1993. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford University Press,
Delhi.
D ANDEKAR , V.M. 2004. Forty Years After Independence, in Bimal Jalan, (Ed.). The
Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.
JOSHI , VIJAY. and I.M.D. L ITTLE. 1996. India’s Economic Reforms 1991-2001. Oxford
University Press, Delhi.
M OHAN, RAKESH. 2004. Industrial Policy and Controls, in Bimal Jalan (Ed.). The Indian
Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.
R AO , C.H. HANUMANTHA. 2004. Agriculture: Policy and Performance, in Bimal Jalan,
(Ed.). The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
1991 ˆÌˆÏܲ
ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°#
!¢“!˲!_ àí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl fl∫yÓ°!¡∫ï˛y
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ ç#!Óܲy
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– 1991 §yˆÏ°
ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zmÈ_, ç!lï˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
3
í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î
~ÓÇ
!ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l
3.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
l#!ï˛Ùy°y ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lÎ˚y l#!ï˛Ùy°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ à!ï˛Ù%ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏl– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !Ù◊ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy xyÙÓ˚y §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– G•z ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ G ÓƒÓfiÌy§Ù) • ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ l #!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÓƒÓfiÌy§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
§Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲS%È !ÓmyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z !Ù◊
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §%ÓyˆÏò Ó•% ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ôÈüÈ!lÎ˚Ù fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ 3.2 ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù
~ÓÇ Î!òG G•z §Ü˛° !Ó!ô G !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧ !SÈ° 1980üÈÓ˚
!SÈ° xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y !ܲv ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,!Âô ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ xò«˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly– ~ê˛y
G í˛zßΨ l˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Óƒ•ï˛ •!FSÈ°– xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ xLjϢÓ˚ !ÓmylˆÏòÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚
Ó=˛Óƒ •°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓrôƒyÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ây§l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ
Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âôñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õîƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛…yÎ˚_ ˆ«˛e
í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# Ó•%Ùá% # !¢“ˆÏ«˛eÓ˚ í˛zqÓ G Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly§• lyly!Óô ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õò xyˆÏÓ˚y•î
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤çyÓ˚î ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Îál xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ï˛ál
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆçyàyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒyÇܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛– Ùyl%£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ
1991 §yˆÏ° !ÓˆÏò !¢ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ï˛ }î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° çyï˛#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l ly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyÙòy!l ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!ç≈ï˛
!ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y }î ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ° ly– ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° í˛°yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ ˆÙê˛y•z– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛
G xlƒylƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙ@˝Ã# xyÙòy!lÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl Ó˚yçˆÏfl∫Ó˚ x!ï˛ !l¡¨ xÓfiÌy §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÓܲy!Ó˚
!ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy §M˛Î˚ ÈüüüÈ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ òy!Ó˚oï˛y G çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ã˛ƒyˆÏ°Oà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õ«˛ ã˛°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy §M˛Î˚ !SÈ° ly– !lï˛ƒ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yçˆÏfl∫Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ |zôÁ≈Ù%á# òyÙ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï%˛ˆÏ°– §Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ó˚yçfl∫ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ly–
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø Ó˚yT˛…yÎ˚_ ÓƒyÇܲñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒyÇܲñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ÓƒyÇܲñ FII ~ÓÇ !Ùí˛zã%˛Î˚y° Ê˛yu˛ ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyLjÏÜ˛È ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°y
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ ܲÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲÓ˚ ly ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ ӈϰy ı !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ñ xhs˝/¢%ÕÒñ §¡õ!_ ܲÓ˚ñ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ñ ˲ƒyê˛
åVATäñ xyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚
Ø çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ܲÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çyˆÏly xyˆÏà ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆò¢ Ó˚)˛õy G ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ï˛•!Ó° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ }î
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢ Ú˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚Û Ü˛# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàçñ Ùƒyày!çl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛
Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ !lˆÏ¡¨Ó!î≈ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù%oyÓ˚ lyÙ ~ÓÇ Ó˚)!˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚
•yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ
ˆò¢ Ù%oy ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ 1 •zí˛z!lê˛ !ÓˆÏò¢# Ù%oyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ
Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…
Î%=˛Ó˚yçƒ
çy˛õyl
!ã˛l
ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Îy˚
!§Aày˛õ%Ó˚
çyÙ≈y!l
Ø xˆÏlܲ !Ó¢£ÏK˛Ó˚y Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •%Ù!ܲ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlˆÏܲ Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰl ˆÎñ ~ê˛y å!ÓŸªyÎ˚lä •° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ §%ˆÏÎyà
Îy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~ÓÇ x!ô@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zß√%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ åBPO ä ˆ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏl ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîG í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ò!lܲ §ÇÓyò˛õe ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zm,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ
l#ˆÏã˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸y–
ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ 7ê˛y ÓyçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lê˛ xyˆÏà @˝Ã#‹øy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ•í˛ˆÏ§ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ӈϧ
ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°!SÈ° Ú•ƒyˆÏ°y í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°yÛ– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ ≤Ãï%˛ƒ_Ó˚ ˆ˛õ° Ú•ƒyˆÏ°yñ @˝Ã#‹øyÛ– ï˛yÓ˚y
ò%•zçl á%Ó í˛zÍÊ%˛Õ‘˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ @˝Ã#fløy Ó°° ˆÎ ÚxyçˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y §Ó≈lyÙ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ÓÛ– ~•z
ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl xyŸã˛Î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl !ܲS%È !SÈ° ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ 22 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ @˝Ã#‹øy !SÈ° ˆÜ˛y!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ 13 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈
í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°y ܲƒy!°ˆÏÊ˛y!l≈Î˚yˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ùy!°Ó%ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ!SÈ°– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ü,˛!eÙ §yòyˆÏÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã#fløyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ï˛!l !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ïƒñ !ӈϢ£Ïî ~ÓÇ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚!SȈϰl– @˝Ã#fløy Ùy°Î˚y°Ù ˲y£Ïy Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ÓˆÏí˛¸y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ál !ï˛!l í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°yˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ÓƒyܲÓ˚îñ ܲ!¡±ˆÏ•l§l ~ÓÇ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆ¢áy!SȈϰl–ÛÛ
ü ~ê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z !¢«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ° ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˆ§ ˲yÓ˚ï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!çÓ˚ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy •zLjÏÓ˚!ç lÎ˚⁄
ü ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓŸªÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z ܲÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄
Ø Ü˛° ˆ§rê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ !ܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°⁄ ܲ°ˆÏ§rê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xyÎ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ò«˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
Ø §hflÏy ◊!Ùܲ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Î!ò Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° §ÙhflÏ §ò§ƒ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó,•_Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óy!îçƒ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yñ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§Ù@˝Ã §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛¤˛ï˛Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ò§ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒï˛y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y– !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ §%¤˛% !ÓŸª!Ó!ô àë˛lñ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ~ÓÇ §%Ó«˚ ˛y ≤Ãòyl
ã%˛!=˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õîƒ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyàï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° !ӈϟªÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆlÏ §Ó≈òy §yÙˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛eˆÏܲG xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ¢%ÕÒ ~Ùl!ܲ §y!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ôÏ
¢%ÕÒ!Ó•#l Óyôyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ¢%ÕÒ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •…y§ â!ê˛ˆÏÎñ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ
!m˛õy!«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó•%˛õy!«˛Ü˛ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy!îçƒ í˛zòy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚
Ø ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !lŸã˛•z Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e§• !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲ï%≈˛!ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ü,˛!£Ïç !¢“ˆÏܲ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ §¡ø%á#l ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲ï%≈˛!ܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Óñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛zÂô,!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!ã˛lyÓyòyÙ xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ï˛°Ó#ç ¢§ƒ– Ù•yˆÏòÓl xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlhs˝˛õ%Ó˚ ˆç°yÓ˚ ~ܲçl ã˛y!£Ïñ
!Î!l 1500 ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ã˛lyÓyòyˆÏÙÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyôy ~ܲÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° xÌ≈yÍ åÓ#ç §yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òä ◊Ùñ Ó°ò ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛– ˆòáy ˆà°ñ Ù•yˆÏòÓl
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ò%•z Ü%˛•zrê˛y° !ã˛lyÓyòyÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛y 1000 ê˛yܲy Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ù•yˆÏòÓl
1500 ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ 2000 ê˛yܲy °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xlhs˝˛õ%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ áÓ˚y≤ÃÓî xM˛° !ܲv xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°
~áyˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ãܲ“ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ál xlhs˝˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛lyÓyòyÙ ¢§ƒ
í˛zͲõyòl §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%!ál •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÜ˛l ly Ê˛§° ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy!ÆÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyç xˆÏlܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆlˆÏÙ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ– Ù•yˆÏòÓl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲yà#Î˚ G òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ x!Ê˛§yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ܲv ÓƒÌ≈ •l– !ܲv
Ó#çñ §yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲ï%≈˛!ܲ •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù Óyôy !lˆÏ£Ïô ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ fiÌyl#Î˚ ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
§hflÏyÎ˚ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ ˆË˛y烈Ïï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ÙyÓ˚ydܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Ù•yˆÏòÓl ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛lyÓyòyÙ !Ó!ܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§!SÈ° ly–
Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚˛) õî ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚ ï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ Ë˛ï%≈˛!ܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù òyˆÏÙ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
•z!ï˛ âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢%ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ «%˛o !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ
•Î˚– xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ ï˛yÑï˛ Óflf!¢“ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù•z ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ ïÑ˛yï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓï˛ly!ò ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ !Óò%ƒÍ SÈÑyê˛y•z ÙyˆÏl ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ïÑ˛yï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y
~Ù!lˆÏï˛•z í˛zFã˛ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢%ÕÒ•yˆÏÓ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓï˛l Óy ˛õy!Ó˚◊!Ùܲ •…y§ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ïÑ˛yï˛
◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ú§y!Ó˚!§Õ‘yÛ lyÙܲ xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ làÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ 50 çl !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ ïÑ˛yï˛◊!Ùܲ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢%ÕÒ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚⁄
Ø §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ «%˛o í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%l/ç#ÓˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛# •ˆÏÓ⁄
§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_
Ø xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §Çܲê˛ñ Óy!îçƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛!Ó•#l xyÙòy!lÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ Ù%oyfl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚
•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛ 1991 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°
~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ l!ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓˆÏí˛¸yÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §)ã˛ly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!lÎ˚sîf ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ÇflÒyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï y
ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø §yÓ≈ç!lܲ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˙ܲÙï˛ƒ §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
Ø !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î l#!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ ˆò¢#Î˚
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÓŸª xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y–
Ø xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Ç Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ó!•/í˛zͧÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ o%ï˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ–
Ø !ÓŸª Óy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ åWTOä °«˛ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùï˛y!sfܲ Óy!îçƒ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°l Óy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÓŸª §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §%¤%˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yÍÜ,˛T˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ø §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎñ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !l¡¨àyÙ# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !ܲv ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô |ôÁ≈Ùá% # !SÈ°–
Ø §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e °y˲Óyl •Î˚!l– §yÓ≈ç!lܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàG ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ §hflÏyÎ˚ !وϰ ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨•yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!ÂôG Ÿ’Ì •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
1. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ 2004-05 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !ç !í˛ !˛õÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°– Ó˚y!¢ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÚxÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒylÛ ÈüÈÓ•z ~ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_
Ó˚y!¢ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Time series Óy ܲy°#l §y!Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏáy ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ !Óò%ƒÍ !làÙ åSEBsäñ !Ó ~§ •z ~§ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy ÎyÓ˚y !Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛– Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Óy§G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
i) §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~•z ˜mï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §•ÓfiÌylˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆòá⁄
3. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òyò% !òòyÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ü !ã˛•´ òyG ÎyÓ˚y ~áˆÏly xyˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
ˆl•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ † !ã˛•´ òyG– ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇfiÌy xyˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
§ÇfiÌyÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl lyÙ§Ù)•ñ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ˆò¢ñ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ôÓ˚lñ ˆ°yˆÏày •zï˛ƒy!ò áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
REFERENCES
Books
A CHARYA, S. 2003. India’s Economy: Some Issues and Answers. Academic Foundation,
New Delhi.
A LTERNATIVE S URVEY G ROUP . 2005. Alternative Economic Survey, India 2004–05,
Disequalising Growth. Daanish Books, Delhi.
A HLUWALIA , I.J. and I.M.D. L ITTLE . 1998. India’s Economic Reforms and Development.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
B ARDHAN , P RANAB. 1998. The Political Economy of Development in India. Oxford
University Press, Delhi.
B H A D U R I , A MIT and D E E PA K N AY YA R . 1996. The Intelligent Person’s Guide to
Liberalisation. Penguin, Delhi.
B HAGWATI, J AGDISH. 1992. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford University
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
Óï≈˛Ùyl ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
!lÙ≈yî– xyç ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ§¡õò•z
•° ~•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,•Í §¡õò– ~•z Ó,•Í §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫yfĩ G !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ x!ôܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yG Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ã˛Î˚l
ܲÓ˚Ó ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lG cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛
•Î˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lydܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ñ Îy ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
4
òy!Ó˚oƒ
òy!Ó˚oƒ 61
í˛zˆÏmàçlܲ– ˲@¿fl∫yfĩñ x«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
ò% Ó ˚ y ˆÏ Ó ˚ y àƒ Óƒ!ôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î ~Ó˚ y
¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛Ë˛yˆÏ Ó ò% Ó ≈ ° •Î˚ – ï˛yÓ˚ y
Ù•yçlˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛§%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚
ê˛yܲy ôyÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
xyç#Ól }ˆÏîÓ˚ çyˆÏ° ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y á%Ó•z ò%Ó° ≈ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– xy°y˛õ
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ lƒy΃
ˆÓï˛lê%˛Ü%˛ xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆl•z– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çµy°y!lÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
í˛z˛õyòyl •° çµy°y!l ܲyë˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàyÓÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ â%шÏê˛– ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e 4.2 ı x!ôܲyÇ¢ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲyÑã˛y âˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó,•Í xÇ¢ fl∫FSÈ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Óôy
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛ §%ˆÎÏ yà §%!Óôy
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlñ !¢«˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ •Î˚– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢y
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ã˛Ó˚Ù !°Aà ˜Ó£ÏÙƒï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ò!Ó˚o G §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
Ù!•°yÓ˚y àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Îb ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ Ë)˛!Ù•#l Ü,˛!£Ï
xyÎ˚%‹Òy° Ü˛Ù •Î˚ Óy çß√§)ˆÏe•z ˲@¿fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ◊!Ùܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÙlG Ë)˛!Ù•#l Ü,˛£Ïܲ
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xÜ,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈
Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ «%˛o ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y
!Óܲ“ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y•z •° ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
ò!Ó˚o– ~•z ˆ°yܲà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Óy ˜l!Ù!_ܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z
fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ §í˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚
!ܲlyˆÏÓ˚ G x!°à!°ˆÏï˛ â%ˆÏÓ˚â%ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È
!ã˛e 4.1 ı x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ò!Ó˚o oÓƒ !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
4.3 ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄ ÓÎ˚flÒÓ˚y•z ÌyˆÏܲñ ÓyhflÏÓ §ÙyˆÏç !¢¢%Ó˚yG Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xï˛~Ó !ï˛!l ˆç°áylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚!òˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈y• ÓƒÎ˚
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Î!ò ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÎy˚ § ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– ~•zçlƒ !ï˛!l ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï l ˆÎ ˆÙyê˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÙ)≈° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ !¢¢%ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏô≈ܲ !¢¢%Ó˚
ÓyhflÓÏ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!à ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!ܲ xˆÏô≈ܲ !¢¢%Ó˚
•ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ !lòyÓ˚%î xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ˆË˛yàG ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏôÜ≈ ˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÎyçly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛l ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yLjϢÓ˚ åThree fourthsä §)ˆeÏ Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Óy ˆÎyçlyà%ˆÏ°y ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ §)e!ê˛ •° 16 × 0 + 16 × 12 + 23 × 1 = 121 + 23 = 1 + 128 = 129 = 34 ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ï˛l xLjϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚Î=% ˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z àí˛¸ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy ˛õyGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà òy!Ó˚oƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyey ÎyÎ˚ñ Îy ˆç°áylyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ Ü˛ˆÏÎ!˚ òˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚
!fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ~•z Ùyey ÓƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 34 xÇ¢ !SÈ°–
!fiÌ!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yÓôylï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ
ã˛Î˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ òyòy˲y•z ˆlÔˆÏÓ˚y!çÈüÈ•z 1962 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ò° àë˛l
§Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy §¡∫ˆÏrô ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– 1979 §yˆÏ° ‘Task Force on Pro-
ˆç°áylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ!˚ òˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ù)ˆ° Ï ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ jections of Minimum Needs and Effective
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úˆç°áylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚!òˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈y• ÓƒÎ˚Û consumption Demand’ lyÙܲ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°
!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ˆç°áylyÎ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ≤ÃyÆ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1989 ~ÓÇ 2005 §yˆÏ° ~ܲ•z
òy!Ó˚oƒ 63
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ Ú!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ ò°Û àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y
ܲ!Ù¢l SÈyí˛¸yG xˆÏlܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o G !Ó_¢y°#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏòy°ƒÙyl
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y åˆÎÙlñ «%˛o Ü,˛£Ïܲ G ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù ◊!Ùܲäñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!fiÌï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ò!Ó˚o Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙÎ˚•z ôl# ÌyˆÏܲ
òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆjÏ ˆÏ¢ƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛ !ܲv ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yàƒ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
çlàîˆÏܲ ò%•!z ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲ!Ó˚ ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ !Ó_¢y°# xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe
Óy ôl# – òy!Ó˚oƒ§#Ùy ˆÓ˚áy ~•z ò%•z ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– xfiÌyÎ˚# ò!Ó˚o ӈϰ– ~SÈyí˛¸y ÎyÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly ò!Ó˚o lÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Î!òG !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚oñ !Ó_¢y°# Óy ôl# Ó°y •Î˚–
á%ÓÈüÈ•z ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó_¢y°#ˆÏòÓ˚G
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!îñ òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy
í˛zFã˛Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!îñ ôl#ñ á%ÓÈüÈ•z ôl# ~ÓÇ ã˛Ó˚Ù ôl#– ~•z ~ál xyÙÓ˚y òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓá˚ y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
í˛z˛õˆÏ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy !•§yˆÏÓ ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛y çylˆÏÓy– òy!Ó˚oƒï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ò%!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o G ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° l)ƒlï˛Ù ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚
ôl# ~ÓÇ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy!ê˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ôl# G ò!Ó˚o xy!Ì≈ܲ Ù)°ƒ åÙyÌy!˛õS%È ÓƒÎ˚äÉ Îy @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚
ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 2400 ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 2100 ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚– ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î 2011-12 §yˆÏ° òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛ÙyˆÏ§ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ çl≤Ã!ï˛ ˆË˛yàƒÙ)°ƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈òy•z ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ §yÙylƒï˛Ù 816 ê˛yܲy ~ÓÇ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ çl≤Ã!ï˛ 1000 ê˛yܲy
ò!Ó˚o !ܲv ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ê˛yܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ !SÈ°–
ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊!Ùܲä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°#l ò!Ó˚o !•§yˆÏÓ Î!òG xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ §Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ ò!Ó˚ o
òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy
§Ó≈òy ò!Ó˚o §yÙylƒï˛Ù ò!Ó˚o x!fiÌï˛ ò!Ó˚o xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o ܲáˆÏly ò!Ó˚o lÎ˚
å!ӈϢ£Ï ˆ◊!îä
òy!Ó˚oƒ 65
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø 4.2 ~ÓÇ 4.3 xLjϢ ï%˛!Ù ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎñ ¢%ô%Ùye Ü˛Ù xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
òy!Ó˚oƒ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚ ly– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç!Ùñ âÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ñ !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô§¡øï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy!ò x!ôàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yG !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚
xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z §ÙhflÏ §)ã˛Ü˛à%!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÇK˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚#ñ ˆôy˛õyñ §ÇÓyò˛õe
!ÓˆÏܲï˛y ≤ÃÙ%á ÎyÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ‡ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ly
l#ˆÏã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
≤Ãôylï˛ xl%˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛•z ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •Î˚– 4.3 lÇ ã˛yê≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃyÆ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•Î˚– xl%˛õyï˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– 1973-74§yˆÏ° 320 !Ù!°Î˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ x!ôܲ
çlàî òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l myÓ˚y ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ – lƒy¢ly° ˆ§¡õ° §yˆÏ Ë ≈ ˛ 2011-12 §yˆÏ° ~•z ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚
xÓ˚àyly•zˆÏç¢l åNSSOä myÓ˚y ˆË˛yàƒ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ 270 !Ù!°Î˚ˆÏl ˆlˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ 1973-74
ã˛yê≈˛ 4.4 ı !ܲS%È Ó,•òyÎ˚ï˛l Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çl§Çáƒyñ 1973-2012 å¢ï˛yLjϢä–
xrô≤ÈòÏ ¢
!Ó•yÓ˚
G!í˛¸¢y
Ó˚yçfiÌyl
ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Y
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢
˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓAà
à%çÓ˚yê˛
ܲî≈yê˛Ü˛
Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ¢
Ù•yÓ˚yT˛…
!ӈϢ£Ï oT˛Óƒ ı 1973 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl í˛z_Ó˚yá[˛ˆÏܲñ Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ¢ SÈ!_§àí˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛
~ÓÇ !Ó•yÓ˚ V˛yí˛¸á[˛ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
òy!Ó˚oƒ 67
òy!Ó˚oƒhflÓÏ ˚ !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ≤ÃÌÙ °y•zl!ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ vä §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x§Ù Ó^˝ê˛l– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ òy!Ó˚oƒ •° Óƒ!=˛àï˛
2011-12 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ hflÓÏ ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ °y•zl!ê˛ 1973- òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒ §Ù!T˛– òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
74 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒhflÏÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ ç!í˛¸ï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ iä fl∫“
1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°ôl àë˛l iiä ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ x˲yÓ iiiä ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛
xl%˛õyï˛ 55 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ 22 ¢ï˛yLjϢ ˆlˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– ~•z ivä çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ vä §yÙy!çܲ ‡ ܲ°ƒyî ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ã˛yê≈˛!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ÈüüüÈ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Yñ x˲yÓ–
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢ñ !Ó•yÓ˚ñ Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ¢ñ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyÇ°y ~ÓÇ í˛z!í˛¸£ƒÏ y
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy
ÈüüüÈ 1973-74 §yˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y Ó,•Í xLjϢÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàî
§¡∫ˆÏrô ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– Î!òG ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– xyÓyÓ˚ 1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È
G˛õÓ˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y
!Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ƒhflψÏÓ˚ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ G!í˛¸¢yñ Ùôƒ≤ÈÏò¢ñ
~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝
!Ó•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ òy!Ó˚oƒhflÓÏ ˚ çyï˛#Î˚
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ °yÇܲy¢yÎ˚Ó˚
òy!Ó˚oƒhflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù °«˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ûï˛Ü,˛ï˛ §)!ï˛ Óflf xyÙòy!lÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° fiÌyl#Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyÇ°y ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YˆÏï˛
í˛zͲõyòl Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ §%!ï˛Óflf
òy!Ó˚oƒhflÓÏ ˚ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z Ó˚yçƒ ò%!ê˛ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚ Æ y!lܲyÓ˚ Ü ˛ ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ¢% ô % Ù ye §) ï ˛y å yarn ä
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒhflÏÓ˚ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ Ó˚Æy!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ •Î˚–
!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ 70 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚
4.5 òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)• ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ˆÓ!¢ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ !SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– !Ó!ê˛¢ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÌyܲyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Îy ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl Ù•yçlÓ˚y x!ï˛o%ï˛ Ó,•Í ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°–
~ܲ!ê˛ SÈy˛õ Ó˚yˆÏá– ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y à%îàï˛ !¢«˛y xç≈ˆÏl Ó!M˛ï˛
!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚ Ó˚Æy!l xyÓ˚Ω˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl x«˛Ù •Î˚ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ 1875 ~ÓÇ 1900 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y fl∫yfĩ§Çܲyhs˝
26 !Ù!°Î˚l çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ܲyÓ˚îÓ¢ï˛
Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏFSÈ– çy!ï˛àï˛ ˆË˛òyˆÏ˲òñ ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%¢y§l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ myÓ˚y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏÓ˚y•z °«˛ƒ•z !SÈ° !Ó!ê˛¢ Ó˚Æy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
Ù%áƒï˛ ò!Ó˚o– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚î§Ù)• ~Ó˚çlƒ òyÎ˚# ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï y ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
•° ÈüüüÈ iä §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒñ ~ÓÇ •zLjÏÓç ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆ§lyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÙylÓ¢!=˛ ≤Ãòyl
iiä §yÙy!çܲ Ó!•Ë)˛≈ !=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ iiiä ˆÓܲyÓ˚cñ ivä }î@˝ÃhflïÏ ˛yñ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
òy!Ó˚oƒ 69
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢•%ˆÓÏ ˚ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó,•Í
xÇ¢•z @˝ÃyÙ#î ò!Ó˚o çlàîñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl
G ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ §rôyˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !¢“yÎ˚l ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
ˆÓܲyÓ˚ xÌÓy ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ◊!Ùܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛l ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ÌyˆÏܲ
lyñ §¡õ!_ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ §#!Ùï˛ ò«˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲñ
!ã˛e 4.5 ı à%îÙyl §¡õߨ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~álG ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫≤¿
§%ˆÏÎyà §%!ÓôyG Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
çlƒ í˛zm,_ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È üÈ•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
òy!Ó˚ o ƒï˛y ܲÙ≈ § ÇfiÌyˆÏ l Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ, ˛ !ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏ A à
lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– åÓy: 4.3 ˆòˆÏáyä–
â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÓܲyÓ˚c Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚cñ
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛˛õ!¢!° §yÙ!Î˚ܲ G ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢•Ó˚
í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚y @˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ }î@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
í˛zq$ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
K˛yl G ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– }î@˝ÃhflÏï˛y•z òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆôy˛õy ~ÓÇ ly!˛õï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáSÈ– ~ê˛y çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ GÓ˚y ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !òˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ áyÓyÓ˚
ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õ!_ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù
ò!Ó˚o lÎ˚ ~Ùl çlàˆÏîÓ˚G ܲyç ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚o çlàîÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏî
x«˛Ù ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
òy!Ó˚oƒ 71
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !lï˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ òy!Ó˚òƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ !Ó°y§Ó•%° oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyˆÏÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ •° ≤ÃÓ,!Âô §Çܲyhs˝
Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ Îy !l¡¨ xyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲT˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~!ê˛ ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
x˲yÓˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G Óy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x§Ù !SÈ° ˆÎñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ•z ˆÙyê˛ ˆò¢#Î˚
Ó^˝ê˛lG ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏܲ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– í˛zͲõyòl åGDPä ~ÓÇ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
âê˛yˆÏÓñ Îy §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° hflψÏÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
~•z§Ó ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÈüÈ•z §ÙyçˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ
≤Ã˲yÓ ò!Ó˚o xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ åtrickle
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
downä–È 1950üÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ 1960ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# G ˲yˆÏ°y í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÓ˚ˆΩÏ ˛ ~ê˛y•z !SÈ° ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ù%რˆÜ˛w!Ó®%– ~ê˛y xy¢y
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y ç#!Óï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Ù
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ x!ï˛ o%ï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È
!Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ôl# ~ÓÇ
!l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ° §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l•z
ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÓôyl ܲÙyàï˛•z !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– òy!Ó˚oƒ
xl%ßï¨ ˛ xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˛õŸã˛yò˛õò
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%Ùy!eܲ §Ù§ƒy ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ï%˛!Ù !mï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
Î%Âôܲy°#l ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
xÓ¢ƒ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎñ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ï
G !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ï˛ï˛ê˛y xy¢yÓƒOܲ !SÈ° ly– çl§Çáƒy
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áyòƒ¢§ƒñ !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩñ ˛õ%!T˛ñ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç°ñ Óy§fiÌylñ
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ò!Ó˚o
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ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 2013-14 §yˆÏ°
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Ø §Ù%o í˛z˛õÜ)˛°#Î˚ ~°yܲyñ ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!Ùñ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ xM˛° ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §Ω˛Ó ~Ùl
!ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y iä ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
çlƒ áyòƒ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~ÓÇ iiä fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §í˛¸Ü˛ !lÙ≈yîñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xRy!°Ü˛y !lÙ≈yîñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !lÙ≈yî •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï%˛!Ù
G•z §ÙhflÏ fiÌylà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆ°yܲ !lÎ%!=˛ ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%•Èz üÈ!ï˛l ˛õ,¤˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ –
lï%˛l !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– 2014 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓòƒÙyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆàˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# çlôl ˆÎyçly lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ !lÓyÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óàï˛ §yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyÑã˛ ò¢Ü˛
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyLjÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚
xƒyܲyí˛zrê˛ ˆáy°yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •Î˚!l– ï%˛!Ù
x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ“ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎñ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ Ë˛ï%≈˛!ܲà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌÓy
xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏrê˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ myÓ˚y x!ï˛
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ 1 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ò%â≈ê˛lyç!lï˛ Ó#Ùy ~ÓÇ 30,000 ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÎ˚ñ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ç#Ól!ÓÙyÓ˚ §%!Óôy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚!l– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y Îál•z ~•z
4.7 òy!Ó˚ o ƒ ò) Ó ˚ # ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ § ) ! ã˛ È ü üüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈ § ) ! ã˛à% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ Ù) ° ƒyÎ˚ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï S È l ñ ï˛ál•z ~•z
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛l!ê˛
≤Ãôyl ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmà ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
fl∫ y ô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó ï˛#≈ ܲyˆÏ ° à, • #ï˛ òy!Ó˚ o ƒ ç!Ù ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §¡õ!_Ó˚ x§Ù Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ Ê˛° ï˛ál•z ≤ÃÌÙ §yÙˆÏl òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó_Óyl çlàîÓ˚y•z
xyˆÏ§ Îál !ܲS%È Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ
¢ï˛yÇ¢ çyï˛#Î˚ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– ò) Ó ˚ # ܲÓ˚ î ܲÙ≈ § ) ! ã˛à% ˆÏ ° yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §¡õò Ó^˝ ê ˛ˆÏ l Ó˚
òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° •yˆÏï˛ ˆlGÎ˚y x˛õÎ≈yÆï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ ~•z ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ùà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§ˆÏ_¥G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xLjϢ•z «%˛ôyñ x˛õ%!T˛ñ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ≤Ãôylï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇܲ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚y
òy!Ó˚oƒ 75
Óy: 4.4 ı Ó˚yÙòy§ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸ÓyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ•#l §í˛¸Ü˛
Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲë˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚yÙòy§ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ~ê˛y ¢%ˆÏl xylˆÏ® xyd•yÓ˚y •Î˚!l ˆÎñ ˆ§ 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– 1993 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲë˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
!ï˛l !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ !lÙ≈yîܲyÎ≈ 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲ“ •yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò!Ó˚oï˛Ù ˆç°y •° §%Ó˚à%çy ÈüÈ 55 ÎyÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlˆÏày¤˛#•z í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ xLjϢÓ˚– ˛õy•y!í˛¸ Óy
!•!° ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óyñ ÎyÓ˚y ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚G §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!hs˝Ù 5 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xy!òÙ çlçy!ï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xÌ≈ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ ˛õyÑã˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ 42 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy çlçy!ï˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15000ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ó,•Í xÇ¢•z §%Ó˚à%çyˆÏï˛•z Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG
!ܲS%È Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸˚Óy í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛Ó˚ !˲!_ Ó˚yÎ˚àí˛¸ ˆç°yˆÏï˛•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲë˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙ
˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸˚Óy Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛•z Ùye ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y §Ù§ƒy !SÈ° ÈüüüÈ ˆ§áyˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ìyܲï˛
ly– Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛Ù !SÈ°–
~ܲçl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ åNGOä ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ •° ÈüüüÈ Ú~ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È xyˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ ly ~•z §Ü˛°
≤Ãܲ“à%ˆÏ°y ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸˚ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly≤ÃܲyÓ˚ °yˆÏ˲ xy§ˆÏSÈ ly ~Ùl!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%•z!ÙÇ ˛õ%° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyLjϰyÓ˚
!lÙ≈yîG çlçy!ï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyˆÏÙ•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–Û Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆSȈϰ Ó˚yÙyÓï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ Ú~•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˛õy•y!í˛¸
ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ü˛ï˛ ï˛y ˆÜ˛í˛z çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!lÛ ~ÓÇ Ú~áyˆÏl ˆï˛y xyˆÏà•z ~ܲê˛y ÜÑ˛yã˛y Ó˚yhflÏy !SÈ°Û– Úï˛yÓ˚y
~•z ܲyÑã˛y Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye !ܲS%È °y°Ùy!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ~•z Ó˚yhflÏy!ê˛ xyçG ˛õyܲy
•Î˚!l–Û
Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆï˛y á%Ó•z §yôyÓ˚î– ˆ§ ӈϰˆÏSÈñ ÚÚxy!ÙˆÏï˛y ¢%ô%Ùye !ܲS%È ç° ã˛y•z– ÚxyÙÓ˚y ç° SÈyí˛¸y
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ܲÓ˚Ó⁄ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ Ú17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yˆÏî ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚y
Î!ò xyÙyÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !Óܲ° Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ ˆ§ê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y •ï˛ ly⁄
ç!ÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲS%È ç° !òˆÏÎ˚•z ܲyç!ê˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚%ܲ–Û
Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!ò
~•z làò Ó˚y!¢ˆÏܲ ÓƒyLjÏܲ ˆÙÎ˚y!ò xyÙylï˛ åFDä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ à!FSÈï˛ Ó˚yáy •ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛ ly– ¢%ô%Ùye §%ò !òˆÏÎ˚•z §%Ó˚à%çyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl á%Ó•z ˲yˆÏ°y Ìyܲï˛Û
ÈüüüÈ ~ܲçl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛y •y§ƒˆÏܲÔï%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
ˆÜ˛í˛zÈüÈ•z Ó˚yÙòy§ˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÎ ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ܲ# !SÈ°ñ xÌÓy
~•z §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yhflÏy
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Îy ܲálG ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ °«˛ƒ•#l ò%•z !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚
§í˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ•z xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy Óyí˛¸y°yÙñ ï˛ál•z Ó˚yÙòy§ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ Ú§ƒyÓ˚ñ xyÙyÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚%lÛ–
í˛zͧ ı !˛õÉ §y•zlyÌñ 1966ñ ~!ÓÓ!í˛ °y˲§‰ ~ à%í˛ í»˛ê‰˛ ı ˆfiê˛y!Ó˚ç Ê˛Ù •z!u˛Î˚yç ˆ˛õyˆÏÓ˚T˛ !í˛!fiê˛∆Q§‰ñ
ˆ˛õAà%•zl Ó%ܲ§‰ñ !lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çܲ!°ï˛–
4.8 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
òy!Ó˚oƒ 77
x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÕ‘y !òˆÏï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ï˛ï˛ê˛y §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ lÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ~álG
Ê˛° §Ü˛° xLjϢÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚!l– òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ò%T˛ã˛Ü˛ åvicious circle of povertyä ˆÌˆÏܲ
§yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚!l–
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˆ«eñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_
Ø ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y•z @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ G
xò«˛ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá–
Ø xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÎ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xlƒylƒ à%îyÓ!° !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly–
Ø xˆÏlܲ ÓͧÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈl
ı ≤ÃÓ,!Âô §Çܲyhs˝ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ !l!ò≈T˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôy
≤Ãòyl–
Ø §¡õ!_Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ •hflÏyhs˝Ó˚ñ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o çlàîˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~álG ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y Óy!ܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
1. ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 30 çl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜òl!®l !Ó!˲ߨ oÓƒ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ Ùyey !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî ˙ Óƒ!=˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ áyÓ˚y˛õ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙÓÂô
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
òy!Ó˚oƒ 79
2. ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !l¡¨ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xˆÏAܲ xÌ≈ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xl%§rôyl!ê˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚!ê˛ xlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ à!Ó˚Ó ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy Óƒ!=˛ !˛õS%È Ùy!§Ü˛ 500 ê˛yܲy !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ã˛Ó˚Ù òy!Ó˚oƒG !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õyÙ@˝Ã# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲ ˛ õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ á ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ à ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ â
àÙ ‡ ã˛yí˛z°
Ólflõ!ï˛ ˆï˛°
!ã˛!l
!Óò%ƒÍ‡xyˆÏ°yܲ §Iy
!â
ܲy˛õí˛¸
Óy!í˛¸ ˲yí˛¸y
3. !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!hflÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ !˛õS%È !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›§yÙ@˝Ã#
ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àí˛¸ Ùy!§Ü˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° Úã˛yí˛z° ~ÓÇ àÙÛÈüÈ~ 25 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 ê˛yܲy ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° 25 ê˛yܲy ã˛yí˛z° ~ÓÇ àÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ •Î˚–
§yÓ˚!î!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG–
Ó›§yÙ@˝Ã# @˝ÃyÙ#î ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!hflϧÙ)•
ã˛yí˛z° ~ÓÇ àÙ 25.0 35.9 28.7
í˛y° ~ÓÇ í˛y°çyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ 5.7 6.1 9.9
ò%ô ~ÓÇ ò%?ôçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ 17.4 14.1 10.3
Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ¢yܲ§Ó‰!ç 15.1 12.7 19.6
Ùyǧñ ÙySÈ ~ÓÇ !í˛Ù 6.3 5.3 13.1
!ã˛!l 3.3 3.8 4.0
°Óî ~ÓÇ Ù¢°y 10.8 10.8 8.1
xlƒylƒ áyòƒ§yÙ@˝Ã# 16.5 11.3 6.4
ˆÙyê˛ ı §Ü˛° áyòƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ 100 100 100
§yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 62.9 72.2 72.8
áyòƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢
• !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ áyòƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ù!T˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ Ó!hflÏ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛y°çyï˛#Î˚ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°⁄
• !Ó!˲ߨ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl çlàîÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ü˛Ù ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó!hflÏÓy§#Ó˚y ÙySÈñ Ùyǧ ~ÓÇ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚⁄
Books
DANDEKAR , V.M. and N ILAKANTHA RATH. 1971. Poverty in India, Indian School of Politi-
cal Economy, Pune.
