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Indian - Eco - Developmen - XI

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Constitution of India

Part IV A (Article 51 A)

Fundamental Duties
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour
and achievement;
*(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to
his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.

Note: The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with effect from
1 April 2010).
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z

≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈òñ lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘


xl%Óyò G x!˲ˆÏÎyçl
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
!e˛õ%Ó˚y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
2006 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G
í˛zFã˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ Ù%oî G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–

Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !e˛õ%Ó˚y Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y
òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ùñ lÓÙ G ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ 2019 !¢«˛yÓ£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚
!¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y
•Î˚–

ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2019 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~
ÓSÈÓ˚ G•z§Ó ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÙ%≈oî ܲÓ˚y •°– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò¢Ù G myò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y
xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛
G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2020 !¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ÓyÇ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚
˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ òy!Î˚cG Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–

!Ó¢y° ~•z ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ§Ó !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yñ xôƒy˛õܲÈüÈxôƒy!˛õܲyñ !¢«˛y!Óòñ xl%Óyòܲñ


xl%ˆÏ°áܲñ Ù%oîܲÙ#≈ G !¢“#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚°§Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÜœ˛yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà
ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ §Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ–

≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yl%Ó˚yà# G à%î#çˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛
G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

í˛z_Ù Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÙy


xyàÓ˚ï˛°y x!ôܲï≈˛y
Ùyã≈˛ñ 2019 Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
!e˛õ%Ó˚y–
í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
1É í˛É xî≈Ó ˆ§lñ §• xôƒy˛õܲñ ~l •z xyÓ˚ xy•z •zñ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ñ !¢°Ç
2É í˛É xÓ˚)˛õ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ §y•yñ §• xôƒy˛õܲñ xyÓ˚ xy•z •zñ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ñ Ë%˛ÓˆÏlŸªÓ˚

xl%ÓyòܲÙ[˛°# ı
1É ˆàÔï˛Ù Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓÙ≈îñ !¢«˛Ü˛
2É Ó˚yˆÏܲ¢ ˆây£Ïñ !¢«˛Ü˛
3É àë˛l ã˛w ò_ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
4É §%Ùl òy§ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
5É ¢yhs˝l% ≤çyò òy¢ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
6É !ÓŸª!çÍ ˆòÓlyÌñ !¢«˛Ü˛
7É §%ܲyhs˝ §y•yñ !¢«˛Ü˛
8É Ó˚yˆÏç¢ ò_ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
9É ¢ÇܲÓ˚ ˛õy°ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
10É ˛õyÌ≈ òy¢ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
11É x!ò!ï˛ Ë˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y

˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈ly
1É !ÓŸªlyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚
2É •z®%ÙyôÓ ã˛Ü˛Óï˛#≈
3É ˆ§yly°# ˲Ryã˛yÎ#≈
4É ˆ§Ô!Ùe !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
5É §%ô#Ó˚ ܲy!hs˝ Ë)˛£Ïî
6É ≤ÃË%˛Âô §%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚
≤Ãy ܲ‰ÈüÈܲ Ì l
çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005äÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól G fl%҈ϰÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲy á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y
Î!ò ¢%ô%Ùye fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ñ
Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z !ï˛l çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ¢)lƒfiÌylê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù G lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÉ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y
xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Órô •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏ F SÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ å1986ä !¢¢% ˆ Ï Ü ˛!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏ Ü ˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ
!¢¢%Ó˚y Î!ò §ÙÎ˚ñ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Óñ
Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã•#ï˛y ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó–

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xy¢y x!lÓyÎ≈– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l §ÙÎ˚ §)!ã˛ ˆÎÙl lÙl#Î˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ùl•z
Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly xyˆÏ§– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyˆÏç °yàˆÏÓñ GˆÏòÓ˚
fl%Ò°ç#Ól ܲï˛ê˛y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲÇÓy GˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ò%!Ó≈£Ï• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ !ܲlyñ §Óê˛y•z
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !Óàï˛ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÓyV˛y Ó•zˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ~•z§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ÎÑyÓ˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ≤âǧy çylyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ
•!Ó˚ Óy§%ˆÏòÓl ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y xôƒy˛õܲ ˆÎyˆÏàw !§Ç• وϕyòÎ˚àˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õ%là≈ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó•%
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–

xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z§Ó fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ å~Ù
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≤Ãܲy¢ly ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ìyܲy ~l !§ •z
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˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z §ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ õyˆÏÓ˚–

!lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ x!ôܲï≈˛y


20 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 2005 Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò
å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES


AT HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of


Calcutta, Kolkata
CHIEF ADVISOR
Tapas Majumdar, Emeritus Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New
Delhi
MEMBERS
Bharat C. Thakur, PGT, Government Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Surajmal
Vihar, Delhi
Gopinath Perumula, Lecturer, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai
Jaya Singh, Lecturer, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi
Nishit Ranjan Das, PGT, New Alipore Multipurpose School, Behala, Kolkata
Naushad Ali Azad, Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia
Islamia, New Delhi
Neeraja Rashmi, Reader, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi
Rama Gopal, Professor, Department of Economics, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu
Pratima Kumari, Lecturer, DERPP, NCERT, New Delhi
Poonam Bakshi, Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics, Punjab
University, Chandigarh
R. Srinivasan, S.G. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Arignar Anna
Government Arts College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu
Sabitha Patnaik, PGT, Demonstration School, Regional Institute of
Education, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar
Sharmista Banerjee, Headmistress, Bidya Bharti Girls High School, Kolkata
MEMBER–COORDINATOR
M.V. Srinivasan, Lecturer, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many friends and colleagues have helped in preparing this textbook. The
National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges
M. Karpagam, Lecturer, Department of Economics, Meenakshi College,
Chennai; J. John, Director, Centre for Education and Communication, New
Delhi; Pratyusa K. Mandal, Reader, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi; Nandana
Reddy, Director (Development), Concern for Working Children, Bangalore;
V. Selvam, Research Scholar, Centre for Study of Regional Development and
Satish Jain, Professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Pooja Kapoor, Modern School,
Barakhamba Road, New Delhi; Priya Vaidya, Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, Lodhi
Estate, New Delhi; and Nalini Padmanabhan, DTEA Senior Secondary
School, Janakpuri, New Delhi for providing their feedback and inputs.
The Council expresses its gratitude to Jan Breman and Parthiv Shah
for using photographs from their book, Working in the mill no more, published
by Oxford University Press, Delhi. Some stories were taken from the book,
Everybody Loves a Good Drought, authored by P. Sainath and published by
Penguin Books, New Delhi. A photo relating to farmers committing suicides
has been used from The Hindu. A few photographs and text materials on
environmental issues have been used from the State of India’s Environment
1 and 2 published by the Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.
The Council thanks the authors, copyright holders and publishers of these
reference materials. The Council also acknowledges the Press Information
Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi; National
Rail Museum, New Delhi for allowing to use photographs available in their
photo library. Some photographs were given by S. Thirumal Murugan,
Principal, Adhiyaman Matriculation School, Uthangarai, Tamil Nadu; John
Suresh Kumar, Synodical Board of Social Service; Sindhu Menon of Labour
File, New Delhi; R. C. Das of CIET, New Delhi; Renuka of National Institute
of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. The Council acknowledges their
contribution as well.
Special thanks are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department
of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities for her support.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of
Mamta and Arvind Sharma, DTP Operators; Neena Chandra, Copy Editor;
Dillip Kumar Agasti, Proof Reader; and Dinesh Kumar, Incharge Computer
Station in shaping this book. The efforts of the Publication Department,
NCERT are also duly acknowledged.
~•z Ó•z!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
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ܲˆÏÓ˚–
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°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏΕ˚ z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ly¡∫yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Óy:ñ ~•z Óy:à%ˆ°Ï y Ó•zˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ !¢ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z Óy:à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y Ùyl!Óܲ flõ¢≈
ˆòÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
~•z Óy:à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Úܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚yÛ !¢£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°y !ܲv ˛õÓ˚#«˛y §Çܲyhs˝ Óy
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ lÎ˚–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï•z ≤ÃÌyàï˛ xl%¢#°l#Ó˚ Úܲyçà%ˆÏ°y
ܲˆÏÓ˚yÛ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ !ÓhflÏï, ˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲ“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡
!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !°Æ •ÓyÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yó ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ˆÓyôàÙƒ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y §ÙhflÏ fl%҈ϰ ˛õyGÎ˚y lyG ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó!Óô ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°ñ Îy •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ §•ç°Ë˛ƒñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ à%Ó%̊ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ
xy•Ó˚ˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó §y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ ò!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó¢ò !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y çyly ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•ñ ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ
ò!Ó˚oï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ÓÓÓ˚î xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚#
≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yê˛y §Ó §ÙÎ˚ §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ly ˆ§•zˆÏ•ï%˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡
!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ÓÓÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yí˛zlˆÏ°yí˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
!Óàï˛ 10 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î§Ù)• http://www.budgetindia.nic.in lyÙܲ
GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛yly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~Ùl
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ §rôyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly ï˛ˆÏÓ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ G•z §ÙhflÏ
GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ à%à%°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ åwww.google.co.inä ÙˆÏï˛y xl%§¦þyl# ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ áÑ%ˆÏç !lˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ §•ç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Ú§Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚Û !¢£≈ܲ xLjϢ í˛zÂô,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ë˛yG °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §)e ‡ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l ܲyÓ˚î ~•z §ÙhflÏ §)e‡í˛zÍà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ §Çܲyhs˝ xLjϢ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §ï˛ƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲÙ!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%áƒ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ SÈye §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §yÙ!T˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ñ ï˛Ìƒ§Ù,Âô !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y– xyÙÓ˚y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ê˛yG
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y˛õ)î≈ !¢ál ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ x!ï˛à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xlƒylƒ í˛zͧ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç SÈyeSÈye# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ ‡ !¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yê˛y á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ §Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚
§¡∫ˆÏrô !¢ál ~ÓÇ !¢«˛îñ í˛z˲Î˚ ܲyˆÏç•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎyàylÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿ Óy Ùï˛yÙï˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ylyÎ˚
˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ı
ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyÙ ˆÜ˛yÈüÈx!í≈˛ˆÏlê˛Ó˚ åxÌ≈l#!ï˛ä
!í˛˛õyê≈˛ˆÏÙrê˛ xÊ˛ ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l •zl ˆ§y¢ƒy° §yˆÏÎ˚™
lƒy¢ly° ܲyí˛z!™ xÊ˛ ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢ly° !Ó˚§yã≈˛ ~u˛ ˆê˛∆!lÇ
◊# xˆÏÓ˚y!Ó® Ùyà≈
!lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ ÈüÈ 110016
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔÏ!°Ü˛ ˛x!ôܲyÓ˚
å˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôylñ ôyÓ˚y 14ÈüÈ30 32G 226ä
1ä §yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §Óy•z §Ùyl ~ÓÇ xy•zl §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
D çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ˛õ%Ó£%˚ ñÏ çß√fiÌyl ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚yT˛… ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàƒï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D xflõ,¢ƒï˛y !l!£ÏÂô ~ÓÇ xy•zl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ò[˛l#Î˚ x˛õÓ˚yô–
2ä fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D Óy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y G Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ G !lÓ˚flf˲yˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏÓï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D §Çâ G §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈e fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#!Óܲyñ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy ÓƒÓ§y Óy!îçƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ç#Ól G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
3ä ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲÎ˚ñ !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy ˆÓàyÓ˚ áyê˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D ˆã˛Ôj ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ á!lñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ˛Óy xlƒˆÏܲyˆÏly !Ó˛õIlܲ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
4ä ôÙ#≈Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D §Ü˛° ôˆÏÙÏ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ùyl ◊Âôy G §Ùyl !lÓ˚y˛õ_yñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôÙ≈yã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)î≈ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyly!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ–
D ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ òyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D Ó˚yT˛… ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §y•y΃≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl !¢«˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl G ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D ôÙ≈ xÌÓy ˲y£Ïy!˲!_ܲ §Çáƒy°â% §¡±òyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌy˛õl G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
5ä §Çfl,ÒÈ!ï˛ G !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lç !lç ˲y£ÏyÈüÈ!°!˛õ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
D ôÙ≈ çy!ï˛ Óy ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ܲyí˛zˆÏÜ ˛§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Îy•y΃ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
6ä §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ó°ÓÍ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛ G •y•zˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓòl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓÈ üüüÈÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ°á çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆ•!ÓÎ˚y§ ܲ˛õ≈y§ñ Ùƒy[˛yÙy§ñ §yÓ˚!¢ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y•zñ ≤Ã!•!Ó¢l G Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y GÎ˚yÓ˚yˆÏrê˛y–
§)!ã˛˛õe

~ܲܲ I ı í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y å1947-1990ä 1-35


xôƒyÎ˚ 1 ı fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy 3
È üüüÈ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫“ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l 4
ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e 5
ÈüüüÈ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e 7
ÈüüüÈ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ 8
ÈüüüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ 9
ÈüüüÈ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 10
ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 11
xôƒyÎ˚ 2 ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ å1950-1990ä 16
ÈüüüÈ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ§Ù)• 19
È üüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï 22
È üüüÈ !¢“ ~ÓÇ Óy!îçƒ 27
È üüüÈ Óy!îçƒ l#!ï˛ ı xyÙòy!l !Óܲ“ 30

~ܲܲ II ı xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ 1991ˆÌˆÏܲ 36-56


xôƒyÎ˚ 3 ı í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l 38
ÈüüüÈ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù 39
ÈüüüÈ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î 41
ÈüüüÈ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î 44
È üüüÈ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l 45
ÈüüüÈ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly 48
~ܲܲ III ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O 57-178
xôƒyÎ˚ 4 ı òy!Ó˚oƒ 59
ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚o ܲyÓ˚y⁄ 60
ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄ 63
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy 65
ÈüüüÈ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÜ˛l •Î˚⁄ ‡ ò!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)• 68
ÈüüüÈ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ù§Ù)• 72
ÈüüüÈ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l 75
xôƒyÎ˚ 5 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 82
ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ܲ#⁄ 84
ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ 84
ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l 90
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfiÌy 91
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛e 92
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ §Ω˛yÓly 94
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 ı @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 99
È üüüÈ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ܲ#⁄ 100
ÈüüüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe }î G !Ó˛õîl 101
ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌy 104
ÈüüüÈ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° !ܲÎ˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚î 106
ÈüüüÈ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï 110
xôƒyÎ˚ 7 ı ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ı ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• 116
ÈüüüÈ Ü˛Ù#≈ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl 118
È üüüÈ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏl çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î 119
ÈüüüÈ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y ◊!Ùܲ 120
ÈüüüÈ Ê˛yÙ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ~ÓÇ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl 123
ÈüüüÈ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 124
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ x§Çà!ë˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Óy !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÈ 127
ÈüüüÈ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c 130
È üüüÈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛ 132
xôƒyÎ˚ 8 ı ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 139
ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲ#⁄ 140
ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y 141
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÓfiÌy 141
ÈüüüÈ ¢!=˛ 144
ÈüüüÈ fl∫yfĩ 149
xôƒyÎ˚ 9 ı ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 162
ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §ÇK˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç§Ù)• 163
ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ xÓfiÌy 167
ÈüüüÈ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 171
ÈüüüÈ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)• 172

~ܲܲ IV ı ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ı ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆ°


Ï yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly 179-197
xôƒyÎ˚ 10 ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 181
ÈüüüÈ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# !ò¢y ı ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛î!ã˛e 182
ÈüüüÈ çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §)ã˛Ü˛ 185
È üüüÈ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛e§Ù)• 186
ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛§Ù)• 189
ÈüüüÈ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l 190

¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 198-206
~ܲܲ
UNIT
1
III

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y


å1947-90ä
~•z ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈfl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
ã˛yÓ˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ à,•#ï˛ ˛õrÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l
àë˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ à%FSÈ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§y!Ó≈ܲ §Ù#«˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à%îyÓ!° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
1

fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ°
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y


• ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°ñ 1947 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚˚ xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ xl%ߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)• §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w– Î!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl xÇ¢ˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛!° ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyÙÓ˚y ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓy !ܲv Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ •yÓ˚y•z ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ §)Î≈ xhflÏ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!˲QÓ˚ xyˆÏ°Ü˛çyu˛yÓ˚ Ó%§ñ òƒy !˲Q!Ó˚ xʉ˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ •z!u˛Î˚y •zl 1984

1.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚ y xyô% ! lܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyÑ ã ˛yÙy°
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
ÚÚ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ÛÛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ~•z Ó•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ àï˛ §yˆÏí˛¸ SÈÎ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãôyl í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ •° !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ù)° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó•z òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ 1.2
1.2 Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yˆÏly– Î!òG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσÍ
§Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆ° Ï y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ fl∫“ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l
xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyG ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÓfiÌyl §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏÓy ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#l xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°– Î!òG Ü,˛!£Ï•z
í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ–
§ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚Ó– ï˛Ó%G ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆëÏ ˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z !lò¢≈l
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚•z !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–
xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ܲv lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ •hflÏܲyÓ˚% !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ §%lyÙ
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ò%•z¢ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)!ï˛ÈüȈÓ˚¢Ù Óflfñ !¢“ñ ôyï%˛
Îál ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl !SȈϰy ~ÓÇ G Ù)°ƒÓyl ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚%!¢“ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢ˆÏ“
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˲yÓ˚ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ ܲyÑã˛yÙy° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y !SÈ° ΈÏÌT˛ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚–
15•z xyàfiê˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§l ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓŸª ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !¢“à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyG !SȈϰy
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏl o%ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù–
Óy: 1.1: ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Óflf!¢“
Ù§!°l‰ •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)!ï˛ Óflf ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧfiÌ° !SÈ° ÓyÇ°yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ì˛yܲy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y– åfl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î !SÈ° ì˛yE˛yä– ì˛yܲy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyl#– Úì˛yE˛y•z Ù§!°l‰Û
á%Ó §)- ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)!ï˛Óflf !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟª áƒy!ï˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ù§!°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ ôÓ˚l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ
Úٰٰۖ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl §ÙÎ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢# ˛õÎ≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ٰٰ ¢y•# Óy
ٰٰ áy§ Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˙ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ åٰٰ
¢y•# ‡ ٰٰ áy§ä ˛õ!Ó˚ôylˆÏÎyàƒ–

4 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ à,•#ï˛ !Ê˛”˛ˆÏ° !§Ó˚y§ñ !Ë˛ÉˆÜ˛ÉxyÓ˚É!Ë˛É Ó˚yG ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚É !§É ˆò¢y•z
xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yG !SȈϰl xlƒï˛Ù– í˛zlyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
çlƒ !SÈ° ly– x!ôܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ΈÏÌT˛ §Aàï˛ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y
§ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ Ùyl í˛zßΨ l˚ §Çܲyhs˝ !ӣψÎÏ •˚ z x!ôܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ÓÇ¢
!SȈϰl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙyˆÏô≈Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ àí˛¸ í˛zͲõyòl
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ò%•z ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ Ü˛Ù– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
§y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï y– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ¢%ôÙ% ye !ÓˆÏê˛lˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !SÈ° Ùye
ܲyÑã˛yÙy° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ ¢ï˛yÇ¢–
!l!Ù≈ï˛ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÙòy!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢•z Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰy– 1.3 Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e
flõT˛ï˛•zñ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly•z !Ó!ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy !SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï!˲!_ܲ– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚
çlƒ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏòƒyà @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 85% @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛y
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà xyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈y•
ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° !SÈ° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# ~ÓÇ x§Aàï˛– ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛y– Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢y •GÎ˚y
!Ó!¢T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲyÓ˚# òyòy˲y•z ˆlÔÓ˚ç#ñ í˛z•!z °Î˚yÙ !í˛à!Óñ §ˆÏ_¥Gñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛y

Óy: 1.2 ı !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfiÌy


Ê˛Ó˚y§# ºÙîܲyÓ˚#ñ Óy!î≈Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓ˚y ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÈüüüÈ
ÚÓyÇ°yÎ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ ò%•zÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ºÙîܲyˆÏ° §Çà,!•ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ xy!Ù Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ~•z xM˛°!ê˛ !Ù¢Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢ §Ù,Âô– ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §%!ï˛ Óflf
ˆÓ˚¢Ùñ ã˛y°ñ !ã˛!l ~ÓÇ Ùyál Ó˚Æy!l •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
x˲ƒhs˝!Ó˚î ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒG ˛õÎ≈yÆ˲yˆÏÓ àÙñ ¢yܲ§Ó!çñ
¢§ƒñ ˛õy!á åfowlsäñ •yѧ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç•yѧ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî#
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ¢%ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ SÈyà° G
ˆË˛í˛¸yÓ˚ Ó•Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚
çlƒ àAày lò#Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yçÙ•° ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù%o ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ã˛e 1.1 ı !Ó!ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§ˆÏl Ü,˛!£Ï
x§Çრáy° !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ«˛ˆÏe fli!ÓÓ˚ï˛y
Ø °«˛ƒî#Î˚ñ §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛
ˆSȈíÏ ˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ˆÎ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°
Ï y ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ–

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 5


~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly Óy xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓl!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yG °«˛ƒ ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y •…y§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓhflÏ §Çܲyhs˝ ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°y•z òyÎ˚# !SÈ°–
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ xyGï˛yô#l ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó˚yçfl∫ çÙy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y!Ó˚áà%ˆÏ°y
Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚ÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÌyܲˆÏï˛yó ï˛y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çÙy !òˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈
!ܲS%È ≤ÃÓ,!Âô °«˛ ܲÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ x!ôܲyÓ˚ •yÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛y–
myÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ë)˛!٠ӈϮyÓhflÏ ÓƒÓfiÌy•z !SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ xl%ß¨ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ñ x≤Ãï%˛° ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ á%Ó fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xM˛°§Ù)• Îy ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆÓAà° ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ò≈¢yˆÏܲ ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° ~ÓÇ
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ç!ÙòyÓ˚# ≤ÃÌy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ xï˛ˆÏ° !lÙ!Iï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
!SÈ°– ~•z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù%lyÊ˛y Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Óy!îçƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È
ç!ÙòyÓ˚Ó˚y•z ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛Ó%Gñ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° xÌ≈ܲ!Ó˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ç!ÙòyÓ˚•z Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ˛õyGÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲvñ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!ܲS%È•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
ly ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye áyçly xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ y •z !SÈ ° ç#ÓlÙyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ !SÈ°–
ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛llyñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xÌ≈ܲÓ˚#
ã˛Ó˚Ù ò%ò≈¢y ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¡ø%!ál •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚

ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆ§•z xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ˆÎà%ˆ°
Ï y ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˙ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !SÈ°⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ≤çAàï˛ í˛zˆÏՑრí˛É Ó˚yˆÏçw ≤çyò ~Ó˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ‘India Divided’.

Ø !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ܲ# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰy⁄ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãî#ï˛
~•z Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓhflÏ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# Ùï˛yÙï˛⁄

6 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ï˛– ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ܲS%È •hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ°
í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°G ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛
çlƒ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàñ Ólƒy !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ °ÓîÙ%=˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆË˛y=˛yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ !SÈ°– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ §hflÏy
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o xÇ¢ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ôÓ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÙòy!l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~•z ã˛y!•òy °y˲çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛z Í ˛õyòl ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ xÌ≈ Ü ˛Ó˚ # Ê˛§° ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ VÑ%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zl!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚yˆÏô≈ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyô%!lܲ
Ó,•Í xÇ¢ñ «%˛o ã˛y!£Ï ~ÓÇ Ë˛yà ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢“ ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ SÈí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ §¡õòñ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !ܲÇÓy í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ Î!òG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ á%Ó ô#Ó˚ !SÈ°– ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲñ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚
ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z !SÈ° ly– x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §)!ï˛Óflf ~ÓÇ ˛õyê˛Ü˛° ܲyÓ˚áyly
!lÙ≈ y ˆÏ î Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– §) ! ï˛ ÓˆÏ fl f Ó ˚
1.4 !¢“ ˆ«˛e ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛y
Å˛õ!lˆÏ Ó !¢Ü˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏ l ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙyM˛ˆÏ°•z xÓ!fiÌï˛ !SÈ°– ˆÎÙlñ
Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §%òì, ˛¸ !˲!_ fiÌy˛õl Ù•yÓ˚yT˛…ñ à%çÓ˚yê˛– xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˛õyê˛Ü˛° !¢“à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛
ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ ! l– ~Ùl!ܲ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ !ÓŸª!Óáƒyï˛ !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
•hflÏ!¢“à%ˆÏ°yG Ü˛Ù¢ xÓ°%Æ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv ~•z ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚ Ó ï˛#≈ Ü ˛yˆÏ °
§%ò#â≈ fl∫lyÙ ôlƒ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛Ùl !ÓÇ¢¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆ°Ô• ~ÓÇ •zflõyï˛ !¢ˆÏ“
ˆÜ˛yl xyô%!lܲ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1907 §yˆÏ° ê˛yê˛y ˆ°Ô•
í˛zˆÏòƒyà @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •° ly– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ~ÓÇ •zflõyï˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l åTISCOä fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ xÓ!¢“yÎ˚î l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˜mï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛!lñ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°– !§ˆÏÙrê˛ñ ܲyàç !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È !¢“ ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚
x!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°–
≤ÃÌÙ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°ñ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏl §òƒ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
xyô%!lܲ !¢“ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲyÑã˛yÙyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ܲvñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢“yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G
!lSÈܲ Ó˚Æyl#ܲyÓ˚Ü ˆò¢˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ §#ÙyÓÂô x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ù)°ôl# oÓƒ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ x˲yÓ
Ó˚yáy ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •°ñ ˙ §ÙhflÏ !¢“ˆÏ«˛eà%!°ˆÏï˛ !SÈ°– Ù)°ôl# oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !¢“ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Îsf˛õy!ï˛
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# !¢“ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆÎ Îsf˛õy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
ÓyçyÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆË˛yàƒoÓƒ
!ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏò¢#Î˚ !¢“à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ §%!Óôy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y•z !SÈ° xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy!• •hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
~•z Ó ˚ Ü ˛Ù xy!Ì≈ Ü ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ñ ˆò¢#Î˚ xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ !Óܲ“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îeï˛e fiÌy!˛õï˛ •GÎ˚y !ܲS%È

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 7


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ál xlƒylƒ xyô%!lܲ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl xyô%!lܲ !¢“ ܲyÓ˚áyly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y
ܲ#⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ V˛yí˛¸á[˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ çyوϧò˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆ°Ô• ~ÓÇ •zflõyï˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚ ӈϰy–
Ø Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Î˚!ê˛ ˆ°Ô• •zflõyï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù⁄ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ly!ܲ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%l!l≈Ù≈yî Óy §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Î!ò §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ Ùï˛ˆÏ˲ò ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢°àï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ lÎ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ˆl•z– ~§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Ü˛#⁄
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ §)!ï˛ Óflf!¢“ñ ˛õyê˛Ü˛° ~ÓÇ Óflf!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛zͲõyòl ~ܲܲ ΈÏÌT˛ !SÈ° ly– x!ôܲvñ lï%˛l Ó˚Æy!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl
!¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fiÌ)° ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆË˛yà oÓƒ åˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚¢Ùñ ï%˛°y ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏ°Ó˚
ÈüÈ~ xÓòyl !SÈ° á%Ó•z làlƒ– lï%˛l !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óflf ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ù)°ô!l oÓƒ ˆÎÙlñ •yÕÒy Îsf˛õy!ï˛ä
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y !SÈ° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ á%Ó §#!Ùï˛ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛– ÓyhflψÏÓ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ˆÏ«˛e ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ xˆÏÌ≈ !ÓˆÏê˛l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l ~ÓÇ
ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyñ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòlñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyñ Ó®Ó˚ xyÙòy!l Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !Ó˲yà#Î˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
§#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ•z §#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– ~ÓÇ
1.5 ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ !ã˛lñ !§°l å◊#°Aܲyä ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚ˆ§Ï ƒÓ˚ å•zÓy˚ lä §yˆÏÌ Óy!ܲ
≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ !ܲS%È Óy!îçƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– §%ˆÏÎ˚ç áy°
ˆò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆáy°yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xyÓ˚G ÙçÓ%ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° å1.3 Óy:!ê˛
!lÎ˚sfîÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛ñ Óy!îçƒ ¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!lÈü Ó˚Æy!l ˆòˆÏáyä
¢%ÕÒ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛
Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ §Ç!Ù◊î ~ÓÇ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !SÈ° ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §,T˛ Ó˚Æy!l
«˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛yÑã˛y ˆÓ˚¢Ùñ |Âô,_– !ܲv ~•z í˛zÂô,ˆÏ_Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
ï%˛°yñ í˛z°ñ !ã˛!lñ l#°ñ ˛õyê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚

8 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Æy!lÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈òÆÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ó•z Ú•zˆÏܲyl!Ùܲ §yˆÏË≈˛Û xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó˚Æy!lÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ §Ù)ˆÏ• ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l ~ÓÇ
xyÙòy!l ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ §yÙ°yˆÏlyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ó®Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

áyòƒoÓƒñ Óflfñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓyÓò áÓ˚ã˛à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙê˛yˆÏly
oÓƒ §yÙ!@˝Ã á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓñ •ˆÏï˛y–
~•z Ó˚Æy!l í˛zm,_ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ fl∫î≈ Óy Ó˚)˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ÓÓ˚Çñ ~•z í˛zm,_ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1.6 çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
!ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!Ê˛§ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ 1881 §yˆÏ° çlàîlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ •zLjÏÓç
˚
xlƒylƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏly •ï˛– !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ¢y§lyô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ xò,¢ƒ ˛õîƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y !SÈ°ñ

Óy: 9.3 ı §%ˆÏÎ˚çáyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy!îçƒ


Not to
Not to scale
scale §%ˆÏÎ˚ç áy° •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!eÙ ç°≤ÃÓy• Îy
Î%=˛Ó˚yçƒ ˛õyÓ˚ˆ§Ï ƒÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó%̊ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •z•y Ë)˛Ùôƒ§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xÓ!fiÌï˛– ˆ˛õyê≈˛ ˜§Î˚ò ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ°y!•ï˛ §yàˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ˛õyê≈˛ ˜§Î˚ò xÇ¢ §%ˆÎÏ ç ˚ í˛z˛õ§yàÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z áy°!ê˛ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ
Ë)˛Ùôƒ§yàÓ˚ G xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ~ÓÇ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yñ ˛õ)Ó≈ xy!Ê˛Ü˛y ~ÓÇ
§%ˆÏÎ˚ç ˲yÓ˚ï˛
ˆ°y!•ï˛ §yàÓ˚ áy°
GˆÏ§!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚y çy•yçà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
xyÓ˚Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!îçƒ ˛õÌ ˆáyˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚
§yàÓ˚
xy!Ê ˛Ü˛y xy!Ê˛Ü˛y Ù•yˆÏò¢ â%ˆÓÏ ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛y ly– ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ~ÓÇ
xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ç°˛õÌ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ù•y§yàÓ˚
Ù•y§yàÓ˚ 1869 §yˆÏ° ~•z ç°˛õÌ!ê˛ ˆáy°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î áÓ˚ã˛
!ã˛e 1.2 ı §%ˆÏÎ˚ç áy° ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ܲˆÏÙ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ xyÓ˚G §•ç°Ë˛ƒ
≤Ãôyl ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ– •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 9


ï˛Ó% ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ x§Ùï˛y ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛y•z ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ•yÓ˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°ñ ~ˆÏï˛ xyŸã˛Î≈
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆl•z– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ !¢¢% Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ Ó ï˛#≈ Ü ˛yˆÏ ° ñ ≤ÃˆÏ ï ˛ƒÜ˛ ò¢ ÓSÈ Ó ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛ õÓ˚ !SÈ° á%Ó•z !Ó˛õòçlܲ ÈüüüÈ ˙ §ÙÎ˚ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 214
çlàîlyÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1921 §yˆÏ° ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ çl !¢¢% ÙyÓ˚y ˆÎï˛ Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl •yçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40 çl–
§ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ çl§Çáƒy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚%‹Òy° !SÈ° á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù ÈüüüÈ ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y !SÈ°
!SÈ°– 1921 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Ùye 44 ÓSÈÓ˚ Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl 68 ÓSÈÓ˚– !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§Çáƒy Óy x˲yˆÏÓñ ˙ §ÙÎ˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ !ܲÓ˚)˛õ !SÈ° ï˛y
çl§Çáƒy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ° ly– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l– !ܲv Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛
¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù òy!Ó˚oƒï˛y !SÈ°– ~Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl
§yÙy!çܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yG §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Ól ò%ò≈¢y@˝ÃhflÏ
ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͧy•≤Ãò !SÈ° ly– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
hflÏÓ˚ 16 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ Ü˛Ù !SÈ°– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !SÈ° á%Ó•z làîƒñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 7 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ Ü˛Ù–
1.7 ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó≈çl#l fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà !SÈ° ly– ˆÎáyˆÏl Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ !SÈ° ï˛y á%Ó•z x˛õÎ≈yÆ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚Ó% y!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ãã˛[˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy xÌ≈yÍ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ !¢ˆÏ“
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ x§ÇრÙyl%£Ï ÙyÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÙ≈!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°–

!ã˛e 1.3 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ x!ôܲyLjϢÈÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˆl•z–

10 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yó ï˛ˆÏÓ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y
lÎ˚–
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ó˚yhflyÏ âyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
~ÓÇ xÓfiÌy Ù)°ï˛ xyô%!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆÎ ò%!Ë≈˛«˛
!SÈ° ly– ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó˚yhflÏyâyê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°
•ˆÏï˛y ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ⁄
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˜§lƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî
~§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ çÎ˚#
§•yÎ˚ ï ˛y ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ @˝ à yÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏ e í˛z Í ˛õy!òï˛
ˆ°áܲ xÙï˛≈ƒ ˆ§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•z “Poverty and
ܲyÑã˛yÙy°à%ˆ°Ï yˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈Óï˛#≈ ˆÓ˚° ˆfiê˛¢l ~ÓÇ
Famines” ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly– ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ~à%ˆÏ°y §%ò)Ó˚ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy Óy °y˲çlܲ !ÓˆÏò!¢ àhs˝Óƒfïϰ §•ˆÏç ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆÎï˛–
≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•z !ã˛e àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ó }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl!ܲ Ó£Ï≈ܲyˆÏ°G
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆ Ï Î yàƒ Ó˚ y hflÏ y Ó˚ x˲yÓ !ã˛Ó˚ Ü ˛y°•z !SÈ°–
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ◊Ù !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ !SÈ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ 70-75 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ çlàî ~áyˆÏl ܲyç ܲÓ˚ï˛– @˝ÃyÙ#î xM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ò%!Ó≈£•Ï Îsfîy
xyÓyÓ˚ñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ï˛–
å15-20ä ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ◊!Ùܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ !SÈ°– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ 1850 §yˆÏ° !Ó !ê˛¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚°ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl xyM˛!°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ !SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛ƒî#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏܲ
ï˛álܲyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ùyoyç ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™ åÓï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù xÓòyl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Yñ xrô≤ÈÏò¢ñ ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°y ~ÓÇ Ü˛î≈yê˛Ü˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ò%•z˲yˆÏÓ
§!¡ø!°ï˛ ~°yܲyäñ ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ ~ÓÇ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ °«˛ƒî#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲñ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ
!SÈ° ˆÎñ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ü˛Ù¢ ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ fiÌyˆÏl ºÙˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ܲˆÏÙ Îy!FSÈ° ~ÓÇ !¢“ ÈüüüÈ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓôylà%ˆÏ°y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰy– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ G!í˛¸¢yñ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ê˛y Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Óy!îçƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Ó˚yçfiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˛õyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
!lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– @˝ÃyÙ#î xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç˲Ó˚ï˛y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ï˛ˆÏÓ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÓˆÏí˛¸!S°È
1.8 ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
!ܲv ~Ó˚ §%Ê˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyÎ˚!l– ~˲yˆÏÓñ
Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˆÓ˚°ñ Ó®Ó˚ñ ç° Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃyÆ §yÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ í˛yܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÙ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ xy!Ì≈ܲ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ã˛y˛õy
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°y í˛zß¨ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!òGñ ~•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚!S°–
ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §í˛¸Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 11


!ã˛e 1.4 ı ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ G ÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ï%˛ñ 1854

Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §yÙ%!oܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y


x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy!îçƒ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yà%ˆÏ°y §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ Ø ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y ôyÓ˚îy ~áyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ
!SÈ° ly– ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó•%ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ΈÏÌT˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy x°y˲çlܲ !SÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî G!í˛¸¢y í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# !SÈ°– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌT˛
!lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ áy°!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õyGÎ˚ y ÎyÎ˚ – §Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ!˲!_ܲ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ˆÜ˛y£ÏyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z áy°!ê˛ áll ܲÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# !ܲ⁄
•ˆÏ°Gñ ï˛y ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛
§Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ çl ܲˆÏÓy˚ ÈüüüÈ Ú!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# Óy ˲yˆÏ°y !SÈ°Û⁄

˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l– áyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÓ˚°°y•zl ã˛y°% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z


áy°!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ=˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ù)°ï˛ xy•zl ¢,C°y
Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ òy!Ù ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Î!òG í˛yܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy çlàˆÏîÓ˚
!ã˛e 1.5 ı 1932 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ê˛yê˛y ~u˛ §l§‰ ~Ó˚ á%Ó í˛z˛õܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° !ܲv ï˛y §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x˛õÎ≈yÆ !SÈ°–
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yà ê˛yê˛y ~Î˚yÓ˚°y•z™ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓÙyl
8 lÇ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸y˛õ_l •Î˚–
§¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÓ˚G çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ –

12 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


1.9 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Îï˛!òˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫lyÙôlƒ ˆÓ˚° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙhflÏ
ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !Ó!ê˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò%•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ ≤çyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ
¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ çlÙ%á# ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y !SÈ°–
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•zñ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õܲ òy!Ó˚oï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zm,_ ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xÓfiÌy çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlÙ%á# xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°–
§, ! T˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ°– !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e G xyô% ! lܲ#ܲÓ˚ î ñ x!ï˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
å˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚îäñ §«˛Ùï˛y §,!T˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ ˜ Ï l !ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü) ˛ °ï˛y !SÈ°
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ã˛y!•òy §,,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù–

§Ç!«˛ÆÓ,!_

Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ø Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲl#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
§yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~à%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y ly–
Ø ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàî ç#Ól !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏ°G ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛
Ü˛Ù¢ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ xÓl!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓŸªáƒyï˛ •hflÏ!¢“ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~Ùl!ܲ
~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl xyô%!lܲ !¢“fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yG ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚!l–
Ø x˛õÎ≈yÆ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyñ âlâl §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yà ~ÓÇ ò%!Ë≈˛«˛ x§•yÎ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çlàîˆÏܲ !l/fl∫ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚•z Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Ù,ï˛% ƒ•yÓ˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°–
Ø ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ܲS%È ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ܲv
ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ ˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xï˛~Óñ fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 13


xl%¢#°l# /

1. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ ~•z §ÙhflÏ xy!Ì≈ܲ
l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛# !SÈ°⁄
2. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲyÓ˚# !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
3. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
4. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ §!ܲÎ˚ !ܲS%È xyô%!lܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà !Ó!ê˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y §%ã˛yÓ˚%˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓ!¢“yÎ˚l l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˜mï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#
!SÈ°⁄
6. !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•# •hflÏ!¢“ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z
Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
7. ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°⁄
8. !Ó!ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ≤ây§l myÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢“l#!ï˛Ó˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§• Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
10. çl§Çáƒy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ !lÓ˚)˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÓSÈÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
11. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ §Çáƒyï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

12. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏáy–

13. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù%რxÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

14. ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ál ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ çlàîlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄

15. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

16. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù §òÌ≈ܲ xÓòyl !SÈ° !ܲ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

14 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° /

1. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õ°kô ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z §ÙhflÏ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ ï˛y
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙylÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ‡¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈ!Ó §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ÚÚ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ç!Ùòy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ÛÛ ÈüüüÈ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ à%FSÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò §ÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe }îydܲ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#
˛õÂô!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ §yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàî ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ%=˛ !SÈ° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ%=˛⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓñ 2020 ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 15 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄

REFERENCES

BADEN-POWELL, B.H. 1892. The Land Systems of British India, Vols I, II and III.
Oxford Clarendon Press, Oxford.
BUCHANAN, D.H. 1966. Development of Capitalist Enterprise in India. Frank
Cass and Co, London.
CHANDRA, BIPAN. 1993. ‘The Colonial Legacy’ in Bimal Jalan (Ed.), The Indian
Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin Books, New Delhi.
D UTT, R.C. 1963. Economic History of India, Vols I and II. Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi.
KUMAR, D. AND MEGHNAD DESAI (Eds.). 1983. Cambridge Economic History of
India. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MILL, JAMES.1972. History of British India. Associated Publishing House,
New Delhi.
PRASAD, RAJENDRA. 1946. India Divided. Hind Kitabs, Bombay.
SEN, AMARTYA. 1999. Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Government Reports
Economic Survey (for various years). Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 15


2

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy


1950 üüüÈ 1990

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ


l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛–
l 1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
à,!•ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §%Ê˛° ~ÓÇ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° ÉÉÉÉÉ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲÓ˚yñ Îy çlàˆÏîÓ˚
ç#Ól ÎyeyÓ˚ ÙylˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£ˆÏܲ §Ù,Âôï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ çlƒ
á%ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏÓ lï%˛l §%ˆÏÎyà–
≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly

2.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õÌ xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚


15 xyàfiê˛ 1947 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ lï%˛l §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ e%!ê˛à%ˆ°Ï yˆÏܲ ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ
§Ü˛y° ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– xӈϢˆÏ£Ïñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•z¢ï˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zLjÏÓ˚ç ~Ó˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛
¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˲yàƒ àí˛¸yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ°yÙ– ˆò¢ àí˛¸yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ~ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ §ÙyçÓƒÓfiÌy à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
~°– xlƒylƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•zñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yàƒ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §¡õ!_Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sf Ü ˛
!lÂô≈yÓ˚ˆÏl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ï˛y
fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛cˆÏܲ•z !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛yñ ˆÎ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ù%!T˛ˆÏÙÎ˚Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° §ÓyÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî
§yôl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ø !ӈϟª ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#ñ
çG•Ó˚°y° ˆl•Ó%̊Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ◊¤˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ !Ù◊ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyË%˛=˛
˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏ⠈ΠôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùyçï˛sf ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!SÈ°ñ !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !SȈϰl ly– ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!£Ï áyÙyÓ˚ ºÙˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
§Ü˛° ÙyôƒÙ Óy í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÎ˚ !SÈ°– ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ SÈyeÈüÈSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yï˛!ê˛ òˆÏ°
ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ° ܲyÓ˚áyly ~ÓÇ Ê˛yÙ≈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õò•z !SÈ° ly– !l!ò≈T˛ °«˛ƒ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ºÙˆÏîÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏâ Îy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ ºÙˆÏîÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ áÓ˚ã˛ §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ
ï˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àîï˛ˆÏsf !SÈ° ly– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ÙÎ˚ܲy° !lô≈yÓ˚îñ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ §¡õò Óy í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç!ÙÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈
Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §¡õ!_ §Çܲyhs˝ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ ôÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ºÙˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ fiÌyl !lô≈yÓ˚îñ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly–
ˆ§áyˆÏl !ܲ çylˆÏÓ !ܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
ï˛y•z lÓà!ë˛ï˛ fl∫yô#l Ó˚yT˛…ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆl•Ó%̊
~álñ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
xlƒylƒ çyï˛#Î˚ ˆlï,˛c ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝y!ÓòÓ˚y ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#
°«˛ƒà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈ܲy°#l˲yˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“l#!ï˛
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e ºÙˆÏîÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
á%шÏç!SȈϰl– Ù)°ï˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
°ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§•yl%˲) !ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ •z ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 17


Óy: 2É1 ı xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚l
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ÙyçˆÏܲ•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
Ø ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ oÓƒ G ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
Ø Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ í˛zͲõyòܲ í˛zͲõyòl ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùyl!Óܲ ◊Ù Óy Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚
åˆÙ!¢lä ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!Ïê˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
Ø Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
ã˛y!•òy G ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ~•z §ÙhflÏ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛z_Ó˚ ˆáÑyçy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óyçy!Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòG Ó°y •Î˚ñ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ˆË˛yàƒ˛õîƒ G ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈•z í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ã˛y!•òy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ oÓƒˆÏܲ ˆò¢#Î˚ Óy !ÓˆÏò!¢ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ °y˲çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ Î!ò ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ày!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ Î!ò Óy•z§y•zˆÜÏ ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ Óy•z§y•zˆÜÏ ˛° í˛zͲõy!òï˛
•ˆÏÓ– Î!ò Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ◊Ù §hflÏy •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ í˛zÍ õyòˆÏl ◊Ù !l!Óí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛
ܲˆÏÙG ï˛y §ï˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚
ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe oˆÏÓƒ G ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l Ù)°ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÎ˚«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ oÓƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛ xÌ≈ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫“ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Óy§fiÌyl á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !ܲv ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚
~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z ã˛y!•òy !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÓ ly– ܲyÓ˚îñ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲÎ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ˆl•z– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyçyÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÙhflÏ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyl §,!T˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ÃôylÙsf#
ç•Ó˚ °y° ˆl•Ó˚%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ !SÈ° ly– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ˆÎ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù §Ùyç
ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §Ùyç
ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•zñ ܲ# ˛õîƒ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y çyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ï˛y•zñ ˆË˛y=˛yÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õSÈ® x˛õSÈ® ˆï˛Ùl à%Ó˚%c ˛õyÎ˚ ly– oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛_¥àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsf Ù)°ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl Óy
ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ Ó^˝ê˛l ܲáˆÏly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÎ˚«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yT˛… §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ó !ܲS%È•z ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#lñ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §¡õ!_ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ÌyˆÏܲ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ x!ôܲyÇ¢ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy•z Ù)°ï˛ !Ù◊ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy xÌ≈yÍ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ܲ!eï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•zñ !ܲ
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !Ù◊ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈•z í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y GÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÎyàyl !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ§•z§ÙhflÏ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ oÓƒ G ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòˆÏÓ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓyçyÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy !òˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ–

18 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 2.2 ı ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly !ܲ⁄
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ §¡õò Óy í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ˆ§ê˛y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï §%!l!ò≈T˛ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒG ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ӈϰ åçyï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ñ x@˝Ãî#ˆÏò¢ñ ˛õ)Óï≈ ˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ §Ç⠈̈Ïܲ•z xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆ° Ï y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°yÙä– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly l!̈Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È °«˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ
ly– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !Ó¢ ÓSȈÓÏ ˚ ܲy!Cï˛ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒà%ˆ° Ï y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ò#â≈ܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ӈϰ– ˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ° Ï y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ çlƒ !˲!_ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ ~ê˛y•z ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ §Óà%ˆ° Ï y °«˛ƒ•z §Ùyl à%Óc%̊ ˛õyˆÏÓñ ï˛y xy¢y ܲÓ˚y xÓyhflÓÏ •ˆÏÓ– ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
°«˛à%ˆ° Ï y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô#G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ í˛zßï¨ ˛ í˛zͲõyòl ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ
≤çyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà §,!T˛Ó˚ í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ~•z ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlˆÏܲ
•…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Îy ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l
ܲyç– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyܲyˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Óc%̊ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ܲS%È
Ó°y •Î˚ ly– ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚y x§Ω˛Ó ~ÓÇ x≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ å˛õ)Óï≈ ˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ §Çâ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ä–
~ê˛y•z ΈÏÌT˛ Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §%!l!ò≈T˛ à%Óc%˚ ˆòˆÏÓ ï˛y Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Óc%̊ ≤Ãòyl– Óy!ܲ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y–

x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yG ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy í˛z=˛ §Óà%ˆÏ°y °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl à%Ó%̊c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§Çܲyhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ §#!Ùï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲG í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ– åÓy: 2.2 à%Ó%̊c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ l#!ï˛
°«˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y ä 1948 §yˆÏ ° Ó˚ Ú!¢“l#!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ à, •#ï˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝§Ù)•ÛÛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !lˆÏò≈¢ydܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ly •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z
l#!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ò,!T˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– 1950 §yˆÏ°ñ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ xhs˝ï˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y
≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒà%ˆ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó%̊ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Î%à– Ü˛!Ó˚–
2.2 ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ§Ù)• !Óܲy¢ / !Óܲy¢ Óy ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õîƒ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §%flõT˛ñ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˆ§ÓyܲÙ≈ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl
°«˛ƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y •° •Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛ Ó,!Âô Óy
•° / ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Óy !Óܲy¢ñ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y í˛zͲõyòl Ù)°ôl ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y
~ÓÇ §yÙƒ ÈüÈ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎñ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §•yÎ˚ܲÙ)°Ü˛

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 19


Óy: 2.3 ı Ù•y°l!Ó¢ / ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õܲyÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó•% !Ó!¢T˛ !ã˛hs˝y!ÓòÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!¢T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl!Óò ≤âyhs˝ ã˛w Ù•°yl!ӈϢÓ˚ lyÙ á%Ó•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó°ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Îy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛y ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÓfiÌyl !SÈ°– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ Ù•y°l!ӈϢÓ˚ !ã˛hsy˲yÓlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~•z ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
fiÌy!˛õï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
1893 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ Ù•y°l!ӈϢÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™ ܲˆÏ°ç ~ÓÇ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ܲƒyÙ!Ó ç
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l !¢«˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl !ӣψÏÎ˚
xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî í˛z!l xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe áƒy!ï˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
1946 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚° ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲçl §Ë˛ƒ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
•l– Îy !SÈ° !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÙÎ≈yòy˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl– ¢%ôÙ% ye x§yôyÓ˚î
!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚•z ~•z ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ §Ë˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛–
Ù•y°l!Ó¢ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ÚÚ•z!u˛Î˚yl fiê˛ƒy!ê˛§!ê˛Ü˛ƒy° •z™!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ÛÛ
åISIä fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ÚÚ¢CÛÛ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!eܲy ã˛y°%
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Îy ~álG ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùï˛!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ~ܲ §¡øylçlܲ ÙM˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– xyçG ÚISIÛ ~ÓÇ ¢C í˛z˲ˆÏΕ˚ z §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl!Óò
~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y á%Ó•z §Ùyò,ï˛– !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲyˆÏ° Ù•y°l!Ó¢ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó•% xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ xyÙsfî çy!lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ !ï˛!l ˆÙôyÓ# Ùyl%£Ï !ã˛lˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛l– Ù•y°l!ӈϢÓ˚ xyÙ!sfï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl Ùyl%£G Ï !SȈ°
Ï lñ ÎyÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
§ÙyçÓy!ò !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ !SȈϰl– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ ¢%lˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zlyÓ˚ Ù•yl ˛õy![˛ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y•zñ Ù•y°l!Ó¢ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓl˚ – !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ !lò≈¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l !ã˛Ó˚fløÓ˚î#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓl– ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl
ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl!ÓòÓ˚y í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈl–
í˛zͧ /ÈüÈ Sukhamoy Chakraborty, ‘Mahalonobish, Prasanta Chandra’ in John
Eatwell et.al, (Eds.). The New palgrave Dictionary Economic Development, w.w.
Noton New York and London.

20 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 2É4 ı ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ Úܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lÛ §y!ôï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xq$ï˛
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §Ù@˝Ã ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl
Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ!¢òy!Ó˚c Ü˛Ù¢ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛e!ê˛
xlƒylƒ ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ GDP åˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòlä ˆï˛ ˆÓ!¢ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏᖠ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÈGDP üȈï˛
ܲ,!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢ 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°ñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ò!Ó˚o ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ܲv 1990
§y° lyàyò ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢ !SÈ° 40.59 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ åÈGDPüȈï˛äñ Îy Ü,˛!£Ï xÌÓy !¢“ˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ
!SÈ°– ~Ùlê˛y•z Ù)°ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ~•z ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– å~!ê˛ !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !ã˛•´ fl∫Ó˚)˛õÈüÈ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓä–
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ âê˛yˆÏly– xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Óy •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ lï%˛l Ó#ç
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ §)ã˛Ü˛ •° ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl Ü,˛£Ïܲ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åGDPä ܲÙyàï˛‡!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ó,!Âô– ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ §ÙhflÏ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏܲ•z
‡ÓyçyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ•z •° ˙ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ GDP– ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y GDP xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÚˆÜ˛Ü‰˛Û ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ •° ˙ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye lï%˛l
ˆÜ˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó,!Âô •GÎ˚y– Î!ò ˆÜ˛Ü‰˛!ê˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ly– ~Ó˚§yˆÏÌ §yÙy!çܲ
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆ°yܲ ï˛y ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲG ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ §ÙyˆÏç
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlàî Î!ò xyˆÏÓ˚y §Ù,Âô ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚G ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚
ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G oÓƒ ~ÓÇ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛– !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ å≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# Ù!•°yÓ˚y âˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó£%̊ ÓÏ y˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – xyô%!lܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ä– §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ÓƒyÇܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÎ˚ñ
ÈGDPüÈÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛eñ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùyç
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z á%Ó §Ù,Âô •Î˚–
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ Óy ˆ«˛eàï˛ àë˛l
xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y / ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §¡õò
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– !ܲS%È ˆòˆÏ¢ñ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ xÓòyl
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy xlƒylƒ ˆò¢§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛
ˆÓ!¢ñ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
§¡õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô å!Óܲy¢ä ~ÓÇ
xÓòyl ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– åÓy: 2.4ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆÏáyä–
xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ
xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î / oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§Óy ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl §yï˛!ê˛ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ xydÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏܲÓ˚ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 21


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
ܲä áyòƒ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
áä oÓƒˆÏܲ ˛õƒyˆÏÜ˛ê˛ çyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
àä àîÙyôƒÙ
Ø 1990-91 ~ÓÇ 2014-15 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!lçyï˛ Ù%რoÓƒà%ˆÏ°y
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ü˛ä ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
áä xydÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲ⁄
~à%ˆÏ°y !Ó£Ïò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú•zˆÏܲyl!Ùܲ §yˆÏË≈˛Û ˆòá–
§Ω˛yÓƒ oÓƒà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ xyÙòy!l ~!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– ~•z l#!ï˛!ê˛ñ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x§yÙƒï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ál xyÙÓ˚ y ˆòáÓ 1950 ÈüÈ 1990 ~Ó˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ §yï˛!ê˛ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ê˛y §•ˆÏç•z ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ çlàî §¡±!ï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆlGÎ˚y
!ÓˆÏ ò !¢ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ Ù% = ˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ ° – ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛y Ü, ˛ !£Ï ñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ
fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– x!ôܲv ~•z Óy!î烈ϫ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y xç≈ˆlÏ Ü˛ï˛ò)Ó˚ Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°–
xy¢AܲyG !SÈ° ˆÎñ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•ñ !ÓˆÏò!¢ 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛
≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò!≈ ¢Ü˛y ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à,•#ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈
§yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙcˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓˆÏò!¢ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓy–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ •hflˆÏ «Ï ˛˛õ
2.3 Ü,˛!£Ï
Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ
§yÙƒï˛y ı ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !Óܲy¢ñ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢ Óy
xyd!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÓÏ ˚ á%Ó í˛zãÑ ˛% ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §ˆÏÓy≈ ÍÜ,˛T˛ §yÙƒï˛y ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z !SÈ° ly– fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛
xyô%!lܲ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛G ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎà˚ ˆ% ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ïò!Ó˚o •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ Ê˛°l¢#°
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y ÎyˆÏï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
ôl#Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó› ly •Î˚– ï˛y•z !Óܲy¢ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î
~ÓÇ xyd!lË≈ ˛ Ó˚ ¢ #°ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏ Ì §yˆÏ Ì §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏܲ áyòƒ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùfl∫_¥ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Óy§fiÌylñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !SÈ° Ùôƒfl∫_¥ˆÏ˲yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl åÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §¡õò ç!ÙòyÓ˚ñ çy!àÓ˚òyÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!˲ߨ lyˆÏÙ çyly ÎyÎ˚ä–

22 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 2É5 ı Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ÓÇ í˛zj#˛õܲ §Ù)•
ÚÚÜ,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ç!ÙÛÛ l#!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y •°ñ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ Î!ò ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ í˛zͧy• ~ÓÇ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ܲyÓ˚îñ ç!ÙÓ˚
Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˆ˛õˆÏ° Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%lyÊ˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÜ˛Ó° ç!ÙÓ˚
Ùy!°Ü˛Ó˚y•z Ó!ô≈ï˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §%Ê˛° ˛õyˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛«˛î ≤Ãçyã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛y Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
í˛zͲõyòl ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͧy• í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏâ ܲ,£ÏܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z òyÎ˚§yÓ˚y˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!ܲÓ˚ çlƒ Ê˛° ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛çyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ï˛–
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆòáy ˆÎï˛ñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ÓyˆÏ: ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õã˛y Ê˛°G !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏFSÈ– Î!òG ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ•z
çylï˛ñ ~ܲ•z ÓyˆÏ: ˛õã˛y Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yˆÏ°y Ê˛° !òˆÏ° ˛õã˛y Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛°ˆÏܲ lT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ lyñ ï˛y•z Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ§yl •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏâ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl
ܲÓ˚ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°yܲ§yl •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy• í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏâ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!Ù SÈ° lyñ ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °y˲ Óy «˛!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z flõT˛ ܲÓ˚ï˛
ly– Ùy!°Ü˛yly fl∫ˆÏcÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z!j˛õly !SÈ° ly– ~
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ ç!Ù Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §ÇˆÏâ ˆÜ˛l Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y
áyÓ˚y˛õ !SÈ°–
í˛zͧ ı Thomas Sowell, Basic Economics : A Citizen’s Guide to the Economy,
New York : Basic Book, 2004, Second Edition–

ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ç!ÙÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ áyçly çlƒ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyG !SÈ° ï˛y •° ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §#Ùy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
xÓòyl !SÈ° ly– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫“ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l ç!ÙÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ §#Ùyly !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y– ç!ÙÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ §#Ùy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ !SÈ° !ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §yÙƒï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y–
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùôƒfl∫cˆÏ˲yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚
ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 200 °yá ã˛y!£Ï §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°–
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z Ùôƒfl∫cˆÏ˲yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ ~˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛
§yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤Ãçy ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÎ˚
çlƒ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚
Î%!=˛ !SÈ° ˆÎñ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° Ê˛ˆÏ ° Ü, ˛ !£Ï ˆ Ï « ˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ x@˝ à à!ï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏ Ó
ï˛yÓ˚y ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ùôƒfl∫cܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ!ê˛
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚G §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó˚î •Î˚!l– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xM˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ç!ÙòyÓ˚Ó˚y xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 23


ç!Ù !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ òáˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ âê˛ly •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yàã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ í˛zÍáyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ áyòƒ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ôyl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÙÓ˚ Ê˛°l
Ë)˛fl∫yÙ#Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ã˛y!£Ï !•§yˆÏÓ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó•%°yLjϢ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~Ùl!ܲñ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ò!Ó˚oï˛Ù Ü,˛!£Ï ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y !SÈ°– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
åˆÎÙl ˲yàã˛y£Ï# ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù•#l ◊!Ùܲä Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y çÓ˚%!Ó˚ !SȈϰy–
§%Ê˛° ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ç!ÙÓ˚ |ôÁ≈§#Ùy !lô≈yÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# xy•zl!ê˛G xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛
ÓyôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ë)˛fl∫yÙ#Ó˚y xyòy°ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚G
xy•zl!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xy˛õ!_ çy!lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ÎyˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢Ü˛
ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ
ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç!Ù !lÜ˛ê˛ xyd#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ l!ÌË%˛=˛ å1960 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1970ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ xy•zlˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xy•zl!ê˛ˆÏï˛G ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ÊÑ˛yܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˛õyOyÓñ xrô≤ÈÏò¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YÓ˚ Ùï˛
!SÈ° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ë)˛ÈüÈfl∫yÙ#Ó˚y !ܲS%È §Ù,Âô Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ°– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç!Ù ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏAà ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye àÙ í˛zͲõyòܲ xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛•z í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#°
Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ §Ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ܲyÓ˚îñ ~•z§ÙhflÏ Ó#ç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰy– §Ó%ç
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ å70-80 ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛Ùy!V˛ §ÙÎ˚äñ
HYV ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲
ã˛y£Ï#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ç!Ù ≤ÃòyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ÓÂô !SȈϰl–
ò%˲≈ yàƒÓ¢ï˛ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛y ~ܲ•z hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛e
!SÈ° ly ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyçG ç!ÙÓ˚ ˆçyï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ó˚ §%Ê˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛àï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó¢y° x§yÙƒï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl fl∫ÎΩ˚ ˛Ó˚ï˛y xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚
§Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó ıÈ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 75 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy Óy xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ òÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
çl§Çáƒy Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° !SÈ°– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •° ly–
í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù !SÈ° ܲyÓ˚îñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly
≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !SÈ° ly– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£Ï Ù)°ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– !ܲv ~!ê˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ñ
Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ !SÈ°– Î!ò Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ù •ï˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Î!ò Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Ó,!Âô ≤ÃyÆ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z !lˆÏçÓ˚y
§Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y•z ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓñ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
§%!Óôy ˆ˛õï˛– Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xy§ˆÏÓ ly– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Î!ò
fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛y Ù)°ï˛ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ò)Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ oÓƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓñ˚

24 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ xy@˝Ã•#
•ˆÏÓ⁄

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ í˛zͲõyòl xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ó,!Âô– ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó° ôl# Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ !SÈ°–
xÇ¢ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ӈϰ– §Ó%ç ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛yÓ˚y•z §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ôyl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛y– x!ôܲvñ ~§ÙhflÏ í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° çyˆÏï˛Ó˚
xÇ¢•z Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ï˛ åÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ¢§ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢Aܲy ˆÓ!¢
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓä– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ xlƒylƒ ˆË˛yàƒoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !SÈ°– ï˛y•z «%˛o Ü,˛£Ïܲñ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°
áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ òyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÙ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– fl∫“ xyÎ˚# ˆ◊!î ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyÜ˛ÙˆÏî §Ó≈fl∫yhs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓ¢ï˛ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ
òyÙ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ x!ôܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z §ÙhflÏ xy¢Aܲyà%ˆÏ°y ÓyhflψÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •Î˚!l– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ «%˛oã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ §%ˆÏò }î ≤Ãòyl
áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ áyòƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰy ~ÓÇ Ë˛ï≈%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ «%˛o
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓy˚ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò¢ Ó•%°yLjϢ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ «%˛oã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛yñ
§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ V%Ñ˛!ܲ Ù%=˛ !SÈ° lyñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl V%Ñ˛!ܲ ï˛y•z ܲy°Ü˛ˆÏÙ «%˛o Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,•Í
§Ω˛Óï˛ !SȈϰy ôl# ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§yÙƒï˛y Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 25


§Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó ôl# ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚•z xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓl˚ ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ˲ï≈˛% !ܲ ã˛y°% Ó˚yáy ܲyÓ˚î ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç
ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê˛§ˆÏ° á%Ó•z V%Ñ˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y•z á%Ó ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ
ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ ≤â!Ùï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ SÈyí˛¸y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó˚OyÙ ˆçyàyí˛¸
Ê˛ˆÏ° «%oã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢AܲyG •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ §%!Óôy Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ° ò!Ó˚o
~!ê˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ Î!ò §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §%Ê˛° «%˛o ~ÓÇ ôl# ã˛y£Ï#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§yÙƒï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y
ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒˆÏܲ !Ó!â¯ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ~•z §ÙhflÏ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y
ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛yñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §%Ê˛° ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ôl# ~•z Ùï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Î!ò ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ã˛y£Ï#Ó˚y•z xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– §yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚áyly ~ÓÇ Óí˛¸ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y x!ôܲ˲yˆÏÓ °y˲Óyl
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲlñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛ï≈˛% !ܲ Órô ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢%ô%Ùye Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ı Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏòÎ˚
˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
˲ï%˛≈ !ܲÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Î%!=˛ @˝Ãy•ƒï˛yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~!ê˛ §Ó≈§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎñ §ÙhflÏ Ü,˛£Ïܲñ ~˲yˆÏÓñ 1960 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ «%˛o Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l HYV ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y ΈÏÌT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âô
çlƒ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë˛ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl
!SÈ°– ˆÎˆÏܲyl lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛•z Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ ÙˆÏl fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~•z §Ê˛°ï˛y á%Ó•z àˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ !SÈ° ~•z
!lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë˛ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎñ 1990 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 65
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî Ü, ˛ !£Ï ˆ Ï « ˛ˆÏ e !lˆÏ Î ˚ y !çï˛ !SÈ°–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏl y ≤ÃÎ% ! =˛ °y˲çlܲ •ˆÏ Î ˚ í˛z ë ˛ˆÏ ° ~ÓÇ ï˛y xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ Ü˛Ù¢
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏ° ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛ï%≈˛!ܲ ˆ¢£Ï Îï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˙ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ GDP ˆï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ܲyÓ˚î ï˛ál ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ xÓòyl ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Î!òG Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §%Ê˛° ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù¢ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ 1950
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !ܲv §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ GDP
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°yG í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Ù,Âô xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ܲv Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆï˛Ùl
Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y x!ôܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ê˛y Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚!l å67.5 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ 1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 64.9 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
§yÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl Î%!=˛ ˆl•z 1990ä– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ê˛y ܲy!Cï˛ Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ °y!àˆÏÎ˚•z ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ°–
ly– ÓÓ˚Ç §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ï˛•!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó¢y° ˆÓyV˛y §,!T˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ï˛ Ó,•Í xÇ¢ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– åÓy: 2.6 ˆòˆÏáyä !SÈ°⁄ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •° ~•z ˆÎñ !¢“ G ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ

26 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 2É6 ı §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ù)°ƒ

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏáSÈñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ òyÙ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó
çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ•z •° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓƒ ò%‹±y˛õƒ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô
˛õyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z oÓƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚y òyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ §!ë˛Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝
!lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚ Î!ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï á%Ó Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
ç° ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ç° §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyàyˆÏl ç° ˆòGÎ˚y Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏÓ– Îál ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆòy£ÏyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ ܲ!Ó˚– !ܲv
ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ò%‹±y˛õƒï˛yˆÏܲ •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òyÙ Ó,!Âô Ù)°ï˛ ~Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛yˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò!≈ ¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ Ü˛Ù ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ !Óܲ“ çµy°y!lÓ˚ §rôyˆÏl í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
!ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù)°ƒ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÎyàylˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– Îál ˲ï≈%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ Óy !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ò%‹±y˛õƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ΈÏÌFSÈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!ò !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ç° !l!Óí˛¸ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ê˛°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~ÙlG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˙ §ÙhflÏ xM˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ á%Ó•z ò%‹±y˛õƒ ~ÓÇ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˙ §ÙhflÏ
ò%‹±y˛õƒ í˛zͧˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !l/fl∫ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– Î!ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%‹±y˛õƒï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ !lô≈yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˙ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ¢§ƒ•z ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï ~Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !çK˛y§y
ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£Î˚!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ !ܲly–

Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– xˆÏlܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~ê˛yˆÏܲ 1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
à,•#ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ӈϰ xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ
x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢“ !Ó!Óôï˛y Ù)°ï˛ §#ÙyÓÂô
2.4 !¢“ ~ÓÇ Ó!îçƒ !SÈ° §%!ï˛Óflf !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˛õyê˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ˙ §ÙÎ˚
xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ò!Ó˚o ò%!ê˛ §%ÓƒÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆ°Ô• ~ÓÇ •zflõyï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly !SÈ° ÈüüüÈ
ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛ál•z í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%ò,ì˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyوϧò˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚–
!¢“ ˆ«˛e ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓñ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù,!Âô ˆÏ˛õˆÏï˛
!¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– Îy •ˆÏ°ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚
xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ !˲!_ˆÏܲG !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛–

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 27


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚

Ø ~ܲò° SÈyeSÈye# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÊ˛yˆÏÙ≈ ºÙî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y GáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly §Ù#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ôÓ˚îñ §yÓ˚ñ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ !lÓ≈y!•ï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ñ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛ í˛zm,_
~ÓÇ x!ç≈ï˛ xyÎ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ烤˛ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Î!ò Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y á%Ó•z í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ–
ܲä Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
áä !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã˛% õ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yñ
Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ §yÓ˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°ñ ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚–
Ø !ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˲y[˛yÓ˚ åIMFäñ !ÓŸª Óy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌy åWTOä ~ÓÇ åG7, G8, G10
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°lä §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤Ãòyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛zߨï˛
Ó˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §yÓ˚!î xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•z !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
˛!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛e 1950–51 1990–91 2015–16
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e 72.1 66.8 47
!¢“ˆÏ«˛e 10.7 12.7 22
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e 17.2 20.5 31

Ü,˛!£Ï ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Î%!=˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ !ܲ⁄
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~•z Î%!=˛ ˆòáyl ˆÎñ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ñ
í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÎ˚ ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚Æy!l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çˆÏlƒ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ lyÙˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù⁄

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆï˛Ùl Ù%°ôl Ìyܲï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓG Ó,•Í ≤Ãܲ“ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛e ı l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Óí˛¸ ≤ß¿ !SÈ° ÈüüüÈ !¢“ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆï˛Ùl Óí˛¸ ÓyçyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl !SÈ° ly– Ù)°ï˛ ~§ÙhflÏ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy
!ܲ •GÎ˚y í˛zã˛!ï˛⁄ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚§yˆÏÌñ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ#
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !¢“ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ
Ù)°ôl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢“˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– Î!ò !¢“˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÎ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–

28 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚yT˛… !lÎ˚!sfï˛ l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛ï˛y•z xÌ≈ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸˚y xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !¢“ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ xyôyÓ˚ !SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ !SÈ° á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z °y•zˆÏ§™ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– ~Ó˚§yˆÏÌ ~•z !¢“
ˆÎñ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ !¢“ˆÏ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï y §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï SÈyí˛¸ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y–
Ó˚ y ˆÏ T ˛… Ó ˚ !lÎ˚ s f ˆ Ï î ÌyܲˆÏ Ó – ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ü˛Ó˚ §Çܲyhs˝ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ !Óò%ƒÍ
!¢“l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y– ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° xyM˛!°Ü˛
!¢“ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e•z Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– §Ùï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
1956 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢“l#!ï˛Ó˚ !§Âôyhs˝§Ù)• åIPR ~Ùl!ܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢“ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
1956ä ıÈ hflÓÏ ˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒG
°y•zˆ§Ï ˆÏ™Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl !SÈ° ålï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä–
Ó˚ y T˛… !lÎ˚ ! sf ï ˛ ˲yÓ˚ # ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚
xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛
!¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z 1956 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî x!ôܲ ly •Î˚ñ ï˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛
!¢“l#!ï˛Ó˚ !§Âôyhs˝§Ù)• à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°É ~•z !§Âôyhs˝!ê˛•z
ܲÓ˚y•z !SÈ° ~Ó˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ– í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ !˲!_ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ï˛ál•z °y•zˆÏ§™ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ Îál §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï y– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛y ˆÎñ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî oÓƒ§yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚
§Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
l#!ï˛ Óy !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà
˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙ˲yˆÏàñ ˙ §ÙhflÏ !¢“ˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢“ ı 1955 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l
•Î˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !¢“ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ÚܲyˆÏ˲≈ ܲ!Ù!ê˛GÛ Ó°y •Î˚ñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨΈ˚ lÏ Ó˚
!mï˛#Î˚ ˲yˆÏàñ ˙ §ÙhflÏ !¢“ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl çlƒ «%˛o !¢“ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÏÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eG ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §ÇK˛y Ù)°ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢“
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ lï%˛l !¢“ •zí˛z!lê˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xl%ˆÙÏ y!òï˛ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚
òy!Î˚c ~ܲÙye §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ÓyòÓy!ܲ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~•z |ôÁ≈§#ÙyG
!¢“ˆÏ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˲yˆÏà ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1950 §yˆÏ° «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢“ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆ«˛e fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈ܲyu˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ó%V˛yˆÏï˛y ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õÑyã˛ °«˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ï˛y §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚
Î!òG ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÎ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚
xl%ˆÏÙyòl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yàˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ °y•zˆÏ§™ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl !SÈ°– §Ó˚ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ~!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢“à%ˆ°
Ï y x!ôܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ °y•zˆÏ§™ ly !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l !¢“ Óy ܲyÓ˚áyly Ú◊Ù!l!Óí˛¸Û xÌ≈yÍ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ !SÈ° ly– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!ôܲ ◊!Ùܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l
˛õÓ˚y xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !¢“ fiÌy˛õˆÏl í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢ˆÏ“ x!ôܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ~•z §ÙhflÏ
~•z l#!ï˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y Ó,•Í !¢“ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 29


ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ àˆÏ í ˛¸ í˛z ˆ Ï ë ˛ˆÏ S È ˆÎñ í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ l ¢#° ˆò¢à% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ !¢“
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó,•Í !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó í˛zß¨ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z !Ó!˲ߨ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆl•z–
«%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !¢“ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏ l ܲÓ˚ y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ˆÏ Î ñ Î!ò ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“
§ÇfiÌyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤Ãòyl ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛y°Ü˛ˆÏÙ
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚yG ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛yñ ˆÎÙl fl∫“ xyÓày!Ó˚ Óy xhs˝/¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏîï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G xy¢Aܲy !SÈ° ˆÎñ Î!ò xyÙòy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
fl∫“ §%ˆÏò ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ }î ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y– !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ôÏ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ω˛Óï˛ !Ó°y§Ó•%°
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ–
2.5 Óy!îçƒl#!ï˛ ı xyÙòy!lÓ˚ !Óܲ“ xÌã˛ 1940ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó˚Æy!l
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ à,•#ï˛ !¢“l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Óy!îçƒl#!ï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒG ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyG à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly !SÈ°
á%Ó !l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ≤ÃÌÙ §yï˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ñ ly–
Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆÎÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢“ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ıÈ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ
~ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ù≈%á# Óy!îçƒ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ §yï˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ ÚxyÙòy!lÓ˚ !Óܲ“Û Ó°y ≤âǧyçlܲ §yÊ˛°ƒ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÈGDPüȈï˛
•Î˚– ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°ñ ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ xÓòyl Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° Îy 1950
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y– ˆÎÙl §yˆÏ° 11.8 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990-91 §yˆÏ° 24.5 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
ÈüÈ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ày!í˛¸ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– GDPÈüÈˆï˛ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚c Ó,!Âô
!lçfl∫˲yˆÏÓ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ày!í˛¸ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢“ ˛õyGÎ˚y •° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §)ã˛Ü˛– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
fiÌy˛õlˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ SÈÎ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !SÈ° á%Ó•z
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~ál xyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e
Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤Ãòyl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §%!ï˛ Óflf!¢“ ~ÓÇ ˛õyê˛!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô
ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ Óy!îçƒ ¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yê˛y– Óy!îçƒ ¢%ÕÒ •° ÌyܲˆÏ°y ly– ÓyhflψÏÓñ 1990 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•zñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÚܲÓ˚Û– Óy!îçƒ ¢%ÕÒ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e
Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ G•z§Ó á%Ó•z ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°– «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ xly@˝Ã•# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl Ó•% Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ÚˆÏܲyê˛yÛÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y
!òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,•Í !¢“ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)°ôl !SÈ°
•Î˚– Óy!îçƒ ¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yê˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛° ~•z ˆÎñ
lyñ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛yñ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!lܲ
ï˛y xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ §#!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ ˆò¢#Î˚
~ÓÇ xˆÏê˛yˆÏÙyÓy•z° ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
!¢“ ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏò¢# ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛ṏÏܲ §%àÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° xlƒÌyÎ˚ ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •ï˛ ly–
Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛!ê˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚

30 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚

Ø !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ GDP ˆï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•z !ã˛e àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,T˛
˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆ«˛e§Ù)• 1950-51 1990-91

Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e 59.0 34.9

!¢“ˆÏ«˛e 13.0 24.6

ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e 28.0 40.5

Ø ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ° !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôà,•#ï˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲy!Ó˚ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲò° SÈyeSÈye# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôà,•#ï˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
xlƒ ò°!ê˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ– åÎï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §Ω˛Ó SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yl ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚%l–ä

í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÓòyl §ˆÏ_¥G !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ xˆÏlܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ 90ÈüÈ~Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ !òˆÏܲG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl §ÇˆÏÎyà ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y á%Ó x!ôܲ çlƒ ~ܲçl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛y–
!SÈ° Îy ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛zm,_ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~álñ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÚÙí˛yl≈ ˆÓí˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– Îy
~ê˛y Ó•%°yLjϢ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°y ~Ùl !SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ í˛zͲõyòl §ÇfiÌy ~Ùlê˛y ÙˆÏl •Î˚
!ܲS%È ˛õîƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ˆÎl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆl•z å≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ly– 2001 §yˆÏ° ~•z §ÇfiÌy!ê˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙä– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈
ˆê˛!°ˆÏÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl– ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ܲS%È
ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ~•z !¢“ !ܲS%È !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ åÜ˛ä §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ~álG §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáy ˆ«˛e fl∫ï˛sf˲yˆÏÓ !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ñ åáä ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eG

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 31


ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õîƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e•z çyï˛#Î˚ §%Ó«˚ ˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛
Î!òG ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆ•yˆÏê˛° !¢“ !¢“˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ °y•zˆÏ§™ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óy §Ç!Ÿ’T˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ó%G §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e !lçfl∫ Ùsfîy°Î˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ú°!ÓÛ åLobbyä ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ•yˆÏê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– ˜ÏÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
~•z§ÙhflÏ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ•z !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛G §ÙyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •!FSÈ°ñ
ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ «˛!ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G ~!ê˛ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •!FSÈ°–
òÑyí˛¸yˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ§•z§ÙhflÏ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xyÙòy!lˆÏï˛ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy í˛zͲõyòܲÓ˚y Îy í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˆË˛y=˛yÓ˚y ï˛y ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ˆÏ«˛e ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Óyôƒ •ˆÏï˛y– í˛zͲõyòܲÓ˚y §ˆÏã˛ï˛l !SÈ° ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ÓÑyôyôÓ˚y åCaptiveä ÓyçyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z
xˆÏlܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !Ó˛õ%°
ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî «˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚G ܲyç
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛y ly– Îál ï˛yÓ˚y !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ oÓƒ ˆÓ!¢
ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#!Ùï˛ §¡õò ܲÙyàï˛ !l/ˆÏ¢y!£Ïï˛
òyˆÏÙ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
•ˆÏ°G §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà Órô ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z
çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚
lÎ˚ ˆÎñ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e Ù%lyÊ˛yÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ å~Ùl!ܲ
§yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏܲÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛
ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛ •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl !SȈϰy ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆ°yܲ§yˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Órô •ˆÏï˛ ã˛°!SÈ°– ï˛ál ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~•z Ùï˛Óyò Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e Ù%lyÊ˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ°yܲ§yˆÏl ã˛°y ˆÜ˛yl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ܲáˆÏly ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
ˆ°yܲ§yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyç ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ Ù%lyÊ˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ çlܲ°ƒyˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yl !¢“ ¢% Ó ˚ % ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çl#Î˚ !˲!_ˆÏ ï ˛ ܲÓ˚ y í˛z ! ã˛ï˛– §ÇÓ˚ « ˛î §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ !ܲS% È
°y•zˆÏ§™!ê˛ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˆày¤˛# x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ •° ˆÎñ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆÜ˛yl Óí˛¸ í˛zˆÏòƒyà˛õ!ï˛ lï%˛l ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòܲˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ °y•zˆ§Ï ™ !lˆÏï˛y ly– ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚y °y•zˆ§Ï ™ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ Îï˛«˛î !ÓˆÏò!¢ñ §Ù,Âô Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°y ï˛y
!lˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ lï%˛l í˛zˆÏòƒyà ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È ~•z §ÙhflÏ mˆÏ®Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ– xï˛ƒ!ôܲ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xlƒylƒ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z
ˆÓí˛¸yçy° ÌyܲyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õyÓ˚!Ùê˛ °y•zˆÏ§™ Ó˚yç Ó°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Gñ 1991 §yˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ lï%˛l xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛
•ˆÏï˛y– Îy !ܲS%È !¢“ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆÏl í˛zm%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–

32 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


2.6 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y àí˛¸yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ≤ÃÌÙ §yï˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyܲyˆÏ°ñ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ !SÈ° í˛zͧy•ÓƒOܲ– í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚ܲÙ
fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y !SÈ°
!¢“ˆÏ«˛e xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– §Ó%ç Úxhs˝Ù%á# !ò¢yÎ˚Û ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y ÙçÓ%ï˛ Ó˚Æy!l ˆ«˛e
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ï˛ áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl fl∫Î˚Ç˲Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ àë˛l ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ°yÙ– ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó !ï≈ ˛ ï˛
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° â,îƒ ç!Ùòy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈxÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ
!Ó°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓñ Ó•% §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏlܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ò«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ 1991 §yˆÏ° Úlï%˛l xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Û à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛y•z
!Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô í˛zˆÏòƒy!àܲ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– •° ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›–

§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÙyçï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ
˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ _Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ §!¡ø°l âê˛ˆÏÓ– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ù◊ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛Ø õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z §ÙhflÏ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛Ø õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ !Óܲy¢ñ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ fl∫Î˚Ç˲Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙƒï˛y–
Ø Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï y !SÈ° Ë)˛!Ù§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó– ~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï y
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
Ø Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚!l–
Ø !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe à,•#ï˛ l#!ï˛ÈüÈí˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÈGDPüÈˆï˛ ~Ó˚ å!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ä xÓòyl Ó,!Âô ˆÏ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl e%!ê˛ !SÈ° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xò«˛ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛ Ü˛Ù¢
ˆ°yܲ§yˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#!Ùï˛ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°y !l/ˆÏ¢£Ï •!FSÈ°–

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 33


xl%¢#°l#

1. ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG–


2. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°⁄
3. ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4. í˛zFã˛ Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#ç åHYVä ܲ#⁄
5. ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ܲ#⁄
6. Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ôÓ˚là%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó Ü˛#⁄ ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛l Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ú§yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Óܲy¢Û ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. !lˆÏÎ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲly Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Úfl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚yy
ˆÜ˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚⁄
11. xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ àë˛l ܲ#⁄ GDP ˆï˛ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl §Ó≈y!ôܲ •GÎ˚y !ܲ á%Ó ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚–
Ùï˛yÙï˛ òyG–
12. ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyܲyˆÏ° !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ x@˝Ãî# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÜ˛l⁄
13. §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl áyòƒ¢§ƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ó˚ Ùç%ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yy ÎyÎ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. Î!òG ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏî í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ó%G ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó¢y° ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤çˆÏAà ˲ï≈%˛!ܲÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ÓyhflÓÏ yÎ˚l §ˆÏ_G
¥ ñ 1990 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ 65 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
!SÈ° ˆÜ˛l⁄
16. !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e á%Ó ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ •ˆÏ°G xˆÏlܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ x!ôlhflÏ §ÇfiÌy !Ó˛õ%° ˆ°yܲ§yˆÏl
ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ âê˛yˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ≤çˆÏAà §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲy!Ó˚ï˛yà%ˆ°
Ï y
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

34 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


17. xyÙòy!l ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ll#!ï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
18. 1955 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢“l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ åIPR 1956äñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
19. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflÏΩ˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙ°yG

1. ≤ÃôylÙsf# Ü˛ä ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó#ç x!ôܲ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ˛í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚


2. fiÌ)° ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl áä ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî oÓƒ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
3. ˆÜ˛Ôê˛y àä ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l
4. Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ âä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓSȈÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ §ÙhflÏ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ Ù)°ƒ–
5. HYV Ó#ç .ä Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
6. ˲ï≈%˛!ܲ ã˛ä í˛zͲõyòl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãò_ xy!Ì≈ܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y

REFERENCES

BHAGWATI, J. 1993. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford University Press,
Delhi.
D ANDEKAR , V.M. 2004. Forty Years After Independence, in Bimal Jalan, (Ed.). The
Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.
JOSHI , VIJAY. and I.M.D. L ITTLE. 1996. India’s Economic Reforms 1991-2001. Oxford
University Press, Delhi.
M OHAN, RAKESH. 2004. Industrial Policy and Controls, in Bimal Jalan (Ed.). The Indian
Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.
R AO , C.H. HANUMANTHA. 2004. Agriculture: Policy and Performance, in Bimal Jalan,
(Ed.). The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy 1950-1990 35


~ܲܲ
UNIT
II2
III

xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
1991 ˆÌˆÏܲ
ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°#
!¢“!˲!_ àí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl fl∫yÓ°!¡∫ï˛y
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ ç#!Óܲy
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– 1991 §yˆÏ°
ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zmÈ_, ç!lï˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
3

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î
~ÓÇ
!ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ

• 1991 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛

• §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛

• !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ

• !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ


Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l•z §Ó lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ç!í˛!˛õ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ Ùy˛õܲ lÎ˚–
ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ lyÓ˚yÎ˚îl

3.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
l#!ï˛Ùy°y ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lÎ˚y l#!ï˛Ùy°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ à!ï˛Ù%ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏl– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !Ù◊ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy xyÙÓ˚y §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– G•z ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ G ÓƒÓfiÌy§Ù) • ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ l #!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §%Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÓƒÓfiÌy§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
§Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲS%È !ÓmyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z !Ù◊
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §%ÓyˆÏò Ó•% ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ôÈüÈ!lÎ˚Ù fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ 3.2 ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù
~ÓÇ Î!òG G•z §Ü˛° !Ó!ô G !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧ !SÈ° 1980üÈÓ˚
!SÈ° xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y !ܲv ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,!Âô ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ xò«˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly– ~ê˛y
G í˛zßΨ l˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Óƒ•ï˛ •!FSÈ°– xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ xLjϢÓ˚ !ÓmylˆÏòÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚
Ó=˛Óƒ •°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓrôƒyÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ây§l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ
Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âôñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õîƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛…yÎ˚_ ˆ«˛e
í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# Ó•%Ùá% # !¢“ˆÏ«˛eÓ˚ í˛zqÓ G Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly§• lyly!Óô ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õò xyˆÏÓ˚y•î
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤çyÓ˚î ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Îál xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ï˛ál
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆçyàyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒyÇܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛– Ùyl%£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ
1991 §yˆÏ° !ÓˆÏò !¢ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ï˛ }î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° çyï˛#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l ly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyÙòy!l ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!ç≈ï˛
!ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y }î ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ° ly– ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° í˛°yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆yˆÏ°Ó˚ òyÙ ˆÙê˛y•z– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛
G xlƒylƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙ@˝Ã# xyÙòy!lÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl Ó˚yçˆÏfl∫Ó˚ x!ï˛ !l¡¨ xÓfiÌy §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÓܲy!Ó˚
!ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy §M˛Î˚ ÈüüüÈ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ òy!Ó˚oï˛y G çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ã˛ƒyˆÏ°Oà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õ«˛ ã˛°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy §M˛Î˚ !SÈ° ly– !lï˛ƒ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yçˆÏfl∫Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ |zôÁ≈Ù%á# òyÙ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï%˛ˆÏ°– §Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ó˚yçfl∫ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ly–

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 39


§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͧ§Ù)• ˆÎÙl ܲÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy °â% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó˚yçfl∫ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Îál G xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy!îçƒ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ §yÙy!çܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛zòyÓ˚ G Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚y– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲ G
ˆ«˛e G ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy¢% Ê˛° °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly xy•z ~Ù ~ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ lÎ˚y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
SÈyí˛¸y•z ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál Óy!ܲ Ó˚yçfl∫ xï˛ƒhs˝ l#!ï˛ Óy ~l •z !˛õ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~l •z !˛õ Ó•%ôy !Óhfl,Ïï˛
ò«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl ÓƒÎ˚ ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛– ~l •z !˛õÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ
çlƒ Ó˚yT˛…yÎ˚_ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÎ˚G ΈÏÌT˛ !SÈ° ly– !SÈ° xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ §,!T˛
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢ G xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ§y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ G Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ }î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy !lÎ˚sfî ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ò%•z
ˆË˛yàÓƒÎ˚ ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ï˛– °yàyÙSÈyí˛¸y áÓ˚ã˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y xylÎ˚lܲyÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy
!lÎ˚sfˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y !SÈ° ly– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy– !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y
xyÙòy!l áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚Æy!l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ xylÎ˚lܲyÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚y!ò ÓƒÓfiÌy Îy Ù)°ï˛
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l– ˆ°lˆÏ ò l í˛z m , _ ç!lï˛ ò% Ó ≈ ° ï˛y ò) Ó ˚ ܲÓ˚ y ~ÓÇ
xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Ó˚yçfl∫ Ù%oyfl≥˛#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y– §•ç ܲÌyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ~ï˛ê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ }î ܲˆÏÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏly ˛õÎ≈yÆ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy §M˛Î˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl
x§Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xˆÏlܲ !lï˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ Ù)°ƒÓ,!ÂôˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xyly– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛
òyÙ x§Ω˛Ó ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– xyÙòy!l í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚y!ò ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ
~ÓÇ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ §yÙO§ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
•zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
~ï˛ê˛y•z ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ò%•z §ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙòy!l áÓ˚ã˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlÙl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyG ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ }îòyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
§%ò ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛Ë˛yˆÏà ˛õˆÏí˛¸ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ
!SÈ° ly ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆò¢ xÌÓy !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î G !ÓŸªyÎ˚l–
}î òyï˛y §ÇfiÌy ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ }î !òˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ !SÈ° ly–
3.3 í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î
˲yÓ˚ï˛ xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l G í˛zߨÎ˚l ÓƒyÇܲ ÎyˆÏܲ
!ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲ ӈϰ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ •≈ z í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛ÙˆÏܲ
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ Óy xy•z ~Ù ~ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §,T˛ xy•zl G !Ó!ô!lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô
}ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ myÓ˚fiÌ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ çlƒ G í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
§yï˛ !Ó!°Î˚l í˛°yÓ˚ }î ˛õyÎ˚– G•z }î @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~•z !lÎ˚eîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚
G•z§Ó xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛e Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏá ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî !¢!Ì° ܲˆÏÓ˚ çlƒ– Î!òG 1980Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓfiÌy

40 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ˆÎÙl !¢“ °y•zˆ§Ï ™ñ xyÙòy!lÈüÈÓÆ ˚ y!lñ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı
xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛ñ !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆlÎ˚y xy!Ì≈ Ü ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e §Ó˚ Ü ˛yˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ xhs˝ Ë % ≈ ˛ =˛ !SÈ °
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° !ܲv 1991~ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓfiÌyà%ˆ° Ï y Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲñ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ÓƒyÇܲñ fiê˛Ü˛ ~ܲˆÏã˛O G
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §Ó≈ydܲ !SÈ°– xyÙÓ˚y ~ál xôƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚Ó !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ
!ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆ«˛e ˆÎÙl !¢“ˆÏ«˛eñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛eñ ÓƒyÇܲ !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyÇܲ xÓ •z!u˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛–
ܲÓ˚§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy ÓyçyÓ˚ñ Óy!îçƒ G !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ÓƒyÇܲ
ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y 1991 G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c G xlƒylƒ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó!ô G !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛– ÓƒyÇܲ ܲï˛ê˛y xÌ≈
!¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ó!lÎ˚sfî ı Ó˚yáˆÏÓñ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
˲yÓÏ̊ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe }î≤Ãòyl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÇܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó˚çyË≈˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ˆÎÙl iä !¢“ °y•zˆ§Ï ™ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ÓƒyÇܲ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xyÙ°yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ í˛zòƒyà˛õ!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù °«˛ƒ •° !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
í˛zˆÏòƒyà fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ í˛zˆÏòƒyà Órô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xÌÓy !lÎ˚sfܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈
ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õîƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xl%Ù!ï˛ •° !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ SÈyí˛¸y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
!lˆÏï˛ •ï˛– iiä xˆÏlܲ !¢ˆÏ“•z ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl
≤ÈÓÏ ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– iiiä !ܲS%È ˛õîƒ ¢%ô%Ùye «%˛o !¢ˆÏ“•z ܲÓ˚y– §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢#Ó˚y
í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛– ivä Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y ≤Ãy•zˆÏË˛ê˛ ˆ§QÓ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÓƒyLjÏܲ
!¢“ §yÙ@˝Ã# !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zôÁ≈§#Ùy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ §Ü˛° ÓƒyÇܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ¢ï≈˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î
1991 G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y •zFSÈy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ !Ó xy•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~•z§Ó !lÎ˚sfî §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!ï˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ•z lï%˛l ¢yáy ˆáy°yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ–
xƒy°ˆÏ Ü ˛y•°ñ !§àyˆÏ Ó ˚ ê ˛ñ !Ó˛õIlܲ Ó˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲñ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çˆÏ l ~•z ÓƒyÇܲà% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ !ÓÓ˚ y çÙyl
!¢“çyï˛ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ܲñ !Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚OyÙñ Ù•yܲy¢ G G£Ï%ô ¢yáyÈüÈxhs˝çy°ˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§Aàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
~à% ˆ Ï ° y SÈ y í˛¸ y ÓyòÓy!ܲ ˛õyÙ@˝ à #Ó˚ çlƒ !¢“ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Î!òG ÓƒyÇܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆò¢ G !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
°y•zˆÏ§!™Ç ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y •°– Ó˚yT˛…yÎ˚_ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ §¡õò §, ç ˆÏ l Ó˚ xl% Ù !ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚ y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ï˛Ìy!˛õ
ˆÎ§Ó !¢“§Ù)•ˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáy •° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°làï˛ !ܲS%È !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ï˛òyÓ˚!ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y §Ó˚OyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ñ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ !Óò%ƒÍ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ àܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
í˛zͲõyòl G ˆÓ˚° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î– «%˛o !¢“ ˆ«˛emyÓ˚y åFIIä ˆÎÙlñ ÙyˆÏã≈˛rê˛ ÓƒyÇܲyÓ˚§ñ !Ùí˛zã%˛Î˚y° Ê˛yu˛§ ~ÓÇ
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ó•% §yÙ@˝Ã# x§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •°– xˆÏlܲ ˆ˛õl¢l Ê˛yu˛§ˆÏ Ü ˛ ~ál ˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ Ü ˛
!¢ˆÏ“ òyÙ !lô≈yÓ˚î ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 41


ܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ê˛yÑ!ܲ ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y£ÏyàyˆÏÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ Ó˚yçfl∫ çÙy •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ú~ܲçy!ï˛ñ
~ܲ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ ÓyçyÓ˚Û §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• •° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oy !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı
!Ê˛§Ü˛ƒy° ˛õ!°!§ Óy Ó˚yçˆÏܲy£Ïl#!ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ܲÓ˚ ò%•z ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ñ ÎÌy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚– 1991 §yˆÏ° í˛zm%ï˛
xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%lyÊ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zmˆ, _Ï Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oy xˆÏAܲ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
xyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ÙyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy• Ó,!Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚ ÊÑ˛y!ܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Óyí˛¸!SÈ° ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyçyÓ˚
ӈϰ•z xyÎ˚ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ܲÙyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z ~Ùl
~ê˛y ~ál Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆÎñ xyÎ˚ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ •yÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ •yÓ˚ §M˛ˆÏ Î ˚ í˛z Í §y• ˆÎyàyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫ ï ˛/ Ó˚˛) õ#Î˚ Ù%°ƒä ÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã˛y!•òy G ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ âyï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏîy!òï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ùôƒ!òˆÏÎ˚ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Îy §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ •ï˛ ly–
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ Ù%lyÊ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óy!îçƒ G !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı
xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ä •yÓ˚G á%Ó x!ôܲ !SÈ°– ~•z •yÓ˚G Óy!îçƒ G !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyly •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eG ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xyly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õîƒ G oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y˛õ)î≈ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
§yôyÓ˚î çyï˛#Î˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xÌ≈ l #!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ˜ÓˆÏ ò !¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏ Î ˚ y à G ≤ÃÎ% ! =˛Ó˚
ˆ≤Ãyͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ xl%≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y x!˲Ù%á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
•° ܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚î– Ü˛Ó˚ òyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ !SÈ°– ˆ§ê˛y •° fiÌyl#Î˚ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y ÎyˆÏï˛ xyô%!lܲ
xˆÏlܲ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛ §Ó˚° ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õÌ xÓ°¡∫l
ܲÙyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •zòyl#ÇܲyˆÏ° §Ç§ò ~ܲê˛y xy•zl ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ï˛!òl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xy•zl!ê˛ •° Goods and Services Tax ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !lÎ˚sfî ÓƒÓfiÌy ã˛y°% !SÈ°–
Act. 2016 å˛õîƒ oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ xy•zl 2016ä– xyÙòy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
2017 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ç%°y•z ÙyˆÏ§ ~•z xy•zl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚– xyÙòy!l ¢%ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ •yÓ˚G á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z
~•z xy•zl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §Ó˚°#Ü,˛ï˛ l#!ï˛à% ˆ Ï ° y í˛z Í ˛õyòl ˆ«˛ˆÏ e ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z ܲÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ã˛y°% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yÓly ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢ˆÏ“ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ܲÓ˚ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z Ÿ’Ì Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Óy!îçƒl#!ï˛ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °«˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !SÈ°

42 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ä xyÙòy!l ~ÓÇ Ó˚Æy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ SÈyí˛¸y §Ó çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ӈϰy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~!≤ðñ
Óyôyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ •yï˛ ê˛ylyñ áä ¢%ÕÒ •yÓ˚ ܲÙyˆÏly ~ÓÇ àä 2001 ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£Ïç í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏ˲yàƒ oÓƒ
xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe °y•zˆÏ§!™Ç ≤ÃÌy xÓ°%Æ Ü˛Ó˚y– !ã˛Ó˚ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ°%Æ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
oÓƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚Æy!l ¢%ÕÒ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe °y•zˆÏ§™ ≤Ãòyl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!Ó˛õòçlܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° !¢“à%ˆÏ°y

ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø Ó˚yT˛…yÎ˚_ ÓƒyÇܲñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒyÇܲñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ÓƒyÇܲñ FII ~ÓÇ !Ùí˛zã%˛Î˚y° Ê˛yu˛ ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyLjÏÜ˛È ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%ˆÏ°y
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ ܲÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲÓ˚ ly ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ ӈϰy ı !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ñ xhs˝/¢%ÕÒñ §¡õ!_ ܲÓ˚ñ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ñ ˲ƒyê˛
åVATäñ xyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚
Ø çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ܲÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çyˆÏly xyˆÏà ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆò¢ Ó˚)˛õy G ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ï˛•!Ó° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ }î
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢ Ú˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚Û Ü˛# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàçñ Ùƒyày!çl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛
Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ !lˆÏ¡¨Ó!î≈ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù%oyÓ˚ lyÙ ~ÓÇ Ó˚)!˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚
•yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ
ˆò¢ Ù%oy ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ 1 •zí˛z!lê˛ !ÓˆÏò¢# Ù%oyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ
Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…
Î%=˛Ó˚yçƒ
çy˛õyl
!ã˛l
ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Îy˚
!§Aày˛õ%Ó˚
çyÙ≈y!l

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 43


3.4 ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y–
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î
Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï y Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ Îál !˛õ ~§ •zÈüÈÓ˚ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ !Ó!ܲ
Ùy!°Ü˛yly Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ òyÎ˚˲yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •yï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚î Óy !ÓÈüÈ!Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à
à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° Ó°y •Î˚– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !ÓÈüÈ!Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à xy!Ì≈ܲ ¢,C°yˆÏܲ
ˆòÎ˚– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xÑyˆÏê˛y§yˆÏê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓàÓyl
§ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ò%•z˲yˆÏà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y xy¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ °!@¿
iä §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ÓÇ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyàï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏly Óy iiä §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ–
Óy: 3.1 ı lÓÓ˚b ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ l#!ï˛§Ù)•
ï%˛!Ù ˜¢¢ÓܲyˆÏ° !lŸã˛Î˚•z §¡Àyê˛ !ÓܲÙy!òï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚yç òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lÓÓ˚bˆÏòÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲ°yñ §y!•ï˛ƒ
~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àîƒÙylƒ Óƒ!=˛c !SȈϰl– !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy
åPSUsäà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ܲS%È PSE-ˆÜ˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù•yÓ˚bñ lÓÓ˚b ~ÓÇ !Ù!lÓ˚b !•§yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ù%lyÊ˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyàï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yàï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– °y˲çlܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lñ xy!Ì≈ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly §Çܲyhs˝ «˛Ùï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ù!lÓ˚b Ó°y •ï˛–
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î !l¡¨Ó˛)˚ õ ı
iä Ù•yÓ˚b ı a) Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC), b) Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), iiä
lÓÓ˚b ı (a) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited , (b) Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) ; iiiä
!Ù!lÓ˚b ı (a) Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL); (b) Airport Authority of India (AAI) ~ÓÇ (c)
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited.
xˆÏlܲ °y˲çlܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy åPSEsä fiÌy˛õl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ 1950 ~ÓÇ 1960 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
Îál §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ !SÈ° xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏlyñ ÎyˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zFã˛ à%îÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙ@˝Ã# lyÙÙye òyˆÏÙ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ü˛° xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ òyÎ˚ÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
~•z ˛õòÙÎ≈yòyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó°@¿#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ •yÑê˛ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õò Óy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !ÓŸªÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
xAàˆÏl xyÓ˚G ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

44 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø !ܲS%È !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ê˛y •° ܲyˆÏÎ˚!Ù fl∫yˆÏÌ≈
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §¡õ!_Ó˚ !lç≈°y !Ó!ܲ Ùye– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
Ø áÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyàç ˆÌˆÏܲ 10-15!ê˛ áÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õyfiê˛yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ÈüüüÈ ˆÎ áÓÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï y lÓÓ˚b
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î–≈ ~•z §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl ~ÓÇ
°ˆÏàyà%ˆ° Ï y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆly!ê˛¢ ˆÓyˆÏí˛≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ÑˆêÏ ˛ òyG ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y «˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ù%á ˆòáˆÏSÈ ~Ùl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ¢%ô% ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
Ø Ó˚%@¿ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ ÓÓ˚yj §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓyˆÏçê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z
í˛z!=˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛yG xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ!° myÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# âê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ– !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
§Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ! SÈ ° ˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ ˆ§QÓ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ §#Ùy•#l ˛õ,!ÌÓ# §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyu˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛!Ü˛Ç Óy !˛õ ~§ •zí˛zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly §Çܲyhs˝ xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Ç ı
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ fl∫yÎ˚_¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âˆÏê˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ܲS%È !˛õ ~§ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
•zí˛zˆÏܲ Ù•yÓ˚bñ lÓÓ˚bÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛– xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– åÓy: 3.1 ˆòˆÏáyä ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z
3.5 !ÓŸªyÎ˚l
Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆò¢à%ˆ°Ï y ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ܲv xyˆÏà ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚•z §¡õy!òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏï˛y åˆÎÙl xy•z!l ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ñ
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ !ÓŸª xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ !ÓK˛y˛õlñ §%Ó˚«˛y ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
§yˆÏÌ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÕÏ !‘ áï˛ !Ó˲yàà%ˆ°Ï y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏܲ
ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– xy§ˆÏ° !ÓŸªyÎ˚l •° ~ܲy!ôܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y ˆò¢#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•zä–
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ àç!lï˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°– Ó,•_Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Ç ~Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ xˆÏlܲ
G §ÇÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ à,•#ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#Óï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˆÜ˛l ƒly ~!ê˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
~ܲà%FSÈ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° •ˆÏFSÈ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ–
§yÙy!çܲ G ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ §#Ùyly x!ï˛Ü˛ÙܲyÓ˚# xhs˝ç≈y° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl fl∫Ó˚ åvoiceä !˲!_ܲ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛y §,!T˛ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛– !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y åBPO Óy call centre !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó•%° ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛äñ
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ӈϟªÓ˚ Ó•%Ùy•z° l!ÌË%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚î–

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 45


Óy: 3.2 ı !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ˛õò!ã˛•´ú
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yáy≤âyáy xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ
ˆòˆÏ¢ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôà,•#ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# §ÇfiÌy ONGC Videshñ ˆï˛° G
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ àƒy§ !làÙ åONGCä ÈüÈ ˆï˛° G àƒy§ xl%§rôyl G í˛zͲõyòˆÏl 16!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1907 §yˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy ê˛yê˛y !fiê˛°ñ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈ 10!ê˛ ˆ°Ô•ÈüÈ•zflõyï˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù ÎyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ 26!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ 50!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õyÙ@˝Ã# !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 50,000
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢#£Ï≈ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ xy•z !ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ HCL ˆê˛Ü˛ˆÏly°!çˆÏòÓ˚ 31!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ x!Ê˛§
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15000 çl ܲÙ#≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛yÉ ˆÓ˚!U˛Ó˚ °ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ Å£Ïô ≤Û!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õîƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l !SÈ°ñ xyç ~Ó˚ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛w G
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÜ˛w Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zͧ ı www.rediff.com ˆÌˆÏܲ 14.10.2014 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ˆlGÎ˚y–

!•§yÓ Ó˚«˛îñ ÓƒyÇ!ܲÇñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ §Çà#ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚


ˆÓ˚ܲ!í≈˛Çñ !Ê˛Õ√ ~!í˛!ê˛Çñ Ó•z ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õܲÓ˚îñ !Üœ˛!lܲƒy° xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫“ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ Óy ~Ùl!ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòylG í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lË%≈˛°ï˛yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚§Aàï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y§≈ •ˆÏFSÈ– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !l¡¨Ùç%!Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §%ò«˛ ˆ°yÜ˛ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛y
§yˆÏÌ xyô%!lܲ ˆê˛!°Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lˆÏܲ¢l §ÇˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˆê˛:ê˛ñ ˲ˆÏÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ !˲ç%ƒÎ˚y° ~•z §ÙhflÏ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àhs˝ÓƒfiÌ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!í˛!çê˛y°Ü,˛ï˛ ˆí˛ê˛yà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ Ù•yˆÏò¢ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚
§#Ùylyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌy åWTOä ı
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y WTO!ê˛ 1995 §yˆÏ° ¢%ÕÒ G Óy!îçƒ !lˆÏÎ˚
§yôyÓ˚î ã%˛!=˛ åàƒyê˛äÈüÈÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚#
§ÇfiÌy !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– àƒyê˛
1948 §yˆÏ° 25 !ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
!ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌy !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˆò¢ˆÏܲ
§Ùyl §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
•Î˚– WTO ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ¢y§l ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆò¢•z ÓƒÓ§y
Óy!îˆÏçƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •zˆFÏ SÈÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ôÏ
!ã˛e 3.1 ı xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç ı ÓˆÏí˛¸y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà

46 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø xˆÏlܲ !Ó¢£ÏK˛Ó˚y Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l •° ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •%Ù!ܲ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlˆÏܲ Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰl ˆÎñ ~ê˛y å!ÓŸªyÎ˚lä •° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ §%ˆÏÎyà
Îy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~ÓÇ x!ô@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zß√%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ åBPO ä ˆ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏl ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîG í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ò!lܲ §ÇÓyò˛õe ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zm,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ
l#ˆÏã˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸y–
ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ 7ê˛y ÓyçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lê˛ xyˆÏà @˝Ã#‹øy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ•í˛ˆÏ§ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ӈϧ
ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°!SÈ° Ú•ƒyˆÏ°y í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°yÛ– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ ≤Ãï%˛ƒ_Ó˚ ˆ˛õ° Ú•ƒyˆÏ°yñ @˝Ã#‹øyÛ– ï˛yÓ˚y
ò%•zçl á%Ó í˛zÍÊ%˛Õ‘˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ @˝Ã#fløy Ó°° ˆÎ ÚxyçˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y §Ó≈lyÙ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ÓÛ– ~•z
ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl xyŸã˛Î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl !ܲS%È !SÈ° ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ 22 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ @˝Ã#‹øy !SÈ° ˆÜ˛y!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ 13 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈
í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°y ܲƒy!°ˆÏÊ˛y!l≈Î˚yˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ùy!°Ó%ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ!SÈ°– •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ü,˛!eÙ §yòyˆÏÓyí≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã#fløyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ï˛!l !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ïƒñ !ӈϢ£Ïî ~ÓÇ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚!SȈϰl– @˝Ã#fløy Ùy°Î˚y°Ù ˲y£Ïy Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ÓˆÏí˛¸y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ál !ï˛!l í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°yˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ÓƒyܲÓ˚îñ ܲ!¡±ˆÏ•l§l ~ÓÇ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆ¢áy!SȈϰl–ÛÛ
ü ~ê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ í˛ƒy!lˆÏÎ˚°y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z !¢«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ° ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˆ§ ˲yÓ˚ï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!çÓ˚ !¢«˛y@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy •zLjÏÓ˚!ç lÎ˚⁄
ü ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓŸªÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z ܲÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄
Ø Ü˛° ˆ§rê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ !ܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°⁄ ܲ°ˆÏ§rê˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xyÎ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ò«˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
Ø §hflÏy ◊!Ùܲ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Î!ò Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° §ÙhflÏ §ò§ƒ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó,•_Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óy!îçƒ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yñ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§Ù@˝Ã §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛¤˛ï˛Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ò§ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒï˛y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y– !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ §%¤˛% !ÓŸª!Ó!ô àë˛lñ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ~ÓÇ §%Ó«˚ ˛y ≤Ãòyl
ã%˛!=˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õîƒ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyàï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° !ӈϟªÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆlÏ §Ó≈òy §yÙˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛eˆÏܲG xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ¢%ÕÒ ~Ùl!ܲ §y!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ôÏ
¢%ÕÒ!Ó•#l Óyôyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ¢%ÕÒ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •…y§ â!ê˛ˆÏÎñ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓŸªÓy!îçƒ
!m˛õy!«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó•%˛õy!«˛Ü˛ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy!îçƒ í˛zòy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 47