DREZE , JEAN . A MARTYA SEN & A KTHAR HUSAIN (Eds.). 1995. The Political Economy of
Hunger. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
NAOROJI , DADABHAI. 1996. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, Publications Division,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Second Edition,
New Delhi.
S AINATH , P. 1996. Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest
Districts. Penguin Books, New Delhi.
SEN , AMARTYA . 1999. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
S U B R A M A N I A M , S. (Ed.). 2001 . India’s Development Experience: Selected
Writings of S. Guhan. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Articles
K UMAR , N AVEEN and S.C. A GGARWAL . 2003. ‘Pattern of Consumption and Poverty in
Delhi Slums.’ Economic and Political Weekly, December 13, pp. 5294-5300.
M INHAS, B.S., L.R. J AIN and S.D. TENDULKAR . 1991. ‘Declining Incidence of Poverty in
the 1980s — Evidence versus Artefacts,’ Economic and Political Weekly, July 6-
13.
Government Reports
Report of the Expert Group of the Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor,
Perspective Planning Division, Planning Commission Government of India, New Delhi,
1993.
Economic Survey (for various years). Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007, Vol. II: Sectoral Policies and Programmes, Planning
Commission, Government of India, New Delhi.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17), Vols. I, II and III. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (for
Planning Commission, Government of India).
òy!Ó˚oƒ 81
5
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ
Ù)°ôl àë˛l
l ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl !lÎ%!=˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyà§)e çylˆÏï˛–
5.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y Îy ˆÓ!¢ xyÎ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù ~ÓÇ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛
ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
§Ω˛Óï˛ ~ê˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ K˛yl §Ç@˝Ã• G ï˛yÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛
«˛Ùï˛y Îy ˆ§ ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ àyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛í˛z˛õyç≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y•z ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ
~ÓÇ !Ó¢ò Ó=+˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ùyl%£Ï á%Ó ¢#â•z Ù)°ƒÓyl í˛z˛õܲy!Ó˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚
çylˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ° ˆÎñ ~ §ÙhflÏ !ç!l§à% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ §yÙy!çܲ !fiÌ!ï˛ G ˆàÔÓ˚Ó ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y ~ܲçl
ò«˛ï˛y˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ≤Ã!¢«˛î G Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏ°y !Óܲ“à%!°ˆÏܲ
Ü%˛¢°ï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàƒ ÓylyÎ˚ó ~ê˛y §ÙyˆÏç ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊Ùò«˛ï˛yñ ~ܲçl x!¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊Ùò«˛ï˛y Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!°ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ê˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# çlñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# çl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zqyÓl# «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– x!ôܲvñ !¢!«˛ï˛
!ã˛e 5.1 ı Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î áyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚‡ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 5.2 ı ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl / !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ã˛y°% ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚–
~•z ˆ«˛eà%!° ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ó,!Âô °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ù%რ§Ù,!Âô ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §Ω˛Óï˛ xlƒylƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ xyÓ˚G í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ xl%§rôyl ~•z x!˲Ùï˛ˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚
§¡±!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ˆÎ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl •° í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl §ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl– fiÌ)° ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– åGDPä Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô xï˛ƒhs˝
çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyÇܲñ í˛Î˚ˆÏã˛ ÓƒyÇܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸª §Ù,!Âô à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–ÛÛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤çˆÏAà •z•y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÚ2005
ˆÜ˛w lyˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl å01/07/2005 ~ G 2020 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 7
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ä í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ 2020 ~Ó˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓÎ˚§#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸ •yÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ 40
¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓÉÉÉ–ÛÛ
àï˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Êê˛GÎ˚yÓ˚ åSoftwareä !¢ˆÏ“ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zͧy•çlܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ K˛ylÈüÈ!˲!_ܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒy=˛yñ xyÙ°y G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ~ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲS%È ò,T˛yhs˝ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
@˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y •zÈüȈٕz° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy ~•z Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ í˛zòy•,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ •zÈüÈ≤ây§lˆÏܲ
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌÈüÈ≤Ãò¢≈lܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl xy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !˲!_ܲ ˆ§Óyà%ˆÏ°y
ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyÎ˚ 2002ÈüÈ~ 1000 Ùy!Ü≈˛l í˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲ!M˛Í ˆÓ!¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ•z
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ 2020 ~ 3000 Ùy!Ü≈˛l í˛°yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙÓ˚ §yôl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ
!ÓŸªÓƒyAܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •° í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– ~•z Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §Ü˛° §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎÙl fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏw ˆÎˆÏܲyl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà x°y˲çlܲ •Î˚ñ Î!ò
ÈüüüÈ ò«˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó¢y° §Ùy•yÓ˚ñ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ù ï˛y oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ
àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ §¡õò–
ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩáyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
~˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l ï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ
§Ù,!ÂôˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y
5.4 ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l Î!ò ~ܲçl !lÙ≈ y î ◊!Ùܲñ
à,•˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲyñ ˆôy!Ó xÌÓy ~ܲçl
~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ~ܲ•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°Gñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛y˛õÓ˚y!¢ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Î!ò
ÙˆÏôƒ flõT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙylÓ Ù%°ôlñ !¢«˛y G
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ ◊Ù í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ù_
~à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏÓÈ˚ üüüÈÈüüüÈ çylyÓ˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÎ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ •° ÙylÓ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
åܲä ܲÙ≈§%Ó˚«˛y
x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ xÇ¢– ܲyÓ˚îñ ~ܲÙye ï˛ál•z Ùyl%£Ï ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ
åáä Ùç%!Ó˚‡ˆÓï˛l
ˆ°áˆÏï˛ G ò#â≈ı §%fiÌ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
§Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆ°Ï y ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚
ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“ Îy ï˛yÓ˚y Ù)°ƒÓyl ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
!Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ lÙ%ly §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈüüüÈ
ܲä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈–
áä xT˛Ù ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈–
àä ò¢Ù ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈–
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ú!Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y !¢¢% ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚Û– xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ÙylÓ
Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲê˛y «˛!ï˛–
!¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– x!ôܲvñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ lï%˛l }î ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ ~ܲê˛y 5.7 ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §Ω˛yÓly
!Ó¢y° ÓƒÎ˚ ÙO$Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛y ÈüüüÈ ~áˆÏly ~ܲê˛y ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fl∫≤¿ ı ÓÎ˚flÒ
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Î!òG ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆSÏ Èñ
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ı §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛Ó%G ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !lÓ˚«˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §Çáƒy ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ Îï˛ê˛y
!¢«˛yàï˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ÓÎ˚flÒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y hflÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ§Çáƒy !SÈ°– 1950 §yˆÏ°
§¡õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ G Î%Ó §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ Îál §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ Ü˛ï,˛≈ ܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôyl à,•#ï˛
•Î˚– àï˛ ò%•z ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ã˛e ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §yÓ˚!î 5.2ˆï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÎ˚ ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
!ã˛e 5.6 ı !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛Ó˚y !¢¢%◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚ / ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ «˛!ï˛–
94 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ §Ç!Óôyl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ 10 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ NSSO ~Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ 14 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ÓlyÙ)ˆ°
Ï ƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ 2011ÈüÈ12 §yˆÏ°ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Î%Óܲ
Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y fl¨yï˛Ü˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 19 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ¢•Ó˚
•yÓ˚ 100 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ~°yܲyÎ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ •yÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ï˛y 16 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
!°Aà §Ùï˛yÈüÈ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ı Ù!•°y
ˆÓ!¢ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛Ó˚y !SÈ° @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚
G ˛õ%Ó£%˚ ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏSÈ Îy !°Aà
fl¨yï˛Ü˛ Î%Óï˛#Ó˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÓܲyÓ˚–
§Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ˆÏܲ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛Ó%G
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î G ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ âê˛yˆÏly
!¢!«˛ï˛ Î%Óܲ Óy Î%Óï˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 3-6 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ xy!Ì≈ܲ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ~ÓÇ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚– ï˛y•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ Ù!•°y !¢«˛y
Ó,!Âô G í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçll •yÓ˚ G Ù!•°y G !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Óñ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ò«˛ï˛yñ ˙
•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zôÁ≈ §M˛y°l !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xydï%˛T˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál fl∫“ !¢!«˛ï˛
ly– ~ܲ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓÎ˚flÒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yÓ˚ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ùy•z° ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ ˆÓܲyÓ˚– ˆÜ˛l⁄
5.8 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
Ø !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ ◊Ù í˛zͲõyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ç≈ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆfl∫FSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎñ ~ê˛y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏÓ–
Ø !¢«˛yñ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ fl∫yfĩñ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î G ï˛ˆÏ̃ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàÈüüüÈ ~à%ˆÏ°y ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ–
Ø ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ly•z •° ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_– ~•z ò%ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È
§yò,¢ƒ G ˜Ó¢yò,¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ–
Ø ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ Ó,!ÂôܲyÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ø ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÎ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏî x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒñ ܲyÓ˚î Îál
ˆ°yܲ ˆ°áy ~ÓÇ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ò#â≈ G §%fiÌ ç#Ól ܲyê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲÙye ï˛ál•z
ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“à%!° !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚–
Ø ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%cˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xl%¢#°l#
1É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ àîly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !ÓŸª ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲ#⁄
2É Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !ܲ !lÜ˛ê˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ K˛yl!˲!_ܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏFSÈ⁄ ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3É §yÓ˚!î 5É2ÈüÈˆï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ï˛Ìƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4É ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xÓòyl ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ
~ܲçlˆÏܲ !¢«˛y òyG–
REFERENCES
Books
BECKER, G ARY S. 1964. Human Capital. 2nd Edition, Columbia University Press, New
York.
F R E E M A N , R I C H A R D . 1976. The Overeducated American. Academic Press,
New York.
SIDDHARTHAN, N.S. AND K. NARAYANAN (Eds.). 2013. Human Capital and Development — The
Indian Experience. Springer, New Delhi.
Government Reports
India Human Development Report 2011: Towards Social Inclusion, Planning Commission,
Government of India.
Educational Statistics At a glance, Ministry of Human Resource Development, (for vari-
ous years), Government of India.
Annual Reports, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.
Websites
http://epathshala.nic.in
www.education.nic.in
www.cbse.nic.in
www.ugc.ac.in
www.aicte.ernet.in
www.ncert.nic.in
www.finmin.nic.in
www.mospi.nic.in
http://nroer.gov.in
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l
• @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ù%რ!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ˆÎ ܲï˛ê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• @˝ÃyÙ#î í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl }ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˛õîƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ !Ó˛õll ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!Óܲy í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛–
• !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˜çÓ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 99
ÚÚÎyÓ˚y ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ¢%ô%Ùye !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyˆÏã˛– Óy!ܲ §Óy•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚%!ê˛
ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyˆÏã˛–ÛÛ
ÈüüüÈ !ÌÓ˚%Ó°%˲yÓ˚
6.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y @˝ÃyÙ#î xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ˆÎ òy!Ó˚o ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yÙˆÏl ÙhflÏ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛e ˆÎà%!° §Ù§ƒy §AÜ%˛° ˆ§•z
çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ à!Ó˚Ó Ùyl%£Ï @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚
~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ
xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%!° ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ ˆl•z– @˝ÃyÙ#î l §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ lyÓ˚# §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛!£Ï•z •° ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyÎ˚– Ù•ydy ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢–
ày!rôÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyܲ ¢ï≈˛ •° l fl∫yfĩñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫FSÈï˛y ~ÓÇ çlfl∫yfĩ ò%!ê˛•z
@˝ à yÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ¢•ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ !¢“
§y!Ù° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyܲˆÏ°
≤Ãܲ, ï˛ í˛zßΨ l˚ xôÓ˚y•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎG ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚îy l Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˆÎñ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ §Ó≈ y Aà#î í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚ y l ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zßΨ l˚
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚
l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚lñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !Óò%ƒÍñ ˆ§ã˛ñ }îñ
ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y à%Óc%̊ !ò!FSÈ Îál
!Ó˛õllñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §%!ÓôyÈüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î §í˛¸Ü˛ !lÙ≈yî
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢Ùyl ¢•Ó˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# Ù•y§í˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!Ó¢y° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !¢“ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl§Ù)• G xyô%!lܲ ï˛Ìƒ
§ÇˆÏÎyà§yôl ~ÓÇ ¢yáy §í˛¸Ü˛ !lÙ≈yîñ Ü,˛!£Ï
≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòá!SÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ò%•ÈzüÈï˛, ï˛#Î˚yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ°yܲ ~álG Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ï˛Ìƒ !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy–
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_G ¥ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆò¢Óy§#ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî
áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° •Î˚!l– @˝ÃyÙ l òy!Ó˚o ò)Ó#˚ ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ~ܲÈüÈï˛, ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ çl§Çáƒy ~álG ã˛Ó˚Ù òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛§yôˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy
í%˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ °«˛ƒ Îy í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Óyí˛¸yÎ˚–
˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ §Ù,Âô @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ál ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ïà%ˆÏ°y Ü,˛!£Ï
ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄ G xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
6.2 @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ܲ#⁄ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï
í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ܲyçܲÙ≈ ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ áyòƒ
Ú@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚lÛ •° Óƒy˛õܲ xÌ≈Ó• ¢∑– @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚îñ §%°Ë˛ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôyñ à,ˆÏ• G ܲÙ≈fïϰ
Ù)°ï˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl
fl∫FSÈï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ o%ï˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 101
Óy: 6.1 : à!Ó˚Ó Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyAܲ
ÚÜ%˛ê%˛¡∫◊#Û •° ˆày¤˛#!˲!_ܲ Ù!•°y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ §ÇfiÌy– ~•z §ÇfiÌy ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°yˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚o ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç !°Æ– 1995 §yˆÏ° §M˛Î˚ˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ §y◊Î˚# à!Ó˚Ó Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §M˛Î˚# ÓƒyÇܲ fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y }î §!Ù!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yG ~•z ÓƒyÇܲ fiÌy˛õˆÏl xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z }î §!Ù!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y §M˛Î˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §M˛Î˚ çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyÇܲ!ê˛ ~ál §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ §M˛Î˚
§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈Ó,•Í ≤ÃÌyÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ÓƒyÇܲ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ùyò,ï˛–
í˛zͧ /ÈüÈwww.kudumbashree.com– ï%˛!Ù ~•z GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ xlƒylƒ í˛zˆÏòƒyà
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
§Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó @˝ÃyÙ#î }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ §y!Ù° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l ӈϰ•z fl∫Èüȧ•yÎ˚ܲ
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó @˝ÃyÙ#î }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛e §ÇfiÌyà%!°ˆÏܲ ~•z âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §y!Ù° •ˆÏï˛
~ˆÏl!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòlÙ%á# }ˆÏî Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ }î ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ çyÙylˆÏï˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛y•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl!ê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •°ñ ~ܲy!ôܲ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ çyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyGï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§•yÎ˚ܲÈüȧÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~•z §•yÎ˚ܲ §ÇfiÌyà%!° •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ }î @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly– fl∫ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
ÈüüüÈ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲ§Ù)•ñ xyM˛!°Ü˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ§Ù)•ñ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛o «%˛o çÙyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yÈüÈx˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛Ë˛ G ç!Ù í˛zߨÎ˚l ÓƒyÇܲ– ~•z ÓƒyÇܲà%!° §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl }î ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z }î ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛
Ü˛Ù §%ˆÏò ˛õÎ≈yÆ }î ≤ÃòyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ÓÂô– •zòyl#ÇܲyˆÏ° §•ç !ܲ!hflψÏï˛ Ü˛Ù §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 2003
fl∫Èüȧ•yÎ˚ܲ @˝Ã%˛õà%!° ≤ÃÌyàï˛ }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ ˆÊÑ˛yܲÓ˚ §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyã≈˛ Ùy§ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §yï˛ °ˆÏ«˛Ó˚G x!ôܲ
˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤ÃÌyàï˛ }î ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛# }î ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z }î
ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÎ x≤Ãï%˛° ï˛y•z lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy x!ï˛ «%˛o }î ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ü˛° §yÙy!çܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ˆÏܲ §Ç•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#à%!° Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ˆlÏ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y }î !òˆÏFSÈ– ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !Ù!ê˛ÇˆÏÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏî í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ál fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ§Çáƒy ܲï˛ñ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲï˛ñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ }î ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ }î@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ }î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø ï%˛!Ù ~ÙlG ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ xlƒ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏFSÈ–
~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù !ܲS%È }î@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ÌyÓyï≈˛y ӈϰy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø Î!ò ï%˛!Ù @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ω˛Óï˛ ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ò%/áçlܲ âê˛ly
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy° xÌÓy Îy ï%˛!Ù ò%Ó˚ò¢≈l Óy §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ– x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛£Ïܲ•z Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç Óy xlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl }î
!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛§° ˲yˆÏ°y ly •Î˚y Óy lT˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ xyÎ˚ fl∫“ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ !Óܲ“ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˆ§•z }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏô ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl ã˛Ó˚Ù ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ÓƒyLjÏܲ ÎyG– ~!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ü,˛!£Ï §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲñ Ë)˛!Ù í˛zߨÎ˚l
ÓƒyÇܲñ xyM˛!°Ü˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ xÌÓy ˆç°y §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲï˛!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ }î !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ü˛ï˛ ê˛yܲy }î !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Órôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ál
˛õÎ≈hs˝ xlyòyÎ˚# }î Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ˆÎ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ }î !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Î!ò ˆ§ Ê˛§° lT˛ •GÎ˚y Óy xlƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ }î Ù%Ü%˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ly •ˆÏ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ xy·ï˛•ƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲ!ë˛l
!§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛ú xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 103
6.4 Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌy x˛õã˛Î˚ •ˆÏ F SÈ ⁄ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ§y
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲáˆÏly ˆË˛ˆÏÓSÈñ ˆÎ áyòƒ¢§ƒñ Ê˛°ñ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ
§Ó!çñ ˆÓ˚yç áyG ï˛y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xÇ¢ •ˆÏï˛ çÓ˚%!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°yñ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ÓyçyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlGÎ˚y ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛
≤Ãîy°#– Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl •° ~ܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ •° §%!ÓlƒhflÏ G fl∫FSÈ
ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã•ñ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚îñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•lñ ˆÙyí˛¸Ü˛ ÓÑyôy•zñ Óà≈#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî °yà% ܲÓ˚y– ~•z l#!ï˛ ã˛y°% •ˆÏ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ G ˆË˛y=˛y
!Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Îál í˛z˲Î˚•z Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ °y˲Óyl •ˆÏÓ– Î!òG ~ál 27000
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛§° ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛ál @˝ÃyÙ#î §yÙ!Î˚ܲܲy°#l ÓyçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#Ó˚y oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ GçˆÏl ˆày°Ùy° ܲÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î
òyˆÏÙÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓG ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ ܲÓ˚ï˛– Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ë˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ °y˲ í˛zë˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
•ï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §í˛¸Ü˛ñ ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyñ Ùç%ï˛âÓ˚ñ à%òyÙâÓ˚ñ
òˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ìƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ly ï˛y•z ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏòÎ˚ ¢#ï˛ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛îyàyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î
Ü˛Ù òyˆÏÙ•z Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ï oÓƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ï˛– •zí˛z!lê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy° Ùç%ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ §%!Óôy Óyí˛¸yˆÏly– !ܲv ~áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §%!Óôyñ
˲yˆÏ°y §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §Ó˚ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó!ô≈ï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ á%Ó•z x≤Ãï%˛°– ~Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
ÓyçyÓ˚òyÙ í˛zë˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó!ܲ fiÌ!àï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó˛õlˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çylñ xyçG 10 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ x!ôܲ Ü,˛!£Ï Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ lƒy΃ Ù)°ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
í˛zͲõyòl §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲÓ˚y– à%çÓ˚yï˛ ï˛Ìy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ ò%?ô
!ã˛e 6.1 ı !lÎ˚!sfï˛ §∂# ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲y=˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °y˲ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚–
104 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø ï%˛!Ù !lܲÓï≈˛# Ê˛°ÈüȧÓ!çÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆ§•z ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӈϢ£Ïc á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ
°«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ 10!ê˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ §Ó!ç ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
í˛zͲõyòl fiÌ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ê˛yG
çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §∂#Ó˚
Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
Ø ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ߨ!•ï˛ ÊÑ˛yܲy çyÎ˚ày ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˙ fiÌyˆÏl çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ál ~ܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÊÑ˛yܲy çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xy§y oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òyÙ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛zͲõyòܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §!Ù!ï˛•z @˝ÃyÙ#î xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yÎ˚
ï˛Ìy xy!Ì≈ܲ ã˛y°!ã˛e Óò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õll lyly˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
•zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ° !ܲS%È !ܲS%È fiÌyˆÏl §ÙÓyÎ˚à!% °ˆÏï˛ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛y ˆòáy àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Óy!îçƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ §Ó Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒ
§y!Ù° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚yñ !Ó˛õîl ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏ°•z Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ~•z í˛zFã˛
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ã˛yí˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÊ˛yÓ˚ fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ àä §Ó≈çl#l ~ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ §Óy•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y
!Óï˛Ó˚î ≤Ãîy°# åˆÓ˚¢l ÓƒÓfiÌyäÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ Î!ò !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
!ã˛!lÓ˚ !Óï˛Ó˚î– !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ˛õyOyÓñ
~•z •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ •!Ó˚Îy˚ lyñ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçfiÌyˆÏl xy˛õ!l Ù!u˛ñ ˛õ%ˆlÏ ˆÏï˛ •yí˛¸˛õ§yÓ˚
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ lƒy΃ òyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ à!Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!u˛ñ xrô≤ÈòÏ ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛ˆÏ°AàylyÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚Ì% ÓyçyÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ
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~•z§Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ü,˛!£Ï Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ !Óܲ“ !Ó˛õîl ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲS%È
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Ó˚yçl#!ï˛K˛ñ Óí˛¸ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ôl# Ü,˛£Ïܲä SÈ!í˛¸ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏFSÈ– Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%!° ~ál Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòl
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@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 105
˛õ)Ó≈ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ òyˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÓSȈÓÏ ˚ Ê˛§° ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyŸªy§ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ !Óܲ“ °y˲çlܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z Ó°y •Î˚ñ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ òyÙ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚ lï% ˛ l ˛õˆÏ Ì Ó˚ •!ò¢ !òˆÏ ï ˛
xy¢Aܲy ~ÓÇ V%˛Ñ !ܲ !lÓyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛eà%!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z
ÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ âê˛ˆÏÓ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ò!Ó˚o G x§Ù
ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z çlƒ
xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ܲyçܲÙ≈ñ xÜ,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ~ÓÇ
!Óܲ“ ç#Ól !çÓ#ܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~SÈyí˛¸yG xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ
Ø ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Óy xy¢ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy @˝ÃyÙ#î çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòˆÏáy Îy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~°yܲyÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Óy ˛õyŸªÓï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚y
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆã˛Ô•!jÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe çly!ôܲƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– Ü,˛!£ÏˆïÏ ˛ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl
~Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ܲ⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ◊Ù ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !SÈ° !ܲ⁄ ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ çlƒ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏܲ ã˛yAày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xÜ,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ !Ó˲yà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !Ó˲yˆÏà
˛õÎ≈yÆ à!ï˛¢#° ˆÎyà§)e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
6.5 í˛zͲõyòl¢#° !ܲÎ˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚î ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ !Ó˲yˆÏà !l¡¨ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y G x§FSÈ° xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àÓ˚%ÈüÈÙ!•£Ïñ SÈyà°ñ
ç#Ól Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– à!ï˛¢#° í˛z˛õ!Ó˲yˆÏà •Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚à# •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ãçy!ï˛ Ó•%° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ¢%˛õy°l
Ü,˛!£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î !¢“ñ áyòƒ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î !¢“ñ ã˛Ù≈ !¢“ñ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
˛õÎ≈ê˛l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– !ܲS%È ~Ùl ˆ«˛e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ çµy°y!lñ ˛õ%!T˛
§Ω˛yÓly Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G !ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §%!Óôy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyˆÏÎ≈ Óƒyâyï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !lï˛yhs˝ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ly â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚– xyç ˛õ¢%˛õy°l ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲy•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 7 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛
ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ à,•!˲!_ܲ !¢“
ˆÎÙl Ù,Í !¢“ñ !¢“ܲ°yñ •hflïÏ ˛Ñ yï˛ ã˛yê≈˛ 6.1 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚à# ˛õy°l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Órê˛lñ 2012
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~áyˆÏl x!ôܲyÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î
Ù!•°y Ü,˛!£ÏˆïÏ ˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyÎ˚
xlƒ!òˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ% Ó ˚ % £ Ï Ó ˚ y §yôyÓ˚ î ï˛
xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆË˛í˛¸y G ¢%ܲÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
SÈyà°
Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î Ù!•°yÓ˚yG
xÈüÈܲ, !£Ï ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáÑyç
¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– åÓy: 6É2 ~ ˆòˆÏáyä–
˛õ¢% ˛ õy°l å Animal àÓy!ò ~ÓÇ Ù!•£Ï
Ù%Ó˚à# ˛õy°l
Husbandaryä
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 107
xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ál Ùyǧñ !í˛Ùñ ˛õ¢Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò xlƒ
§•çyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!ÓôܲÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï åFisheriesä
ˆçˆÏ° §Ùyç ç°yôyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÚÙyÛ Óy Úòyï˛yÛ !•§yˆÏÓ
ÙyˆÏl– §yàÓ˚ñ Ù•y§yàÓ˚ñ lò#ñ !V˛°ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ
V˛Ó˚îy •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó ç°yôyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ G
!ã˛e 6.3 ı @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆË˛í˛¸y õy°l ÈüüüÈ xyÎ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zͧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ÓyˆÏçê˛ ÓÓ˚yj Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï G ç° Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛
lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï í˛zߨÎ˚l
«%˛o G ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù•#l ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ò#â≈˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ùͧƒ
ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù!•°yÓ˚yG í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ 64 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xhs˝ˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏlܲ ˲yˆÏ°y xLjÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
36 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ù•y§yàÓ˚#Î˚ G §yÙ%!oܲ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÙyê˛ Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
ã˛yê≈˛ 6É1ÈüÈ~ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Órê˛l
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ 0É4 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚#
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~áyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xÇ¢
≤Ãôyl Ó˚yçƒà%!° •° ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓAàñ xrô≤ÈÏò¢ñ ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°yñ
58 ¢ï˛yÇ¢•z •Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚!à ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ ˛õ¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚˚
Ù•yÓ˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Y– Ùͧƒç#Ó# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zê˛ñ àyôyñ ˆâyí˛¸y– §ÓyÓ˚ !l¡¨ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Óí˛¸ xÇ¢•z àÓ˚#Ó– Óƒy˛õܲ ܲÙ≈•#lï˛yñ fl∫“ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ñ
áFã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ê˛yR$ ˆâyí˛¸y– 2012 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ 300 !Ù!°Î˚l
àÓyò# ˛õ¢% !SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ !SÈ° 108 !Ù!°Î˚l Ù!•£Ï– !l¡¨ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ñ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù fiÌylyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
àï˛ !ï˛l ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y x˲yÓ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ }î @˝ÃfiÌï˛yÈüüüÈ ~•z
x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ SÈy˛õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– 1951ÈüÈ2014 §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤Ãôyl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˆçˆÏ° §Ùyç Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §¡ø%á#l
ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl xyê˛ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl •ˆÏFSÈ– Î!òG Ù!•°yÓ˚y §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Ü,˛!ï˛c Úx˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢l Êœ˛yí˛ÛÈ~Ó˚ §Ê˛° Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚îˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y Î%=˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚G ≤ÃyÎ˚ 60 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ◊Ù¢!=˛ Ó˚Æy!l
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §Ü˛° Ü,˛£Ïܲ Óy!îˆÏçƒ ~ÓÇ 40 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓܲÎ˚ˆÎÏ yàƒ ò%ô ~ܲe ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ •° Ù!•°yÓ˚y– !Ó˛õîl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
à%îyà%î xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ Ù) ° ôl §Ç@˝ à ˆÏ • ~ÓÇ }î≤ÃòyˆÏ l Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e Ù!•°y
¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲ!wܲ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆçˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÓyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆçˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ à%çÓ˚yï˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%?ô §ÙÓyÎ˚ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏî §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ à“ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yçƒ ~Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 109
ï˛Ìy!˛õ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ùͧƒ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò)£Ïî ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛y ~Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~!ê˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÙÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
Ùͧƒç#Ó# §ÙyçˆÏܲ ܲ°ƒyîܲÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ˆÏï˛ áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàñ Ù)°ƒñ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy G
•ˆÏÓ Îy ò#â≈ܲy°#l °y˲ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚î«˛Ù !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!Óܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛§° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ï˛y
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– í˛zòƒyl!Óòƒy ~ܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !lç
ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ê˛° í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ á%Ó ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%âê˛Ü˛ •Î˚ lyñ !ܲv ~!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏç
í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zͧy• !òˆÏï˛ §,çlydܲ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛y ~ÓÇ K˛yl í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛e ˆÎÙl !Óò%ƒÍñ ¢#ï˛ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ à%òyÙ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ܲÙ≈§,çˆÏlÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌyñ !Ó˛õll ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î §Ω˛yÓlyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
•zí˛z!lê˛ fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ Ü˛y!Ó˚à!Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ G ≤çyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨΈ˚ lÏ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à §¡õߨ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ –È
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– åÓy: 6É3ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆáyä
xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà åOther al- 6.6 !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zßΨ l˚ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï
ternative livelihood optionsä
ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Î% à yhs˝ Ü ˛yÓ˚ # ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l §yôl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï S È – ˆÙyê˛yÙ% ! ê˛ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
§Çáƒyà!Ó˚ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ áyòƒ §%Ó«˚ ˛y ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó£Ïy=˛ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §Êê˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ G ç° í˛z͈ϧ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛y•#lï˛y ~ÓÇ V%Ñ˛!ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y •…y§ xÌ≈yÍ
xy¢AܲyÎ%=˛ ˆ«˛eà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyˆÏï˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y «˛#î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Óy›ï˛sfˆÏܲ
~•z˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyç ~•z !Ó˛õ!_Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly •…y§ Óy ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô !Ó˛õÎ≈ƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ÓyrôÓ !Ó!Óô ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà x!lÓyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl•z ~ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Îy §hflÏy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï– §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛òyl x!ôܲ ˆÙˆÏ°– ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï
•° §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy Óy›ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒˆÏܲ ˛Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ôܲ xyÎ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î •°
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲ ˛õ%îfiÌy!˛õï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÓ˚y !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ˜ç!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆò¢ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÏÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ áyòƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏS–È åÓy: oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
6É4ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆÏáyä ˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ áyòƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ%!T˛à%î x!ôܲ •Î˚–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˜çÓ
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §%!Óôy åBenefits of Organic Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ◊Ù í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛
Farmingä Ü,˛!£Ï xˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ •Î˚ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÎ˚ Ó•%° Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòl åˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ x!ôܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛zͲõyòl ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛
Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#çñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ñ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ä Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
!Óܲ“ §ÇfiÌyl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ fiÌyÎ˚ # ˲yˆÏ Ó í˛z Í ˛õߨ ˜çÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚– åÓy: 6É5ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆÏáyä
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 111
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏî 6.7 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ •zFSÈy ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– x˛õÎ≈yÆ ~!ê˛ flõT˛ ˆÎñ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛yܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y•z °yàyˆÏly Óy ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ @˝ÃyÙ#î
í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ÎyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ ˆòGÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆ«˛ˆÏe xl@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ xrôܲyÓ˚ ˆSȈÎÏ ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– xyç í˛yˆÏÎ!˚ Ó˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Ü,˛!£Ïl#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl– í˛zˆÏòƒyàñ ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ñ Ùͧƒ ˛õy°lñ Ê˛° §Ó!ç í˛zͲõyòl
•zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!Óô ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͲõyòl
~!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓà˚ ˆ% °
Ï yˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ ≤ÃyîÓhs˝
Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y çÓ˚%!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ @˝ÃyÙ#î
ˆ§•zçlƒ «%˛o ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,•òyÎ˚ï˛l í˛zͲõyòˆÏl í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛w G ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ G !ÓˆÏò!¢ åÓ˚Æy!lä
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!ë˛l •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ çy!í˛¸ï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zͲõyòl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˜çÓ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È e%!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆSÏ È ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏl !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ o%ï˛ ˛õã˛l¢#° •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ áyÓ˚y˛õ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ≤Ã!ï˛òyl ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
§Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ÙÓ˚§%Ù Ó!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl §Ù)• ˆÎÙl }î ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õîlñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓyrôÓ
¢£Ïƒ Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z §#!Ùï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G Ü,˛!£Ï l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚hs˝l §ÇÓyò xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ §Ù#«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y @˝ÃyÙ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ–
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y áyòƒ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ Ó!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˜ÏçÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ G @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ ˆÏܲ ò%•!z ê˛ xy°yò !Ó£ÏÎ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §hflÏy •ˆÏÓ⁄ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚ ly– xyçˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)!ã˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%˛õyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛ñ §Ó!çÓ˚ ˆòyܲyl ~ÓÇ Óí˛¸ á%ã˛ˆÏÓ˚y !Ó˛õ!îˆÏï˛ ÎyG– !ܲS%È ˛õîƒ
§ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– òyÙñ fiÌy!Î˚cܲy°ñ à%îÙyl ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~à%ˆÏ°y çl!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õyÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl fiÌyl#Î˚ í˛zòƒyl!Óòƒyàï˛ Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ÎyG Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ˆÎ oÓƒà%!° í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ï Ê˛°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˜Ó!ã˛e
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ x§%!Óôy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_
Ø @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ¢∑!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ xÌ≈Ó• •ˆÏ°G ~áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ~ܲ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒyÇ!ܲÇñ !Ó˛õllñ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylàï˛ G à%îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
˛Ø õ¢%˛õy°l Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲyÎ≈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lï%˛l ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ñ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛!ܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏïˆ˛•z lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §•ç°Ë˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
˛Ø õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zͲõyòl ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲÙyàï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ˜çÓ
ã˛y£ÏyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ çÓ˚%!Ó˚–
xl%¢#°l#
1. Ú@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚lÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !Óã˛yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚ˆÏl }ˆÏîÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. à!Ó˚Ó Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî «%˛o }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%!° Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. §%§Ç•ï˛ xyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚î xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 113
6. @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
8. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ °Ë˛ƒ !Óܲ“ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
10. Ú§Ó%ç !Ó≤’ÓÛ ~ÓÇ Úfl∫î≈ !Ó≤’ÓÛ ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓfiÌyà%!° !ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ÓˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12. @˝ÃyÙ#î ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲˆÏÙ≈y!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl ˛õ¢%˛õy°lñ Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï ~ÓÇ í˛zòƒyl!ÓòƒyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ §%§Ç•ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÎ˚ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÛÈüüüÈ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ܲ# ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ≤çyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
16. ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
17. ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆÎ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
REFERENCES
ACHARYA, S.S. 2004. Agricultural Marketing, State of the Indian Farmer, a Millennium
Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
ALAGH, Y.K. 2004. State of the Indian Farmer, a Millennium Study — an Overview. Academic
Foundation, New Delhi.