§yÓ˚!î 3.1
!ç !í˛ !˛õÛÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôyl ˆ«˛e§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô å%ä
ˆ«˛e 1980-91 1992-2001 2002-07 2007-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Ü,˛!£Ï 3.6 3.3 2.3 3.2 1.5 4.2 – 0.2
!¢“ 7.1 6.5 9.4 7.4 3.6 5 5.9
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓy 6.7 8.2 7.8 10 8.1 7.8 10.3
5.6 6.4 7.8 8.2 5.6 6.6 7.2
ˆÙyê˛
í˛zͧ ı xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛y 2016-17ñ xÌ≈òÆÓ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
xAà#ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ùl !SÈ°–
!ܲS%È !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ !ÓŸª Óy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈¢yˆÏflf ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ åGDPä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
§ò§ƒ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §%Ê˛° ≤Ãy!Æ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– å§yÓ˚!î 3.1
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏáyä– 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ò%•z ò¢Ü˛ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ӈϰˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˆÎáyˆÏl í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ ܲÙyàï˛ o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆòˆÏ¢ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ Ë˛ï%≈˛!ܲ ˆòGÎ˚yÎ˚ 1980-91 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 2007-12 §yˆÏ° GDP ~Ó˚ Ó,!Âô
x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl 5.6 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 8.2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
í˛zß√%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Gë˛ylyÙy
ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸
ÎyÎ˚– ~ê˛y ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓy
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ•z §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 2012-15 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ xÓlÙl ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl 2013-
14 §yˆÏ° Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ l!ÌË%˛=˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ÓSȈÏÓ˚•z Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe 2014-15
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !SÈ° 10.3 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
!ã˛e 3.2 ı ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !¢“ •° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Îy ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Óy≈!ôܲ– 2012-13 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝
≤Ãôyl xÓòylܲyÓ˚#– !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ o%ï˛ •…y§ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
3.6 §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÙyàï˛ Ó,!Âô °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ–
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛zl‰Ù%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ¢%Ó%˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòí˛¸ ò¢Ü˛ §ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ o%ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ܲ lçˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá !l•z §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛

48 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà åFDIä ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylàï˛ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà åFIIä xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y 1990-91 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ
$100 !Ù!°Î˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 2014-15 §yˆÏ° $73.5 §ÙyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌylñ Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ñ
!Ó!°Î˚l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ 1990-91 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 2014- ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ !Ê˛§Ü˛ƒy° ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚
15 §yˆÏ° !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚˲y[˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ $6 !Ó!°Î˚l ÙˆÏï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ≤ÃyÎ˚ $321 !Ó!°Î˚l òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §¡ø%á#l •!FSÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•_Ù !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲ– xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚!l–
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ê˛° Ó˚Æy!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆò¢ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl ı
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛lly ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ ÎsfyÇ¢ñ ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ ˛õîƒñ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ Î!òG §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ GDP Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚
§Ê˛ê˛‰GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óflf Ó˚Æy!l ܲÓ˚ï˛– oÓƒÙ)°ƒ Ó,!Âô ˆÜ˛w ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲv !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !lŸã˛•z Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e§• !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲ï%≈˛!ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ü,˛!£Ïç !¢“ˆÏܲ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ §¡ø%á#l ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲ï%≈˛!ܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Óñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛zÂô,!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!ã˛lyÓyòyÙ xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ï˛°Ó#ç ¢§ƒ– Ù•yˆÏòÓl xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlhs˝˛õ%Ó˚ ˆç°yÓ˚ ~ܲçl ã˛y!£Ïñ
!Î!l 1500 ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ã˛lyÓyòyˆÏÙÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyôy ~ܲÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° xÌ≈yÍ åÓ#ç §yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òä ◊Ùñ Ó°ò ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛– ˆòáy ˆà°ñ Ù•yˆÏòÓl
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ò%•z Ü%˛•zrê˛y° !ã˛lyÓyòyÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛y 1000 ê˛yܲy Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ù•yˆÏòÓl
1500 ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ 2000 ê˛yܲy °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xlhs˝˛õ%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ áÓ˚y≤ÃÓî xM˛° !ܲv xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°
~áyˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ãܲ“ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ál xlhs˝˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛lyÓyòyÙ ¢§ƒ
í˛zͲõyòl §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%!ál •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÜ˛l ly Ê˛§° ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy!ÆÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyç xˆÏlܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆlˆÏÙ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ– Ù•yˆÏòÓl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲yà#Î˚ G òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ x!Ê˛§yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ܲv ÓƒÌ≈ •l– !ܲv
Ó#çñ §yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲ï%≈˛!ܲ •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù Óyôy !lˆÏ£Ïô ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ fiÌyl#Î˚ ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
§hflÏyÎ˚ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ ˆË˛y烈Ïï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ÙyÓ˚ydܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Ù•yˆÏòÓl ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛lyÓyòyÙ !Ó!ܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§!SÈ° ly–
Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚˛) õî ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚ ï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 49


§ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° !¢“çyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ •…y§–
Ü˛Ù§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l– ï%˛!Ù ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ~•z •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y •° §hflÏyÎ˚ xyÙòy!lñ
~ܲˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ~ÓÇ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ x˛õÎ≈yÆ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇˆÏÎyà xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Î%ˆÏà í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı í˛zß√%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ Ù)°ôl
xylyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛eˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §ÙÌ≈ myÓ˚y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢“à%ˆÏ°y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚– §hflÏy
•Î˚!l ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛!£ÏˆïÏ ˛ Ó,!Âô •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ à!ï˛ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ ˆò¢#Î˚ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày òá°
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ˆò¢#Î˚ !lÙ≈yîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚
ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ñ !Óò%ƒÍñ §í˛¸Ü˛ñ ÓyçyÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl§•
G àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒy!ƈÏï˛ åˆÎê˛y §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õÎ≈yÆ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ä §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ x˛õ)î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ xÓyô ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– x!ôܲvñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ¢ï≈˛ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚
˲ï%˛≈ !ܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ñ !¢“à%ˆ° Ï y ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yàà%ˆ° Ï y ÙyÓ˚ydܲ˲yˆÏÓ
Îy «%˛o G ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó˲yˆÏÓ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ l#!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÙl Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢ ~áˆÏly
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙòy!l ¢%ÕÒ •…y§ñ l)ƒlï˛Ù §ÙÌ≈lÙ)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚!lñ ܲyÓ˚î
≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛ ¢%ÕÒ!Ó•#l Óyôy í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#°
•hflψϫ˛˛õ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏFSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!òG
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Óflf G ÓÎ˚l!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y•z ~•z ˆÜ˛yê˛y §Çܲyhs˝ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ܲv xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy
§ÙhflÏ l#!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆ° Ï y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ≤Ã˲yÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛y §Çܲyhs˝ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ– xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l–
ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Æy!lˆÏܲ!wܲ l#!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚î ı
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòܲÓ˚y Ó˚Æy!l ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ åPSEä !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛ƒÙyey !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ 1991-92 §yˆÏ° !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
•ˆÏFSÈ– ~ê˛y•z áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ òyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– 2500 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ °«˛ƒÙyey ôyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y

!¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ı •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°


§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!S° °«˛ƒÙyey ˆÌˆÏܲ 3040
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚G ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy ˆÓ!¢ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– 2014-15 §yˆÏ°

50 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


°«˛ƒÙyey !SÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 56 •yçyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ùy§%° Óy ¢%ÕÒ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙòy!l
x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È 34 •yçyÓ˚ 500 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy– §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y Ó˚Æy!l ¢%ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ó˚yçfl∫ xyÎ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàG ܲˆÏÙ
•z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ BSE Ó˚ §¡õyòˆÏܲ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà xyÜ,˛T˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒñ !ÓˆÏò!¢
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ àܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ SÈyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°
òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ «˛!ï˛– í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚áyˆÏï˛ Ó˚yçfl∫ xyÎ˚Ó!, ÂôÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà xyÓ˚G ܲˆÏÙ
≤Ãy!hs˝ˆÏܲ PSE Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lç≈#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ í˛zßΨ l˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°ƒyîܲyÙ# áyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
Óy í˛zߨ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !lÙ≈yˆÏî ܲyˆÏç ly ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
°y!àˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yçfl∫ áyˆÏï˛ âyê˛!ï˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ 3.7 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
§¡õ!_ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# í˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù ˛õrÌy⁄ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ï˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçfl∫ l#!ï˛§Ù)• ı ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆò¢ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ôîydܲ ~ÓÇ }îydܲ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ çlfl∫yÌ≈ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ÓƒÎ˚ Ó,!Âôñ å§%Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ê˛°ä ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲSÈ% !ܲS%È
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ~•z Î%!=˛ ˆòáyl ˆÎ !ÓŸªyÎ˚lˆÏܲ !ÓŸª ÓyçyÓ˚§Ù)•
§#ÙyˆÏÓá˚ y ˆê˛ˆÏl !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ܲÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §%ˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#°
SÈyí˛¸ñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° Ó˚yçfl∫áyˆÏï˛ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !¢“à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ xAàˆÏl
ܲÓ˚ ÊÑ˛y!ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô ܲÓ˚yñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚ ÓyÓò Ó˚yçfl∫ ~ܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl §Ω˛yÓly
xyÎ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚!l– ~ê˛yG í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˆÎñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛–

Óy: 3.3 ı §y!Ó˚!§Õ‘ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢yܲyÓ• âê˛lyú

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ Ë˛ï%≈˛!ܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù òyˆÏÙ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
•z!ï˛ âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢%ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ «%˛o !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ
•Î˚– xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ ï˛yÑï˛ Óflf!¢“ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù•z ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ ïÑ˛yï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓï˛ly!ò ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ !Óò%ƒÍ SÈÑyê˛y•z ÙyˆÏl ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ïÑ˛yï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y
~Ù!lˆÏï˛•z í˛zFã˛ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢%ÕÒ•yˆÏÓ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓï˛l Óy ˛õy!Ó˚◊!Ùܲ •…y§ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ïÑ˛yï˛
◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ú§y!Ó˚!§Õ‘yÛ lyÙܲ xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ làÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ 50 çl !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ ïÑ˛yï˛◊!Ùܲ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢%ÕÒ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚⁄
Ø §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ «%˛o í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%l/ç#ÓˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛# •ˆÏÓ⁄

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 51


í˛z°‰ˆÏê˛y!òˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y ~•z Î%!=˛ ˆòáyl ˆÎ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ x§yÙƒ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
!ÓŸªyÎ˚l •ˆÏFSÈ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ˆlGÎ˚y §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
ÓyçyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy l#!ï˛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ x§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ Ùyey xyÓ˚G ˆÓˆÏí˛¸
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ê˛y à!Ó˚ÓˆÏò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî ~ÓÇ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~•z§Ó Ó!•/!lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ l#!ï˛à%FSÈ ¢%ô%Ùye í˛zFã˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ– xyÓ˚G xyÎ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl Ó,!Âô
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ÓyçyÓ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l Ó˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ó,!Âô§#ÙyÓÂô !SÈ° ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÙl ˆê˛!°ˆÏÎyàyˆÏÎyà
lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó
ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ñ xÌ≈ñ !ÓˆÏlyòlñ ºÙî ~ÓÇ xy!̈ÏÌÎ˚ï˛y ˆ§Óyñ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ë)˛Èüȧ¡õ!_ ~ÓÇ Óy!îçƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !ܲS%È § ÇáƒÜ˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆ«˛e ˆÎÙl Ü,˛!£Ï!¢“ •zï˛ƒy!òñ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ °«˛
ã˛ã≈˛yÎ˚ Óy xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ~ê˛y Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 1990 ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ °«˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ~Ó˚
°ˆÏ@¿ ˆÎ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y Ù)°ï˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ !SÈ° Óy í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ !SÈ°–

§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ §Çܲê˛ñ Óy!îçƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Aà!ï˛!Ó•#l xyÙòy!lÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ Ù%oyfl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚
•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛ 1991 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°
~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ l!ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓˆÏí˛¸yÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §)ã˛ly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!lÎ˚sîf ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ÇflÒyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï y
ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø §yÓ≈ç!lܲ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˙ܲÙï˛ƒ §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
Ø !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î l#!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ ˆò¢#Î˚
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÓŸª xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y–
Ø xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Ç Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ó!•/í˛zͧÓ˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ o%ï˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ–
Ø !ÓŸª Óy!îçƒ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ åWTOä °«˛ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùï˛y!sfܲ Óy!îçƒ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°l Óy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÓŸª §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §%¤%˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yÍÜ,˛T˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ø §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎñ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !l¡¨àyÙ# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !ܲv ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âô |ôÁ≈Ùá% # !SÈ°–
Ø §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e °y˲Óyl •Î˚!l– §yÓ≈ç!lܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàG ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oÓƒ §hflÏyÎ˚ !وϰ ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨•yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!ÂôG Ÿ’Ì •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–

52 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


xl%¢#°l#

1. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛l xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄


2. WTO ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe RBI ˆÜ˛l ï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°⁄
4. xyÓ˚ !Ó xy•z Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
5. ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
6. ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy ı
i) ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ~ÓÇ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ !Ó!ܲ
ii) !m˛õy!«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó•%˛õy!«˛Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ
iii) ¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ ¢%ÕÒ!Ó•#l ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y
7. ¢%ÕÒ ˆÜ˛l xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
8. ˛ õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
9. §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y Ù%lyÊ˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ Ùï˛ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
10. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç Ë˛yˆÏ°y⁄ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#⁄
11. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È §%!Óôy xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Ç ~Ó˚ àhs˝ÓƒfiÌ° !•§yˆÏÓ §ÓyÓ˚
˛õSȈϮÓ˚– ~•z §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
12. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲÙï˛ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
à,•#ï˛ lÓÓ˚bl#!ï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄
13. ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zFã˛Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
14. §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ˲yˆÏÓ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ˆà°– ˆÜ˛l⁄
15. §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù®yò¢yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄
16. §yÙy!çܲ lƒyÎ˚!Óã˛yÓ˚ G ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 53


≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°

1. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ 2004-05 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !ç !í˛ !˛õÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°– Ó˚y!¢ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÚxÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒylÛ ÈüÈÓ•z ~ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_
Ó˚y!¢ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Time series Óy ܲy°#l §y!Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

ÓSÈÓ˚ !ç !í˛ !˛õ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ å%ä


2004-05 7.1
2005-06 9.5
2006-07 9.6
2007-08 9.3
2008-09 6.7
2009-10 8.6
2010-11 8.9
2011-12 6.7
2012-13 5.1
2013-14 7.4

2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏáy ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ !Óò%ƒÍ !làÙ åSEBsäñ !Ó ~§ •z ~§ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy ÎyÓ˚y !Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛– Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Óy§G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
i) §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~•z ˜mï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §•ÓfiÌylˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆòá⁄

ii) ~•z ˜mï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ x§%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄

3. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òyò% !òòyÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ü !ã˛•´ òyG ÎyÓ˚y ~áˆÏly xyˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
ˆl•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ † !ã˛•´ òyG– ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇfiÌy xyˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
§ÇfiÌyÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl lyÙ§Ù)•ñ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ˆò¢ñ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ôÓ˚lñ ˆ°yˆÏày •zï˛ƒy!ò áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

54 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


4. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG

oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ lyÙ


!Ófl%Òê˛
ç%ï˛y
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚
ày!í˛¸
!ê˛!˲ ~ÓÇ !Ê˛ç
ˆfiê˛¢ly!Ó˚ oÓƒ
~ál ˆòˆÏáy í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ 1991 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !SÈ° ly!ܲ lï%˛l xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛
ã˛y°% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ òyò% !òòy ~ÓÇ ˆòyܲylÙy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚
§y•y΃ lyG–
5. WTO ~Ó˚ ˜Óë˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !ܲS%È áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ xÇ¢ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– G•z
˜Óë˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªÓy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §ÇfiÌy
§òÌ≈ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
6. !ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲ ~ÓÇ IMF ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y !ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°⁄ ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zÂô,ˆÏ_Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!Óܲ“ !SÈ° ly⁄ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

REFERENCES

Books

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New Delhi.
A LTERNATIVE S URVEY G ROUP . 2005. Alternative Economic Survey, India 2004–05,
Disequalising Growth. Daanish Books, Delhi.
A HLUWALIA , I.J. and I.M.D. L ITTLE . 1998. India’s Economic Reforms and Development.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
B ARDHAN , P RANAB. 1998. The Political Economy of Development in India. Oxford
University Press, Delhi.
B H A D U R I , A MIT and D E E PA K N AY YA R . 1996. The Intelligent Person’s Guide to
Liberalisation. Penguin, Delhi.
B HAGWATI, J AGDISH. 1992. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford University

í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyl 55


Press, Delhi.
B YRES , T ERENCE J. 1997. The State, Development Planning and Liberalisation in In-
dia. Oxford University Press, Delhi.
C HADHA, G.K. 1994. Policy Perspectives in Indian Economic Development. Har-Anand,
Delhi.
C HELLIAH, R AJA J. 1996. Towards Sustainable Growth: Essays in Fiscal and Financial
Sector Reforms in India. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
DEBROY , B. and RAHUL M UKHERJI (Eds.). 2004. The Political Economy of Reforms. Bookwell
Publication, New Delhi.
D REZE , J EAN and A MARTYA S EN . 1996. India: Economic Development and Social
Opportunity. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
D UTT, RUDDAR AND K.P.M. SUNDARAM . 2005. Indian Economy. S. Chand and Company,
New Delhi.
G UHA , A SHOK (Ed.) 1990. Economic Liberalisation, Industrial Structure and Growth
in India. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
J A L A N , B I M A L . 1993. India’s Economic Crisis: The Way Ahead . Oxford
University Press, New Delhi.
JALAN , BIMAL . 1996. India’s Economic Policy: Preparing for the Twenty First Century.
Viking, Delhi.
J OSHI , V IJAY and I.M.D. L ITTLE . 1996. India’s Economic Reforms 1991-2001. Oxford
University Press, New Delhi,
K APILA , Uma. 2005. Understanding the Problems of Indian Economy. Academic
Foundation, New Delhi.
M AHAJAN , V.S. 1994. Indian Economy Towards 2000 A.D. Deep & Deep, Delhi.
P AREKH , KIRIT and R ADHAKRISHNA , 2002, India Development Report 2001-02. Oxford
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R AO , C.H. HANUMANTHA. and H ANS L INNEMANN . 1996. Economic Reforms and Poverty
Alleviation in India, Sage Publication, Delhi.
S ACHS, J EFFREY D., A SHUTOSH V ARSHNEY and NIRUPAM B AJPAI .1999. India in the Era of
Economic Reforms. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
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Economic Survey (for various years). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Published
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Tenth Five Year Plan 1997-2002. Vol. 1. Government of India, Planning Commission,
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(NITI Aayog) Appraisal Document of Twelfth Five Year Plan 2012-2017, Government of India.

56 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


~ܲܲ
UNIT
3
III

˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
Óï≈˛Ùyl ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
!lÙ≈yî– xyç ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ§¡õò•z
•° ~•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,•Í §¡õò– ~•z Ó,•Í §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫yfĩ G !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ x!ôܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yG Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ã˛Î˚l
ܲÓ˚Ó ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lG cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛
•Î˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lydܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ñ Îy ~•z ~ܲˆÏܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
4

òy!Ó˚oƒ

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ


l òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡∫ˆÏrô Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ
l òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôyÓ˚îy §¡∫ˆÏrô Óƒy˛õܲ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
l òy!Ó˚oƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
l òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
ÚÚˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ùyç ܲáˆÏlyÈüÈ•z §Ù,Âô¢y°# G §%á# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ÎyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàî
ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ò%ò≈¢y@˝ÃhflÏ–ÛÛ
ÈüüüÈ xƒyí˛yÙ !fløÌ
4.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ôl# í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚•z !ÓŸª ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ xôƒyÎ˚àˆ% °
Ï yˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Óàï˛ §yï˛ ò¢Ü˛ xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ à,•#ï˛ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï y ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yÆ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õÎ≈yÆ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ !¢«˛y
í˛zßΨ l˚ Ù)°Ü˛ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˙ l#!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ G fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ §%ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !•Ç§y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏly
xôƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ– fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒ !SÈ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ x!˲ˆÏÎyà çylyˆÏlyÓ˚
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
òy!Ó˚oƒï˛y ò)Ó#˚ ܲÓ˚î– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚
~ál çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yl‰
ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ôÓ˚l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆÎ xAà#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yl‰à%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏÓ lyñ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈y!ôܲ à%Óc%˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚ˆoÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ
ò!Ó˚oï˛ÙˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l åxˆÏhs˝ƒyòÎ˚äñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ xôƒÎ˚lñ ~ÓÇ
ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ
ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ hflÓÏ ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•z !Ó!˲ߨ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
1947 §yˆÏ° çG•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚% §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÎ˚ ~•z §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ xyÎ˚ G ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ñ §yÙy!çܲ
§ˆÏ¡∫yôˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ ÚÚfl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ¢%ô%Ùye §)ã˛Ü˛ñ VÑ%˛!ܲ§Çܲyhs˝ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚Ω˛ñ xyÓ˚G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)ã˛Ü˛–
x!ôܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô G !ÓçˆÏÎy˚ Í§Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛#«˛Ùyl
ÉÉÉÉÉ òy!Ó˚oƒñ xK˛ï˛yñ Ó˚%@¿ï˛y ~ÓÇ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ 4.2 ò!Ó˚o ܲyÓ˚y⁄
§Ùy!ÆܲÓ˚î–ÛÛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ
~•zçlƒ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ˆ«˛ˆÏe å@˝ÃyÙ G ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ä !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ ôl# ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲ ˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢ ˆ°yܲ àÓ˚#Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xl% ~ÓÇ §%ôyÈüÈÓ˚ ܲy!•!l!ê˛
ò!Ó˚o Ùyl%£Ï ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z òy!Ó˚oƒ•z ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól •° ˜Ó£ÏÙƒï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù xÓfiÌyÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲÙye §Ù§ƒy lÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ 300 í˛zòy•Ó˚î åÓy: Èü 4.1È ˆòˆÏáyä– ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yܲ
!Ù!°Î˚l çlàî ~álG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlê%˛Ü%˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ò%•z ã˛Ó˚Ù xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ç#ÓlÎy˛õl
˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî x«˛Ù– ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyˆÏl òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆë˛°yày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ oÓƒ !ÓܲÎ˚ܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛ à!°ˆÏï˛
ôÓ˚l °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyG ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ù%!ã˛ñ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùy°y ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ù!•°yñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ó˚oƒ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌy Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲy˛õí˛¸ §Ç@˝Ã•Ü˛yÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛ñ ˆÊ˛!Ó˚GÎ˚y°y ~ÓÇ !˲«%˛Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ
§Óy•z Ù%!=˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xï˛~Ó òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î •° ≤ÃÙá% Ó˚y •° ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ò%Ó°
≈ ï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–

60 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ò!Ó˚o Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç!Ù xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xyÓyÓ˚ ¢%‹Ò Óy
ï˛yÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ç!Ù– xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z xyÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏl ò%ˆÏÓ°y ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚
~•z §ÙhflÏ âÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ Ùy!ê˛ ly– í˛z˛õÓy§ G «%˛ôy ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˙à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ SÈyí˛z!l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ áí˛¸ñ ï˛y°˛õyï˛yñ !lï˛ƒ§Aà#ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !¢«˛y G ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ
ÓyÑ¢ G àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛y°˛õy°y !òˆÏÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y x!ôܲ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî
ò!Ó˚o ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âÓ˚G ˆl•z– @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yG xfiÌyÎ˚#
ˆ«˛eà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z Ë)˛!Ù•#l •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚–
x˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ á%Ó•z

Óy: 4.1 ı xl% ~ÓÇ §%ôy


~ܲ•z !òˆÏl xl% ~ÓÇ §%ôyÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xl%Ó˚ Ùy ÓyÓy !SȈϰl !lÙ≈yî ◊!Ùܲ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §%ôyÓ˚ ÓyÓy !SȈϰl
~ܲçl ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ~ÓÇ Ùy !SȈϰl ~ܲçl lܲ¢y ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ܲ–
≤Ã§Ó Îsfîy xyÓ˚Ω˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xl%Ó˚ Ùy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ° Ï l– Îsfîy ¢%Ó%̊ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ Ùç%ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# fiÌyˆÏl !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy•z !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲlƒy §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ çß√ ˆòl– !ï˛!l ï˛yÑÓ˚ ܲlƒyˆÏܲ Ùyï,˛ò%?ô ˛õyl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏly ܲy˛õí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù%ˆíÏ ˛¸ ã˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ̈ϰ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆòy°lyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛yˆÏ° V%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛§_¥Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§lñ ˆÜ˛l ly ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲Î˚ !SÈ°– xl%Ó˚ Ùy xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ° Ï l ˆÎ xl% §rôƒy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ â%ÙyˆÏÓ–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ §%ôy ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!Ùòy!Ù ly!§Ç ˆ•yˆÏÙ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C˲yˆÏÓ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y
˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ §%®Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ fl¨yl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ lÓ˚Ù Ü˛y˛õí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòy°lyˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Îál•z ï˛yÓ˚ !áˆÏò ˆ˛õï˛ ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùyï,˛ò%?ô ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yï˛ñ Ó%ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚ï˛ñ ã%˛¡∫l ܲÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ àyl
ˆàˆÏÎ˚ â%Ù ˛õyí˛¸˚yï˛– §%ôyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚çlÓ˚y §%ôyÓ˚ xyàÙˆÏl í˛zÍ§Ó ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xl% ~ÓÇ §%ôyÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó !SÈ° á%Ó•z
!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚– xl% á%Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏÓ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòá˲y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏá !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§ çylï˛ «%˛ôy ~ÓÇ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
Îsfîy ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ– ˆ§ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛yfiê˛!Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ áyÓyÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
àÓ˚Ù Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ Ó£Ï≈yܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xy◊Î˚ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §)ˆÏï˛y ây§ÈüÈ°ï˛y˛õyï˛y G ˛õyÌÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆá°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
ï˛yG ˆ§ Ó˚Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xl% ܲáˆÏly•z fl%҈ϰ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÜ˛lly xl%Ó˚ ÓyÓy Ùy !SÈ° ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ Óy ºyÙƒÙyî ◊!Ùܲñ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
§rôyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ï˛–
xl% lyã˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y°Óy§ï˛– Îál•z ˆ§ àyl ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl ˆlˆÏã˛ í˛zë˛ï˛ñ lyã˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l !ܲS%È í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zß√yòlyÎ˚– ˆ§ á%Ó §%®Ó˚# !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˲!AàG á%Ó•z °yÓîƒÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyÓy§ly !SÈ° ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!òl Ó˚AàÙˆÏM˛ l,ï˛ƒ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚y– xl% á%Ó ÓˆÏí˛¸y l,ï˛ƒ!¢“# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏܲ 12 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ܲyç ¢%Ó%̊ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Ùye ÓyˆÏÓy˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï •z ÓyÓy ÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆlˆÏÙ ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ áÑ%ˆç Ï – ˆ§
ôl#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãy§yò ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ xÌã˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y fl∫≤¿ ˆòáy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !SȈ° Ï y ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó°y!§ï˛y–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ §%ôy á%Ó•z à%îÙyl §¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ àîly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ ï˛y !¢áï˛– ˆ§ ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ºÙˆÏî l«˛e¢y°yˆÏï˛ñ çyò%âˆÏÓ˚ñ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zòƒyˆÏl ˆÎˆÏï˛y– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó•z ˲yˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˲!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§ xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl !Óáƒyï˛ !ã˛eܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲyˆÏhs˝ !¢«˛y !lï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ °!°ï˛ ܲ°y Ù•y!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyç ˆ§ ~ܲçl
§%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !ã˛e!¢“# !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–

òy!Ó˚oƒ 61
í˛zˆÏmàçlܲ– ˲@¿fl∫yfĩñ x«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
ò% Ó ˚ y ˆÏ Ó ˚ y àƒ Óƒ!ôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î ~Ó˚ y
¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛Ë˛yˆÏ Ó ò% Ó ≈ ° •Î˚ – ï˛yÓ˚ y
Ù•yçlˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛§%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚
ê˛yܲy ôyÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
xyç#Ól }ˆÏîÓ˚ çyˆÏ° ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y á%Ó•z ò%Ó° ≈ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– xy°y˛õ
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ lƒy΃
ˆÓï˛lê%˛Ü%˛ xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆl•z– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çµy°y!lÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
í˛z˛õyòyl •° çµy°y!l ܲyë˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàyÓÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ â%шÏê˛– ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e 4.2 ı x!ôܲyÇ¢ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲyÑã˛y âˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó,•Í xÇ¢ fl∫FSÈ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Óôy
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛ §%ˆÎÏ yà §%!Óôy
§Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlñ !¢«˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ •Î˚– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢y
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ã˛Ó˚Ù !°Aà ˜Ó£ÏÙƒï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ò!Ó˚o G §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
Ù!•°yÓ˚y àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Îb ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ Ë)˛!Ù•#l Ü,˛!£Ï
xyÎ˚%‹Òy° Ü˛Ù •Î˚ Óy çß√§)ˆÏe•z ˲@¿fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ◊!Ùܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÙlG Ë)˛!Ù•#l Ü,˛£Ïܲ
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xÜ,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈
Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ «%˛o ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y
!Óܲ“ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y•z •° ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
ò!Ó˚o– ~•z ˆ°yܲà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Óy ˜l!Ù!_ܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z
fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ §í˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚
!ܲlyˆÏÓ˚ G x!°à!°ˆÏï˛ â%ˆÏÓ˚â%ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È
!ã˛e 4.1 ı x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ò!Ó˚o oÓƒ !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–

62 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 4.2ı òy!Ó˚oƒï˛y ܲ#⁄
ò%çl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲñ ¢y•#l Ó˚Ê˛# áyl ~ÓÇ ˆí˛!ÙÎ˚l !ܲˆÏÕ‘l òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó•z §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óƒ=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ı òy!Ó˚oƒ •° «%˛ôy– òy!Ó˚oƒ •° ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ x§ÙÌ≈ï˛y– òy!Ó˚oƒ •°
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ lyÙ– òy!Ó˚oƒ •° ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ– òy!Ó˚oƒ •°
x§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏl ~ܲÓyÓ˚ áyGÎ˚y– x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏflÀyï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ì˛ˆÏ° ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ lyÙ•z •° òy!Ó˚oƒ– òy!Ó˚oƒ ¢!=˛•#lï˛yñ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc •#lï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛y
•#lï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄

4.3 ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄ ÓÎ˚flÒÓ˚y•z ÌyˆÏܲñ ÓyhflÏÓ §ÙyˆÏç !¢¢%Ó˚yG Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xï˛~Ó !ï˛!l ˆç°áylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚!òˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈y• ÓƒÎ˚
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Î!ò ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÎy˚ § ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– ~•zçlƒ !ï˛!l ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï l ˆÎ ˆÙyê˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÙ)≈° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ !¢¢%ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏô≈ܲ !¢¢%Ó˚
ÓyhflÓÏ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!à ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!ܲ xˆÏô≈ܲ !¢¢%Ó˚
•ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ !lòyÓ˚%î xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ˆË˛yàG ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏôÜ≈ ˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÎyçly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛l ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yLjϢÓ˚ åThree fourthsä §)ˆeÏ Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Óy ˆÎyçlyà%ˆÏ°y ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ §)e!ê˛ •° 16 × 0 + 16 × 12 + 23 × 1 = 121 + 23 = 1 + 128 = 129 = 34 ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ï˛l xLjϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚Î=% ˛ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z àí˛¸ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy ˛õyGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà òy!Ó˚oƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyey ÎyÎ˚ñ Îy ˆç°áylyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ Ü˛ˆÏÎ!˚ òˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚
!fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ~•z Ùyey ÓƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 34 xÇ¢ !SÈ°–
!fiÌ!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yÓôylï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ
ã˛Î˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ òyòy˲y•z ˆlÔˆÏÓ˚y!çÈüÈ•z 1962 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ò° àë˛l
§Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy §¡∫ˆÏrô ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– 1979 §yˆÏ° ‘Task Force on Pro-
ˆç°áylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ!˚ òˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ù)ˆ° Ï ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ jections of Minimum Needs and Effective
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úˆç°áylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚!òˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈y• ÓƒÎ˚Û consumption Demand’ lyÙܲ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°
!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ˆç°áylyÎ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ≤ÃyÆ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1989 ~ÓÇ 2005 §yˆÏ° ~ܲ•z

§Ó˚î# 4.1 ı òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy


ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ á%Ó•z ï˛ï˛ê˛y Ùôƒ!Ó_ í˛zFã˛ Ùôƒ!Ó_ á%ÓÈüÈ•z
ò!Ó˚o ò!Ó˚o ôl# °yá˛õ!ï˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛˛õ!ï˛
ò!Ó˚o ò!Ó˚o ˆ◊!î ˆ◊!î ôl#
lÎ˚
ò!Ó˚o !Ó_¢y°# Óy ôl#

òy!Ó˚oƒ 63
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ Ú!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ ò°Û àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y
ܲ!Ù¢l SÈyí˛¸yG xˆÏlܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o G !Ó_¢y°#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏòy°ƒÙyl
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y åˆÎÙlñ «%˛o Ü,˛£Ïܲ G ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù ◊!Ùܲäñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!fiÌï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ò!Ó˚o Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙÎ˚•z ôl# ÌyˆÏܲ
òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆjÏ ˆÏ¢ƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛ !ܲv ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yàƒ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
çlàîˆÏܲ ò%•!z ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲ!Ó˚ ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ !Ó_¢y°# xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe
Óy ôl# – òy!Ó˚oƒ§#Ùy ˆÓ˚áy ~•z ò%•z ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– xfiÌyÎ˚# ò!Ó˚o ӈϰ– ~SÈyí˛¸y ÎyÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly ò!Ó˚o lÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Î!òG !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚oñ !Ó_¢y°# Óy ôl# Ó°y •Î˚–
á%ÓÈüÈ•z ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó_¢y°#ˆÏòÓ˚G
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!îñ òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy
í˛zFã˛Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!îñ ôl#ñ á%ÓÈüÈ•z ôl# ~ÓÇ ã˛Ó˚Ù ôl#– ~•z ~ál xyÙÓ˚y òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓá˚ y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
í˛z˛õˆÏ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy !•§yˆÏÓ ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛y çylˆÏÓy– òy!Ó˚oƒï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ò%!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o G ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° l)ƒlï˛Ù ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚
ôl# ~ÓÇ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy!ê˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ôl# G ò!Ó˚o xy!Ì≈ܲ Ù)°ƒ åÙyÌy!˛õS%È ÓƒÎ˚äÉ Îy @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚
ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 2400 ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 2100 ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚– ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î 2011-12 §yˆÏ° òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛ÙyˆÏ§ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ çl≤Ã!ï˛ ˆË˛yàƒÙ)°ƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈òy•z ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ §yÙylƒï˛Ù 816 ê˛yܲy ~ÓÇ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ çl≤Ã!ï˛ 1000 ê˛yܲy
ò!Ó˚o !ܲv ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ê˛yܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ !SÈ°–
ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊!Ùܲä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°#l ò!Ó˚o !•§yˆÏÓ Î!òG xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ §Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ ò!Ó˚ o

ã˛yê≈˛ 4.2 ı !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°#l ò!Ó˚oñ xfiÌyÎ˚# ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ôl#

òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy

§Ó≈òy ò!Ó˚o §yÙylƒï˛Ù ò!Ó˚o x!fiÌï˛ ò!Ó˚o xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò!Ó˚o ܲáˆÏly ò!Ó˚o lÎ˚
å!ӈϢ£Ï ˆ◊!îä

å§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˆ◊!îä !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°#l ò!Ó˚o xfiÌyÎ˚# ò!Ó˚o ôl#

64 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ÙyˆÏ§ ≤Ã!ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˲@¿fl∫yfĩñ §¡õò xy•Ó˚ˆÏî x§ÙÌ≈ï˛y Óy lyà!Ó˚ܲ G
ˆË˛yàÓƒÎ˚ˆÏܲ åMPCEä ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ–
!•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z Îy!sfܲ Î!òG §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆSÏ È ˆÎñ ≤ÃÓ!, ÂôÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ •yÓ˚ñ
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lô≈l Óy ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏl Ó,!Âôñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ÙylˆÏÓ⁄ ~ÓÇ 1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
x!ôܲyÇ¢ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°y òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆlˆÏSÈñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y §Ù§ƒy •° ˆÎ ï˛y §ÙhflÏ ò!Ó˚o §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z òy!ÓÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y §ˆÏ®• ≤Ãܲy¢
ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!ï˛ ò!Ó˚o ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl ˆÎñ Ó˚y!¢ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
G xlƒ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– åã˛yê≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•ñ ˆË˛yàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ V%˛!í˛¸Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˛õîƒ
4.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ï˛ áyòƒÓ› G !ܲS%È §yÙ@˝Ã#ñ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• ~ÓÇ
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆ•Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒÓ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿ Óy §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù ˆòáyˆÏFSÈ–
xy˛õ!_ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y x!ï˛ §•ˆÏç !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏ°G §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y ÌyܲyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y !Óܲ“ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ
ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ˆlyˆÏÓ° !ÓçÎ˚#
ÎyÎ˚ ly– xÙï˛≈ƒ ˆ§l ~ܲ!ê˛ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy Úˆ§l
xyÎ˚ G §¡õ!_ SÈyí˛¸yG òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ §)ã˛Ü˛Û lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~SÈyí˛¸yG òy!Ó˚oƒ ÓƒÓôyl §)ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •° ÈüüüÈ Óà#≈Î˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ ÓƒÓôyl åPoverty Gap Index &
Ó%!lÎ˚y!ò !¢«˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ôñ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ~ÓÇ Squared Poverty Gapä lyÙܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô §¡øï˛ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°# •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒG ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï%˛!Ù ~•z í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈
òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl òy!Ó˚oƒ í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛Ü˛Ù¢ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ ˲@¿fl∫yfĩñ
§¡õò xy•Ó˚ˆÏî x˛õÎ≈yÆï˛yñ lyà!Ó˚ܲ G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ 4.4 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ §Çáƒy
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜Ó£ÏÙƒï˛y ÈüüüÈ ~•z§Ó §yÙy!çܲ
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î
ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xyl%Ùy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ãܲ“à%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ
§ˆÏAà òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çlàˆÏîÓ˚
í˛zߨÎ˚l– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#
xl%˛õyï˛ˆÏܲ ÚÙyÌy à%l!ï˛ xl%˛õyï˛Û ӈϰ–
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ fl∫yfĩÓyl G
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ%T˛ ï˛Ìy K˛yl§¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆÙyê˛ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çáƒy çylˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚
•° ~ܲçl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÓ˚î#Î˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óàï˛ ÓͧÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy
xy§y ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÓyÓ˚î ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ Óy xl%˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÙˆÏSÈ ly ܲˆÏÙ!l⁄ Îál ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°ly

òy!Ó˚oƒ 65
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø 4.2 ~ÓÇ 4.3 xLjϢ ï%˛!Ù ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎñ ¢%ô%Ùye Ü˛Ù xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
òy!Ó˚oƒ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚ ly– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç!Ùñ âÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ñ !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô§¡øï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy!ò x!ôàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yG !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚
xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z §ÙhflÏ §)ã˛Ü˛à%!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÇK˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚#ñ ˆôy˛õyñ §ÇÓyò˛õe
!ÓˆÏܲï˛y ≤ÃÙ%á ÎyÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ‡ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ly
l#ˆÏã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

≤Ãôylï˛ xl%˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛•z ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •Î˚– 4.3 lÇ ã˛yê≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃyÆ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•Î˚– xl%˛õyï˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– 1973-74§yˆÏ° 320 !Ù!°Î˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ x!ôܲ
çlàî òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l myÓ˚y ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ – lƒy¢ly° ˆ§¡õ° §yˆÏ Ë ≈ ˛ 2011-12 §yˆÏ° ~•z ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚
xÓ˚àyly•zˆÏç¢l åNSSOä myÓ˚y ˆË˛yàƒ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ 270 !Ù!°Î˚ˆÏl ˆlˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ 1973-74

ã˛yê≈˛ 4.3 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ à!ï˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ 1973-2012

ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy å!Ù!°Î˚ˆÏlä ÙyÌy à%î!ï˛ xl%˛õyï˛ å¢ï˛yLjϢä

@˝ÃyÙ#î ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚

66 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§yˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 55 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî òy!Ó˚oƒ ܲÙyàï˛ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 4.3 lÇ ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ ï%˛!Ù °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛– 2011-12 §yˆÏ° ~ê˛y ˆòˆÏáy 1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy
22 ¢ï˛yLjϢ ˆlˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– 1973-74 §yˆÏ° 80 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È !ܲv ~•z ò%!ê˛ ÙylòˆÏ[˛Ó˚
x!ôܲ ò!Ó˚o çlàî @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y í˛zͧy•ÓƒyOܲ lÎ˚– ˆòˆÏ¢ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚o
~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ 2011-12 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z xl%˛õyï˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ù •yˆÏÓ˚ •…y§
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~álG ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ï%˛!Ù xyÓ˚G °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ
!ï˛lÈüÈã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ å3/4ä ò!Ó˚o çlàî Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ˆÜ˛l⁄ ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÓƒÓôyl •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl 1990-2000 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝
1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù
~•z xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyl ~ܲ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ 2011-12
ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ §yˆÏ° ~•z xl%˛õyï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy á%Ó•z §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆÓˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– ¢•Ó˚ 4.4 lÇ ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ Ó˚yçƒhflψÏÓ˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ à!ï˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ åtrendsä ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ã˛yˆÏê≈˛ ò%!ê˛ °y•zl•z çyï˛#Î˚

ã˛yê≈˛ 4.4 ı !ܲS%È Ó,•òyÎ˚ï˛l Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çl§Çáƒyñ 1973-2012 å¢ï˛yLjϢä–
xrô≤ÈòÏ ¢
!Ó•yÓ˚

G!í˛¸¢y
Ó˚yçfiÌyl
ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Y

í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢

˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓAà
à%çÓ˚yê˛
ܲî≈yê˛Ü˛
Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ¢
Ù•yÓ˚yT˛…

!ӈϢ£Ï oT˛Óƒ ı 1973 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl í˛z_Ó˚yá[˛ˆÏܲñ Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ¢ SÈ!_§àí˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛
~ÓÇ !Ó•yÓ˚ V˛yí˛¸á[˛ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–

òy!Ó˚oƒ 67
òy!Ó˚oƒhflÓÏ ˚ !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ≤ÃÌÙ °y•zl!ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ vä §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x§Ù Ó^˝ê˛l– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ òy!Ó˚oƒ •° Óƒ!=˛àï˛
2011-12 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ hflÓÏ ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ °y•zl!ê˛ 1973- òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒ §Ù!T˛– òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
74 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒhflÏÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ ç!í˛¸ï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ iä fl∫“
1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°ôl àë˛l iiä ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ x˲yÓ iiiä ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛
xl%˛õyï˛ 55 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ 22 ¢ï˛yLjϢ ˆlˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– ~•z ivä çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ vä §yÙy!çܲ ‡ ܲ°ƒyî ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ã˛yê≈˛!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ÈüüüÈ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Yñ x˲yÓ–
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢ñ !Ó•yÓ˚ñ Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ¢ñ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyÇ°y ~ÓÇ í˛z!í˛¸£ƒÏ y
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy
ÈüüüÈ 1973-74 §yˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y Ó,•Í xLjϢÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàî
§¡∫ˆÏrô ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– Î!òG ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– xyÓyÓ˚ 1973-2012 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È
G˛õÓ˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y
!Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ƒhflψÏÓ˚ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ G!í˛¸¢yñ Ùôƒ≤ÈÏò¢ñ
~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝
!Ó•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ¢ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ òy!Ó˚oƒhflÓÏ ˚ çyï˛#Î˚
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ °yÇܲy¢yÎ˚Ó˚
òy!Ó˚oƒhflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù °«˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ûï˛Ü,˛ï˛ §)!ï˛ Óflf xyÙòy!lÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° fiÌyl#Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyÇ°y ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YˆÏï˛
í˛zͲõyòl Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ §%!ï˛Óflf
òy!Ó˚oƒhflÓÏ ˚ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z Ó˚yçƒ ò%!ê˛ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚ Æ y!lܲyÓ˚ Ü ˛ ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ¢% ô % Ù ye §) ï ˛y å yarn ä
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒhflÏÓ˚ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ Ó˚Æy!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ •Î˚–
!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ 70 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚
4.5 òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)• ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ˆÓ!¢ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ !SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– !Ó!ê˛¢ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÌyܲyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Îy ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl Ù•yçlÓ˚y x!ï˛o%ï˛ Ó,•Í ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°–
~ܲ!ê˛ SÈy˛õ Ó˚yˆÏá– ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y à%îàï˛ !¢«˛y xç≈ˆÏl Ó!M˛ï˛
!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚ Ó˚Æy!l xyÓ˚Ω˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏl x«˛Ù •Î˚ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ 1875 ~ÓÇ 1900 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y fl∫yfĩ§Çܲyhs˝
26 !Ù!°Î˚l çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ܲyÓ˚îÓ¢ï˛
Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏFSÈ– çy!ï˛àï˛ ˆË˛òyˆÏ˲òñ ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%¢y§l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ myÓ˚y «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏÓ˚y•z °«˛ƒ•z !SÈ° !Ó!ê˛¢ Ó˚Æy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
Ù%áƒï˛ ò!Ó˚o– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚î§Ù)• ~Ó˚çlƒ òyÎ˚# ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï y ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
•° ÈüüüÈ iä §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒñ ~ÓÇ •zLjÏÓç ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆ§lyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÙylÓ¢!=˛ ≤Ãòyl
iiä §yÙy!çܲ Ó!•Ë)˛≈ !=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ iiiä ˆÓܲyÓ˚cñ ivä }î@˝ÃhflïÏ ˛yñ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

68 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛
ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ ò!Ó˚o ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ °%Z˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢“ ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°y
!Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛Ù òyˆÏÙ oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ¢§Ïƒà%ˆÏ°yG
!ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl Ó˚Æy!l •!FSÈ°– Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
ò%!Ë≈˛«˛ ~ÓÇ «%˛ôyÎ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1857-58
§yˆÏ° !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y fiÌyl#Î˚ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚
ˆòÓyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ã˛Ó˚Ù ˆ«˛y˲ ~ÓÇ
x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï òyly ÓÑyˆÏô ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y!£#ˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏ Ó ˚ y ˛õ ܲÓ˚ y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
x§ˆÏhs˝yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ê˛°ÈüÈ•z !§˛õy!• ~ÓÇ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛e 4.4 ı fl∫ˆÏÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îàï˛ !l¡¨Ùyl òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yˆÏܲ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
!lÎ˚sîf yô#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§lyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÈüÈ•z ç!Ù ˛õ%lÓ≈^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà
xyçG Ü,˛!£Ï•z @˝ÃyÙ#î çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x§ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ù%რí˛z˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ç!Ù•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §¡õò– ç!ÙÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y «%˛o Ü,˛£Ïܲ–
Ùy!°Ü˛yly•z Ó›àï˛ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ç!Ùà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛Ù
~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lçfl∫ ç!Ù xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y•z í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,!T˛ !l˲≈Ó˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˛õ¢%§¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛y° !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ !Óܲ“
˛õ%lÓ≈^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È
ç!Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!Ù !lˆÏÎ˚ G•zà%ˆÏ°y ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ù•#lˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲ á![˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «%˛o ˆçyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó^˝ê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÎ˚ •Î˚ ï˛y !òˆÏ Î ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó yˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy
Î!òG ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ!ê˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ !SÈ° §#!Ùï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó˚î •Î˚ ly–
Ü,˛!£Ï ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,•Í xÇ¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l «%˛o ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ xyd•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ âê˛ly ¢%ˆÏl
ˆçyï˛à%ˆÏ°y ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ !SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xyd•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ÈüüüÈ
Óy §¡õò !SÈ° lyñ ç!ÙˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛yG ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ G à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl à,•#ï˛ }î
!SÈ° ly ~ÓÇ ˆçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏô x«˛Ùï˛y– }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏôÓ˚ x§ÙÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
á%Ó•z ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !SÈ°– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ •° áÓ˚y G xlƒylƒ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÎÏ y≈ ˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛§°

òy!Ó˚oƒ 69
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢•%ˆÓÏ ˚ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó,•Í
xÇ¢•z @˝ÃyÙ#î ò!Ó˚o çlàîñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl
G ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ §rôyˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !¢“yÎ˚l ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
ˆÓܲyÓ˚ xÌÓy ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ◊!Ùܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛l ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ÌyˆÏܲ
lyñ §¡õ!_ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ §#!Ùï˛ ò«˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲñ
!ã˛e 4.5 ı à%îÙyl §¡õߨ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~álG ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫≤¿
§%ˆÏÎyà §%!ÓôyG Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
çlƒ í˛zm,_ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È üÈ•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
òy!Ó˚ o ƒï˛y ܲÙ≈ § ÇfiÌyˆÏ l Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ, ˛ !ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏ A à
lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– åÓy: 4.3 ˆòˆÏáyä–
â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÓܲyÓ˚c Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚cñ
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛˛õ!¢!° §yÙ!Î˚ܲ G ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢•Ó˚
í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚y @˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ }î@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
í˛zq$ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
K˛yl G ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– }î@˝ÃhflÏï˛y•z òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚

ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆôy˛õy ~ÓÇ ly!˛õï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáSÈ– ~ê˛y çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ GÓ˚y ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !òˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ áyÓyÓ˚
ˆáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õ!_ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù
ò!Ó˚o lÎ˚ ~Ùl çlàˆÏîÓ˚G ܲyç ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚o çlàîÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏî
x«˛Ù ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

70 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 4.3 ı ܲy˛õ≈y§ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ò≈¢y
xˆÏlܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ë)˛fl∫yÙ# ã˛y!£Ï G ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓÎ˚l!¢“#Ó˚y !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ xyâyˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G xyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°kôï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy }î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óܲ“ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– !ܲv Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§¡õ!_ ly ÌyˆÏܲ Óy }î ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ω˛yÓly ly ÌyˆÏܲ Î!ò
ï˛yÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zFã˛ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ }î @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛#Ó }ˆÏîÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yˆÏò
ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò#â≈ܲy°#l
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ò%ò≈¢yÓ˚ !lÜ,˛T˛ï˛Ù Ê˛°
•° xyd•ï˛ƒy– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye xrô≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢•z ~Ó˚ §Çáƒy È3000 üÈ~
ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÙyàï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– 2005 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§ñ
Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ 2001 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ
1000 ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
2002-03 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ §ÓˆÏ̈Ïܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲy˛õ≈y§ Óy
ï%˛°y í˛zͲõyòܲ ˆ«e Îy 8300 ˆ•QÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏܲ x!ô@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚ 300 ˆÜ˛!çÓ˚ Ü˛Ù í˛zͲõyòl•z !ӈϟªÓ˚ òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲy˛õ≈y§ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ fiÌyˆÏl ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zFã˛ í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒÎ˚ñ !l¡¨ G x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîñ !ӈϟªÓ˚
ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ òyˆÏÙÓ˚ •…y§ñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…§• xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y
≤Ãò_ ˲Ó˚ï%˛!ܲÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓŸªí˛zͲõyòˆÏl xy!ôܲƒ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢yhs˝yÓy{ñ l#°Ü˛yhs˝ §#ï˛yÓ˚yÙ ˆáyˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õb# !Î!l
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ÓyçyÓ˚ á%ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xrô≤ÈÏò¢ ~ÓÇ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Îy˲yï˛ÙyˆÏï˛ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
ܲy˛õ≈y§ í˛zͲõyòܲ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
xyd•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ¢%ô% Ù%lyÊ˛y Óy í˛zFã˛ ≤Ã!ï˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~ê˛y Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° °«˛ °«˛
«%˛o ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ G ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ xyd•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚î ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ iä àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ü˛y!Ó˚à!Ó˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝
x˲yÓ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚G Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ܲyÎ≈ܲÙà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl Ê˛yÙ≈ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ñ
§¡ø%!áï˛ §Ù§ƒyñ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚y˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ òyl •zï˛ƒy!ò §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛ˆÏ°
!lˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l– iiä ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ò%•z ò¢ˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ •…y§ñ iiiä Ó,•Í xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛yÙ≈ myÓ˚y ≤Ãò_ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚
!l¡¨•yˆÏÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓy˚ ÂàÙñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ˆÏçrê˛ myÓ˚y ˆË˛çy° Ó#ç ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆçyàylñ ivä Ê˛§° ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yñ ˆ˛õyܲyÓ˚ xyܲÙî
~ÓÇ áÓ˚yñ vä ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Ù•yçlˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ 36 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ 120 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ }î @˝Ã•îñ viä §hflyÏ
xyÙòy!lÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° òyÙ G Ù%lyÊ˛yÓ˚ !l¡¨Ùá% #ï˛yñ viiä ¢§ƒˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ òÓ˚l% Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y x!ï˛í˛zFã˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ }î @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ à˲#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ˆÓÓ%̊ˆlÏ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y l°Ü)˛˛õ åBorewellä fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Îy ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
í˛zͧ ı ~ ˆÜ˛ ˆÙˆÏ•ï˛yñ ˆ§ÔÓ˚˲ ˆây£Ïñ !Ó˚ï%˛ ~°yÓ!í˛¸Ó˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ Ü,˛ï˛ xôƒÎ˚lñ Ú!ÓŸªyÎ˚lñ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢Ûñ 2004-05 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ“ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yñ !Óܲ“ §Ù#«˛y ò°ñ òy!l¢ Ó%ܲ§‰ñ !ò!Õ‘ 2005
~ÓÇ !˛õ §y•zlyÌñ !ò §%ƒˆÏÎ˚!°Ç ÚˆÓ˚!çfiê˛yÓ˚ xÓ ˆí˛Ì§‰Ûñ !ò !•®%ñ 29 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 2005–

òy!Ó˚oƒ 71
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !lï˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ òy!Ó˚òƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ !Ó°y§Ó•%° oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyˆÏÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ •° ≤ÃÓ,!Âô §Çܲyhs˝
Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ Îy !l¡¨ xyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲT˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~!ê˛ ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
x˲yÓˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G Óy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x§Ù !SÈ° ˆÎñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ•z ˆÙyê˛ ˆò¢#Î˚
Ó^˝ê˛lG ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏܲ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– í˛zͲõyòl åGDPä ~ÓÇ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
âê˛yˆÏÓñ Îy §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° hflψÏÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
~•z§Ó ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÈüÈ•z §ÙyçˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ
≤Ã˲yÓ ò!Ó˚o xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ åtrickle
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
downä–È 1950üÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ 1960ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# G ˲yˆÏ°y í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÓ˚ˆΩÏ ˛ ~ê˛y•z !SÈ° ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ù%რˆÜ˛w!Ó®%– ~ê˛y xy¢y
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y ç#!Óï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Ù
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ x!ï˛ o%ï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È
!Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ôl# ~ÓÇ
!l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ° §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l•z
ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÓôyl ܲÙyàï˛•z !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– òy!Ó˚oƒ
xl%ßï¨ ˛ xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ˛õŸã˛yò˛õò
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%Ùy!eܲ §Ù§ƒy ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ï%˛!Ù !mï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
Î%Âôܲy°#l ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
xÓ¢ƒ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎñ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ï
G !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ï˛ï˛ê˛y xy¢yÓƒOܲ !SÈ° ly– çl§Çáƒy
4.6 òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ù§Ù)• Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ê˛°•z •° ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ á%Ó•z fl∫“ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–
ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ ôl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÓôyl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôyl ~ÓÇ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó xyM˛!°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ó,•Í ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ lƒyÎ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ «%˛o Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ â!ê˛ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ≈^˝ê˛ˆÏl
!•§yˆÏÓ àlƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly x!lFSÈy ~ÓÇ x§ÙÌ≈ï˛y !SÈ°– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl
å1951-56ä xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÎñ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ §%Ê˛° ã%˛•zˆÏÎ˚
~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ñ §¡õò G §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õˆÏÓ˚!l–
âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xy!Ì≈ܲ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ“
≤ÃÓ° §Ω˛yÓlyà% ˆ Ï ° y ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ xyˆÏ § –Û !mï˛#Î˚ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛G å1956-61ä í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ §¡õò ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Ú§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù §%!Óôy≤ÃyÆ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §,çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xyÎ˚ G ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl
ˆ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x!ôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !l!ò≈T˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–Û §Ü˛° ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ò!°ˆÏ°•z òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly å1961-66ä ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛
~Ó˚çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– 1970ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ áyòƒ

72 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!ã˛e 4.6 ı ÚáyˆÏòƒÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲyçÛ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xô#l Ùç%Ó˚#!˲!_ܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl–

lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ù à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚Ó˚y PMRY ~Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl
x!ôܲyÇ¢ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°y•z ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,çlܲyÓ˚# ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà
˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– fiÌy˛õˆÏl xy!Ì≈ܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– åSJSRYäÈüÈ~Ó˚
Óï≈ ˛ ÙyˆÏ l fl∫ ! lÎ% ! =˛ ܲÙ≈ § ) ! ã˛ ~ÓÇ Ùç% ! Ó˚ !˲!_ܲ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒ •° ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z òy!Ó˚oƒ !lÙ)≈° ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%რÙyôƒÙ ôÓ˚y Ùç%Ó˚#!˲!_ܲ !lÎ%!=˛ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
•ˆÏFSÈ– fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÈüüüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y–
ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ åREGPäñ ≤ÃôylÙsf# ˛õ) ˆ Ï Ó ≈ fl∫ ! lÎ% ! =˛ ܲÙ≈ § ) ! ã˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏ l
ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ˆÎyçly åPMRYä ~ÓÇ fl∫î≈çÎ˚hs˝# ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ Óy Óƒ!=˛ !ӈϢˆÏ£Ï xy!Ì≈ܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl
ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ˆÎyçly (SJSRY)– ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛!ê˛Ó˚ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– È1990 üÈ~Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
!SÈ° ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°y
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛!ê˛ áy!ò ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyˆÏòƒyà ܲ!Ù¢l ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%!Óôy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛# ‡ ò°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl «%˛o !¢“ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ åSHGsä àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚
çlƒ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xy!Ì≈ܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y !òˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÌ≈ çÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
•Î˚– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ fl∫“ xyÎ˚ §¡õߨ
xÌ≈ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ «%˛o }ˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚

òy!Ó˚oƒ 73
çlƒ í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §%!Óôy •zï˛ƒy!ò §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ò°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#lÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
xy!Ì≈ܲ §y•y΃ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲlñ ~•z ò°à%ˆÏ°y•z ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°y ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyˆÏܲ ~•z ˆË˛yà ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ G !¢«˛yÎ˚
}î ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– fl∫î≈çÎ˚hs#˝ @˝ÃyÙ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ˆÎyçly í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
åSGSYä •° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛– SGSYÈüÈ•z ˛õM˛Ù ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ à,•#ï˛
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl çyï˛#Î˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ç#!Óܲy !Ù¢l åNRLMä lyˆÏÙ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÚܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
˛õ%là≈!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ
çyï˛#Î˚ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !Ù¢l åNULMä lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy§yÙ@˝Ã# ܲˆÏÎ˚ x«˛Ù ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ l)ƒlï˛Ù hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
áyòƒ¢§ƒñ !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩñ ˛õ%!T˛ñ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç°ñ Óy§fiÌylñ
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ò!Ó˚o
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà G !Óò%ƒÍ •zï˛ƒy!ò Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §yÙy!çܲ ˆË˛yà G
xò«˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚!˲!_ܲ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–Û àîÓ^˝ê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌyñ
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ˛@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– 2005 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
§%§Ç•ï˛ !¢¢% í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤Ãܲ“ ~ÓÇ Ùôƒy•´ xy•yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ“
xyàfiê˛ ÙyˆÏ§ §Ç§ˆÏò ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xy•zl ˛õy¢ •Î˚
•° ~Ùl !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •°
ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl •zFS%Èܲ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%!T˛àï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l âê˛yˆÏly–
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏܲ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚ 100 !òˆÏlÓ˚ xò«˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ܲyç ≤ÃôylÙsf# @˝ÃyÙ §í˛¸Ü˛ ˆÎyçly– ≤ÃôylÙsf# @˝ÃyˆÏÙyòÎ˚
≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆÎyçlyñ ÓyÕ√#!ܲ xyˆÏ¡∫òܲÓ˚ xyÓy§ ˆÎyçly •zï˛ƒy!ò
~•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÙ!ê˛ Ù•ydy ày!rô çyï˛#Î˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ≤Ãܲ“à%ˆÏ°yG ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y xy•zl åMGNREGAä lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛
xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ÎyÓ˚y l)ƒlï˛Ù ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛
Ùç% !Ó˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ •z F S% È Ü ˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ y ˆÎ§ÙhflÏ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÙ!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲyç
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ §yÙy!çܲ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 2013-14 §yˆÏ°
§Çܲyhs˝ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó yÓ˚ ~•z xy•z ˆ Ï l Ó˚ xô#ˆÏ l
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ çyï˛#Î˚
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yÙy!çܲ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ •° ~Ùl•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛Ó˚
òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ •° í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl ÓÎ˚flÒ çlàî ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
çlàîˆÏܲ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôy ˆòGÎ˚y– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Îb ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆl•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
!ӈϟªÓ˚ x@˝ÃàyÙ# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ çlƒ ˲yï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò!Ó˚o Ù!•°yÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ=˛y
ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ ˲ï%≈˛!ܲˆÏï˛ áyòƒ¢§ƒñ ~ÓÇ !ÓôÓy Ù!•°yÓ˚yG ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩñ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°# §Çܲyhs˝ ò!Ó˚o çlàîˆÏܲ fl∫yfĩ!ÓÙy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒG §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚

74 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø §Ù%o í˛z˛õÜ)˛°#Î˚ ~°yܲyñ ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!Ùñ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ xM˛° ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §Ω˛Ó ~Ùl
!ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y iä ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
çlƒ áyòƒ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~ÓÇ iiä fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# xM˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §í˛¸Ü˛ !lÙ≈yîñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xRy!°Ü˛y !lÙ≈yîñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !lÙ≈yî •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï%˛!Ù
G•z §ÙhflÏ fiÌylà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆ°yܲ !lÎ%!=˛ ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%•Èz üÈ!ï˛l ˛õ,¤˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ –

lï%˛l !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– 2014 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓòƒÙyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆàˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# çlôl ˆÎyçly lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ !lÓyÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óàï˛ §yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyÑã˛ ò¢Ü˛
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyLjÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚
xƒyܲyí˛zrê˛ ˆáy°yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •Î˚!l– ï%˛!Ù
x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ“ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎñ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ Ë˛ï%≈˛!ܲà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌÓy
xƒyܲyí˛zˆÏrê˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ myÓ˚y x!ï˛
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ 1 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ò%â≈ê˛lyç!lï˛ Ó#Ùy ~ÓÇ 30,000 ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÎ˚ñ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ç#Ól!ÓÙyÓ˚ §%!Óôy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚!l– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y Îál•z ~•z
4.7 òy!Ó˚ o ƒ ò) Ó ˚ # ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ § ) ! ã˛ È ü üüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈ § ) ! ã˛à% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ Ù) ° ƒyÎ˚ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï S È l ñ ï˛ál•z ~•z
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛l!ê˛
≤Ãôyl ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmà ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
fl∫ y ô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó ï˛#≈ ܲyˆÏ ° à, • #ï˛ òy!Ó˚ o ƒ ç!Ù ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §¡õ!_Ó˚ x§Ù Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ Ê˛° ï˛ál•z ≤ÃÌÙ §yÙˆÏl òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó_Óyl çlàîÓ˚y•z
xyˆÏ§ Îál !ܲS%È Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ
¢ï˛yÇ¢ çyï˛#Î˚ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– ò) Ó ˚ # ܲÓ˚ î ܲÙ≈ § ) ! ã˛à% ˆÏ ° yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §¡õò Ó^˝ ê ˛ˆÏ l Ó˚
òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° •yˆÏï˛ ˆlGÎ˚y x˛õÎ≈yÆï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ ~•z ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ùà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§ˆÏ_¥G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xLjϢ•z «%˛ôyñ x˛õ%!T˛ñ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ≤Ãôylï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇܲ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚y

òy!Ó˚oƒ 75
Óy: 4.4 ı Ó˚yÙòy§ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸ÓyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ•#l §í˛¸Ü˛
Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲë˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚yÙòy§ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ~ê˛y ¢%ˆÏl xylˆÏ® xyd•yÓ˚y •Î˚!l ˆÎñ ˆ§ 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– 1993 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲë˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
!ï˛l !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ !lÙ≈yîܲyÎ≈ 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲ“ •yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò!Ó˚oï˛Ù ˆç°y •° §%Ó˚à%çy ÈüÈ 55 ÎyÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlˆÏày¤˛#•z í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ xLjϢÓ˚– ˛õy•y!í˛¸ Óy
!•!° ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óyñ ÎyÓ˚y ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚G §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!hs˝Ù 5 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xy!òÙ çlçy!ï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xÌ≈ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ ˛õyÑã˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ 42 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy çlçy!ï˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15000ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ó,•Í xÇ¢•z §%Ó˚à%çyˆÏï˛•z Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG
!ܲS%È Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸˚Óy í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛Ó˚ !˲!_ Ó˚yÎ˚àí˛¸ ˆç°yˆÏï˛•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚ã˛ˆÏܲë˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙ
˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸˚Óy Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛•z Ùye ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y §Ù§ƒy !SÈ° ÈüüüÈ ˆ§áyˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ìyܲï˛
ly– Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛Ù !SÈ°–
~ܲçl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ åNGOä ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ •° ÈüüüÈ Ú~ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È xyˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚ ly ~•z §Ü˛°
≤Ãܲ“à%ˆÏ°y ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸˚ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly≤ÃܲyÓ˚ °yˆÏ˲ xy§ˆÏSÈ ly ~Ùl!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%•z!ÙÇ ˛õ%° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyLjϰyÓ˚
!lÙ≈yîG çlçy!ï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyˆÏÙ•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–Û Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆSȈϰ Ó˚yÙyÓï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ Ú~•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˛õy•y!í˛¸
ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ü˛ï˛ ï˛y ˆÜ˛í˛z çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!lÛ ~ÓÇ Ú~áyˆÏl ˆï˛y xyˆÏà•z ~ܲê˛y ÜÑ˛yã˛y Ó˚yhflÏy !SÈ°Û– Úï˛yÓ˚y
~•z ܲyÑã˛y Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye !ܲS%È °y°Ùy!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ~•z Ó˚yhflÏy!ê˛ xyçG ˛õyܲy
•Î˚!l–Û
Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆï˛y á%Ó•z §yôyÓ˚î– ˆ§ ӈϰˆÏSÈñ ÚÚxy!ÙˆÏï˛y ¢%ô%Ùye !ܲS%È ç° ã˛y•z– ÚxyÙÓ˚y ç° SÈyí˛¸y
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ܲÓ˚Ó⁄ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ Ú17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yˆÏî ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚y
Î!ò xyÙyÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !Óܲ° Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ ˆ§ê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y •ï˛ ly⁄
ç!ÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲS%È ç° !òˆÏÎ˚•z ܲyç!ê˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚%ܲ–Û
Ó˚yÙòyˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!ò
~•z làò Ó˚y!¢ˆÏܲ ÓƒyLjÏܲ ˆÙÎ˚y!ò xyÙylï˛ åFDä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ à!FSÈï˛ Ó˚yáy •ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛ ly– ¢%ô%Ùye §%ò !òˆÏÎ˚•z §%Ó˚à%çyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl á%Ó•z ˲yˆÏ°y Ìyܲï˛Û
ÈüüüÈ ~ܲçl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛y •y§ƒˆÏܲÔï%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
ˆÜ˛í˛zÈüÈ•z Ó˚yÙòy§ˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÎ ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ܲ# !SÈ°ñ xÌÓy
~•z §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ 17.44 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yhflÏy
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Îy ܲálG ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ °«˛ƒ•#l ò%•z !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚
§í˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ•z xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy Óyí˛¸y°yÙñ ï˛ál•z Ó˚yÙòy§ ˆÜ˛yí˛¸Óy ӈϰ í˛z벰ñ Ú§ƒyÓ˚ñ xyÙyÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚%lÛ–
í˛zͧ ı !˛õÉ §y•zlyÌñ 1966ñ ~!ÓÓ!í˛ °y˲§‰ ~ à%í˛ í»˛ê‰˛ ı ˆfiê˛y!Ó˚ç Ê˛Ù •z!u˛Î˚yç ˆ˛õyˆÏÓ˚T˛ !í˛!fiê˛∆Q§‰ñ
ˆ˛õAà%•zl Ó%ܲ§‰ñ !lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çܲ!°ï˛–

76 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
òy!Ó˚oƒ Ó›ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛ál•z ò)Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îál
ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ¢%Ó˚%
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Ó Îál ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y §yÙy!çܲ
§ã˛°Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
ò!Ó˚o çlàî xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏî í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z
§ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ñ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚
•yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yG òy!Ó˚oƒ@˝ÃhflÏ ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ˙ ~°yܲyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ
§í˛¸Ü˛ñ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÎyàyˆÏÎyàñ ï˛ÌƒÈüÈ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ ˆ§Óyñ
≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–

4.8 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚

xyÙÓ˚y fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ SÈÎ˚ ò¢Ü˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù


!ã˛e 4.7 ı fl;ƒy˛õ §Ç@˝Ã•Ü˛yÓ˚# ı ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ ° !SÈ– xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ §Ü˛° l#!ï˛§Ù) ˆ Ï • Ó˚ ˚
xÓƒÓfiÌy çlàîˆÏܲ fl∫“ Ùç%!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z ˆ Ï j ¢ƒà% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ ï ˛ Ó°y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ ° ˆÎñ §Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ lƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ o%ï˛ ~ÓÇ §%£ÏÙ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ò%Ó˚!˲§!rôÙ)°Ü˛ñ x˛õÎ≈yÆÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆñ ò%l#≈!ï˛
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ âê˛ˆÏÓ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚
≤ÃÓî ~ÓÇ fiÌyl#Î˚ àîƒÙylƒˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲÓ˚y §Ó≈òy•z òy!Ó˚oƒ
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z §¡õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%áƒ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õã˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢ ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ܲˆÏÙˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È Ó˚yˆÏçƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fiÌyl#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~•z ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy çyï˛#Î˚ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G Ü˛Ù– ï˛Ìy!˛õ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲yÓG °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ !Ó¢y° §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l
òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ Óy òy!Ó˚oƒ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y ~ÓÇ ÓƒÎ˚ §ˆÏ_¥G xyÙÓ˚y òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ò%Ó≈°ï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ– ÙyÌy!˛õS%È
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛yG flõT˛ xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ àí˛¸ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆÎñ ¢%ô%Ùye í˛zFã˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô òy!Ó˚oƒ •…yˆÏ§ ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !ܲS%È x@˝Ãà!ï˛
ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãܲ“ˆÏܲ•z âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Îál ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚

òy!Ó˚oƒ 77
x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÕ‘y !òˆÏï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ï˛ï˛ê˛y §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ lÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ~álG
Ê˛° §Ü˛° xLjϢÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚!l– òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ò%T˛ã˛Ü˛ åvicious circle of povertyä ˆÌˆÏܲ
§yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚!l–
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˆ«eñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚

§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ òy!Ó˚oƒï˛y ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î•z •° ≤Ãôyl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–


Ø áyòƒoÓƒ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛@˝ÃyÙ#î G ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyà%!°ˆÏï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ
2400 ~ÓÇ 2100 ܲƒy°!Ó˚ ˜ò!lܲ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È ˆË˛yàÓƒÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z òy!Ó˚oƒ§#Ùy ˆÓ˚áy Óy ã˛Ó˚Ù òy!Ó˚oƒ
ӈϰ–
Ø Îál ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô ôyÓ˚îy ˛õy•z–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ܲˆÏÙˆÏSÈ–
1990 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ã˛Ó˚Ù ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

Ø ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y•z @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ G
xò«˛ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá–
Ø xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÎ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!Ó˚o çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xlƒylƒ à%îyÓ!° !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly–
Ø xˆÏlܲ ÓͧÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈl
ı ≤ÃÓ,!Âô §Çܲyhs˝ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ !l!ò≈T˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôy
≤Ãòyl–
Ø §¡õ!_Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ •hflÏyhs˝Ó˚ñ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚o çlàîˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §%!Óôy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~álG ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y Óy!ܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

78 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


xl%¢#°l#

1. ò!Ó˚o !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ܲƒy°!Ó˚!˲!_ܲ l#!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄


2. ÚܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ áyòƒÛ ≤Ãܲ“ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
3. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤Ãܲ“à%ˆÏ°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4. xyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈lܲyÓ˚# §¡õòà%ˆÏ°y òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛⁄
5. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !eÙy!eܲ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ §Ê˛° •Î˚!l– Ùï˛yÙï˛ Óƒ=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ°yܲñ à!Ó˚Ó ~ÓÇ x§•yÎ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ܲ# ܲ# ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
7. ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ~ÓÇ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. ôˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù à!Ó˚Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xySÈ ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆòyܲyl á%°ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ã˛y•zSÈ– ï%˛!Ù
§•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xô#l xyˆÏÓòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
9. @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ê˛y Ó°y ܲ# !ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ òy!Ó˚oƒ @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ
¢•ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ òy!Ó˚oƒ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ à!ï˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛
Î%!=˛ òyG–
10. ôˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲçl Óy!§®yñ òy!Ó˚oƒ §Ù§ƒy ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ !ܲS%È ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyç

1. ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 30 çl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜òl!®l !Ó!˲ߨ oÓƒ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ Ùyey !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî ˙ Óƒ!=˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ áyÓ˚y˛õ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙÓÂô
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

òy!Ó˚oƒ 79
2. ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !l¡¨ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xˆÏAܲ xÌ≈ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xl%§rôyl!ê˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚!ê˛ xlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ à!Ó˚Ó ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áy Óƒ!=˛ !˛õS%È Ùy!§Ü˛ 500 ê˛yܲy !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ã˛Ó˚Ù òy!Ó˚oƒG !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õyÙ@˝Ã# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲ ˛ õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ á ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ à ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ â
àÙ ‡ ã˛yí˛z°
Ólflõ!ï˛ ˆï˛°
!ã˛!l
!Óò%ƒÍ‡xyˆÏ°yܲ §Iy

ܲy˛õí˛¸
Óy!í˛¸ ˲yí˛¸y
3. !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!hflÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ !˛õS%È !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›§yÙ@˝Ã#
ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àí˛¸ Ùy!§Ü˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° Úã˛yí˛z° ~ÓÇ àÙÛÈüÈ~ 25 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
ܲÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 ê˛yܲy ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° 25 ê˛yܲy ã˛yí˛z° ~ÓÇ àÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ •Î˚–
§yÓ˚!î!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG–
Ó›§yÙ@˝Ã# @˝ÃyÙ#î ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó!hflϧÙ)•
ã˛yí˛z° ~ÓÇ àÙ 25.0 35.9 28.7
í˛y° ~ÓÇ í˛y°çyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ 5.7 6.1 9.9
ò%ô ~ÓÇ ò%?ôçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ 17.4 14.1 10.3
Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ¢yܲ§Ó‰!ç 15.1 12.7 19.6
Ùyǧñ ÙySÈ ~ÓÇ !í˛Ù 6.3 5.3 13.1
!ã˛!l 3.3 3.8 4.0
°Óî ~ÓÇ Ù¢°y 10.8 10.8 8.1
xlƒylƒ áyòƒ§yÙ@˝Ã# 16.5 11.3 6.4
ˆÙyê˛ ı §Ü˛° áyòƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ 100 100 100
§yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 62.9 72.2 72.8
áyòƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢

• !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ áyòƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ù!T˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ Ó!hflÏ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛y°çyï˛#Î˚ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°⁄
• !Ó!˲ߨ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl çlàîÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ü˛Ù ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó!hflÏÓy§#Ó˚y ÙySÈñ Ùyǧ ~ÓÇ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚⁄

80 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


REFERENCES

Books

DANDEKAR , V.M. and N ILAKANTHA RATH. 1971. Poverty in India, Indian School of Politi-
cal Economy, Pune.
DREZE , JEAN . A MARTYA SEN & A KTHAR HUSAIN (Eds.). 1995. The Political Economy of
Hunger. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
NAOROJI , DADABHAI. 1996. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, Publications Division,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Second Edition,
New Delhi.
S AINATH , P. 1996. Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest
Districts. Penguin Books, New Delhi.
SEN , AMARTYA . 1999. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
S U B R A M A N I A M , S. (Ed.). 2001 . India’s Development Experience: Selected
Writings of S. Guhan. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Articles
K UMAR , N AVEEN and S.C. A GGARWAL . 2003. ‘Pattern of Consumption and Poverty in
Delhi Slums.’ Economic and Political Weekly, December 13, pp. 5294-5300.
M INHAS, B.S., L.R. J AIN and S.D. TENDULKAR . 1991. ‘Declining Incidence of Poverty in
the 1980s — Evidence versus Artefacts,’ Economic and Political Weekly, July 6-
13.
Government Reports
Report of the Expert Group of the Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor,
Perspective Planning Division, Planning Commission Government of India, New Delhi,
1993.
Economic Survey (for various years). Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007, Vol. II: Sectoral Policies and Programmes, Planning
Commission, Government of India, New Delhi.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17), Vols. I, II and III. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (for
Planning Commission, Government of India).

òy!Ó˚oƒ 81
5

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ
Ù)°ôl àë˛l

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ

l ÙylÓ §¡õòñ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛–

l ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl !lÎ%!=˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyà§)e çylˆÏï˛–

l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ áyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛–

82 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ G ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ï˛•!Ó° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,•_Ó˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà °y˲çlܲ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛l ï˛yÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ!°ˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛–
ÈüüüÈ xy°ˆÏÊ˛í˛ Ùy¢≈y°

5.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y Îy ˆÓ!¢ xyÎ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù ~ÓÇ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛
ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
§Ω˛Óï˛ ~ê˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ K˛yl §Ç@˝Ã• G ï˛yÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛
«˛Ùï˛y Îy ˆ§ ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ àyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛í˛z˛õyç≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y•z ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ
~ÓÇ !Ó¢ò Ó=+˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ùyl%£Ï á%Ó ¢#â•z Ù)°ƒÓyl í˛z˛õܲy!Ó˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚
çylˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ° ˆÎñ ~ §ÙhflÏ !ç!l§à% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ §yÙy!çܲ !fiÌ!ï˛ G ˆàÔÓ˚Ó ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y ~ܲçl
ò«˛ï˛y˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ≤Ã!¢«˛î G Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏ°y !Óܲ“à%!°ˆÏܲ
Ü%˛¢°ï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàƒ ÓylyÎ˚ó ~ê˛y §ÙyˆÏç ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊Ùò«˛ï˛yñ ~ܲçl x!¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊Ùò«˛ï˛y Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!°ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ê˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# çlñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# çl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zqyÓl# «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– x!ôܲvñ !¢!«˛ï˛

~ܲ•z xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù Ìyܲy


§ˆÏ_¥G ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°l xyÙyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄

!ã˛e 5.1 ı Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î áyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚‡ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 83


◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ °Ë˛ƒï˛yñ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ 5.3 ÙylÓ Ù%°ôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óòàî ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ê˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ í˛zͧ Î!òG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl∫yfĩ áyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàñ
ܲÙ≈ ã˛°yܲy°#l ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ x!˲≤ÃyÎ˚î ï˛Ìy ï˛Ìƒ §M˛yÓ˚î
5.2 ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl ܲ# ⁄ ÈüüüÈ ~à%!° •° ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ
ˆÎÙl˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò í˛zͧ–
ˆÎÙl Ë)˛!ÙˆÏܲ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ôlñ ˆÎÙl ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ˆÜ˛l !¢«˛y áyˆÏï˛ ê˛yܲy
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§ ÙylÓ §¡õò ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
ˆÎÙl !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˆÎÙl í˛y=˛yÓ˚ Óy
•z!O!lÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xy°yòy xy°yòy hflÏÓ˚
Ù)°ôl– Îy ~Ùl ˆÎyàƒ Óƒ!=˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ / åܲä
≤ÈÏÊ˛§Ó˚ Óy xlƒylƒ ˆ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !¢!«˛ï˛ G á% Ó àÓ˚ # Óñ åáä Ùôƒ!Ó_ ~ÓÇ åàä
≤Ã!«˛î≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒ ÙylÓ §Ù,Âô¢y°#– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆSȈϰ G
Ù)°ôl åˆÎÙl í˛y=˛yÓ˚ñ •z!O!lÎ˚yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
•ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ°y ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ÙylÓ
§¡õò ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Óƒ!=˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ áÓ˚ã˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y ~Ùl ˆÎÙl
ò#â≈ܲy°#l ~ÓÇ Ü˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl
Óy ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ Ù%°ôl# oˆÏÓƒ ÓƒÎ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲ# ï˛y §¡∫ˆÏrô xyÓ˚G ~ܲê%˛ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆçˆÏl !l•z /
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à
åܲä ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
åáä ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y fl∫yfĩˆÏܲG ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ !Ü ⁄ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎÙlê˛y
åàä ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l !ܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ~ál Ó°y •Î˚ ÙylÓ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Óƒ!=˛ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
í˛zßΨ l˚ ⁄ ~ܲçl x§%fiÌ ˆ°yܲ ly !ܲ ~ܲçl §%fl∫yfĩÓyl Óƒ!=˛⁄
åâä ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲ# !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ §%!Óôy SÈyí˛¸y ~ܲçl x§%fiÌ ◊!Ùܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– ~ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y

84 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ fl∫yfĩ áyˆÏï˛
ÓƒÎ˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zͧ–
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ £ Ï ô ܲ Å£Ï ô
åê˛#ܲyܲÓ˚îäÈñ xyˆÏÓ˚yàƒòyÎ˚ܲ Å£Ïô
åx§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyäñ
§yÙy!çܲ Å£Ïô åfl∫yfĩñ !¢«˛yÓ˚
≤çyÓ˚ä ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óôyl G í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õÎ˚/ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãîy°# ÓƒÓfiÌyÈüüüÈ ~à%!° •° fl∫yfĩ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õ– ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ •° ˆÓܲyÓ˚c– ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎyàƒï˛y§¡õߨ
fl∫yfĩ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §%fly∫ fĩÓyl ◊!Ùܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ˆÎÙl •z!O!lÎ˚yÓ˚ñ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ÈüÈï˛yÓ˚y í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÓï˛l
Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
~ê˛y ÙylÓ Ù) ° ôl •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zͧ– xyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ÓƒÎ˚ñ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ fiÌyˆÏl í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ç#!Óܲy
Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ~ÓÇ xçyly §yÙy!çܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲy°#l ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ– !ܲv lï%˛l fiÌyˆÏl Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈lñ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ §Çܲyhs˝ Óy!ܲ §Ó áÓ˚ã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲñ Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !lç •Î˚– ï˛y•zñ fiÌylyhs˝Óˆ˚ îÏ ÓƒÎ˚ G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲÙ≈fiÌyˆÏl ~ܲçl ò«˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛cyÓôyˆÏl ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧ–
≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓó˚ ò%•ñz ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈fïϰÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ ◊Ù ÓyçyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl
Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÈüüüÈ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÎ˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ê˛yÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!ܲS%È ÓƒÎ˚ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y ï˛y•z ~ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ°yܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓï˛l Ùyl çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ
!òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ˆÎl ~ܲê˛y çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ•z Ê˛yÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ò«˛ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲ#Ó˚ܲÙ
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ Ê˛° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
§Ê˛° •ˆÏÓ– ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏî ÓƒÎ˚ñ ÙylÓ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ï˛Ìƒà%!° çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zͧ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ çÓ˚%!Ó˚ x!ç≈ï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò«˛
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ◊Ù í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ •GÎ˚y °y˲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ– ï˛y•zñ ◊ÙÓyçyÓ˚ G xlƒylƒ ÓyçyÓ˚
ˆ°yܲ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y ÓƒÎ˚G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl
çlƒ !lçfl∫ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÓï˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÓï˛l àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zͧ–

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 85


Óy: 5.1 ı ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl
ò% ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù)°ôl àë˛l•z §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°– ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝
ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zˆÏòƒyà˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛
Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ •yÓ˚ àîlyÓ˚ K˛yl ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ àîlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Î%!=˛Î%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl ~Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyñ Ùy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ ÈüüüÈ ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl àë˛l Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G
≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù•c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ Îál ˆ§ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈lˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ ly– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyÈüÈÓyÓy !ܲÇÓy §Ùyç !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˆ§Óy §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢«˛y!Óòàî ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚G xÌ≈yÍ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚‡!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚G x!ôܲv ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛lñ !Óòƒy°Î˚
hflψÏÓ˚ •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ à!ë˛ï˛ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ
xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ôyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎñ ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl ˆÎÙl ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy§ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ÌyܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆl•z– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲçl Óy§ÈüÈã˛y°Ü˛ ÎyÓ˚ Óy§ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ K˛yl G §yÙÌ≈ƒ xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Îál Óy§!ê˛
Ùyl%£Ï !ܲÇÓy oÓƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl x!ôÜ˛Ùƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ùï˛ §•ˆÏç•z ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ó xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl x!ôàÙƒ lÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ÙylÓ
Ù%°ôl ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ •Î˚ lyñ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§Óy !Ó!ܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ˆÏܲ
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôlˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ Óy x!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ Óy x!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy lÎ˚–
~•z ò%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ôl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy°yòy •Î˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!eÙ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
!Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô SÈyí˛¸y ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ÙÓ˚î¢#° •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# §¡õ)î≈ §M˛Ó˚î¢#°
lÎ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#°ï˛y çyï˛#Î˚ï˛y G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ myÓ˚y §#ÙyÓÂô– ï˛y•zñ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl àë˛l ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– §Ùyçñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Aà!ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
ܲï˛à%!° §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ò%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚•z Ù)°ƒ •…y§ •Î˚ !ܲv ~•z ò%•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)°ƒ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xy°yòy •Î˚–
ΈÏsfÓ˚ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ •…y§ âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎsfˆÏܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ù)°ƒ •…y§ âˆÏê˛ !ܲv !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z Ù)°ƒ •…y§
Óy x˛õã˛Î˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° §#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲÙyˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôlˆÏܲ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ Îy ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ly–
ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•Óï˛ §%Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ï˛yÓ˚
Ùy!°Ü˛˛õ«˛ˆÏܲ•z °y˲ ˆÎyàyÎ˚ lyñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚G °y˲ •Î˚– ~ê˛yˆÏܲ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ §%Ê˛° Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛
Óƒ!=˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÓòyl
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛ñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛y G fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ
Ù•yÙy!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl Óƒ!=˛ G §yÙy!çܲ ÈüüüÈ í˛z˲Î˚ §%Ê˛°G ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôl ¢%ô%Ùye Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §%Ê˛°•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍñ Ù%°ôl# oÓƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §%Ê˛° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y
˙ oÓƒ!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˙ oÓƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ òyÙ ã%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

86 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ly •° ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ôyÓ˚lyÓ˚
!˲!_– ~•z ò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !Ù° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ã˛e 5.2 ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛
xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È °«˛î#Î˚ !˲ߨï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
åܲä í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Úˆ◊!îܲ«˛Û ÌyܲyÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%!°
ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Óy ܲ# ܲ#⁄
!Óܲy¢ ı çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÎyàòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åáä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ~§Ó !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ly ~ܲçl §Êê˛GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y à%îàï˛ !¢«˛y °y˲
!ӈϢ£ÏˆÏK˛Ó˚⁄ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
◊Ù ò«˛ï˛yñ ~ܲçl x!¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊Ùò«˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ åàä ~§Ó !Óòƒy°Î˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ òy°ylâÓ˚ ˆl•z
ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛ ◊!Ùܲñ x!¢!«˛ï˛ ◊!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ xyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
fl∫˲yÓï˛•zñ ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ fl∫yfĩ G ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)≈
!¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàòyl Óy xÓòylñ ~ܲçl x!¢!«˛ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl– ï˛y•z xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÎÙl ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢– Î!ò ~ܲçl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛ ò#â≈ܲy° ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ áÓÓ˚yÓáÓ˚ ~ÓDz fiÌylyhs˝Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ x!Ó!â¯ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §yˆÏÌ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ •zï˛ƒy!ò ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚

!ã˛e 5.2 ı ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl / !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ã˛y°% ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚–

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 87


xç≈ l «˛Ùï˛y Ó, ! Âô ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – , Ùyl% ˆ Ï £ Ï Ó ˚ ~•z Ó!ô≈ ï ˛
í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Óy ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ◊Ù
í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ΈÏÌT˛ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá ly ÓÓ˚Ç
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y §,çˆÏl xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá– !¢«˛yñ §ÙyˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ
lï%˛l xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ !¢!«˛ï˛ ◊!Ùܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛yñ lï%˛l
≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

ÚxÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôˆÏl


Ó,!ÂôÛÈüüüÈ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ò,T˛yhs˝ !ã˛e 5.3 ı ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ G ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ü˛ ÙylÓ¢!=˛ ı ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რí˛z˛õyòyl
flõT˛ lÎ˚– ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õî §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ çlƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z ò y•Ó˚ î !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ñ ˛õÎ≈ y ˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚ ÙylÓ Ù) ° ôˆÏ l Ó˚ !lÙ≈ y î âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ï≈˛Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓG ï˛y §ï˛ƒñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl •°ñ í˛zFã˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%îàï˛ ÙylˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôlG xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚–
lyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xˆÏAܲñ ܲy!Cï˛ xyÎ˚%‹Òy° G
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà•z xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢
Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ G
ÙylÓ Ù%°ôˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%cˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– §ÆÙ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yfiÌσ !fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÚˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl í˛zߨÎ˚l
lyG ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ°yܲ§Çáƒy
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zß¨ï˛ G í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° í˛z˲Î˚ ˆò¢à%!°Ó˚ x!ôܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ å˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ ÙylÓ
!¢«˛y G fl∫yhflσ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È Ù)°ôlä á%Ó Ù•c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!¢«˛î ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛
x!˲§,!ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÙyÌy !˛õS%È xyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ Ó°Óyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç
ˆÜ˛yl x!˲§,!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y!Cï˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ñ !lˆÏç•z
í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!, Âô Óy !Óܲy¢ ~ܲê˛y §¡õò •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÙyÌy !˛õS%È xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô Óy !Óܲy¢
ï˛ï˛ê˛y o%ï˛ lÎ˚– ~ê˛y !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ ˆÎñ ÙylÓ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ å!¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩä !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
Ù%°ôl ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
~ܲ•z !òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍñ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ í˛zFã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲ!ë˛l !ܲv 5.1 §yÓ˚î#ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎñ

88 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§yÓ˚!l 5.1
!¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ §)ã˛Ü˛à%!° ã˛y°!ã˛e
!ÓÓÓ˚î 1951 1981 1991 2001 2014-15
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ åê˛yܲyÎ˚ä 7,651 12,174 15,748 23,095 72,900
xˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 25.1 12.5 9.8 8.1 6.7
å≤Ã!ï˛ 1,000 ˆ°yˆÏܲä
!¢¢%Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 146 110 80 63 37
çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï 37.2 54.1 59.7 63.9 67
ç#Ólܲy° åÓSȈÏÓ˚ä
Ù!•°y 36.2 54.7 60.9 66.9 70
§y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yÓ˚ (%) 16.67 43.57 52.21 65.20 76

~•z ˆ«˛eà%!° ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ó,!Âô °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ù%რ§Ù,!Âô ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §Ω˛Óï˛ xlƒylƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ xyÓ˚G í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ xl%§rôyl ~•z x!˲Ùï˛ˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚
§¡±!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ˆÎ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl •° í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl §ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl– fiÌ)° ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– åGDPä Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô xï˛ƒhs˝
çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyÇܲñ í˛Î˚ˆÏã˛ ÓƒyÇܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸª §Ù,!Âô à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–ÛÛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤çˆÏAà •z•y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÚ2005
ˆÜ˛w lyˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl å01/07/2005 ~ G 2020 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 7
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ä í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ 2020 ~Ó˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓÎ˚§#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸ •yÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ 40
¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓÉÉÉ–ÛÛ

§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl


Ú˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛ylñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ÈüüüÈí˛z˛õç#Óƒ
¢!=˛ G §%ˆÏÎyàÛ åIndian and the knowl-
edge Economy- leveraging
strenghts and opportunities äÛÈ ü È ~
!ÓŸªÓƒyÇܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ Î!òñ xyÎ˚yÓ˚°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ åxyÎ˚yÓ˚°ƒyu˛ ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ á%Ó Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛e 5.4 ı §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ K˛yl xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚– ӈϰ Ùyly •Î˚äñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 89


Óy: 5.2 ı K˛yl xÌ≈l#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛

àï˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Êê˛GÎ˚yÓ˚ åSoftwareä !¢ˆÏ“ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zͧy•çlܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ K˛ylÈüÈ!˲!_ܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒy=˛yñ xyÙ°y G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ~ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲS%È ò,T˛yhs˝ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
@˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y •zÈüȈٕz° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy ~•z Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ í˛zòy•,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ •zÈüÈ≤ây§lˆÏܲ
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌÈüÈ≤Ãò¢≈lܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl xy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !˲!_ܲ ˆ§Óyà%ˆÏ°y
ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xyÎ˚ 2002ÈüÈ~ 1000 Ùy!Ü≈˛l í˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲ!M˛Í ˆÓ!¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ•z
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ 2020 ~ 3000 Ùy!Ü≈˛l í˛°yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙÓ˚ §yôl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ
!ÓŸªÓƒyAܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •° í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– ~•z Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §Ü˛° §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎÙl fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏw ˆÎˆÏܲyl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà x°y˲çlܲ •Î˚ñ Î!ò
ÈüüüÈ ò«˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó¢y° §Ùy•yÓ˚ñ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ù ï˛y oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ
àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ §¡õò–
ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩáyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
~˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l ï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ
§Ù,!ÂôˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y
5.4 ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l Î!ò ~ܲçl !lÙ≈ y î ◊!Ùܲñ
à,•˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲyñ ˆôy!Ó xÌÓy ~ܲçl
~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ~ܲ•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°Gñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛y˛õÓ˚y!¢ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Î!ò
ÙˆÏôƒ flõT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙylÓ Ù%°ôlñ !¢«˛y G
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ ◊Ù í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ù_
~à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏÓÈ˚ üüüÈÈüüüÈ çylyÓ˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÎ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ •° ÙylÓ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
åܲä ܲÙ≈§%Ó˚«˛y
x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ xÇ¢– ܲyÓ˚îñ ~ܲÙye ï˛ál•z Ùyl%£Ï ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ
åáä Ùç%!Ó˚‡ˆÓï˛l
ˆ°áˆÏï˛ G ò#â≈ı §%fiÌ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
§Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆ°Ï y ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚
ï˛ál•z ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“ Îy ï˛yÓ˚y Ù)°ƒÓyl ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ

90 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óyí˛¸yˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ Î!ò ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù ~ê˛y•z •° !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ Óy Ê˛° lyG !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ G §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!hflˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– !¢«˛y G
◊Ù í˛zͲõyòˆÏl xÓòyl SÈyí˛¸yGñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ò#â≈ܲy°#l Ù•c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xy°yòy à%Ó˚%c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç Óò°yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•zñ
Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y G ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •hflˆÏ «Ï ˛˛õ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÜÏ ˛
fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– xÌ≈yÍ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óƒòy°ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˲!ï≈˛
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚•z fl∫y«˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ G §%fiÌ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y
ç#Ól ܲyê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– •Î˚!lÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢¢%!ê˛ˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•zñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y§ˆÏí˛¸y «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
5.5 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfiÌy
x!ôܲvñ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à%îà Ùyl G áÓ˚ã˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô §¡õ)î≈ ï˛Ìƒ
~•z xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl àë˛l ˆl•z– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy
!ӈϟ’£îÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ Îy!FSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ˆÎ ÙylÓ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y «˛Ùï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ
Ù%°ôl àë˛l •° !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩñ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ
!°Æ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •°ÈüüüÈ
fiÌylyhsܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ï˛ˆÏ̃ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl– ~à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyà%!°Ó˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y
ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ •° ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ á%Ó•z
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ òyÙ ˆlÎ˚
à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ í˛zͧ– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢ Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚
ÈüüüÈ ï˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
ˆò¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
fiÌyl#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ åˆ˛õÔÓ˚!làÙñ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚§Ë˛y ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ G Ó˚yçƒhflψÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y Ùsfîy°Î˚ñ
˛õM˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ä– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl ~•z ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!¢«˛y !Ó˲yà G !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇfiÌy ˆÎÙl lƒy¢ly° ܲyí˛z!™°
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈ– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ ~•z !ï˛l
xÓ ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢ly° !Ó˚§yã≈˛ xƒyu˛ ˆê˛∆!lÇ åNCERTäñ
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ~•z ò%•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚
•zí˛z!l˲y!§≈!ê˛ @˝Ãƒyrê˛§ ܲ!Ù¢l åUGCä ~ÓÇ x° •z!u˛Î˚y
Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ fl∫yfĩˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ !ӈϟ’£îÏ xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
ܲyí˛z!™° xÓ ˆê˛Ü˛!lܲƒy° ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l åAICTEä !¢«˛y
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ï˛y•zñ ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£îÏ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ G Ó˚yçƒ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ fl∫yfĩ
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
Ùsfîy°Î˚ñ fl∫yfĩ !Ó˲yà ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl
ÈüüüÈ •z!u˛Î˚yl ܲyí˛z!™° Ê˛Ó˚ ˆÙ!í˛Ü˛ƒy° !Ó˚§yã≈˛ åICMRäÈüüüÈ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çylñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌy
fl∫yfĩˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛–
ˆÜ˛ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲê˛y
•hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáÓ–
!ÓÓ˚yê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ òy!Ó˚o§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xyÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z çy!l ˆÎñ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyñ
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˲Î˚ °yˆÏ˲Ó˚•z §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 91


§%!Óôy ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– x!ôܲvñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 7.92 ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆ°yܲ§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ xÇ¢ xï˛ƒyô%!lܲñ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 15.7 •Î˚ ~ÓÇ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy G í˛zFã˛ÈüÈ!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ 0.64 ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 4.13 •Î˚– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲy°Óƒy˛õ#ñ
ly– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Gñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩˆÏ§ÓyˆÏܲ Îál !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó,!Âô §Ùyl lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ§áyˆÏl
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ •…y§ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÙÓ˚y
lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏòÓ˚ Î!ò fl∫ï˛sf Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y˛õܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛
!ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Î%=˛ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢ï˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y G ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ àí˛¸ !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãy!ƈÏï˛ ˛õ)î≈ï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ G Ó˚yçƒ ~•z
í˛z˲Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÙyê˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° xÇ¢ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
ÓƒÎ˚Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚‡ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛
åí˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ˆÎÙl Ù•y!yÓòƒy°Î˚ñ
˛õ!°ˆÏê˛Ü˛!lܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ä ~•z xÇ¢ §yÙylƒï˛Ù–
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y Î!òG §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe àˆÏí˛¸ Ü˛Ù ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
!¢«˛yÌ≈˛# ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ Û˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ
NCERT, UGC, AICTE,
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!ôܲ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎñ
ICMR - ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçà%ˆÏ°y
xy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zͧà%!°ˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚
!lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !òˆÏܲ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ•z xyÙÓ˚y !Óòƒy°Î˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Óñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl
≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤ÃyÆ xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ–
5.6 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y ˆ«˛e
ï˛y•zñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ hflψÏÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
!¢«˛yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ıÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ
2014ÈüÈ15ˆï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ≈# ≤Ã!ï˛
çyl !¢«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
Ùyôy!˛õS%È §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçƒà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
~•z ÓƒÎ˚ ò%˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ åÜ˛ä ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl !•Ùyã˛° ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏAܲ
ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ åáä ˆÙyê˛ fiÌ%° x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
34ñ651 ê˛yܲyñ !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Ùye 4088 ê˛yܲy– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ åGDPä ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe G !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚yñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ !¢«˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ÓòƒÙyl–
à%Ó˚%cˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
åGDPä ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢«˛y ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛y §¡∫ˆÏrô ~ܲçl Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲÓ˚y
≤Ã!ï˛K˛yÓÂô– 1952ÈüÈ2014 ~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ ܲy!Cï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛°ly ܲ!Ó˚–

92 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!¢«˛yÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚
1.37 °«˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚
ÓÓ˚ y Âô ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛z ˆ Ï Õ ‘ á
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚
ܲy!Cï˛ 6 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓƒÎ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï% ˛ °lyÎ˚ Óï≈ ˛ Ùyl hflÏ Ó ˚ 4
¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Îy
§¡õ)î≈ x˛õÎ≈yÆ– l#!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
6 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÈüüüÈ~ê˛yˆÏܲ xyàyÙ#
!ã˛e 5.5 ı !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà x!lÓyÎ≈– ÓSÈ Ó ˚ à % ! °Ó˚ çlƒ xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ#
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃyÎ˚ 50 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà !¢«˛y ܲ!Ù¢l å1964 - 66ä 2009 §yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚yÓ˚ 6-14 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ
§%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ GDP ~Ó˚ 6 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
!¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛y x!ôܲyÓ˚ xy•zl ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÊ˛°ƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Óy í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •Î˚–
1988 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÎ%=˛ ï˛y˛õ§ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 2
Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ñ 6 - 14 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !¢«˛y í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ åEducation Cessä xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
10 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ å1998ÈüÈ99 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ÈüÈ07ä !Óòƒy°Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !¢«˛y í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ xyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ

~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

!Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ lÙ%ly §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈüüüÈ
ܲä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈–
áä xT˛Ù ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈–
àä ò¢Ù ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈–
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ú!Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y !¢¢% ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚Û– xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ÙylÓ
Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲê˛y «˛!ï˛–

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 93


§yÓ!˚î 5.2
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xç≈l
ܲ!Ùܲ §Çáƒy !ÓÓÓ˚î 1990 2000 2015
1. ÓÎ˚flÒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yÓ˚ å15 ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä
1.1 ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï 61.9 68.4 81
1.2 Ù!•°y 37.9 45.4 63
2. ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y §¡õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ å≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä
2.1 ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï 78 85 94
2.2 Ù!•°y 61 69 99
3. Î%Ó §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ å15 ˆÌˆÏܲ 24 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä
3.1 ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï 76.6 79.7 92
3.2 Ù!•°y 54.2 64.8 87

!¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– x!ôܲvñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ lï%˛l }î ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ ~ܲê˛y 5.7 ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §Ω˛yÓly
!Ó¢y° ÓƒÎ˚ ÙO$Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛y ÈüüüÈ ~áˆÏly ~ܲê˛y ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fl∫≤¿ ı ÓÎ˚flÒ
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Î!òG ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆSÏ Èñ
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ı §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛Ó%G ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !lÓ˚«˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §Çáƒy ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ Îï˛ê˛y
!¢«˛yàï˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ÓÎ˚flÒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y hflÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ§Çáƒy !SÈ°– 1950 §yˆÏ°
§¡õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ G Î%Ó §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ Îál §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ Ü˛ï,˛≈ ܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôyl à,•#ï˛
•Î˚– àï˛ ò%•z ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ã˛e ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §yÓ˚!î 5.2ˆï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢lyÎ˚ ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y

!ã˛e 5.6 ı !Óòƒy°Î˚S%Èê˛Ó˚y !¢¢%◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚ / ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ «˛!ï˛–
94 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ §Ç!Óôyl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ 10 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ NSSO ~Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ 14 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ÓlyÙ)ˆ°
Ï ƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ 2011ÈüÈ12 §yˆÏ°ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Î%Óܲ
Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y fl¨yï˛Ü˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 19 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ¢•Ó˚
•yÓ˚ 100 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ~°yܲyÎ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ •yÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ï˛y 16 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
!°Aà §Ùï˛yÈüÈ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ı Ù!•°y
ˆÓ!¢ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛Ó˚y !SÈ° @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚
G ˛õ%Ó£%˚ ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏSÈ Îy !°Aà
fl¨yï˛Ü˛ Î%Óï˛#Ó˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÓܲyÓ˚–
§Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ˆÏܲ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛Ó%G
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î G ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚# !¢«˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ âê˛yˆÏly
!¢!«˛ï˛ Î%Óܲ Óy Î%Óï˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 3-6 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ xy!Ì≈ܲ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ~ÓÇ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚– ï˛y•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ Ù!•°y !¢«˛y
Ó,!Âô G í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçll •yÓ˚ G Ù!•°y G !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Óñ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ò«˛ï˛yñ ˙
•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zôÁ≈ §M˛y°l !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xydï%˛T˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál fl∫“ !¢!«˛ï˛
ly– ~ܲ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓÎ˚flÒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y •yÓ˚ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ùy•z° ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢ ˆÓܲyÓ˚– ˆÜ˛l⁄

5.8 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚

ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l G Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ G


§yÙy!çܲ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Óy•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
G Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓƒÎ˚ ÓÓ˚yj ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyÎ˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ G §Ùï˛yÓ˚
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛
!ã˛e 5.7 ı í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y / Ü˛Ù ≤ÃyÆܲyÓ˚# ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ G ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ ÙylÓ¢!=˛Ó˚ §Ù,Âô §Ω˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈– ~ál ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •° ~Ó˚ à%îàï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ÈüüüÈ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Ü˛Ù ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ùl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
!¢«˛yÓ˚ !˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛ áyí˛¸y Îy §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õÎ≈yÆ˲yˆÏÓ
ˆ°yܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– x!ôܲvñ !¢!«˛ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 95


§Ç!«˛ÆÓ,!_

Ø !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl Ó,!Âô≤ÃyÆ ◊Ù í˛zͲõyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ç≈ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆfl∫FSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎñ ~ê˛y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏÓ–
Ø !¢«˛yñ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ fl∫yfĩñ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚î G ï˛ˆÏ̃ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàÈüüüÈ ~à%ˆÏ°y ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ–
Ø ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ly•z •° ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_– ~•z ò%ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È
§yò,¢ƒ G ˜Ó¢yò,¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ–
Ø ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ Ó,!ÂôܲyÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ø ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÎ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏî x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒñ ܲyÓ˚î Îál
ˆ°yܲ ˆ°áy ~ÓÇ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ò#â≈ G §%fiÌ ç#Ól ܲyê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲÙye ï˛ál•z
ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“à%!° !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c ˆòÎ˚–
Ø ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ñ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%cˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1É ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ ܲ# ܲ#⁄


2É ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
3É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y xç≈ˆÏl xyM˛!°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4É ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáyG–
5É ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓñ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ¢∑⁄
6É ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yl í˛z˛õyòylà%!° xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá⁄
7É §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ G •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Óôy í˛z˛õ°kô ܲÓ˚yÎ˚⁄

96 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


8É !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §Ω˛Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
9É !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
ܲä fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy–
áä fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏî ÓƒÎ˚–
10É ÙylÓ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ fl∫yfĩ G !¢«˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11É ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá–
12É Ú˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# àí˛¸ !¢«˛yÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x§Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ !l¡¨Ù%á# ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÛÈüüüÈ
Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13É ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14É !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù,!Âô Óy !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ í˛zj#Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15É ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yà%!° Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16É ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
17É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ù!•°y !¢«˛y ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
18É !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
19É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒyà%!° ܲ# ܲ#⁄
20É ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˲!ï≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏòÎ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ Î!ò ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄

≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°

1É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ àîly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !ÓŸª ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲ#⁄
2É Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !ܲ !lÜ˛ê˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ K˛yl!˲!_ܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏFSÈ⁄ ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3É §yÓ˚!î 5É2ÈüÈˆï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ï˛Ìƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4É ~ܲçl !¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xÓòyl ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ
~ܲçlˆÏܲ !¢«˛y òyG–

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 97


5É !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧà%!° !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%!° !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ◊Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6É ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy!£≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˛õí˛¸ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚yÇ¢ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛yÎ˚ åEconomic Surveyäñ §yÙy!çܲ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸y–
.