CHAWLA, N.K., M.P.G. KURUP and V. P. SHARMA. 2004. Animal Husbandry, State of the Indian
Farmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
DEHADRAI, P.V. and Y.S. YADAV. 2004. Fisheries Development, State of the Indian Farmer, a
Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
JALAN, BIMAL. (Ed.). 1992. The Indian Economy: Problems and Perspectives. Penguin
Government Reports
Successful Governance Initiatives and Best Practices: Experiences from Indian States,
Government of India in Coordination with Human Resource Development Centre and
UNDP, Planning Commission, Delhi, 2002.
Annual Reports, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi.
Basic Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Statistics ( for various years ), Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India.
Website
www.dahd.nic.in
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 115
7
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ
!Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)•
7.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Ùyl%£Ï !Ó!Óô ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z
Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ñ ÓƒyˆÏAܲñ
ˆòyܲyˆÏl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ ܲÙ≈fïϰ ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– âˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ô% !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛yç ˆÎÙl
ÈüüüÈ ïÑ˛yï˛ ˆÓylyñ ܲyÓ˚%ܲyÎ≈ÙÎ˚ !Ê˛ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
xÌÓy !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y–
!ܲv xyçܲy° âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ !Ó!˲ߨ xyô%!lܲ
ܲyçG xˆÏlˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÎÙl ï˛ÌƒÈüÈ≤ÃÎ%!=˛
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãy@˝Ãy!ÙÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyç– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ !ã˛e /ÈüÈ 7.1 ı ˛õyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ ç°rôˆÏÓ˚ à,ˆÏ• ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ê%˛ê˛Ó° Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛
ܲyç Ó°ˆÏ ï ˛ ˆÓyV˛yï˛ ¢•ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲyÓ˚áylyˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ– ~ál !ܲv xyô%!lܲ çlƒ•z ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ~•z §Ü˛° ܲyÓ˚áylyçyï˛ oÓƒ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒG ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛G í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y §ΩÓ •ˆÏFSÈ– xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ Ù•ydy ày!rô !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛l ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ⁄˚ Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
§ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÙ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ •hflÏ!¢“– ܲˆÏÙ≈ !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ùyl%£Ï ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÏÓy˚ çàyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲS%È Ùyl%£Ï í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆeÏ xÌ≈ ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z xÌ≈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îÙyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õy•z
°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ ly– ~˲yˆÏÓ xÌ≈ °y˲ ܲyí˛zˆÜÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §%¤%˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, !Æ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ܲˆÏÙ≈ !lÎ%!=˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÌ≈ӕ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y !¢“à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ xÓòylˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛G §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ܲÙ≈Óï˚ ˛ Óƒ!=˛ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ §yÙy!çܲ
çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~SÈyí˛¸yG §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲyçܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ âˆÏê˛– ~ê˛y •° ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˆÎÙl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !¢¢%
xˆÏÌ≈ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õyç≈l– xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚yñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •Î˚–
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# §ÇáƒÜ˛ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ !ܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏ˲ˆÏò xÇ¢ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢– ˆÎÙl ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 çl !ܲS%È !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùye ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15 çl ˆÜ˛yl ly ˆÜ˛yl xÓfiÌy çylyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ à%îÙyl
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ê˛yG çyly
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 çl @˝ÃyÙ#î Ù!•°yÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ◊!Ùܲ!ê˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ åfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ly!ܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 25 çl•z ◊!Ùܲ– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓä ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï,˛≈˛õ«˛G ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ xlƒ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛l Ü˛Ù Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲydï˛y !ܲÓ˚)˛õ–
~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
ˆÎáyˆÏ l ˛õ% Ó ˚ % £ Ï Ó ˚ y x!ôܲ
í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§áyˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚ Ó yˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ˆòáÓ ˆÎñ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˆÎ §Ü˛°
à,•fiÌy°#Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z Í ˛õyòl¢#° ܲyç
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ly–
ܲyˆÏ ç Ó˚ §Çܲ#î≈ §ÇK˛y•z !ã˛e 7.2 ı •zê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ / xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ôÓ˚l–
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ÎyÓ˚y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Óy xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl
ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï ◊!Ùܲñ ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yl ÓƒyˆÏAܲ Óy x!Ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÓ˚!lܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ
ӈϰ– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏV˛SÈ ˆÎñ ÎyÓ˚y fl∫!lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÙl Ê%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó!ç !ÓˆÏܲï˛yñ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚
ˆÎÙl xy•zlç#Ó#ñ !ã˛!ܲͧܲñ Óy›Ü˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yG ◊!Ùܲ– !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zÂô,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ñ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà#
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚≤ÃyÆÈüÈ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ÚܲÛñ ÚáÛñ ~ÓÇ ÚàÛñ myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
1É ˆ§°%l ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛
2É ã˛yí˛z° ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ~ܲçl ◊!Ùܲ ÎyˆÏܲ ˜ò!lܲ ˛õy!Ó˚◊!Ùܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ù≈#–
3É Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆfiê˛ê˛ ÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y£Ïyôƒ«˛–
4É Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ ˜ò!lܲ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ê˛y•z˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ñ !ܲv Ùy§ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ùç%!Ó˚
˛õyl–
5É •hflÏã˛y!°ï˛ ïÑ˛yï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛–
6É ˛õy•zܲy!Ó˚ §Ó!çÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏl Ùy° Gë˛yÈüÈlyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛–
7É ë˛yu˛y ˛õyl#Î˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ñ ˆÜ˛yܲyˆÏܲy°yñ !ÙÓ˚yu˛y !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
8É ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§!Óܲy !Î!l 5 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ Ùy!§Ü˛ ˆÓï˛l ˛õyl–
Ø xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ~•z !ï˛l ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
x§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl ~•z ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
Ø xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ fl∫!lÎ%=˛Ó˚y xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ÈüÈ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ xÌÓy !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ à%îàï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§yÓ˚!î 7.2
!¢ˆÏ“ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Órê˛lñ 2011-12
!¢“ !Ó˲yà Óy§fiÌyl !°Aà ˆÙyê˛
@˝ÃyÙ ¢•Ó˚ ˛ õ%Ó£%̊ Ï lyÓ˚#
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛e 64.1 6.7 43.6 62.8 48.9
Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛e 20.4 35.0 25.9 20.0 24.3
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Óy ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛e 15.5 58.3 30.5 17.2 26.8
Ø Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ Óy ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ áÓÓ˚y áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°yÙ
ÓÓ˚yj ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ܲyàç §ÆyˆÏ• ~ܲ!òl ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ˛˛õ,¤˛yç%ˆÏí˛¸ ܲÙ≈áy!°Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl Úòƒy !•®% ˛õ!eܲyÛÎ˚ ÚOpportunitesÛ Óy Úòƒy ê˛y•zÙ§ xÓ •z!u˛Î˚yÛˆÏï˛ ÚAccentÛ lyÙܲ
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ܲÙ≈áy!°Ó˚ !ÓK˛!Æ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏò ܲÙ≈áy!°Ó˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl SÈy˛õyÎ˚–
˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ ~•z xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ lyG– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚!î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflψÏΩ˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ÌyܲˆÏÓó §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ly!ܲ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lñ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙñ ¢)lƒ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛e
å≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲñ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛eä ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y– ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe !ÓK˛y˛õl
ˆòGÎ˚y ≤çˆÏAà ≤Ã›ï˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆ«˛e åˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy!îçƒ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ 7.6 Ó, ! Âô ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈ § ÇfiÌyˆÏ l Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l¢#°
ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ä– §yÓ˚!î 7.2 2011-12 §y° §ÙÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
!¢ˆÏ“ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ Órê˛l ˆòáyÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ G ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÈüÈ
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ •° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y
ˆ«˛e– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ 24 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ܲyç ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~•z ò%•z!ê˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 27 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚Ó– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ £Ïyê˛
§yÓ˚!î 7.2ÈüÈ~ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 64 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˛õÌã˛°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲy!A«˛ï˛ °«˛ƒ !SÈ°
◊Ù¢!=˛ Ü,˛!£Ï G Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– @˝ÃyÙ#î çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl G ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚
◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ í˛zͲõyòl !¢“ñ !lÙ≈yîܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ §¡±§yÓ˚îˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
xlƒylƒ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 16 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î ◊!Ùܲ 1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2010 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ñ ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 35 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ôlydܲ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ~ÓÇ
Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛– ܲÙ≈!˲!_ܲ !Ó˲yçl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G lyÓ˚# í˛z˲Î˚ xLjϢÓ˚ !ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §Ó§ÙˆÏΕ˚ z í˛zë˛yÈüÈlyÙy ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~áyˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~•z §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô 2
lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 63 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ° ly–
¢ï˛yÇ¢ lyÓ˚# ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ 7.3 xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆlÎ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xˆÏôˆ≈ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ%Ó£%˚ ÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– •ï˛y¢çlܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ~áyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G ˆ§Óy í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ 1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÙyàï˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
§%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
!ç!í˛!˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚yà
ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ xÓfiÌy
fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ 61.4 57.3 54.6 52.6 52.0
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# 15.4 13.8 13.6 14.6 18.0
xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ 23.2 28.9 31.8 32.8 30.0
xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚c ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 11 ˆÌˆÏܲ 24 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ 15 fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# xÌ≈yÍ !Ó!ôÓÂô ˆ«˛e
ˆÌˆÏܲ 27 ¢ï˛yLjϢ Ó,!Âô ˆÏ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÌˆÏܲ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎy˚ ˆÏܲ
ˆ¢£Ï ã˛yÓ˚ ò¢Ü˛ å1972-2012ä ôˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ӈϰ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y á%Ó x§%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄ ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï≈˛#
Ùç%!Ó˚≤ÃyÆ Ü˛yçܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛àî xLjϢÓ˚ xyˆÏÙòyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyˆÏly ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÙ≈!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 2 ¢ï˛yLjϢ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy §•ç ܲyç lÎ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
Ø xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy §yÙ@˝Ã# í˛zͲõyòl •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G Î!ò xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ly •Î˚ ï˛ál ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈•#lï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛⁄
Ø xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Î!ò !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈l Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ
§yòˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ ã˛y!£Ï §¡õ)î≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ˜ò!lܲ ◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ x!ôܲ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ á%!¢⁄ xÌÓy Å£Ïô
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ~ܲçl fiÌyÎ˚# G !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ◊!Ùܲ Î!ò ˜ò!lܲ Ùç%!Ó˚ÈüÈ!˲!_ܲ ◊!ÙˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛
í˛z˛õyç≈lG Óyí˛¸ˆÏSñÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ~álܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ á%!¢ •ˆÏÓ⁄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y !°ˆÏá ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Ùï˛
!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!l¡¨!°!áï˛à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎà%!° !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ñ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏï˛ !ê˛Ü˛ åüä !ã˛•´ òyG
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §yï˛çl ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ G !ï˛lçl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ–
Ø ~ܲçl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl 25 çl !¢«˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛–
Ø ~ܲçl ˛õ%!°¢ ܲlˆÏfiê˛Ó°
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ly§≈
Ø ~ܲçl !Ó˚:yÈüÈã˛y°Ü˛
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl lÎ˚çl ◊!Ùܲ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛–
Ø ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy§ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl 10!ê˛ Óy§ñ 20 çl ã˛y°Ü˛ñ ܲu˛yQÓ˚ G xlƒylƒ
◊!Ùܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÙ≈yîÈüÈˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ !lÙ≈yîÈüÈ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°# ˆÎáyˆÏl 10 çl ◊!Ùܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xfiÌyÎ˚#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ x˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛Ó˚–
Ø !Óò%ƒÍ òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl ܲÓ˚!îܲ –
xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ˆÜ˛yl ¢)lƒ˛õò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly– @˝ÃyÙ#î
§%Ó˚«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃòyˆÏl í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~°yܲyÎ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ
7.8 ˆÓܲyÓ˚c
Î!òG xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ô#Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒ
ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆòˆÏáSÈ á%Ó ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚yà §,!T˛ G ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ˆ°yܲ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ӈϰlñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò%Û˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!Aàl xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfiÌy ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛– ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~Ùl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏÓ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç áˆÏ[˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈñ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ Ü˛T˛Ü˛Ó˚ ܲyç @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy !Ó˲yˆÏà ≤ây§!lܲ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆ°yܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˙ ܲyç !lÓ˚ylˆÏ®Ó˚ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚áylyñ ˆ•yˆÏê˛° ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
V%Ñ˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xÓfiÌy ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lG ã˛y°yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚
x˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ xÌÓy xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õîƒ G
G Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ xyÎ˚Ë%˛=˛ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ í˛z Í ˛õyòl Ó, ! Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ñ ï˛ál ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚
Ø ˆÎ§Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ fiÌ)° çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl
xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏáñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z •° ◊!Ùܲ–
Ø ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•zÈüÈ˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛–
Ø ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y•z •° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù)° xÇ¢–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z •° fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ñ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lË%˛Ü˛
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ §Çáƒy–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛lÈüÈ˛õM˛ÙyLjϢÓ˚•z ç#ÓlÈüÈç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ •° Ü,˛!£Ï G §Ç!Ÿ’T˛
ܲyçܲÙ≈–
Ø •zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ° ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !l¡¨àyÙ# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
Ø §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù)°ï˛ x≤ÃÌyàï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° xfiÌyÎ˚#–
Ø !Ó!ôÓÂô Óy ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù%რ!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y •° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ó˚)˛õ •° SÈpÈüȈÓܲyÓ˚c–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xl%¢#°l#
1É ◊!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛⁄
2É Ú◊!Ùܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §K˛y òyG–
3É !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ó˚y !ܲ ܲÙ≈#È ÈüüüÈÈ ~ܲçl !˲«%˛Ü˛ñ ~ܲçl ˆã˛yÓ˚ñ ˆã˛yÓ˚yܲyÓ˚Óy!Ó˚ñ ç%Î˚y!í˛¸⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4É x§ò,¢ Óƒ!=˛!ê˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y iä ˆ§°%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ñ iiä ~ܲçl Ù%!ã˛ñ iiiä ÙyòyÓ˚ ˆí˛Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl
¢•Ó˚ 32 7 39
12É !lˆÏ¡y¨ =˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ 1999-2000 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈#ÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ˆÏܲ
ˆòáyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z §yÓ˚!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 墕Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛ä
àîly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xyl%Ùy!lܲ xyl%Ùy!lܲ ܲÙ#≈ÈüÈ xyl%Ùy!lܲ ܲÙ#≈
xM˛° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ä çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ §Çáƒy åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ä
1É ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ lyGñ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚!î Óy ˆÜ˛yl Ó§!ï˛ ~°yܲy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ 3-4!ê˛ í˛z˛õ
xM˛ˆÏ° ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó§Óy§Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyçܲÙ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù Ùyl%£ÏÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚
xl%˛õyï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õxM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ•Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2É ôˆÏÓ˚yñ 3-4!ê˛ SÈye ò°ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
xM˛ˆÏ° !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ôyl ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl Óy!àã˛y ã˛y£Ï •° ly!Ó˚ˆÏܲ°– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
xM˛°!ê˛ •° í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# xM˛° ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙySÈ ôÓ˚y•z •° ≤Ãôyl ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xM˛°!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢•z
~ܲ!ê˛ lò# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~•z xM˛°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ¢%˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ° !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ SÈye ò°ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y–
3É ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ ˛õyë˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yÆy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ú~Ù≤’Έ˚ ÙÏ rê˛
!lí˛zçÛ!ê˛ ˆòá– !Óàï˛ ò%•zÙyˆÏ§ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §Çáƒy ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ˆ§áyˆÏl §yï˛!ê˛ §Çáƒy •ˆÏÓ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 25!ê˛ !ÓK˛!Æ ã˛Î˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– å≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl §yÓ˚!î!ê˛
§¡±§yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚yä– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛ ã˛y°% !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lçˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˲Ól !lÙ≈yîñ •y§˛õyï˛y° ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
x!Ê˛§ !lÙ≈yîñ ç° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ÓÑyô ~ÓÇ à!Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Óy!í˛¸ !lÙ≈yî •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y– ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l !Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õyê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ – Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›ˆÏï˛
Îy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ åܲä ܲyçê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ åáä ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yjÜ,˛ï˛
xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åàä ÓÓ˚yjÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ fiÌyl#Î˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xÓòyl Î!ò !ܲS%È ÌyˆÏܲñ åâä ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Çáƒy ÈüÈ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚# í˛z˲Î˚•zñ å.ä Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ñ åã˛ä ˙ xM˛ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y !ܲ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛•z !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ ~•z ܲyç •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó˚˛) õyÎ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5É §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎñ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ áÓ˚y≤ÃÓî xM˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Óܲ
§ÇfiÌyG ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏFSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
REFERENCES
CHADHA, G.K. and P.P. SAHU, 2002. ‘Post-reform Setbacks in Rural Employment: Issues that
need further scrutiny.’ Economic and Political Weekly, May 25, pp.1998-2026.
DESAI, S and M.B.DAS. 2004. ‘Is Employment Driving India’s Growth Surge’, Economic and
Political Weekly, July 3, pp. 3045-3051.
GHOSE, AJIT K. 1999. ‘Current Issues of Employment Policy in India.’ Economic and Political
Weekly, September 4, pp. 2592-2608.
HIRWAY, INDIRA. 2002. ‘Employment and Unemployment Situation in 1990s: How Good are
NSS Data.’ Economic and Political Weekly, May 25,
pp. 2027-2036.
Government Reports
Websites
www.censusofindia.nic.in
www.mospi.nic.in
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
l §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛–
l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ# ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l ¢!=˛ åenergyä ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy G ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yà%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §¡∫ˆÏrô Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !¢¢% ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
ÚxyàyÙ#ܲy°Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ •° xyçÛÛ– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~Ùl•z–
ÈüüüÈ Gabrriella Mistral - Chilean Poet
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 141
ܲyˆÏç ˜çÓ çµy°y!l ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ùye 24 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚•z l° myÓ˚y §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚#
˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆË˛yà
ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 76 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî
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áy° •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zß√%=˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zͧˆÏܲ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ
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~°yܲyÓ˚ Ùye 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
!ã˛e 8.3 ı ÓÑyô / í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù!®Ó˚– ˆ°yܲ•z fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô§¡øï˛ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˆ¢Ôã˛y°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §%!Óôy ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
x˛õÎ≈yÆ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÓ˚!î 8.1 °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒylƒ !ܲS%È
!lˆÏç•z ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎÔÌ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
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xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy•z í˛zߨˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~álG
Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §ˆÏ_¥G @˝ÃyÙ#î ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚
Ù!•°yÓ˚y ~álG ˜çÓ çµy°y!l ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚ Ùye 34 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
xÓ!¢T˛ƒyÇ¢ñ ˆàyÓÓ˚ G çµy°y!lܲyë˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ á%Ó•z là
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çµy°y!lÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆÙê˛yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y çµy°y!lñ ç°
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ oÓƒy!ò xy•Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ò)Óò˚ Ó) y˚ ˆÏhs˝ ˛õy!í˛¸ ˆòÎ˚–
2001 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyòÙ¢%ÙyÓ˚#
ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î
~°yܲyÓ˚ 56 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ 43 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~áˆÏly ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90
¢ï˛yÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚
!ã˛e 8.4 ı ˛õyܲy Óy!í˛¸§• !lÓ˚y˛õò ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ı ~álG ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫≤¿–
142 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
§yÓ˚!î 8.1
˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ˆò¢ GDP ÈüÈÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ
§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆ¢Ôã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÙyÓy•z° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ ≤Ãy!Æ ≤Ãy!Æ (%) (2015) 100 ˆ°yܲ (2015) å≤Ã!ï˛ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ !Ó!°Î˚lä
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà (2014)* (2015) !ܲˆ°Ï yGÎ˚yê˛ (2016)
!ã˛l 46 96 77 93 6015
•ÇÜ˛Ç 24 92 100 229 39
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 34 94 40 79 1423
ò!«˛î ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Î˚y 29 98 100 119 549
˛˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 15 91 64 70 105**
!§Aày˛õ%Ó˚ 29 100 100 146 49**
•zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚y 35 87 61 132 249
í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ 2017 !ÓŸªÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ www.worldbank.org. (2014 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ä fiÌ)° Ù)°ôl
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒà%!° ˆòˆÏáyó https://yearbook.enerdate.net.
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 143
í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÓñ
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
8.5 ¢!=˛
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 145
§yÓ˚!î 8.2
Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y å¢ï˛yLjϢä
ˆ«˛e 1953-54 1970-71 1990-91 2014-15
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ 10 12 12 23
Ü,˛!£Ï 01 03 08 18
!¢“ 40 50 45 44
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 44 28 22 2
xlƒylƒ 5 07 13 13
ˆÙyê˛ 100 100 100 100
í˛zͧ ı lÓÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly VOL-II xôƒyÎ˚ 6ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ !lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ ~u˛ ~ly!ç≈ fiê˛ƒy!ê˛§!ê˛:
-2016ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl ܲyÎ≈y°Î˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §Çܲyhs˝ Ùsfܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲ“ Ó˚˛) õyÎ˚î !Ó˲yàñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
§Ó≈y!ôܲ– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓSȈÓÏ ˚ GDP Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 8 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
§yˆÏÌ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîG o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆçyàyl Óyͧ!Ó˚ܲ 12 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ •GÎ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
¢!=˛‡!Óò%ƒÍ ¢!=˛ ı
2016 §yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ!ê˛ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ ò,¢ƒÙyl ˆ§!ê˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ 67 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° ï˛y˛õ#Î˚ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
•° !Óò%ƒÍ ¢!=˛ñ Îy xyô%!lܲ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÎ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xAàyx!Aà˲yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ xy§ï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 14 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ 2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ – ˲yÓ˚ï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy ˆÎˆÏܲylG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!=˛ §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚% ~•z ò%!ê˛
í˛zßΨ l˚ ˆÏܲ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ GDP Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~Ó˚y ç#ÓyŸ¬àï˛
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ x!ôܲ •Î˚– §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çµy°y!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° lÎ˚
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈ l !là≈ Ù l ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚
ã˛yê≈˛ 8.1 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧñ 2016 ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õGñ ~•z ò%•z í˛zͧ
ˆÌˆÏܲ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚!l–
ç°!Óò%ƒÍ xyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ •° !Óò%ƒÍ
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zͧ ÎyÓ˚
lï%˛l ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ ˜ Ï l !ï˛Ü˛ §% ! Óôy Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È –
˛õ%î/l!ÓܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢!=˛– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ ˆÙyê˛
¢!=˛ ˆË˛yˆÏ à Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 2
¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ӈϟª ~Ó˚ àí˛¸Ùyl
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ SÈ!Ó ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ xyˆÏà
§%ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x§Ω˛Ó ˲yÓy •ï˛ñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ó,•Í ÙyeyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏFSÈñ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ °y˲ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÎ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ¢!=˛Ó˚G §M˛Î˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ç° àÓ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ °y•zê˛ ≤ÃIµ°ˆÏl ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛y˛õl ˆ•y!í≈˛ÇüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÌyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÓ˚!làÙ x@˝Ãî# fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§Ü˛° lÓ!l!Ù≈ï˛ xRy!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ç° àÓ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ x!lÓyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy Ú~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ã˛lyÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲñ 1 xyàfiê˛ 2005È üüüÈ Ü˛°yˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 147
Ó: 8.2 ı !Óò%ƒÍ Ó^˝ê˛l ı !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyl# !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1951 §yˆÏ° !ò!Õ‘
Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åDSEBä à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ 1958 §yˆÏ° !ò!Õ‘ !Óò%ƒÍ Ó^˝ê˛l‡ˆÎyàyl !làÙ åDESUä
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– 1997 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó%Î˚y!Ó˚ Ùy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ò!Õ‘ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åDVBäñ Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åSEBä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyd≤Ãܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !Óò%ƒÍ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ lƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ Reliance
Energy Ltd. (BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd ~ÓÇ BSES Yamuna Power Ltd) ~ÓÇ Tata Power
Ltd (NDPL)– ~Ó˚y !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 46 °yá @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ò!Õ‘ !Óò%ƒÍ !lÎ˚sfܲ ܲ!Ù¢l åDERCä
myÓ˚y !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !lÎ˚sfîàï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– Î!òG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ !Óò%ƒÍ
Ó^˝ê˛l ~ÓÇ ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓˆÏí˛¸y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ !ܲv x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá Ê˛°yÊ˛°
x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ–
500 !Ó!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝ à •î ~ÓÇ Ë) ˛ !Ùܲy ~álG Ü˛Ù– !ÓˆÏ ò !¢
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù •° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ܲ•z xÓfiÌy–
«˛!ï˛ñ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ òyÙ !lô≈yÓ˚î ly •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ åâä ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛Ù)°ƒ
xò«˛ï˛y– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° ˆÎ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏ Ó ˚ !Óò% ƒ ˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ ã˛˛õ°ï˛y•z
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó^˝ê˛l•z «˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe åPowercutsä çlàˆÏîÓ˚ x§ˆÏhs˝yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–
!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã%˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚yG Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ !làˆÏÙÓ˚ åSEBsä å.ä ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆ°
Ï y Îy ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ– !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xÓ°¡∫lñ ï˛y ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° G ܲÎ˚°yÓ˚
åàä !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yÎ˚ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈ–
Óy: 8.3 ı ¢!=˛Ó˚ §M˛Î˚ ı CFL ~ÓÇ LED Óy°‰Ó ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly
¢!=˛ ܲyÎ≈Ü%˛¢°ï˛y Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ CFL ÓyÕ∫ 80 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !Óò%ƒÍ Ü˛Ù áÓ˚ã˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ~!¢Î˚yl lyÙܲ CFL !lÙ≈yï˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ •° ˆÎñ ò¢ °«˛ å1 millionä 100 GÎ˚yê˛ ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛
!•§yˆÏÓ Î!ò 20 GÎ˚yê˛ CFL Óy°‰Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° 80 ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y◊Î˚ •Î˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° 400
ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ ÓÑyˆÏã˛–
xyçܲy° !Óò%ƒÍ §OˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ LED (Light Emitting Diode) Óy!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy•
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– LED Óy°‰Óñ Incandescent ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ~ܲ ò¢ÙyÇ¢ å1/10ä !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ CFL ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî å1/2ä !Óò%ƒÍ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyˆÏ°y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ¢!=˛ ܲyÎ≈ƒÜ%˛¢°ï˛y Ó%ƒˆÏÓy˚ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ UJALA
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ °«˛ƒ •° í˛zIµ° Óy°‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ LED Óy°‰Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y Îy 5905 ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ §y◊Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ àˆÏí˛¸ 4000 ê˛yܲy §y◊Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ flõT˛ï˛ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl ÓƒÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ àˆÏí˛¸ 4000 ê˛yܲy §M˛Î˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ø ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÈüÈÙyÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏl lyGÈüüüÈ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙyˆÏ§ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
Ø ˆÜ˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §hflÏy !Óܲ“
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ lyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y çµy°yˆÏï˛ Óy áyòƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Óy ~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ
fiÌyˆÏl ºÙˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
Ø l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §)ã˛Ü˛⁄
ˆò¢ 2015 §yˆÏ° 2014 §yˆÏ° ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ÙyÌy!˛õS%È GDP åÙyÌy!˛õS%È §Ùï%˛°ƒ ˆï˛°
åí˛°yˆÏÓ˚ä (ppp) ˆÜ˛!çˆÏï˛ä
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 5730 637
•zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚y 10,835 884
•z!ç≤Wz 10,250 815
•zí˛z ˆÜ˛ 38,866 2777
çy˛õyl 35,804 3471
•zí˛z ~§ ~ 52,704 6957
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 149
8.6 fl∫yfĩ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ •˚ z òy!Î˚c–
fl∫yfĩ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ¢%ôÙ% ye ˆÓ˚yàÙ%=˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈ
lyñ ~ê˛y ܲyˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲÙ≈ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ§!Óܲy G xlƒylƒ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ù≈#ñ
«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲG ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– fl∫yfĩ•z ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §%á !ÓSÈylyñ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
§Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ Ùylò[˛– fl∫yfĩ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ §Ù,!Âô í˛zß¨ï˛ Å£Ïô ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆ«˛e– ~ê˛yG §ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– Î!òG !ÓÇ¢ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛•z ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ !ÓŸª Ó˚˛) õyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yfĩÓyl •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÎ˚– §ÙhflÏ
ˆÎê˛y •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ xï%˛°l#Î˚ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zߨÎ˚l
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#!ï˛!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆçyÓ˚
§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÓ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛/ !Ó!˲ߨ §)ã˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ÎyˆÏï˛ xÌ≈ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z
!¢¢% Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ˚ñ% !ã˛!ܲͧy §%!ÓôyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yàƒÜ˛yÓ˚# G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲyÓ˚#
˛õ%!T˛ hflÏÓ˚ ï˛Í§ˆÏAà §ÇܲyÙܲ G x§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ly •Î˚– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z
âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ °«˛ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÙÓ˚y
fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌy §¡∫ˆÏrô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ oÓƒ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏl §%fl∫yfĩ §¡õߨ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ı
ÙylÓ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ü˛° fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° ˆÎ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôy ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛y
x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ§¡øï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ã˛!ܲͧy §¡∫rô#Î˚ !¢«˛yñáyˆÏòƒ ˆË˛çy°ñ
!ã˛e 8.9 ı ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ xLjϢ ~álG fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ x˲yÓ–
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî •y§˛õyï˛y° 2,694 6,805 15,888 19,653
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 151
Óy: 8.5 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌy
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôyà%ˆ° Ï y !ehflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲñ Ùôƒ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ Óy
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ fl∫yfĩ §Ù§ƒyà%!°Ó˚ K˛yl ï˛Ìy ~à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl Ó,!Âô G ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ%!T˛ ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÎyàylñ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l G !¢¢% fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyñ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
!ÓÓ%̊ˆÂÏ ô !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ţψôÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòGÎ˚y–
@˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ§!Óܲy
ôye# ܲÙ≈ # Ó˚ y •z •ˆÏ ° l ≤ÃÌÙ fl∫ y fĩ §% ! Óôy
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
@˝ à yÙ#î ~°yܲy ~ÓÇ ˆSÈ y ˆÏ ê ˛y ¢•Ó˚ à % ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ ï ˛
•y§˛õyï˛y° fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ~ܲçl í˛y=˛yÓ˚ñ ~ܲçl ly§≈ ~ÓÇ
§#!Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Å£Ïô !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
•y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛wñ §yÙy!çܲ
fl∫yfĩˆÏܲw ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏܲw lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Îál
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏwÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚y!àÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yfĩ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y !Ù!ê˛Ç–
í˛zߨÎ˚l §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ÙôƒˆÏ◊!îË%˛=˛
~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚– ˆÎ§ÙhflÏ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° í˛zßï¨ ˛ ¢°ƒ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ ~:ÈüȈÓ˚ñ
•z!§!ç •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zßï¨ ˛ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§•z •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ÙôƒÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ fl∫yfĩ§%!Óôy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# §ÇfiÌy
Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛zßï¨ ˛ï˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˆ§Óy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#
!•§yˆÏÓG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Ù%áƒï˛/ ˆç°y §òÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ¢•Ó˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ˆÎ
§Ü˛° •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ xyô%!lܲ hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ G Å£Ïô Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫!rôÎ˚
ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝ •y§˛õyï˛y° Ó°y •Î˚–
fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛y° myÓ˚y §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ≤ÃÙá% ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylG Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y
à%îÙyl §¡õߨ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ !¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç G
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õy!°G
áyGÎ˚yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ï fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲyÓ˚– ~à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ •° ÈüüüÈ x°‰ •z!u˛Î˚y •zl!‰ fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛
xÓ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° §y•z™ñ lÎ˚y!ò!Õ‘ñ ˆ˛õyfiê˛ @˝Ãƒyç%ˆÎÏ ê˚ ˛ •zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ñ ã˛[˛#àí˛¸ñ çG•Ó˚ °y°
•zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ xÓ ˆ˛õyfiê˛ @˝Ãƒyç%ˆÎÏ ê˚ ˛ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l ~u˛ !Ó˚§yã≈˛ñ ˛õ!u˛ˆÏã˛!Ó˚ñ lƒy¢ly° •zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ xÓ ˆÙrê˛y°
ˆ•°Ì ~u˛ !lGˆÏÓy˚ §y•zˆ™ Ï §ñ ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x° •z!u˛Î˚y •zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê xÓ •y•z!çl ~u˛ ˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ ˆ•°Ìñ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y–
í˛zͧ ı §Ù!T˛àï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ñ 2005–
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly xyô%!lܲ à%îÙyl §¡øï˛ §%˛õyÓ˚ ˆflõ¢y!°!ê˛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚l åÓy: 8.6 ˆòˆÏáyä– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ°yܲ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §%˛õyÓ˚ÈüȈflõ¢y!°!ê˛
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô SÈyí˛¸y•z Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– !ܲS%È •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Óôy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!ܲS%È ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãòylܲy!Ó˚ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ly⁄ ~Ùl ܲ# ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