REFERENCES

Books

BECKER, G ARY S. 1964. Human Capital. 2nd Edition, Columbia University Press, New
York.
F R E E M A N , R I C H A R D . 1976. The Overeducated American. Academic Press,
New York.
SIDDHARTHAN, N.S. AND K. NARAYANAN (Eds.). 2013. Human Capital and Development — The
Indian Experience. Springer, New Delhi.

Government Reports

India Human Development Report 2011: Towards Social Inclusion, Planning Commission,
Government of India.
Educational Statistics At a glance, Ministry of Human Resource Development, (for vari-
ous years), Government of India.
Annual Reports, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

Websites

http://epathshala.nic.in
www.education.nic.in
www.cbse.nic.in
www.ugc.ac.in
www.aicte.ernet.in
www.ncert.nic.in
www.finmin.nic.in
www.mospi.nic.in
http://nroer.gov.in

98 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


6

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ

• @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ù%რ!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ˆÎ ܲï˛ê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• @˝ÃyÙ#î í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl }ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˛õîƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ !Ó˛õll ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!Óܲy í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏï˛–
• !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˜çÓ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 99
ÚÚÎyÓ˚y ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ¢%ô%Ùye !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyˆÏã˛– Óy!ܲ §Óy•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚%!ê˛
ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyˆÏã˛–ÛÛ
ÈüüüÈ !ÌÓ˚%Ó°%˲yÓ˚
6.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y @˝ÃyÙ#î xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ˆÎ òy!Ó˚o ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yÙˆÏl ÙhflÏ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛e ˆÎà%!° §Ù§ƒy §AÜ%˛° ˆ§•z
çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ à!Ó˚Ó Ùyl%£Ï @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚
~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ
xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%!° ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ ˆl•z– @˝ÃyÙ#î l §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ lyÓ˚# §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛!£Ï•z •° ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyÎ˚– Ù•ydy ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢–
ày!rôÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyܲ ¢ï≈˛ •° l fl∫yfĩñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫FSÈï˛y ~ÓÇ çlfl∫yfĩ ò%!ê˛•z
@˝ à yÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ¢•ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ !¢“
§y!Ù° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyܲˆÏ°
≤Ãܲ, ï˛ í˛zßΨ l˚ xôÓ˚y•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎG ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚îy l Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˆÎñ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ §Ó≈ y Aà#î í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚ y l ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zßΨ l˚
@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚
l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚lñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !Óò%ƒÍñ ˆ§ã˛ñ }îñ
ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y à%Óc%̊ !ò!FSÈ Îál
!Ó˛õllñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §%!ÓôyÈüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î §í˛¸Ü˛ !lÙ≈yî
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢Ùyl ¢•Ó˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# Ù•y§í˛¸ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!Ó¢y° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !¢“ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl§Ù)• G xyô%!lܲ ï˛Ìƒ
§ÇˆÏÎyà§yôl ~ÓÇ ¢yáy §í˛¸Ü˛ !lÙ≈yîñ Ü,˛!£Ï
≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòá!SÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ò%•ÈzüÈï˛, ï˛#Î˚yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ°yܲ ~álG Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ï˛Ìƒ !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy–
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_G ¥ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆò¢Óy§#ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî
áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° •Î˚!l– @˝ÃyÙ l òy!Ó˚o ò)Ó#˚ ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ~ܲÈüÈï˛, ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ çl§Çáƒy ~álG ã˛Ó˚Ù òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛§yôˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy
í%˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ °«˛ƒ Îy í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Óyí˛¸yÎ˚–
˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ §Ù,Âô @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ál ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ïà%ˆÏ°y Ü,˛!£Ï
ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄ G xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
6.2 @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ܲ#⁄ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï
í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ܲyçܲÙ≈ ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ áyòƒ
Ú@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚lÛ •° Óƒy˛õܲ xÌ≈Ó• ¢∑– @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚îñ §%°Ë˛ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôyñ à,ˆÏ• G ܲÙ≈fïϰ
Ù)°ï˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl
fl∫FSÈï˛yñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ o%ï˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î

100 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


í˛zߨÎ˚l âê˛ˆÏÓ– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ }î G !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌyñ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
!ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈˆï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl ܲˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòÓ–
•Î˚!l– x!ôܲvñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ñ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó,!Âôñ 1991 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2012 ˛õÎ≈hs˝
6.3 @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe }î G !Ó˛õîl
§ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°ñ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ G ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
~•z •yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ÓSÈÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù– }î ı @˝ÃyÙ#î xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §Ù,!Âô ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà 1991 !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ xl%≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Îy Ü,˛!£Ï G xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ x˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó#ç Ó˛õl ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛°l
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ !¢“ G ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲ“ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛y !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ xy§y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
§%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ly •GÎ˚yñ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ê˛y xˆÏlܲ ò#â≈– ~•zçlƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Óyôy@˝ÃfiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ò≈¢y !òl }î !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Ó#ç ܲÎ˚ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ܲÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
!òl Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– 2007 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2012 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° çlƒ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !SÈ° 3.2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ~•z ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ !ÓÓy•ñ Ù,ï%˛ƒñ ôÙ≈#Î˚
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ xÌ≈ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° @˝ÃyÙ#î
Ù•yçl G ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#Ó˚y «%˛o G ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù•#l
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàç ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ }î !òï˛– Ù•yçl G
Ùy!§Ü˛ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yàˆÏç ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#Ó˚y }ˆÏîÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ áyï˛yÎ˚G ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
§Ù§ƒyà%!° ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyà%!°Ó˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲÓ˚ï˛– }î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛
ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù Ù•yçlˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%˛!«˛àï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y }ˆÏîÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yˆÏò xyê˛ˆÏܲ
!lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛– }ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yçy° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÎ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î }ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•ˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 1969
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ ~!lˆÏÎ˚ §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ÓƒyÇܲ ÓƒÓfiÌÏyÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˛õ_l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó•%!Óô }î §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚# §ÇfiÌy fiÌy˛õl
Ø §Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ GˆÏ Î ˚ Ó §y•z ê ˛ http:// ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° 1982 §yˆÏ° çyï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£Ï G @˝ÃyÙ#î
www.rural.nic.in ˆÌˆÏܲ •zòyl#ÇܲyˆÏ° ¢%Ó˚% í˛zßΨ l˚ ÓƒyAܲ å§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ NABARDä ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
•GÎ˚ y ≤Ãܲ“§Ù) • ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲˆÏ “ Ó˚ í˛z ˆ Ï j ¢ƒ ~•z ÓƒyAܲ •° §Ù@˝Ã @˝ÃyÙ#î xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇfiÌyà%!°Ó˚
ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ ¢#£Ï≈ §ÇfiÌy–

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 101
Óy: 6.1 : à!Ó˚Ó Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyAܲ
ÚÜ%˛ê%˛¡∫◊#Û •° ˆày¤˛#!˲!_ܲ Ù!•°y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ §ÇfiÌy– ~•z §ÇfiÌy ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°yˆÏï˛ òy!Ó˚o ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç !°Æ– 1995 §yˆÏ° §M˛Î˚ˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ §y◊Î˚# à!Ó˚Ó Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §M˛Î˚# ÓƒyÇܲ fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y }î §!Ù!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yG ~•z ÓƒyÇܲ fiÌy˛õˆÏl xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z }î §!Ù!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y §M˛Î˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §M˛Î˚ çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyÇܲ!ê˛ ~ál §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ §M˛Î˚
§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈Ó,•Í ≤ÃÌyÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ÓƒyÇܲ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ùyò,ï˛–
í˛zͧ /ÈüÈwww.kudumbashree.com– ï%˛!Ù ~•z GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ xlƒylƒ í˛zˆÏòƒyà
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄

§Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó @˝ÃyÙ#î }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ §y!Ù° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l ӈϰ•z fl∫Èüȧ•yÎ˚ܲ
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó @˝ÃyÙ#î }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛e §ÇfiÌyà%!°ˆÏܲ ~•z âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §y!Ù° •ˆÏï˛
~ˆÏl!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòlÙ%á# }ˆÏî Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ }î ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ çyÙylˆÏï˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛y•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl!ê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •°ñ ~ܲy!ôܲ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ çyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyGï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§•yÎ˚ܲÈüȧÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~•z §•yÎ˚ܲ §ÇfiÌyà%!° •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ }î @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly– fl∫ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
ÈüüüÈ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲ§Ù)•ñ xyM˛!°Ü˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ§Ù)•ñ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛o «%˛o çÙyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yÈüÈx˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ê˛Ë˛ G ç!Ù í˛zߨÎ˚l ÓƒyÇܲ– ~•z ÓƒyÇܲà%!° §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl }î ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z }î ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛
Ü˛Ù §%ˆÏò ˛õÎ≈yÆ }î ≤ÃòyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ÓÂô– •zòyl#ÇܲyˆÏ° §•ç !ܲ!hflψÏï˛ Ü˛Ù §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 2003
fl∫Èüȧ•yÎ˚ܲ @˝Ã%˛õà%!° ≤ÃÌyàï˛ }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ ˆÊÑ˛yܲÓ˚ §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyã≈˛ Ùy§ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §yï˛ °ˆÏ«˛Ó˚G x!ôܲ
˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤ÃÌyàï˛ }î ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛# }î ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z }î
ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÎ x≤Ãï%˛° ï˛y•z lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy x!ï˛ «%˛o }î ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ü˛° §yÙy!çܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ˆÏܲ §Ç•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#à%!° Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ˆlÏ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe

~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y }î !òˆÏFSÈ– ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !Ù!ê˛ÇˆÏÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏî í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ál fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ§Çáƒy ܲï˛ñ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲï˛ñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ }î ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ }î@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ }î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø ï%˛!Ù ~ÙlG ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ xlƒ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏFSÈ–
~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù !ܲS%È }î@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ÌyÓyï≈˛y ӈϰy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

102 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


~ܲê˛y x!˲ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ~•z }ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ù)°ï˛ ˆË˛yê˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyAܲ Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒylƒ ≤ÃÌyàï˛
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛l í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl xyÙylï˛ çÙyÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛
}î °yàyˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ ly⁄ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˆÎyàƒÓƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ }î ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# }î
xyòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– °yàyï˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚
@˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇ!Ü˛Ç ÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lydܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l åRu- xlyòyÎ˚# }ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l }î
ral Banking- a critical Appraisalä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏô x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚⁄ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲê˛y x!˲ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ÓƒyÇܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ o%ï˛ ≤çyÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ xÜ,˛!£Ï ˆÏÎ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ly–
í˛zͲõyòlñ xyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ }îòyl ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇ!ܲÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Óhfl!Ï, ï˛ ~ÓÇ
~ÓÇ lyly!Óô §%!Óôy òyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ≤çyÓ˚ñ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Î%à ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ÎyˆÏï˛
~ál xyÙÓ˚y áyˆÏòƒ fl∫Î˚ǧ¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° }îòyï˛y ~ÓÇ }î@˝Ã•#ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ˆ§ï%˛Órôl
âê˛ˆÏSÈ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸y Ùç%ï˛ Ë˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏe– Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÎ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l x˲ƒy§ àˆÏí˛¸
!ܲv ~álG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%È !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y xy!Ì≈ܲ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!l– ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ àˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚

~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø Î!ò ï%˛!Ù @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ω˛Óï˛ ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ò%/áçlܲ âê˛ly
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy° xÌÓy Îy ï%˛!Ù ò%Ó˚ò¢≈l Óy §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ– x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛£Ïܲ•z Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç Óy xlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl }î
!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛§° ˲yˆÏ°y ly •Î˚y Óy lT˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ xyÎ˚ fl∫“ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ !Óܲ“ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˆ§•z }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yˆÏô ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl ã˛Ó˚Ù ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ÓƒyLjÏܲ ÎyG– ~!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ü,˛!£Ï §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲñ Ë)˛!Ù í˛zߨÎ˚l
ÓƒyÇܲñ xyM˛!°Ü˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ xÌÓy ˆç°y §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲï˛!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ }î !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ü˛ï˛ ê˛yܲy }î !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Órôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ál
˛õÎ≈hs˝ xlyòyÎ˚# }î Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ˆÎ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ }î !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Î!ò ˆ§ Ê˛§° lT˛ •GÎ˚y Óy xlƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ }î Ù%Ü%˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ly •ˆÏ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ xy·ï˛•ƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲ!ë˛l
!§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛ú xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 103
6.4 Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌy x˛õã˛Î˚ •ˆÏ F SÈ ⁄ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ§y
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲáˆÏly ˆË˛ˆÏÓSÈñ ˆÎ áyòƒ¢§ƒñ Ê˛°ñ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ
§Ó!çñ ˆÓ˚yç áyG ï˛y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xÇ¢ •ˆÏï˛ çÓ˚%!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°yñ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ÓyçyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlGÎ˚y ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛
≤Ãîy°#– Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl •° ~ܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ •° §%!ÓlƒhflÏ G fl∫FSÈ
ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã•ñ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚îñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•lñ ˆÙyí˛¸Ü˛ ÓÑyôy•zñ Óà≈#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî °yà% ܲÓ˚y– ~•z l#!ï˛ ã˛y°% •ˆÏ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ G ˆË˛y=˛y
!Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Îál í˛z˲Î˚•z Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ °y˲Óyl •ˆÏÓ– Î!òG ~ál 27000
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛§° ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛ál @˝ÃyÙ#î §yÙ!Î˚ܲܲy°#l ÓyçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#Ó˚y oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ GçˆÏl ˆày°Ùy° ܲÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î
òyˆÏÙÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓG ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ ܲÓ˚ï˛– Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ë˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ °y˲ í˛zë˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
•ï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §í˛¸Ü˛ñ ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyñ Ùç%ï˛âÓ˚ñ à%òyÙâÓ˚ñ
òˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ìƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ly ï˛y•z ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏòÎ˚ ¢#ï˛ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛îyàyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î
Ü˛Ù òyˆÏÙ•z Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ï oÓƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ï˛– •zí˛z!lê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy° Ùç%ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ §%!Óôy Óyí˛¸yˆÏly– !ܲv ~áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §%!Óôyñ
˲yˆÏ°y §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §Ó˚ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó!ô≈ï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ á%Ó•z x≤Ãï%˛°– ~Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
ÓyçyÓ˚òyÙ í˛zë˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó!ܲ fiÌ!àï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó˛õlˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çylñ xyçG 10 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ x!ôܲ Ü,˛!£Ï Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ lƒy΃ Ù)°ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
í˛zͲõyòl §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲÓ˚y– à%çÓ˚yï˛ ï˛Ìy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ ò%?ô

!ã˛e 6.1 ı !lÎ˚!sfï˛ §∂# ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲y=˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °y˲ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚–
104 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ï%˛!Ù !lܲÓï≈˛# Ê˛°ÈüȧÓ!çÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆ§•z ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӈϢ£Ïc á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ
°«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ 10!ê˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ §Ó!ç ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
í˛zͲõyòl fiÌ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ê˛yG
çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §∂#Ó˚
Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
Ø ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ߨ!•ï˛ ÊÑ˛yܲy çyÎ˚ày ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˙ fiÌyˆÏl çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ál ~ܲ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÊÑ˛yܲy çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ xy§y oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òyÙ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛zͲõyòܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §!Ù!ï˛•z @˝ÃyÙ#î xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yÎ˚
ï˛Ìy xy!Ì≈ܲ ã˛y°!ã˛e Óò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õll lyly˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
•zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ° !ܲS%È !ܲS%È fiÌyˆÏl §ÙÓyÎ˚à!% °ˆÏï˛ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛y ˆòáy àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Óy!îçƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ §Ó Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zFã˛•yˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒ
§y!Ù° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚yñ !Ó˛õîl ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏ°•z Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ~•z í˛zFã˛
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ã˛yí˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÊ˛yÓ˚ fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ àä §Ó≈çl#l ~ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ §Óy•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y
!Óï˛Ó˚î ≤Ãîy°# åˆÓ˚¢l ÓƒÓfiÌyäÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ Î!ò !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
!ã˛!lÓ˚ !Óï˛Ó˚î– !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ˛õyOyÓñ
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í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ lƒy΃ òyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ à!Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!u˛ñ xrô≤ÈòÏ ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛ˆÏ°AàylyÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚Ì% ÓyçyÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ
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@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 105
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xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ܲyçܲÙ≈ñ xÜ,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ~ÓÇ
!Óܲ“ ç#Ól !çÓ#ܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚
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~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòˆÏáy Îy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~°yܲyÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y Óy ˛õyŸªÓï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚y
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆã˛Ô•!jÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe çly!ôܲƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– Ü,˛!£ÏˆïÏ ˛ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl
~Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ܲ⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ◊Ù ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !SÈ° !ܲ⁄ ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ çlƒ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏܲ ã˛yAày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xÜ,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ !Ó˲yà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !Ó˲yˆÏà
˛õÎ≈yÆ à!ï˛¢#° ˆÎyà§)e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
6.5 í˛zͲõyòl¢#° !ܲÎ˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚î ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv

˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !òܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ


xyˆÏSÈ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ◊Ù ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ
ܲyˆÏÎ≈ åˆÎÙl ˛õ¢%˛õy°lñ •y§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚à# ~ÓÇ Ùͧƒ ˛õy°l
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ä ~ÓÇ xÜ,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚– ~•z
!Ó!ÓôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°y ¢%ô%Ùye Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#Ól !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xyÎ˚
í˛z˛õyç≈l V%Ñ˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– lÎ˚y ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚î
¢%ô%Ùye xyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z §Ê˛° •ˆÏÓ
lyñ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yG @˝ÃyÙ#î çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ~ÓÇ
!Óܲ“ ˛õˆÏÌ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ áy!Ó˚Ê˛ Ê˛§° ˆÜ˛!wܲ– !ܲv
Ó˚!Ó Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙÓ˚§%ˆÏÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy x˛õÎ≈yÆ !ã˛e 6.2 ı Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈ •° à%í˛¸
ˆ§áyˆÏl °y˲òyÎ˚ܲ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy á%Ó•z §#!Ùï˛– ≤Û!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

106 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 6.2 ı åTANWAä ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç Î%=˛ Ù!•°yÓ˚y
ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YˆÏï˛ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° í˛zqy!Óï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ylÎ˚y
åTANWAä lyˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲ“ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
çlƒ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y!àòyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÌÓ˚%!ã˛Ó˚y˛õÕ‘#•z ~lˆÏÌy!lÎ˚yˆÏÙ° myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛
Ù!•°y ˆày¤˛# ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y §yÓ˚ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲ
Ù!•°y ˆày¤˛# x!ï˛ «%˛o }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §M˛Î˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §!ܲÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ˆÎÙl Ùy¢Ó˚%ˆÏÙÓ˚ ã˛y£Ïñ §yÓyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ
˛õ%ï%˛° ÓylyˆÏly •zï˛ƒy!ò xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–

xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ !Ó˲yˆÏà !l¡¨ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y G x§FSÈ° xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àÓ˚%ÈüÈÙ!•£Ïñ SÈyà°ñ
ç#Ól Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– à!ï˛¢#° í˛z˛õ!Ó˲yˆÏà •Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚à# •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ãçy!ï˛ Ó•%° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ¢%˛õy°l
Ü,˛!£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î !¢“ñ áyòƒ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î !¢“ñ ã˛Ù≈ !¢“ñ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
˛õÎ≈ê˛l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– !ܲS%È ~Ùl ˆ«˛e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ çµy°y!lñ ˛õ%!T˛
§Ω˛yÓly Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G !ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §%!Óôy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyˆÏÎ≈ Óƒyâyï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !lï˛yhs˝ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ly â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚– xyç ˛õ¢%˛õy°l ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲy•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 7 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛
ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ à,•!˲!_ܲ !¢“
ˆÎÙl Ù,Í !¢“ñ !¢“ܲ°yñ •hflïÏ ˛Ñ yï˛ ã˛yê≈˛ 6.1 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚à# ˛õy°l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Órê˛lñ 2012
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ~áyˆÏl x!ôܲyÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î
Ù!•°y Ü,˛!£ÏˆïÏ ˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyÎ˚
xlƒ!òˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ% Ó ˚ % £ Ï Ó ˚ y §yôyÓ˚ î ï˛
xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆË˛í˛¸y G ¢%ܲÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
SÈyà°
Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î Ù!•°yÓ˚yG
xÈüÈܲ, !£Ï ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáÑyç
¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– åÓy: 6É2 ~ ˆòˆÏáyä–
˛õ¢% ˛ õy°l å Animal àÓy!ò ~ÓÇ Ù!•£Ï
Ù%Ó˚à# ˛õy°l
Husbandaryä

˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ùyç !Ù◊


Ê˛§°ÈüÈ≤Ãyî# §¡õò Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 107
xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ál Ùyǧñ !í˛Ùñ ˛õ¢Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò xlƒ
§•çyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!ÓôܲÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–

Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï åFisheriesä
ˆçˆÏ° §Ùyç ç°yôyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÚÙyÛ Óy Úòyï˛yÛ !•§yˆÏÓ
ÙyˆÏl– §yàÓ˚ñ Ù•y§yàÓ˚ñ lò#ñ !V˛°ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ
V˛Ó˚îy •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó ç°yôyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏ° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ G
!ã˛e 6.3 ı @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆË˛í˛¸y õy°l ÈüüüÈ xyÎ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zͧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ÓyˆÏçê˛ ÓÓ˚yj Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï G ç° Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛
lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï í˛zߨÎ˚l
«%˛o G ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù•#l ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ò#â≈˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ùͧƒ
ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù!•°yÓ˚yG í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ 64 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xhs˝ˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏlܲ ˲yˆÏ°y xLjÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
36 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ù•y§yàÓ˚#Î˚ G §yÙ%!oܲ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÙyê˛ Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
ã˛yê≈˛ 6É1ÈüÈ~ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Órê˛l
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ 0É4 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚#
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~áyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xÇ¢
≤Ãôyl Ó˚yçƒà%!° •° ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓAàñ xrô≤ÈÏò¢ñ ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°yñ
58 ¢ï˛yÇ¢•z •Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚!à ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ ˛õ¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚˚
Ù•yÓ˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛Y– Ùͧƒç#Ó# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zê˛ñ àyôyñ ˆâyí˛¸y– §ÓyÓ˚ !l¡¨ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Óí˛¸ xÇ¢•z àÓ˚#Ó– Óƒy˛õܲ ܲÙ≈•#lï˛yñ fl∫“ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ñ
áFã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ê˛yR$ ˆâyí˛¸y– 2012 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ 300 !Ù!°Î˚l
àÓyò# ˛õ¢% !SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ !SÈ° 108 !Ù!°Î˚l Ù!•£Ï– !l¡¨ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ñ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù fiÌylyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
àï˛ !ï˛l ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y x˲yÓ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ }î @˝ÃfiÌï˛yÈüüüÈ ~•z
x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ SÈy˛õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– 1951ÈüÈ2014 §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤Ãôyl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˆçˆÏ° §Ùyç Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §¡ø%á#l
ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl xyê˛ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl •ˆÏFSÈ– Î!òG Ù!•°yÓ˚y §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Ü,˛!ï˛c Úx˛õyˆÏÓ˚¢l Êœ˛yí˛ÛÈ~Ó˚ §Ê˛° Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚îˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y Î%=˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚G ≤ÃyÎ˚ 60 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ◊Ù¢!=˛ Ó˚Æy!l
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §Ü˛° Ü,˛£Ïܲ Óy!îˆÏçƒ ~ÓÇ 40 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓܲÎ˚ˆÎÏ yàƒ ò%ô ~ܲe ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ •° Ù!•°yÓ˚y– !Ó˛õîl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
à%îyà%î xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ Ù) ° ôl §Ç@˝ à ˆÏ • ~ÓÇ }î≤ÃòyˆÏ l Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e Ù!•°y
¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲ!wܲ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆçˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÓyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆçˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ à%çÓ˚yï˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%?ô §ÙÓyÎ˚ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏî §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ à“ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yçƒ ~Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

108 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


í˛zòƒyl !Óòƒy åHorticultureä
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ç°ÓyÎ˚% ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!˲ߨï˛yÎ˚ ôlƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ í˛zòƒyl
!Óòƒy §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó!Óô ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ Ê˛°ñ §Ó!çñ ܲ®ñ ¢§ƒñ Ê%˛°ñ Å£Ï!ô ~ÓÇ
§%à!rô í˛z!qòñ Ù¢°yñ Óy!àã˛y ¢§ƒ åã˛yñ ܲ!Ê˛ •zï˛ƒy!òä–
~•z§Ó Ê˛§° ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ áyòƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zòƒyl ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl §ÙhflÏ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ 6 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ xyÙñ ܲ°yñ ly!Ó˚ˆÏܲ°ñ
ܲyç%ÓyòyÙ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Ù¢°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl xyç !ã˛e / 6.5 ı @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ
!ӈϟªÓ˚ ~ܲ x@˝Ãî# ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ Ê˛° G §Ó!çÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ˛õy°l ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ܲyÎ≈ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆlÎ˚–
!ӈϟª ~Ó˚ fiÌyl !mï˛#Î˚– ¢£Ïƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl xˆÏlܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲ Î%=˛ Ê˛°Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ áyòƒ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î @˝ÃyÙ#î Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚
ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È xï˛ƒhs˝ °y˲òyÎ˚ܲ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ò%/fiÌ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ùyl í˛zßï¨ ˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ÙyôƒÙ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– Ê%˛°àySÈ ˆÓ˚y˛õîñ Ê%˛° í˛zͲõyòlñ ly§≈y!Ó˚ Î!òG §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyî# §¡õò
ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyñ ¢AܲÓ˚ Ó#çÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòlñ ˆÜ˛y¢Ü˛°y!Óòƒy ã˛ã≈˛yñ í˛zͧy•ÓƒOܲ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lˆÏã˛– ~ˆÏï˛ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
G çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ¢% Îy ÓÇ¢Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– «%˛o G ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛
Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù•#l ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚
í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ¢% !ã˛!ܲͧy!Ó!ô ~ÓÇ
}ÙòyˆÏlÓ˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#
§¡õò í˛z Í ˛õyòˆÏ l Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!Óܲy ôyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚
!Óܲ“ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ âê˛yˆÏly
ÎyÎ˚– Ùͧƒ ˛õy°l •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ
!ã˛e / 6.4 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ xÇ¢ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù%Ó˚à# ˛õy°ˆÏl –

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 109
ï˛Ìy!˛õ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ùͧƒ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò)£Ïî ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛y ~Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~!ê˛ §Ω˛yÓlyÙÎ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
Ùͧƒç#Ó# §ÙyçˆÏܲ ܲ°ƒyîܲÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ˆÏï˛ áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàñ Ù)°ƒñ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy G
•ˆÏÓ Îy ò#â≈ܲy°#l °y˲ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚î«˛Ù !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!Óܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛§° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ï˛y
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– í˛zòƒyl!Óòƒy ~ܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !lç
ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ê˛° í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ á%Ó ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%âê˛Ü˛ •Î˚ lyñ !ܲv ~!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏç
í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zͧy• !òˆÏï˛ §,çlydܲ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛y ~ÓÇ K˛yl í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛e ˆÎÙl !Óò%ƒÍñ ¢#ï˛ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ à%òyÙ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ܲÙ≈§,çˆÏlÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌyñ !Ó˛õll ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yܲÓ˚î §Ω˛yÓlyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
•zí˛z!lê˛ fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ Ü˛y!Ó˚à!Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ G ≤çyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ÇfiÌyl ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨΈ˚ lÏ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à §¡õߨ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ –È
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– åÓy: 6É3ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆáyä

xlƒylƒ !Óܲ“ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà åOther al- 6.6 !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zßΨ l˚ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï
ternative livelihood optionsä
ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Î% à yhs˝ Ü ˛yÓ˚ # ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l §yôl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï S È – ˆÙyê˛yÙ% ! ê˛ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
§Çáƒyà!Ó˚ˆ¤Ï ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ áyòƒ §%Ó«˚ ˛y ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó£Ïy=˛ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §Êê˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ G ç° í˛z͈ϧ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛y•#lï˛y ~ÓÇ V%Ñ˛!ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y •…y§ xÌ≈yÍ
xy¢AܲyÎ%=˛ ˆ«˛eà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyˆÏï˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y «˛#î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Óy›ï˛sfˆÏܲ
~•z˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyç ~•z !Ó˛õ!_Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly •…y§ Óy ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô !Ó˛õÎ≈ƒhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢

Óy: 6.3 ı §yǧˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò_ܲ @˝Ã•î


xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ 2014 §yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §yǧò xyò¢≈ @˝ÃyÙ ˆÎyçly åSAGYälyˆÏÙ ~ܲ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ã˛y°% ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç§ò §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ !lç !lÓ≈yã˛l# ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
§yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ñ §yǧòÓ˚y 2016 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ xyò¢≈ @˝ÃyÙ !•§yˆÏÓ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ 2019 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÓ˚G ò%!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 2500 ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ @˝ÃyÙ ¢y!Ù°
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ § Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%§yˆÏÓñ˚ @˝ÃyÙ!ê˛Ó˚ çl§Çáƒy •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ 3000ÈüÈ5000 ~ÓÇ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛
•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ 1000ÈüÈ3000 ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ!ê˛ §yǧˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ !ܲÇÓy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õb#Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– §yǧòÓ˚y
≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ܲˆÏÙ≈yˆÏòƒyà @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yàï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ @˝ÃyÙÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆòˆÏÓl–

110 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 6.4 ı ˜çÓ áyòƒ
!ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ˜çÓ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ ˆò¢ 10 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ á%ã˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ˆã˛•zl ~ÓÇ §%˛õyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛ ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ ˜çÓ áyòƒ oÓƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ú§Ó%ç !fiÌ!ï˛Û ≤ÃÙyî !ã˛•´ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚G ܲ#ñ ˜çÓ áyòƒ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ áyòƒ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚
10ÈüÈ100 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ x!ôܲ •Î˚–

ÓyrôÓ !Ó!Óô ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà x!lÓyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl•z ~ܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Îy §hflÏy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ •° ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï– §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛òyl x!ôܲ ˆÙˆÏ°– ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï
•° §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy Óy›ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒˆÏܲ ˛Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ôܲ xyÎ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î •°
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲ ˛õ%îfiÌy!˛õï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÓ˚y !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ˜ç!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆò¢ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÏÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ áyòƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏS–È åÓy: oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
6É4ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆÏáyä ˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ áyòƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ%!T˛à%î x!ôܲ •Î˚–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˜çÓ
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §%!Óôy åBenefits of Organic Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ◊Ù í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛
Farmingä Ü,˛!£Ï xˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ •Î˚ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÎ˚ Ó•%° Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòl åˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ x!ôܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛zͲõyòl ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛
Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#çñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ñ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ä Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
!Óܲ“ §ÇfiÌyl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ fiÌyÎ˚ # ˲yˆÏ Ó í˛z Í ˛õߨ ˜çÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚– åÓy: 6É5ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆÏáyä

Óy: 6.5 ı Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛… ˜ç!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ï%˛°y


1995 §yˆÏ° Ú≤ÃyÜ%˛!ï˛Û åPrakrutiä lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Çàë˛l åNGOä ~Ó˚ !ܲ¢yl ˆÙˆÏ•ï˛y Îál
§Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï%˛°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ~Ó˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˜çÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
í˛zͲõyòl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ï˛álܲyÓ˚ lyà˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ï%˛°y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÚÚxy˛õlyÓ˚y !ܲ §Ù@˝Ã ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ Óflf•#l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈlÛÛ⁄ ~áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ 130ÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!ôܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲ 1200
ˆ•QÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï xyˆÏ®y°l §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ Ùylòu˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˜çÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï%˛°y í˛zͲõyòˆÏl
≤Ã!ï˛K˛yÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚ Ùylƒï˛y ≤ÃyÆ §ÇfiÌy ~!@˝ÃˆÏܲy åAGRECOä myÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
í˛zFã˛ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ ï˛Ü˛Ùy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲ¢yl ˆÙ•ï˛y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 78 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ü,˛£Ïܲ •ˆÏ°y
≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 0É4 ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ç!Ù Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ã˛y£ÏˆÏÎyàƒ ç!Ù 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢–
ï˛y•z ò#â≈ˆÙÏ Î˚yò#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ Ë)˛!Ù §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏî ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï x!ôܲ °y˲òyÎ˚ܲ–
í˛zͧ ı Ê˛rê˛°y•zl 29 ç%°y•zñ 2005ÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ °yÎ˚°y Óy˲yòÙ / ~ !@˝Ãî xŒê˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ê˛Ë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zÂô,ï˛–

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 111
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏî 6.7 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ •zFSÈy ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– x˛õÎ≈yÆ ~!ê˛ flõT˛ ˆÎñ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛yܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y•z °yàyˆÏly Óy ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ @˝ÃyÙ#î
í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ÎyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ ˆòGÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆ«˛ˆÏe xl@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ xrôܲyÓ˚ ˆSȈÎÏ ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– xyç í˛yˆÏÎ!˚ Ó˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Ü,˛!£Ïl#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl– í˛zˆÏòƒyàñ ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ñ Ùͧƒ ˛õy°lñ Ê˛° §Ó!ç í˛zͲõyòl
•zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!Óô ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͲõyòl
~!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓà˚ ˆ% °
Ï yˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ ≤ÃyîÓhs˝
Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y çÓ˚%!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ @˝ÃyÙ#î
ˆ§•zçlƒ «%˛o ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,•òyÎ˚ï˛l í˛zͲõyòˆÏl í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛w G ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ G !ÓˆÏò!¢ åÓ˚Æy!lä
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!ë˛l •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ çy!í˛¸ï˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zͲõyòl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˜çÓ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È e%!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆSÏ È ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏl !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ o%ï˛ ˛õã˛l¢#° •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ áyÓ˚y˛õ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ≤Ã!ï˛òyl ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
§Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ÙÓ˚§%Ù Ó!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl §Ù)• ˆÎÙl }î ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õîlñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓyrôÓ
¢£Ïƒ Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z §#!Ùï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G Ü,˛!£Ï l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚hs˝l §ÇÓyò xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ §Ù#«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y @˝ÃyÙ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ–
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y áyòƒ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ Ó!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˜ÏçÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ G @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎl˚ ˆÏܲ ò%•!z ê˛ xy°yò !Ó£ÏÎ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §hflÏy •ˆÏÓ⁄ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚ ly– xyçˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°

~•zà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)!ã˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%˛õyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛ñ §Ó!çÓ˚ ˆòyܲyl ~ÓÇ Óí˛¸ á%ã˛ˆÏÓ˚y !Ó˛õ!îˆÏï˛ ÎyG– !ܲS%È ˛õîƒ
§ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– òyÙñ fiÌy!Î˚cܲy°ñ à%îÙyl ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~à%ˆÏ°y çl!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
˜çÓ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õyÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl fiÌyl#Î˚ í˛zòƒyl!Óòƒyàï˛ Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ÎyG Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ˆÎ oÓƒà%!° í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ï Ê˛°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˜Ó!ã˛e
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ x§%!Óôy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

112 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ çlƒ !Óܲ“ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ ÓyrôÓ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ §Ω˛yÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§Ó˚y §Ω˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §Ù)• !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚y G §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆSÏ È– ~•z ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒçlܲ
§Ω˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î §¡±òyÎ˚ !lç ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl xl%ÎyÎ˚# âê˛lyà%!°– ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ
≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ˆ§Ó˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ xyÎ˚_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y à!ï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–

§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ¢∑!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ xÌ≈Ó• •ˆÏ°G ~áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ~ܲ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒyÇ!ܲÇñ !Ó˛õllñ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylàï˛ G à%îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
˛Ø õ¢%˛õy°l Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲyÎ≈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lï%˛l ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ñ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛!ܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏïˆ˛•z lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §•ç°Ë˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
˛Ø õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zͲõyòl ˛≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲÙyàï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ˜çÓ
ã˛y£ÏyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ çÓ˚%!Ó˚–

xl%¢#°l#

1. Ú@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚lÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !Óã˛yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚ˆÏl }ˆÏîÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. à!Ó˚Ó Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî «%˛o }î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓyçyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%!° Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. §%§Ç•ï˛ xyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚î xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 113
6. @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ#î ÓƒyÇܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
8. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ °Ë˛ƒ !Óܲ“ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
10. Ú§Ó%ç !Ó≤’ÓÛ ~ÓÇ Úfl∫î≈ !Ó≤’ÓÛ ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓfiÌyà%!° !ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ÓˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12. @˝ÃyÙ#î ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲˆÏÙ≈y!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. ˜Ó!ã˛eܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §yôˆÏl ˛õ¢%˛õy°lñ Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï ~ÓÇ í˛zòƒyl!ÓòƒyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ §%§Ç•ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÎ˚ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÛÈüüüÈ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ܲ# ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ≤çyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
16. ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
17. ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆÎ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

REFERENCES

ACHARYA, S.S. 2004. Agricultural Marketing, State of the Indian Farmer, a Millennium
Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
ALAGH, Y.K. 2004. State of the Indian Farmer, a Millennium Study — an Overview. Academic
Foundation, New Delhi.
CHAWLA, N.K., M.P.G. KURUP and V. P. SHARMA. 2004. Animal Husbandry, State of the Indian
Farmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
DEHADRAI, P.V. and Y.S. YADAV. 2004. Fisheries Development, State of the Indian Farmer, a
Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
JALAN, BIMAL. (Ed.). 1992. The Indian Economy: Problems and Perspectives. Penguin

114 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Publication, New Delhi.
NARAYANAN, S. 2005. Organic Farming in India. NABARD Occasional Paper No: 38, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai.
SINGH, H.P., P.P. DUTTA and M. SUDHA. 2004. Horticulture Development, State of the Indian
Farmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
SINGH, SURJIT and VIDYA SAGAR. 2004. Agricultural Credit in India: State of the Indian
Farmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
SINHA, V.K. 1998. Challenges in Rural Development. Discovery Publishing House, New
Delhi.
TODARO, MICHAEL P. 1987. Economic Development in the Third World. Orient Longman Ltd,
Hyderabad.
TOPPO, E. 2004. Organic Vegetable Gardening: Grow Your Own Vegetables. Unit for Labour
Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

Government Reports
Successful Governance Initiatives and Best Practices: Experiences from Indian States,
Government of India in Coordination with Human Resource Development Centre and
UNDP, Planning Commission, Delhi, 2002.
Annual Reports, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi.
Basic Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Statistics ( for various years ), Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India.