í˛y=˛yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ~álG ˆÓ˚!ç!fiê˛∆Ü,˛ï˛ lÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y •yï%˛ˆÏí˛¸ Óƒ!=˛˛ í˛z_Ù fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
í˛y=˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛
1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ SÈÎ˚ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃÓy§# ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢“ G Å£Ïô ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ xyÎ%̊ˆÏÓ≈!òܲñ ˆÎyàyñ •zí˛zly!lñ !§Âôyñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇhflyÏ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ôl# G !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÎ≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ!£Ïï≈ ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ~ÓÇ ˆ•y!ÙG˛õƒy!Ì åAYUSHä– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
Óy: 8.7 ı §Ù%òyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÓ˚ x°y˲çlܲ §ÇfiÌy
˲yˆÏ°y fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ •° §Ù%òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î– ~ê˛y ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl çlàîˆÏܲ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
NGOÈüÈÓ˚ lyÙ •° xyˆÏÙòyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ SEWA ~ÓÇ l#°!à!Ó˚Ó˚ ACCORD– ◊!Ùܲ §Çàë˛là%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚
çlƒ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚ çlàîˆÏܲ §hflÏy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Óܲ“ !ܲS%È fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z
!ӣψÎÏ ˚ x@˝Ãî# Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%° ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy •° ¢!•ò •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ Îy 1983 §yˆÏ° Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ò%à≈ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!_¢àí˛¸ á!l◊!Ùܲ §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲÙ≈# myÓ˚y fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲS%È @˝ÃyÙ#î §ÇfiÌyG ~•zôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲ“ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà !lÙ≈yˆÏî ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ÌyˆÏl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy ÈüüüÈ Kashtakari Sangathanñ fl∫“Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚
çlƒ @˝ÃyÙ#î hflψÏÓ˚ Ù!•°y fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ù≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 153
§yÓ˚!î 8.4
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyñ 2014-15
§)ã˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛… ◊#°Aܲy
!¢¢%Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚/1,000 ç#Óhs˝ Ë)˛!Ù¤˛ !¢¢% 38 9 6 8
5 ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ !¢¢% Ù,ï%˛ƒ /1,000 ç#Óhs˝ Ë)˛!Ù¤˛ !¢¢% 48 11 7 10
ò«˛ ôye#myÓ˚y ≤Ã§Ó åˆÙyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä 74 100 99 99
!ê˛Ü˛y≤ÃyÆ !¢¢% (DPT) å¢ï˛yÇ¢ä 87 99 95 99
fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ÓƒÎ˚ åGDP ÈüÈÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓä 4.7 5.6 17 3.5
ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏÎ˚ 5 10.4 21.3 11.2
fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ÓƒÎ˚ (%)
fl∫yfĩáyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ 89 72 21.4 95
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lç ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛ (%)
í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸªfl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 2017 ~ÓÇ www.worldbank.org
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ 3167!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ˆÏÎ fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
•y§˛õyï˛y°ñ 26,000 Å£Ïôy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ 7 °«˛ ˆÓ˚!ç!fiê˛∆ܲ, ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÙyê˛ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚ 4.7 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ~ê˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ G
ÓƒÓfiÌy≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° í˛z˲Î˚ ˆò¢à%!°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü˛Ù–
≤ÃòyˆÏl á%Ó•z §yÙylƒ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ•z @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy Óy ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 17 ¢ï˛yǧ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ~•z
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° fiÌyl ˛õyÎ˚– ˆò¢!ê˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆÓ˚yà òyÎ˚˲yÓ˚ åGlobal Burden of
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#ñ !lÓ˚y˛õò diseases, GBDä 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y
~ÓÇ §hflÏy •GÎ˚yÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ x§ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ù,ï˛% ƒ Ù%ˆáÏ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛
§Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy !lî≈ˆÎÏ ˚ ~ÓÇ ˙ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ x§ÙÌ≈
fl∫yfĩ G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚§)ã˛Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ lT˛ •GÎ˚y ÓͧˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §Çáƒy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ G
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyôÙ≈# Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ı GBD lyÙܲ §)ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓl ˚ –
˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÈGBDüÈÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÓ˚î •°
fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛y•z!Ó˚Î˚yñ ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ Î«˛y lyÙܲ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà–
ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï y •° ÈüüüÈ !¢¢% Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ G Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 °«˛ !¢¢% ç°Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
•yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ%̊ G ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ hflÓÏ ñ˚ ï˛Í§ˆÏAà §ÇܲyÙܲ G ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– AIDS üÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õòG x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ âê˛ly– §yÓ˚!î 8.4üÈ~ !ܲS%È fl∫yfĩ§)ã˛Ü˛ x˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ţψôÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õÎ≈yÆï˛y•z
~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy ≤Ãò_ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ 2.2 !Ù!°Î˚l !¢¢%Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ 20 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàî
x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ Óy xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏw ÎyG– ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
•y§˛õyï˛y°ñ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ñ åˆflÒlä §%- ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÜ˛wñ ţψÏôÓ˚ ˆòyܲyl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y
§¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ÚÚò!Ó˚o çlàî ÎyÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏly •yçyˆÏÓ˚y §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° ˛fl¨yï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ôye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ ÈüüüÈ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÏÎñ ¢%ô%Ùye !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ÓƒÎ˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ 2.2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàîˆÏܲ
òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ÎyG– G•z §ÙhflÏ •y§˛õyï˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ê˛Ü˛y≤ÃyÆ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
•y§˛õyï˛y° ܲÙ≈#ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ê˛Ü˛y≤ÃyÆ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Çáƒy !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø xy§yˆÏÙÓ˚ ò%•zçl !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÈüüüÈ °#ly ï˛y°%ܲòyÓ˚ å16ä ~ÓÇ §%¢yhs˝ ˆÙˆÏ•ï˛y å16äñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ §•ˆÏç ≤ÃyÆ Å£Ï!ô
àySÈÈüÈ áí˛¸ñ ôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáy§y Óy Ë%˛!§ ~ÓÇ ¢%ܲˆÏly xyÓç≈ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù¢y ï˛yí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆË˛£Ïç Å£Ïô ÚJagÛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î §Ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° åShodh Yatra (Innovation), Yojana, September 2005ä– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô çyˆÏly ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §,çlydܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xÌÓy Î!ò ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ çyˆÏly ÎyÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ç!í˛¸Ó%!ê˛‡àySÈ˛õy°y åMedicine Plantsä §¡∫ˆÏrô K˛yl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ G !ï˛!l
ˆÎ•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà Ù%!=˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲÌy ӈϰy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§y– xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l G !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ~•z§Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyòyl≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù fiÌyl#Î˚ §ÇÓyò˛õe Óy Ùƒyày!çˆÏlG ~•z §¡∫ˆÏrô !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
~à%!° !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ£Ï≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ •ˆÏÓ⁄ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
≤ÃòyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylê˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyôylƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Ó# §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ åNGOsä !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲyu˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲyu˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xy˛õƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏ S È ˆÎñ Ùye 38 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùye xˆÏô≈ܲ Å£Ïôy°Î˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
PHCà%!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛y=˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ Ùye ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6.3 °yá !ÓSÈylyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !ÓSÈyly
30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ PHC à%!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Å£ÏˆôÏ Ó˚ Ùç%ï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– xÌ≈yÍ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚
¢•Ó˚ÈüÈ@˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚oÈüÈôl# ˆË˛òyˆÏ˲ò ı Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî fl∫yfĩ
Î!òG ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 70 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆl•z– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫yfĩ
~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùye ~ܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y §,!T˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy !lˆÏÎ˚
˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢ •y§˛õyï˛y° åˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛y° §•ä @˝ÃyÙ#î !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ °«˛
~°yܲyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ Å£Ïôy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ùye 0.36 §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y§˛õyï˛y° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 155
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø !Óàï˛ ÓͧÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ˚% ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ
!¢¢% Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙˆÏSñ à%!ê˛Ó§hs˝ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ü%˛¤˛ G ˆ˛õy!°G ˆÓ˚yà !lÙ≈)°#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °«˛ƒÙyeyG
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá– !ܲv ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë˛yˆÏ°y °yàˆÏÓ ï˛ál•z Îál xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ
xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óy!ܲ xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !ÓŸª fl∫yfĩ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê˛≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õyˆÏÓ Îy !ÓŸª fl∫yfĩ §ÇfiÌy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚S ⁄
Ø ~ܲÙy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ~•z xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ
§Ù§ƒy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y ~•z !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓyÓò ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ §Ù§ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ã˛!ܲͧy Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 44,000 fl¨yï˛Ü˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 3.6 §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ó%G @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%!°ˆÏï˛
xÓ!fiÌï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~:ÈüȈÓ˚ Óy !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z 44,000 fl¨yï˛Ü˛
Ó˚=˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §%!Óôy ˆl•z ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ¢•Ó˚Óy§#Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ ˛õM˛ÙyLjϢÓ˚ x!ôܲ xy!Ì≈ܲ
çlƒ ~ê˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ôÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó˚yçƒ §%!Óôy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFSÈ– !ܲS%È xÇ¢
ˆÎÙl !Ó•yÓ˚ñ Ùôƒ≤ÈÏò¢ñ Ó˚yçfiÌyl ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ fl¨ y ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ¢•ˆÏ Ó ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô §Çܲyhs˝ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏFSÈ–
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ G @˝ÃyÙ#î í˛z˲Î˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚
~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ çlàî ˛õÎ≈yÆ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ôÓ˚ §%!Óôy Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# òy!Ó˚oï˛Ù 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyÎ˚ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 12 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚y !¢¢% !ã˛!ܲͧyñ flf#ˆÏÓ˚yàñ ˙ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ôl# çlàîÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùye 2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ly¢Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ôye# !Óòƒy •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!¢T˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y Îál x§%fiÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ly– Î!òG ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ 380!ê˛ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç!Ù !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛e 8.10 ı xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ §%!Óôy ˛õyGÎ˚y §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_G¥ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏΖ˚
156 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Órôܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚ Ó•l í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ çlàîˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%!°ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ¢•Ó˚ G @˝ÃyÙ#î fl∫yfĩ
˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ flõT˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~•z
ï˛y•z ò!Ó˚o çlàî ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Óyí˛¸hs˝ !Ó˲yçƒï˛yˆÏܲ xÓK˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
V%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏSÈñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ }î@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈxy!Ì≈ܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚
xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlÎ˚– ÌyܲˆÏÓñ xy¢Aܲy ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ü˛° çlàîˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ı
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ˛õÔшSÏ È ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛y
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ•z •°
~ÓÇ fl∫«˛Ùï˛y í˛z˲Î˚•z §!¡ø!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
Ù!•°y– Ù!•°yÓ˚y !¢«˛yñ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy @˝Ã•ˆÏî ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ 8.7 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢¢%!°Aà xl%˛õyï˛ 2001
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 927 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2011 §yˆÏ° 914ÈüÈˆï˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xy§yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÌ≈l!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ˛õSȈÏl ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛lƒy º)î •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛lyˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy•z à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î–≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ˆÏÎyà#
•z!Aàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– 15 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ≤ÃyÎ˚ 3,00,000 ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ô% !ÓˆÏÎ˚•z •Î˚!lñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl
çll#G •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ü˛° xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ
15-49 ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §yï˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
Ù!•°y•z ˆ°ÔˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛y“ï˛y G x˛õ%!T˛ç!lï˛ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
§Ù§ƒyÎ˚ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈñ Îyñ 19 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
òy!Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y àË≈˛˛õyï˛ G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l ˆÓ˚yà G @˝ÃyÙ#î xLjϢ ~álG í˛zßï¨ ˛ Ó˚yhflyÏ âyê˛ñ ò)Ó§˚ M˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà
Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– §%!Óôyñ !Óò%ƒÍñ fl%Ò°ñ •y§˛õyï˛y° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È–
fl∫yfĩ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ çlܲ°ƒyîÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z à%îÙyl
ˆÎê˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚G ÓˆÏê˛– Î!ò §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §¡õߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyG !òl !òl Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏܲw#ܲÓî˚ ܲÓy˚ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §Ü˛° ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §Çܲyhs˝
lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y•z í˛zßï¨ ˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yàà%!° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ly ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yG °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !¢«˛y G ò«˛ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ò#â≈ܲy°#l °í˛¸y•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !lÙ≈yˆÏî xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛
fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ fl∫FSÈï˛y §• ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ í˛zͧy•òyÎ˚ܲ åIncen-
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ò%Ó§˚ M˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ tiveä !Ó!Óô §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲG xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– fl∫yfĩ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛e Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ê˛y flõT˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÙà%!°Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfiÌσ •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛e §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xï˛~Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 157
§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 159
≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
1É ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# çylˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ xylˆÏï˛ 30-40 !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ •Î˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛
lï%˛l !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó•% !Ù!°Î˚l ÓƒÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛•z !ܲ ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ §M˛Î˚ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y•z •° xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §M˛Î˚– Ó›ï˛ ~ê˛y !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÌˆÏܲG
x!ôܲ Ù)°ƒÓyl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ÓyÓ˚ Îál !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔyÑSÈyÎ˚ñ ï%˛!Ù xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyÕ∫ ~ÓÇ ˛õyáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy •° ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §ï˛Ü≈˛ ~ÓÇ ÎbÓyl •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤ÃÎ˚y§!ê˛ ~ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyˆÏç ï%˛!Ù
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚G ç!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛Ê˛yï˛ ˆòˆÏáy– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Ùy!§Ü˛ !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Óò%ƒÍ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ӈϰ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòˆÏáy–
2É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ≤Ãܲ“à%!°Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
aä ˙ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj ÓyˆÏçê˛–
bä ˙ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zͧ–
cä ˙ ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛ Ü˛# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
dä ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ §Ùy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ §%!Óôy •ˆÏÓ⁄
eä ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓ⁄
fä ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y ~•z ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛
3É !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ˆÎˆÏܲylG ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w‡ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w‡˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî!Óܲ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §Ù#«˛y!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï çµy°y!l!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# xM˛ˆÏ° x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛•ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ myÓ˚y
≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y G•z !ӈϢ£Ï çµy°y!l!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚î–
5É xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fiÌ˛õ!ï˛ í˛É ˆ•y!Ù Ë˛yÓyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ç#Ól# ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6É ÚÎ%ÂôÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ
xyÓÂô G §Çܲ#î≈ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y xÌÓy !Óï˛Ü≈˛
§Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
REFERENCES
Books
JALAN, BIMAL (Ed.). The Indian Economy — Problems and Prospects. Penguin Books, Delhi,
1993.
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 161
9
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ
!fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l
9.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛– §Ü˛° §ç#Ó í˛z˛õyòyl ÈüüüÈ ˛õy!áñ ˛õ¢%ñ àySÈ˛õy°yñ
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ólñ Ùͧƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ȘçÓ í˛z˛õyòyl– x˜ÏçÓ
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ˆÎ §Ü˛° à%Ó˚c˛õ)î≈ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓyÎ%̊ñ ç°ñ Ë)˛!Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~SÈyí˛¸y
ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÎ !¢°y ~ÓÇ §)Îy≈ ˆÏ°yܲG •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l xyÙÓ˚y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ~•z ˜çÓ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚# ˆ°yܲ§yl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ•z xyÙÓ˚y x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆòlyÈüÈ˛õyGlyˆÏܲ
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˛õy Ó˚yá°yÙñ Îy í˛zFã˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y–
≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆ° Ï y ~ÓÇ õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ iä ~!ê˛
Îy !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !fli!ï˛¢#° §¡õˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ı §¡õˆÏ ò Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ xyˆÏ S È
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Îy Ó˚yhflÏy xyÙÓ˚y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚!SÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ í˛z˲Î˚ §¡õò– ˆÎ
~ÓÇ ~•z Ó˚yhflyÏ Î˚ ˆÎ Óyôyà%ˆ° Ï y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛Î˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy !l/ˆÏ¢!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÎyàƒ §¡õò
ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Çܲyhs˝ lyly ≤ß¿– ӈϰ– xÌ≈yÍ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •Î˚–
~•z ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÓˆÏlÓ˚ àySÈ˛õy°y
áˆÏ[˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ Ë˛yˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙySÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õò
~ÓÇ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚
•° ˆ§à%!°ñ Îy !l‹Òy¢l ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ Ê%˛!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎÙl
˲yˆÏà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ •y°ã˛y° ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°yl# åiiä ~!ê˛ Óç≈ƒ §Ùy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ åiiiä ~!ê˛
˲yˆÏà !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §Ü˛°
!çlàï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ G Ó˚îl#!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~à%ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ åivä ~!ê˛ ly®!lܲ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ò,!T ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yl ÙˆÏlyÓ˚Ù ò,¢ƒ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
9.2 ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ È üüüÈ §ÇK˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç§Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~•z ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈò•#l˲yˆÏÓ•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ •°ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ çàˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly ~•z ܲyçà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ ˆÙyê˛ §¡õò– ~ˆÏï˛ §Ó ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° §¡õò !l‹Òy£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚
˜çÓ ~ÓÇ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyl xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Îy ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ%̊Ͳõyòl •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø ˆÜ˛l ç° xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õîƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ¢∑ ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §,T˛ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ˆÓ˚yà ~ÓÇ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ
!°ˆÏá ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
ÓyÎ˚ò% £) îÏ ç°ò)£îÏ ¢∑ò)£îÏ
•Ñy˛õy!l ‡ Ÿªy§Ü˛T˛ ܲˆÏ°Ó˚y
˛!ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l •°ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ àí˛¸ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– !¢“ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ !@˝Ãl •yí˛z§ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó,!Âô•z !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù)• ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ §Ù§ƒyê˛y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ùl%£Ïƒ §,!T˛– ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°y!lÓ˚ ò•l G xÓ˚îƒ !lôl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚•z
•ˆÏFSÈ Îy Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !@˝Ãl •yí˛z§ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚î Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l
âê˛yˆÏFSÈ– ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ !ÙˆÏÌl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xlƒylƒ àƒy§ åÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èä
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° !وϢñ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛ÈüÈ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yàˆÏܲ í˛z£÷Ï Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈ!¢“yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ 1750 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ CH4 ~Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w#˲Ól ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 31 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
~ÓÇ 149 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey 1.10F (0.60C) Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
§Ù%oï˛° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ •z!M˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏë˛ ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È ò#â≈ܲy°#l Ê˛° •°ñ ˆÙÓ˚% ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ à°ˆÏÓ
ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •° §Ù%oï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ §Ù%oï˛ê˛Óï≈˛# ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ólƒy •ˆÏÓñ !•ÙÓy• à°y çˆÏ° ˛õ%T˛
˛õyl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y !ÓlT˛ •ˆÏÓ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ •…y§ ˛õyˆÏÓñ á%Ó âl âl ܲyhs˝#Î˚ V˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛y!hs˝Î˚ ˆÓ˚yà Óƒy!ôÓ˚ òy˛õê˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ–
!ÓŸª í˛z£yÏ÷ Î˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È Ü˛Î˚°y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ò•l åܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ñ
!ÙˆÏÌlñ ly•zê˛∆y§ x:y•zí˛ñ GˆÏçyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zͧä Ól ôÁǧñ Îy ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Óyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ≤Ãyî# Óç≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÙˆÏÌl àƒy§ !là≈Ùlñ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô Îy Ól ôÁLjϧ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá– •zí˛zly•zˆêÏ ˛í˛
ˆl¢l§ ܲlÊ˛yˆÏÓ˚™ xl Üœ˛y•zˆÏÙê˛ ˆã˛O ~Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°l çy˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲˆÏÎ˚yˆÏê˛y ˆï˛ 1997 §yˆÏ° xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl
~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ã%˛!=˛ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~•z ã%˛!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚lˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !@˝Ãî •yí˛z§
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÓ˚§Ó˚î ܲÙyˆÏÓ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y–
í˛zͧ ı www.wikipedia.org
ÓƒÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !l¡¨Ù%á# à%îÙyˆÏlÓ˚ å˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 70 ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ çlƒ
¢ï˛yÇ¢ ç° ò)!£Ïï˛ä Ê˛ˆÏ° Ÿªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ â!ê˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ç° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÓƒÎ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ òÈy˛õyòy!˛õ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° fl∫yfĩ ~ál §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ß¿!ê˛ •° ı ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ÓƒÎ˚G Ó,!Âô !˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓŸª ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ˆÎÙl §Çܲyhs˝ §Ù§ƒy !ܲ ~•z ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ lï%˛l âê˛ly⁄ Î!ò •Î˚ñ
!ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛
Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ òyÎ˚˲yÓ˚ Ó•l xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z£yܲyˆÏ° xÌÓy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ flõT˛ ˆòáy ò)£ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆò¢à%ˆ°
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GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚ •° fiê˛∆ƒyˆÏê˛y§!fl≥˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ G GˆÏçyˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ âê˛ly– GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î fiê˛∆ƒyˆÏê˛y§!fl≥˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l ~ÓÇ ˆÓy!Ùl ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~•z ò%•z ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zͧ
•° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲyÓ≈l åCFCä– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yܲyÓ≈l §,!T˛ •Î˚ Ù)°ï˛ !Ê˛ç Óy ~Î˚yÓ˚ܲ!u˛¢lyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ë˛yu˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Îsfñ ˆfl± ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Îsf ~ÓÇ x!@¿!lÓ≈y˛õܲ ΈÏsf ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°rê˛§ G ˆÓyˆÏÙyÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yܲyÓ≈l
啃y°l§ä ˆÌˆÏܲ– GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî fl∫Ó˚)˛õ x!ï˛ˆÏÓà%!l !Ó!ܲÓ˚î åUVä ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xˆÏô≈ܲ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ «˛!ï˛§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!ï˛ ˆÓà%!l !Ó!ܲÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ cܲÈüÈܲƒy™yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛
Ê˛y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yÇê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ç°ç ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~!ê˛ fiÌ°ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1979 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990 ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ GˆÏçyl hflÏÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ x!ï˛ˆÏÓà%!l Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ
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ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Î˚ Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ù!rê˛∆° ã%˛!=˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÓ˚§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏ£ÏôyK˛y
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ §• GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ù)• ˆÎÙlñ ܲyÓ≈lˆÏê˛ê˛∆yˆÏÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ñ ê˛∆y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y•zˆÏÌl åÎy
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛Ù≈ lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ä ~ÓÇ ˆÓyÙy•zl ˆÎÔà Îy •ƒy°™ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛zͧ ı www.ceu.hu
!¢“yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ò)£Ïî !SÈ° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ˆÎyàylˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!l §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•yÓ˚ !SÈ° §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l/ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛
Ü˛Ù– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§,T˛ •Î˚!l– !ܲv çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Óô≈l¢#°
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!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ÓòˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈ–
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yà í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏS–È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
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•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óò° •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆàˆÏ S È ~ál xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ §yÙˆÏ l
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
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˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl !¢«˛yÌ≈# ~ܲ!ê˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ lyÙ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ oÓƒ!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ ˆáÑyˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ê˛∆yܲ ß fiê˛#° ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚
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çl§Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ âlc ï˛Ìy ÓlyÎ˚lñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢•%ˆÓÏ ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚ò% £) îÏ ≤Ãã˛[˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ •Î˚
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≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#ÙyÓÂô ç!Ù xlƒ ~°yܲyÎ˚ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ çlƒG •z•y
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •ˆÏFSÈ– ÎylÓy•ˆÏlÓ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ˛!l‹Òy¢l á%Ó !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È ÓlË)˛!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 0.08 ܲyÓ˚î ~à%ˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚% ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ l#ã%˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ ~ÓÇ
!ã˛e 9.4 ı ˆàyÓÓ˚ àƒy§ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ ˆàyÓÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòl–
Ø˛ õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ı §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ñ Óç≈ƒ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !çlàï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø˛ çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚îñ ˜ÓË˛Ó¢y°# ˆË˛yàyã˛yÓ˚ G í˛zͲõyòl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
Ø˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!Ùï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ ôyÓ˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ç!lï˛ ò)£Ïî G
x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ôlÓ_y G o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢Ùyl !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ò)£Ïî–
Ø !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zßÎ ¨ l˚ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù xy˛õ§ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÓ–
Ø ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈lñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î Óy›ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl¢#° «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσÍ
≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ V%Ñ˛!ܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ ≤âfiÌ •ˆÏÓ–
xl%¢#°l#
1. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
2. ˛Îál §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ܲ# •Î˚⁄
3. ˛l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚àˆ% Ï°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ xÈüÈ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
åiä àySÈ åiiä ÙySÈ åiiiä ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙ åivä ܲÎ˚°y åvä ˆ°y• xyܲ!Ó˚ܲ åviä ç°
4. xyç !ӈϟªÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒy •° ÈüÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ ~ÓÇ ÈüÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ–
5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~à%ˆÏ°y
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yˆÏSÈ⁄
åiä ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl çl§Çáƒy
åiiä ÓyÎ˚ò% £) îÏ
åiiiä çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ°%!£Ïï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
REFERENCES
BOOKS
AGARWAL, ANIL and SUNITA NARAIN. 1996. Global Warming in an Unequal World. Centre for
Science and Environment, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
B HARUCHA , E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses,
Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd.
CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT. 1996. State of India’s Environment
1: The First Citizens’ Report 1982. Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT. 1996. State of India’s Environment
2: The Second Citizens’ Report 1985, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
KARPAGAM, M. 2001.Environmental Economics: A Textbook. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
RAJAGOPALAN, R. 2005. Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure. Oxford University
Press, New Delhi.
SCHUMACHER, E.F. Small is Beautiful. Abacus Publishers, New York.
Reports
State of India’s Environment (for various years), Centre for Science and Environment,
New Delhi.
Journals
Scientific American, India, Special Issue, September 2005
Down to Earth, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.
Websites
http://envfor.nic.in
http://cpcb.nic.in
http://www.cseindia.org
• ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÎ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° !lˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ï˛y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
Ë)˛ˆÏày° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Óy!lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ •z!ï˛•y§ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È §•ˆÏÎyà#ñ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ §%•,Í– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÙŸªÓ˚•z ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ÈüüüÈ çl ~ʉ˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏlí˛#
10.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛–
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•z Ó,•Í
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyë˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛… ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl G !ã˛l myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á#
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~G ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ° Ï y ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ùy°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÎñ ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó¢y° ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòç!lï˛
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– !Óàï˛ ò%•z ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚
§yò,¢ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛
xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛§• !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x“•z §yò,¢ƒ
§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ܲS%È fl∫“ܲy°#l ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ò#â≈ܲy°#l ≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ÈüüüÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ
ˆòˆÏ¢ ~Ùl!ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛G– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yT˛… ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ xô≈¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ôÙ≈!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒhs˝
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒñ ï˛yÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛– ~•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyñ
xyM˛!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_§¡õߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÈüüüÈ ÎÌy §yÜ≈˛ åSAARCäñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl «˛Ùï˛yñ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ù° á%шÏç
•zí˛z!lÎ˚lñ xy!§Î˚yl åASEANäñ !Óܲ§ åBRICSäñ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ã˛l ¢%ô%Ùye §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° àîï˛y!sfܲ
G-8, G-20 •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~SÈyí˛¸yGñ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛… ï˛y çylˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ í˛zòyÓ˚Óyò# xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
í˛zͧ%ܲ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zßΨ l˚ Ù%á# ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
10.2 í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# !ò¢y ı ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛l!ã˛e
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲÙyàï˛ í˛zˆßÏ √yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çylñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ~ÓÇ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ §yò,¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ⁄
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ xÓfiÌy K˛yï˛ Ìyܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÜ˛lly ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°y ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°–
í˛zߨÎ˚¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 1947 §yˆÏ° fl∫yô#l Ó˚yT˛… !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
•Î˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z lÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sfܲ !ã˛l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fiÌy˛õly
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛y xlƒylƒ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° 1949 §yˆÏ°– ˙ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ çG•°°y°
Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà– ~SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆlˆÏ•Ó%̊ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~ܲ ˲y£ÏˆÏî ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚÎ!òG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y G ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛lly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ü˛° Ù%რxyˆÏSÈñ ï˛Ìy!˛õG ˆò¢ ò%•!z ê˛Ó˚ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
182 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ lï%˛l ˲yÓly ~ÓÇ lï%˛l í˛zqyÓl# ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !¢“ í˛zˆÏòƒyà àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ lï%˛l x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ á%шÏç ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Úܲ!Ùí˛zlÛ
˛õyˆÏFSÈ– åˆÎÔÌ áyÙyÓ˚ä ¢%Ó%˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~•z ˆÎÔÌ áyÙyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚
!ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢•z ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!Ù ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ï˛–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ 1951-56 §yˆÏ° 1958 §yˆÏ° 26,000 ˆÎÔÌáyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛°
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xyÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xyly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 1956 §yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly GLF x!˲Îyl xˆÏ l ܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø% á #l
ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ~ál ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ áÓ˚yÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
Ó°y •Î˚– !ã˛l 1953 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 !Ù!°Î˚l ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Îál !ã˛l
ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚– 2013 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 11ÈüÈï˛Ù ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ m®µ Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛ál
˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ å2013-18ä í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏl !¢“yÎ˚ˆÏl
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !ã˛l ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ 13ÈüÈï˛Ù §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°Ï lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ å2016-20ä í˛z˛õÓ˚– Ùyã≈˛ 2017 Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó åGreat Proletarion
˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly !˲!_ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# Cultural Revolution, 1966-76ä ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FSÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ~ܲ•z ÎyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl SÈye G ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲyç
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÈüüüÈ ˆÎÙlñ xˆÏlܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ï˛–
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏl ˆÎ o%ï˛ !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Ó,!Âô– xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚•z âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ 1978 §yˆÏ°ˆlGÎ˚y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ ~ܲ !SÈ°– xyç ï˛yÓ˚y á%шÏç ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛l ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÓfiÌyˆÏl xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z ≤ÈŸÏ ¿Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ Ü,˛!£Ïñ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ
í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
í˛zßΨ Ù˚ á% # ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï áyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç!Ù ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ò,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ï˛l!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y áˆÏ[˛ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy°yòy xy°yòy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆçˆÏl!SÈ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó^˝ê˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° å¢%ô% ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒñ
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!lä– ï˛yÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
!ã˛l ı ~ܲò°#Î˚ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ àî ˛õÓ˚•z ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y Óy!ܲ xyÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ !ã˛l ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎñ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢%Ó%̊ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe–
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yñ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ï˛Ìy ç!Ùñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ áyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy ï˛Ìy @˝ÃyÙ#î G ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚
Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l «˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ÈüüüÈ ï˛y §Ó•z í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly G
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xyly •Î˚– 1958 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ú§yÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y°ly fiÌyl#Î˚ Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó •Î˚ ä í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ oÓƒ§yÙ@˝ à #
!òˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ °yÊ˛Û l#!ï˛ åGLFä ¢%%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ ˙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ¢ Óƒy˛õܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lçfl∫ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ åÎy !ã˛ˆÏl Ó˚yT˛… x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy
§yÓ˚!î 10.1
!ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2015
ˆò¢ xyl%Ùy!lܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ âlc !°Aà ≤Ãçll
çl§Çáƒy Óy!£Ï≈ܲ å≤Ã!ï˛ Óà≈!ܲ!Ùä xl%˛õyï˛ ¢•Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î
•yÓ˚
å!Ù!°Î˚ˆÏlä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 1311 1.2 441 929 2.3 33
GDPÈüÈÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40%– !ã˛e 10.2 ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G Ü,˛!£Ï–
ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 5% !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚
§yÓ˚!î 10.2
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Ü˛T˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ã˛l ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ
ò%•z xˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– Îy §yÓ˚!î !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ (%) - 1980-2015
10.2 ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆò¢ 1980–90 2011–2015
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 5.7 6.7
~ê˛yG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛l 10.3 7.9
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 6.3 4.0
•yÓ˚ !SÈ° ò%•z xˆÏAܲ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !SÈ° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛– í˛zͧ ı ~!¢Î˚yl í˛zߨÎ˚l ÓƒyAܲñ !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛ 2016ñ ~!¢Î˚y
2011-15 §y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!§!Ê˛Ü˛ 2016~Ó˚ Ù%ყ)ã˛Ü˛–
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !ܲ çl§Çáƒy !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓfiÌy xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Î!ò ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
~Ó˚ !Ó¢Ïò !ÓÓÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~Ó˚çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
§Ù#«˛yñ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏylÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%e §hs˝ylˆÏܲ
x!ôܲ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Óy ˛õyŸª≈Óï˛#≈ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
âê˛ly °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õ%e §hs˝yl ~ÓÇ Ü˛lƒy §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛l ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚⁄ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!¢ˆÏ“ !Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ 1980-2015ñ ~•z 10.5 ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛§Ù)•
§ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° !ã˛l ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢
•yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xˆÏlܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ G í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl §¡∫ˆÏrô
˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!áñ !ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
!¢“ G ˆ§Óyñ í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚•z xÓòyl ˆÓ!¢– ˆ§áyˆÏl
˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛lñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ܲ#Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚•z xÌ≈yÍ §yÓ˚!î 10.5 ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ã˛lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ l
Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !òˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
í˛zͲõyòl «˛Ùï˛y xˆÏlܲê˛y ܲˆÏÙ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆÎÙlñ xyÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È GDP Óy òy!Ó˚oƒ
§yÓ˚!î 10.5
!ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚§)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2016
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛ åÙylä 0.624 0.738 0.550
Ó˚ƒyÇܲ åHDI !˲!_ܲä 131 91 148
çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ˚% åÓSȈÏÓ˚ä 68.3 76 66.4
!Óòƒy°Î˚ xy!.lyÎ˚ àí˛¸ ÓSÈÓ˚ å15 ÓSÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ¢ï˛yLjϢä 6.3 7.6 5.1
ˆò¢ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Æy!l åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛ myÓ˚y xyÙòy!l åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ä
2004-2005 2015-2016 Óy!£Ï≈ܲ !Óܲy¢ 2004-2005 2015-2016 Óy!£Ï≈ܲ !Óܲy¢
•yÓ˚ (%) •yÓ˚ (%)
Ø !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xyÓ˚Ω˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛!SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl G !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏ°G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy §¡õ)î≈
!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚–
Ø !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG ~•z
í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ï˛Ê˛yï˛ !SÈ°–
Ø xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚•z í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ xÓòyl ~ܲ•z !SÈ°–
Ø !ã˛ˆÏl 1978 §yˆÏ°ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl 1988 §yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 1991 §yˆÏ° §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø ˆÎáyˆÏl !ã˛l !lçfl∫ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
Ø ~•z !ï˛l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓG !˲ߨ !˲ߨ !SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ §hs˝yl l#!ï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyê˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~áˆÏly ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒy˛õܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛!l–
Ø ˛õM˛y¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó,•Í xÇ¢•z Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ–
Ø Î!òG !ã˛l ô%˛õò# !Óܲy¢l#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ Ü,˛!£Ïç ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÙ≈yî ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛˛õy!ܲhflÏyl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ ˆ«˛e ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl í˛z˲Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y •Î˚!l–
Ø xˆÏlܲ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛l ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ~•z í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓòyl !SÈ° lyñ !ã˛l myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚•z
xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ fl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yG !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
1. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G !ã˛l ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù%=˛ Óy!îçƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛§Ë˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ï%˛!Ù xÓàï˛ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §hflÏy !ã˛ly oÓƒ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˆá°lyñ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §yÙ@˝Ã#ñ
çyÙyܲy˛õí˛¸ñ Óƒyê˛y!Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ à%îàï˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ òyˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°lyˆÏÎyàƒ⁄ ~•z oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚
í˛zͲõyòܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •%Ù!ܲ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ú~ܲ §hs˝ylÛ l#!ï˛
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÙyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛§Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Ù%რxÓòyl !lÙ≈yîˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Ù%რxÓòyl ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
!Óàï˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5. !ã˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ê˛° ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆ◊!î ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– å§Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yä–
Books
D REZE , J EAN AND A MARTYA S EN . 1996. India: Economic Development and Social
Opportunity. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Articles
RAY, ALOK. 2002. ‘The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to be Learnt.’ Economic and
Political Weekly, September 14, pp. 3835-3848.
ZAIDI, S. AKBAR. 1999. ‘Is Poverty now a Permanent Phenomenon in Pakistan?’ Economic
and Political Weekly, October 9, pp. 2943-2951.
Government Reports
Annual Plan 2016-17, Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform, Government of Paki-
stan accessed from http://pc.gov.pk on 02 January 2017.
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (for various years).
Human Development Report 2005, United Nations Development Programme, Oxford Uni-
versity Press, Oxford.
Labour Market Indicators, 3rd Edition, International Labour Organisation, Geneva.
Pakistan: National Human Development Report 2003, United Nations Development
Programme, Second Impression 2004.
World Development Report 2005, The World Bank, Oxford University Press, New York.
World Development Indicators (for various years), Washington; Human Development Report
2015, United Nations World Bank Development Programme Geneva; Key Indicators of Asia and
Pacific 2016, Asian Development Bank, Philippines.
Websites
www.stats.gov.cn
www.statpak.gov.pk
www.un.org
www.ilo.org
www.planningcommission.nic.in
www.dgft.delhi.nic.in