Website
www.dahd.nic.in

@˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 115
7
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ
!Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)•

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ


l ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈ñ ◊!Ùܲñ ◊Ù¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ î%Vþöì•þÐ
l !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛e§Ù)• !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G lyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
l ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G Óƒy!Æ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%!° @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

116 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Îsf ÙyˆÏe•z xyÙyÓ˚ xy˛õ!_ lÎ˚– xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ΈÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ •%%ç%ˆÏà˛õlyˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ◊ÙÈüȧy◊Î˚ܲyÓ˚# ΈÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã•– Îál Ùyl%£Ï ◊Ù ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ñ ï˛ál •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï
ܲÙ≈•#l •ˆÏÎ˚ §í˛¸ˆÏܲ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ xly•yˆÏÓ˚ ÙÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
ÈüüüÈ Ù•ydy ày!rô

7.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Ùyl%£Ï !Ó!Óô ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z
Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ñ ÓƒyˆÏAܲñ
ˆòyܲyˆÏl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ ܲÙ≈fïϰ ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– âˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ô% !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛yç ˆÎÙl
ÈüüüÈ ïÑ˛yï˛ ˆÓylyñ ܲyÓ˚%ܲyÎ≈ÙÎ˚ !Ê˛ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
xÌÓy !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y–
!ܲv xyçܲy° âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ !Ó!˲ߨ xyô%!lܲ
ܲyçG xˆÏlˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÎÙl ï˛ÌƒÈüÈ≤ÃÎ%!=˛
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãy@˝Ãy!ÙÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyç– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ !ã˛e /ÈüÈ 7.1 ı ˛õyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ ç°rôˆÏÓ˚ à,ˆÏ• ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ê%˛ê˛Ó° Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛
ܲyç Ó°ˆÏ ï ˛ ˆÓyV˛yï˛ ¢•ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲyÓ˚áylyˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ– ~ál !ܲv xyô%!lܲ çlƒ•z ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ~•z §Ü˛° ܲyÓ˚áylyçyï˛ oÓƒ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒG ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛G í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y §ΩÓ •ˆÏFSÈ– xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ Ù•ydy ày!rô !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛l ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ⁄˚ Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
§ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÙ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ •hflÏ!¢“– ܲˆÏÙ≈ !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ùyl%£Ï ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÏÓy˚ çàyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲS%È Ùyl%£Ï í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆeÏ xÌ≈ ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z xÌ≈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îÙyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õy•z
°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ ly– ~˲yˆÏÓ xÌ≈ °y˲ ܲyí˛zˆÜÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §%¤%˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛, !Æ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ܲˆÏÙ≈ !lÎ%!=˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÌ≈ӕ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y !¢“à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ xÓòylˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛G §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ܲÙ≈Óï˚ ˛ Óƒ!=˛ §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ §yÙy!çܲ
çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~SÈyí˛¸yG §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲyçܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ âˆÏê˛– ~ê˛y •° ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˆÎÙl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !¢¢%
xˆÏÌ≈ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õyç≈l– xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚yñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •Î˚–

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 117


7.2 ܲÙ≈# ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲG ܲÙ≈# !•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ܲ#⁄ ܲÙ#•z Óy ˆÜ˛⁄ Îál ~ܲçl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ
Ü,˛£Ïܲ ÙyˆÏë˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ˆ§ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓl˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲÙ≈#– Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy°G í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §)ï˛yÈüÈܲy˛õí˛¸ ~Ó˚)˛õ lÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚y fl∫ÈüȈÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yÓ˚yG ܲÙ≈#–
ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– °!Ó˚ Óy ê˛∆yܲ ~ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó•% !Ó!ã˛e– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z
fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl oÓƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ÓSÈÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ oÓƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ùye ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyç ˛õyÎ˚– xˆÏlܲ
~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈Ù)°ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ˙ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÙ≈#•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ã˛°l§•z Ùç%!Ó˚G ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚
˙ ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î í˛zͲõyòl– ~Ó˚§yˆÏÌ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy !•§yÓ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ Ó˚Æy!l ˆÌˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ xy!Ì≈ܲ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
xyÙÓ˚y xÌ≈ ˛õy•z– ~•z xÌ≈≤Ãòyl G xÌ≈≤Ãy!Æ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏÓ– 2011-
12 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 478 !Ù!°Î˚ˆl Ï Ó˚ ¢!=˛¢y°# ◊Ù¢!=˛
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎ !lê˛ xyÎ˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õyç≈l •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y ôlydܲ •Î˚ åÎ!ò
xyÙÓ˚y Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Ó˚Æy!l ˆÓ!¢
ܲ!Ó˚ä xÌÓy }îydܲ •Î˚ åÎ!ò Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá xyÙòy!l ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ó˚Æy!lˆÏܲ SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ä xÌÓy ¢)lƒ •Î˚ åÎ!ò xyÙòy!l G
Ó˚Æy!l §ÙÙ)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ •Î˚ä– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~•z í˛z˛õyç≈lˆÏܲ Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
ˆÎyà ܲ!Ó˚ åˆÎyà xÌÓy !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàäñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ xyˆÏ¢ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ Ù!•°y xyˆÏSÈ
ˆ°lˆÏòl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õyÓ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛àï˛ !í˛!@˝Ã ~ÓÇ !í˛ˆÏ≤’yÙy xyˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚G xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛yˆÏç
˛õyÓ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl– ~ˆÏܲ
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyˆÏç ÎyÎ˚ ly–
ˆÙyê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl ӈϰ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyç
~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ly– ܲyˆÏç ly ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y
í˛zͲõyòˆÏl xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ӈϰ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓÂô ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ « ˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ– ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛ xÌÓy Ü˛Ù ò«˛ Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ï˛yÓ˚y•z •° ܲÙ≈#– ÎyGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ◊!ÙܲG ӈϰ– ~Ùl!ܲ ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õyë˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛í˛z ÎyÓ˚y x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xy•ï˛ •Î˚ Óy xlƒylƒ à,!•l#Ó˚y à,ˆÏ• !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ ˆÎ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒñ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ÌyˆÏܲl ï˛yG ˆÙyê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ˆÎyà
í˛zͧÓñ §yÙy!çܲ Óy ôÙ≈#Î˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚yG xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲyˆÏç xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲG ◊!Ùܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§•Ùï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲÙ≈#ˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚

118 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!SÈ°– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàî @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ◊!ÙܲÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
ˆ§áyˆÏlÓ˚ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛G x!ôܲ •Î˚– ˆÙyê˛ ◊!Ùܲ §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ ˆÙyê˛ çl§Çáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~•z 473 !Ù!°Î˚l ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !ï˛lÈüÈã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢•z •° @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ Ë˛yàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ 100 !òˆÏÎ˚ à%î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
◊!Ùܲ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70 Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §yÓ˚!î 7.1ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyGñ
¢ï˛yÇ¢•z ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ Óyܲ# xÇ¢ Ù!•°yÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
å!¢¢%ÈüÈ◊!ÙܲˆÏܲG !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ù!•°y hflψÏÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î Ùyey– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 çl
◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 39 å38.6 ˆÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õ)î§≈ Çáƒy ˆlGÎ˚y
~ܲÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ Ù!•°yÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä çl ◊!Ùܲ– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ 36 ˆÎáyˆÏl
◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ùye ~ܲÈüÈ˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢ Ù!•°yÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ– Ù!•°yÓ˚y @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40– @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yñ ç° §Ç@˝Ã•ñ çµy°yl# ܲyë˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚G
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçG •yï˛ °yàyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ làˆÏò §yÙylƒ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
xÌÓy ¢§ƒ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ly– ˆÓ!¢– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲÓ˚•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚
xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ly– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ~ÓÇ xlƒ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà •Î˚!l– ~Ùl!ܲ
~•z §Ü˛° Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛G xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚•z ÌyˆÏܲñ ÙyV˛˛õˆÏÌ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛
•Î˚ ly– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˙ §ÙhflÏ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚G ˆSÈò ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ܲÙ≈#Óy!•l#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ §y!Ù° •ˆÏÎ˚
◊!Ùܲ !•§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÓyN˛l#Î˚– ˛õˆÏí˛¸– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ
xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ˆ¢£Ï
7.3 ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏl çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfiÌy Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
◊!ÙܲÈüÈçlàˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z xl%˛õyï˛!ê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Aà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáÑyç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
§!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ oÓƒ G ˆÏ§Óy §yÙ@˝Ã# í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà
xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~•z ˆl•z– ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌyê˛y !òlÈüÈxy!l !òlÈüÈáy•z
xl%˛õyï˛!ê˛ Óí˛¸ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó%V˛y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚–
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÓ!¢– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z xl%˛õyï˛!ê˛ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î 7.1
Óy !l¡¨ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y á%Ó Óí˛¸ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛
xÇ¢ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Î%=˛ lÎ˚– 2011-2012

!°Aà ◊!ÙܲÈüÈçl§Çáƒy xl%˛õyï˛


ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ Óy ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ˆ◊!îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
ˆÙyê˛ @˝ÃyÙ ¢•Ó˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ Úçl§ÇáƒyÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈– ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï 54.4 54.3 54.6
ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl ˆÙyê˛ ˆÎ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆ°yܲ Ó§Óy§ Ù!•°y 21.9 24.8 14.7
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z çl§Çáƒy ӈϰ– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ 38.6 39.9 35.5

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 119


lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ à,•Ü˛yçˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ܲyç !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆòˆÏ¢
lyÓ˚# ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ï˛ Ü˛Ù ˆòáyÎ˚– !ܲv ~ܲê%˛ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚
Ø Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl xl%§rôyl
!àˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï •z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y à,•Ü˛yˆÏç §!ܲÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ
◊!ÙܲÈüÈçl§Çáƒy xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ
xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ï˛ÈüÈܲˆÏÙ≈G !Óly
¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛l⁄
˛õÎ˚§yÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒyê˛y
Ø ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
!ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y
§¡±òyÎ˚ Óy çlˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ
í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
ly •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ 7.4 fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y ◊!Ùܲ

Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# §ÇáƒÜ˛ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ !ܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏ˲ˆÏò xÇ¢ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢– ˆÎÙl ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 çl !ܲS%È !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùye ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15 çl ˆÜ˛yl ly ˆÜ˛yl xÓfiÌy çylyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ à%îÙyl
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ê˛yG çyly
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 100 çl @˝ÃyÙ#î Ù!•°yÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ◊!Ùܲ!ê˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ åfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ly!ܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 25 çl•z ◊!Ùܲ– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓä ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï,˛≈˛õ«˛G ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ xlƒ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛l Ü˛Ù Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲydï˛y !ܲÓ˚)˛õ–
~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
ˆÎáyˆÏ l ˛õ% Ó ˚ % £ Ï Ó ˚ y x!ôܲ
í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§áyˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚ Ó yˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ˆòáÓ ˆÎñ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˆÎ §Ü˛°
à,•fiÌy°#Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z Í ˛õyòl¢#° ܲyç
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ly–
ܲyˆÏ ç Ó˚ §Çܲ#î≈ §ÇK˛y•z !ã˛e 7.2 ı •zê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ / xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ôÓ˚l–

120 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


˛õy!Ó˚◊!Ùܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
ã˛yê≈˛ 7.1 / ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏl !°Aààï˛ !Ó˲yçl ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ 18 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !lÙ≈ y î
≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°# ÎyÓ˚y !lÙ≈yî ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ◊!Ùܲ Ù!•°y ◊!Ùܲ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– Îál ~ܲçl ܲÙ≈#
56%
ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óy ˆÜ˛yl ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#
29%
51%
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
31%
20% ï˛yÓ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˛õyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
13%
ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈# ӈϰ–
ã˛yê≈˛ 7.1 ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏ°
fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ#≈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛•z
xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რí˛zͧ lyÓ˚#
G ˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ•z– !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáy
ÎyˆÏFSÈ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ !lÙ≈yî !¢ˆÏ“ !ï˛lçl ܲÙ≈# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G lyÓ˚# ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xfiÌyÎ˚#
~ܲçl !§ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ñ ~ܲçl !lÙ≈yîܲyÓ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚!˲!_ܲ ܲyç ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚
◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl !lÙ≈yî ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°#– à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zͧ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃyÎ˚ 31 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ Ùï˛ !lÎ%!=˛
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ xÓfiÌyl !˲ߨ ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îál !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛
lyˆÏÙ §ˆÏ¡∫yôl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲÙ≈#Ó˚y Îál ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó£%̊ ÓÏ y˚ x!ôܲ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe
í˛zˆòÏ ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ •l ~ÓÇ ç#Ól !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ !lÎ%=˛– 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈#
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà!ê˛ ã˛y°ylñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
fl∫ÈüÈí˛zˆÏòƒyà# Óy fl∫!lÎ%=˛ ӈϰ–
ã˛yê≈˛ 7.2 ı xAܲl !˲!_ܲ ܲÙ≈!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ !Ó˲yçl
ˆÎáyˆÏl !§ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲ
Ùy!°Ü˛ •ˆÏFSÈl fl∫!lÎ%=˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
15%
≤ÃyÎ˚ 52 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ◊Ù¢!=˛ ~•z 35%
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– !lÙ≈yî ܲyˆÏÎ≈ 43%

!lÎ%=˛ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ


56%
◊!Ùܲ ÓˆÏ ° ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ y
˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 42%
9%
¢ï˛yÇ¢– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y
xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ !lÎ%=˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ#≈ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 121


ˆÎáyˆÏl Ù!•°y ܲÙ≈# ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 13 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ §Çáƒy x!ôܲ– @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ°yܲ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚
˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛y G í˛zFã˛ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x˲yÓ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚c ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
ÌyܲyÎ˚ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà ܲyç ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyl ly– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !˲ߨ– ~áyˆÏl ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲ•z
ã˛yê≈˛ 7.2ˆï˛ Îál xyÙÓ˚y @˝ÃyÙ G ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚áylyñ ˆòyܲyl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ x!Ê˛§ !lˆÏçÓ˚y
◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy ˆÎ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ
fl∫!lÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚≤ÃyÆ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚–
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ!¢– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !˲ߨ– ~áyˆÏl
G !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ܲyÓ˚áylyñ ˆòyܲyl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!Ê˛§

ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ÎyÓ˚y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Óy xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl
ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï ◊!Ùܲñ ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yl ÓƒyˆÏAܲ Óy x!Ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÓ˚!lܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ
ӈϰ– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏV˛SÈ ˆÎñ ÎyÓ˚y fl∫!lÎ%=˛ ˆÎÙl Ê%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó!ç !ÓˆÏܲï˛yñ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚
ˆÎÙl xy•zlç#Ó#ñ !ã˛!ܲͧܲñ Óy›Ü˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yG ◊!Ùܲ– !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zÂô,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ñ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà#
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚≤ÃyÆÈüÈ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ÚܲÛñ ÚáÛñ ~ÓÇ ÚàÛñ myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
1É ˆ§°%l ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛
2É ã˛yí˛z° ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ~ܲçl ◊!Ùܲ ÎyˆÏܲ ˜ò!lܲ ˛õy!Ó˚◊!Ùܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ù≈#–
3É Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆfiê˛ê˛ ÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y£Ïyôƒ«˛–
4É Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ ˜ò!lܲ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ê˛y•z˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ñ !ܲv Ùy§ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ùç%!Ó˚
˛õyl–
5É •hflÏã˛y!°ï˛ ïÑ˛yï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛–
6É ˛õy•zܲy!Ó˚ §Ó!çÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏl Ùy° Gë˛yÈüÈlyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛–
7É ë˛yu˛y ˛õyl#Î˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ˛õ˛õ!§ñ ˆÜ˛yܲyˆÏܲy°yñ !ÙÓ˚yu˛y !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
8É ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§!Óܲy !Î!l 5 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ Ùy!§Ü˛ ˆÓï˛l ˛õyl–
Ø xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ~•z !ï˛l ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
x§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl ~•z ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
Ø xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ fl∫!lÎ%=˛Ó˚y xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ÈüÈ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ xÌÓy !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ à%îàï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

122 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!lˆÏçÓ˚y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ ly– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
•Î˚–
7.5 Ê˛yÙ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ~ÓÇ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ü,˛!£Ï §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈
ˆÌˆÏܲ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ !¢“ G ˆ§Óy !ã˛e / 7.3 ı ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ◊!Ùܲı ܲyÓ˚áylyˆÏï˛ xyàÙlÓ˚ï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyl –
ÎyÎ˚ – ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚ y Î˚ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚ y
@˝ÃyÙyM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•Ó˚Ù%á# •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ åâä !Óò%ƒÍñ àƒy§ ~ÓÇ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•ñ å.ä !lÙ≈yî ܲyÎ≈ñ
ôyˆÏ˛õ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÙyê˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ xÇ!¢òy!Ó˚c •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– åã˛ä Óy!îçƒñ åSÈä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ åçä ˆ§Óy–
ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ o%ï˛ §¡±§yÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ÓˆÏ° !¢“ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y §Ó˚!°Ü,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ~•z §Ü˛° !Ó˲yàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
◊!Ùܲ ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õy!í˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ !¢“ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ◊!Ùܲ Óy!•l#ˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z Ó%V˛y ÎyÎ˚– ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ åܲä ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛e
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y §ÙhflÏ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ xyê˛!ê˛ åÎyˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈäñ åáä Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛e
!Ó!˲ߨ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° åˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ áll G í˛zˆÏ_y°lñ í˛zͲõyòlñ !Óò%ƒÍñ
ÈüüüÈ åܲä Ü,˛!£Ïñ åáä áll ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏ_y°lñ åàä í˛zͲõyòlñ àƒy§ G ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•ñ !lÙ≈yî ܲyÎ≈ä ~ÓÇ åàä ˆ§Óy

§yÓ˚!î 7.2
!¢ˆÏ“ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Órê˛lñ 2011-12
!¢“ !Ó˲yà Óy§fiÌyl !°Aà ˆÙyê˛
@˝ÃyÙ ¢•Ó˚ ˛ õ%Ó£%̊ Ï lyÓ˚#
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛e 64.1 6.7 43.6 62.8 48.9
Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛e 20.4 35.0 25.9 20.0 24.3
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Óy ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛e 15.5 58.3 30.5 17.2 26.8

ˆÙyê˛ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 123


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ Óy ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ áÓÓ˚y áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°yÙ
ÓÓ˚yj ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ܲyàç §ÆyˆÏ• ~ܲ!òl ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ˛˛õ,¤˛yç%ˆÏí˛¸ ܲÙ≈áy!°Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl Úòƒy !•®% ˛õ!eܲyÛÎ˚ ÚOpportunitesÛ Óy Úòƒy ê˛y•zÙ§ xÓ •z!u˛Î˚yÛˆÏï˛ ÚAccentÛ lyÙܲ
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ܲÙ≈áy!°Ó˚ !ÓK˛!Æ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏò ܲÙ≈áy!°Ó˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl SÈy˛õyÎ˚–
˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ ~•z xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ lyG– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚!î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflψÏΩ˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ÌyܲˆÏÓó §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ly!ܲ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lñ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙñ ¢)lƒ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛e
å≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲñ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛eä ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y– ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe !ÓK˛y˛õl
ˆòGÎ˚y ≤çˆÏAà ≤Ã›ï˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

ˆ«˛e åˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy!îçƒ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ 7.6 Ó, ! Âô ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈ § ÇfiÌyˆÏ l Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l¢#°
ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈ä– §yÓ˚!î 7.2 2011-12 §y° §ÙÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
!¢ˆÏ“ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ Órê˛l ˆòáyÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ G ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÈüÈ
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ •° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y
ˆ«˛e– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ 24 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ܲyç ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G !ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~•z ò%•z!ê˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 27 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚Ó– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ £Ïyê˛
§yÓ˚!î 7.2ÈüÈ~ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 64 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˛õÌã˛°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲy!A«˛ï˛ °«˛ƒ !SÈ°
◊Ù¢!=˛ Ü,˛!£Ï G Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– @˝ÃyÙ#î çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl G ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚
◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ í˛zͲõyòl !¢“ñ !lÙ≈yîܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ §¡±§yÓ˚îˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
xlƒylƒ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 16 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î ◊!Ùܲ 1950 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2010 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ñ ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 35 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ôlydܲ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ~ÓÇ
Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛– ܲÙ≈!˲!_ܲ !Ó˲yçl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G lyÓ˚# í˛z˲Î˚ xLjϢÓ˚ !ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe §Ó§ÙˆÏΕ˚ z í˛zë˛yÈüÈlyÙy ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~áyˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~•z §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô 2
lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 63 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ° ly–
¢ï˛yÇ¢ lyÓ˚# ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yê≈˛ 7.3 xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆlÎ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xˆÏôˆ≈ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ%Ó£%˚ ÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– •ï˛y¢çlܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ~áyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G ˆ§Óy í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ 1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÙyàï˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
§%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚

124 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !¢“ÈüȧÇfiÌyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈Óï˚ ˛ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
!ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!Âô G ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG xÓfiÌy– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!£Ï !lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆò¢
!Ó¢y° ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!Âô ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z x!ôܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù– ˛õ![˛ï˛àî !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §• xˆÏlܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈•#l Ó,!Âô ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– •ˆÏFSÈ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyly–
~ál ˛õÎ≈ h s˝ xyÙÓ˚ y ñ !ç!í˛!˛õÈ ü È Ó ˚ Ó, ! Âô G !¢“ˆÏ«˛e myÓ˚y ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎ Órê˛l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛e ˆòˆÏá!SÈ– ~ál flõT˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ Ü,˛!£Ï ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ◊ÙÓy!•l#Ó˚ xÜ,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç
xyÙÓ˚y çylÓ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl G !ç!í˛!˛õÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ~•z à!ï˛ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– 1972-73 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 74 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆ°yܲ
ÈüÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ◊ÙÓy!•l#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ# ≤Ã˲yÓ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– 2011-12 §yˆÏ°ˆÏï˛
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÙÓ˚y ~G Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒyê˛y xˆÏlܲ ܲˆÏÙ 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ã˛ˆÏ°
ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– xyˆÏ§– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï≈˛# xLjϢ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ò%•!z ê˛ §yÙˆÏl §Ω˛yÓlyÙÎ˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ •yï˛SÈy!l !ò!FSÈ°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
§)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲy•z– ~•z §)ã˛Ü˛ ò%!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ !Ó!˲ߨ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚

ã˛yê≈˛ 7.3 ı ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl G ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ 1951-2012 (%)

!ç!í˛!˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚yà

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 125


§yÓ˚!l 7.3
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åˆ«˛e xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ xÓfiÌyl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚äñ 1972-2012 å¢ï˛yÇ¢ä
1972-73 1983 1993-94 1999-2000 2011-2012
˛õò
ˆ«˛e
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ 74.3 68.6 64 60.4 48.9
Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ 10.9 11.5 16 15.8 24.3
ˆ§Óy 14.8 16.9 20 23.8 26.8

ˆÙyê˛ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ xÓfiÌy
fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ 61.4 57.3 54.6 52.6 52.0
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# 15.4 13.8 13.6 14.6 18.0
xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ 23.2 28.9 31.8 32.8 30.0

ˆÙyê˛ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚c ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 11 ˆÌˆÏܲ 24 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ 15 fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# xÌ≈yÍ !Ó!ôÓÂô ˆ«˛e
ˆÌˆÏܲ 27 ¢ï˛yLjϢ Ó,!Âô ˆÏ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÌˆÏܲ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎy˚ ˆÏܲ
ˆ¢£Ï ã˛yÓ˚ ò¢Ü˛ å1972-2012ä ôˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ӈϰ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y á%Ó x§%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄ ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï≈˛#
Ùç%!Ó˚≤ÃyÆ Ü˛yçܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛àî xLjϢÓ˚ xyˆÏÙòyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyˆÏly ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÙ≈!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 2 ¢ï˛yLjϢ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy §•ç ܲyç lÎ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
Ø xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy §yÙ@˝Ã# í˛zͲõyòl •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G Î!ò xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ly •Î˚ ï˛ál ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈•#lï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛⁄
Ø xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Î!ò !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈l Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ
§yòˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ ã˛y!£Ï §¡õ)î≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ˜ò!lܲ ◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ x!ôܲ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ á%!¢⁄ xÌÓy Å£Ïô
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ~ܲçl fiÌyÎ˚# G !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ◊!Ùܲ Î!ò ˜ò!lܲ Ùç%!Ó˚ÈüÈ!˲!_ܲ ◊!ÙˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛
í˛z˛õyç≈lG Óyí˛¸ˆÏSñÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ~álܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ á%!¢ •ˆÏÓ⁄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y !°ˆÏá ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Ùï˛
!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

126 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


7.7 ˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ x§Çà!ë˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ î Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o xÇ¢ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ◊ÙÈüÈ
!Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î xy•zl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ lyly˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
Ó˚yˆÏá– ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ~•z xÇ¢ ◊!ÙܲÈüȧLjÏâÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛≈# !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ §%Ó«˚ ˛y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓã˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚
xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲï≈˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ Ùç%!Ó˚
fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
xyòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ òÓ˚ ܲ£Ïyܲ!£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛⁄ ï˛y
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ §Ü˛°
çylˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ◊Ù¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚Ó–
˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ÙÎ≈yòy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚– í˛zߨï˛
ˆÎ§Ó ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y !Ó!ôÓÂô ~ÓÇ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ôyÓ˚y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y
Î%=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ G x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛e
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
!•§yˆÏÓG x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §ÙhflÏ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e G
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü,˛!£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˆÎáyˆÏl 10 çl Óy ï˛yÓ˚
§%ˆÎÏ yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ !lÎ%=˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ÙyˆÏlÓ˚G í˛zߨ!ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xLjϢ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ӈϰ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ˆÎ í˛zßΨ l˚ ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚˛) õyÎ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ 55 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓG
˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲ ӈϰ– xlƒylƒ §Ü˛° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ˙ §ÙhflÏ
xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ◊Ù¢!=˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈Óï˚ ˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛e
xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe °«˛y!ôܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲñ Ü,˛!£Ï
◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ à%îÙyl ï˛°y!lˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆë˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– 10-20 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆÜ˛l ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ÎyÓ˚y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫!lÎ%=˛ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y
!ܲS%È Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôyñ ˲!ӣσ!l!ôñ ˆ@˝Ãã%˛•z!ê˛ Ë˛yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~•z x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õl¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%á ˆòˆÏál ly– ˆÜ˛l §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙhflÏ xÈüÈÜ,˛!£Ï ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚≤ÃyÆ
!lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ~ܲçl ܲÙ≈#Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲy!ôܲ Ùy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç
!lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ~ܲçl ܲÙ≈# §ÙܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ !lÙ≈yî ܲyˆÏÎ≈ !lÎ%=˛ ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ
Ü˛Ù ˆÓï˛l ˛õyl⁄ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚# ˆÓyV˛y Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y– ˆÎ§ÙhflÏ ◊!Ùܲ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y §yÙy!çܲ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
Óy: 7.1 ı §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎ˚yà
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛ÌƒÈüȧÇ@˝Ã•Ü˛yÓ˚# §ÇfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ◊ÙÙsfܲ §Çà!ê˛ï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyˆÏlyñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ ≤Ãôyl !lˆÏÎy˚ àܲï≈˛y⁄
2012 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 °«˛y!ôܲ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 18 °«˛y!ôܲ ◊!Ùܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛– ~áyˆÏl ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y•z §Çáƒy!ôܲƒ– Ù!•°yÓ˚y §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ùye ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ £Ï¤˛yÇ¢–
xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ 1990 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ã˛y°% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Çà!ê˛ï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!Ùܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §Çáƒy !l¡¨àyÙ# •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 127


!ã˛e / 7.4 ı Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ !Ó!ܲ ı x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ–
§%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ï˛y •ˆÏÓ Ùye SÈÎ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ (30/473×100)! ï˛y•z
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y x!ôܲ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Óy!ܲ 94 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– xyÓ˚ 30
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zßΨ l˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ !Ù!°Î˚l !Ó!ôÓÂôˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùye 6
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ x!ôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ !Ù!°Î˚l xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ (30/6×100) Ù!•°y–
§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈˛) ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó£%̊ Ï ◊!Ùܲ •° ˆÙyê˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚
Î%=˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ 69 ¢ï˛yÇ¢–
ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲ# •ˆÏFSÈ⁄
!lˆÏ¡Ó¨ ˚ !ã˛e °«˛ ܲˆÓÏ y˚ Îy ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛yê≈˛ 7.4 ı !Ó!ôÓÂô‡ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ ◊!Ùܲ å2009-2012ä
§Çà!ê˛ï˛ G x§Çà!ê˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 350 310
◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy å!Ù!°Î˚ˆÏlä

Ó^˝ê˛l ˆòáyÎ˚– 300


250
7.2 xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò xyÙÓ˚y 200 24 133
6
ˆçˆÏl!SÈ°yÙ ˆÎñ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 150
473 !Ù!°Î˚l ◊!Ùܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 100
50
!Ó!ôÓÂô ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30
0
!Ù!°Î˚l ◊!Ùܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ !Ó!ôÓÂô !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë)˛≈ ï˛
!Ó!ôÓÂô ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•§yÓ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õ%Ó£%̊ Ï Ù!•°y

128 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 7.2 ı xyˆÏÙòyÓyˆÏò !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
xyˆÏÙòyÓyò ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù,Âô¢y°# làÓ˚– ~áylܲyÓ˚ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛zͧ 60!ê˛Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢ ÓflfÓÎ˚l !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl 1ñ50ñ000 ◊!Ùܲ !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xyÎ˚
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ ܲyç !SÈ°
~ÓÇ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ùç%!Ó˚
!SÈ°– ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚y §yÙy!çܲ §%Ó˚«˛y
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !SÈ° Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ G
ÓyÂô≈ܲƒÜ˛y°#l ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ¢!=˛¢y°# ◊!ÙܲÈüȧÇâ !SÈ°
Îy ˆÜ˛Ó° ◊ÙÈüÈ!ÓÓyˆÏò•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc
ܲÓ˚ï˛ ly ÓÓ˚Ç ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎï˛– 1980 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢
ÓflfÓÎ˚l !¢“à%ˆÏ°y Órô •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲS%ÈfiÌyˆÏl ˆÎÙl Ù%¡∫y•zÈüÈ~ ܲyÓ˚áylyà%!°
ï˛yí˛¸ y ï˛y!í˛¸ Órô •ˆÏ Î ˚ !àˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ı ~ܲçl ˆÓܲyÓ˚ !¢“
◊!Ùܲ Ó˚§%ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáy§y SÈyí˛¸yˆÏFSÈl ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ flf#Ó˚ !Ó!í˛¸ ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚
xyˆÏÙòyÓyˆÏòñ ~•z Órô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ lï%˛l ܲyˆÏç ˆÎyà !ò°–
10 ÓSÈÓ˚ ò#â≈y!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°
≤ÃyÎ˚ 40ñ000 ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ fiÌyÎ˚# ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ 50ñ000 ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!Ùܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •yÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏ§ §y!Ù° •Î˚– ~•z làÓ˚!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ù®y ~ÓÇ çl !ӈϫ˛y˲ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ
òyAàyÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •Î˚– §ÙhflÏ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛Ìy òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ°
ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Óƒy˛õܲ Ùòƒ˛õyl ~ÓÇ xyd•ï˛ƒyÎ˚ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛ ˆSÈò ê˛yly •Î˚
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏç ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
í˛zͧ / ˆÓ˚lyly V˛yÓÓy°yñ Ó˚by ~Ù §%ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ç#ˆÏÙy° í˛zߨ# åEd.ä •zlÊ˛Ó˚Ùy° •zˆÏܲyl!Ù ~ê˛ ˆ§rê˛∆y°
ˆfiê˛ç/ !lí˛z fiê˛∆yܲã˛yÓ˚‰§ xÓ ~Ù≤’Î˚ˆÏÙrê˛ñ ˆ§ç ˛õyÓ!°ˆÏܲ¢l‰§ñ !lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ñ 2003 ˛õ,¤˛y 265
1970 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §• ˆl•z– ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl «˛!ï˛˛õ)Ó˚î SÈyí˛¸y•z ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y
xˆÏlܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢ í˛zˆÏòƒyà G !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó!•Ë)≈˛ï˛˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !Ó!ôÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ°– í˛zˆÏòƒy=˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl !•§yÓG Ó˚«˛y
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎ˚yà ÌÙˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~§ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y Ó!hflÏ xM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§
◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛zˆòÏ ƒy=˛yÓ˚y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xyÎ˚ ˛õyÎ˚ lyó §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §¡±!ï˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ◊!Ùܲ §Çàë˛l åILOä
˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl §%Ó˚«˛y Óy !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 129


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

!l¡¨!°!áï˛à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎà%!° !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ñ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏï˛ !ê˛Ü˛ åüä !ã˛•´ òyG
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ•yˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §yï˛çl ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ G !ï˛lçl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ–
Ø ~ܲçl ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl 25 çl !¢«˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛–
Ø ~ܲçl ˛õ%!°¢ ܲlˆÏfiê˛Ó°
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ly§≈
Ø ~ܲçl !Ó˚:yÈüÈã˛y°Ü˛
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl lÎ˚çl ◊!Ùܲ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛–
Ø ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy§ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl 10!ê˛ Óy§ñ 20 çl ã˛y°Ü˛ñ ܲu˛yQÓ˚ G xlƒylƒ
◊!Ùܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÙ≈yîÈüÈˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ !lÙ≈yîÈüÈ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°# ˆÎáyˆÏl 10 çl ◊!Ùܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xfiÌyÎ˚#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ x˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛Ó˚–
Ø !Óò%ƒÍ òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl ܲÓ˚!îܲ –

xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ˆÜ˛yl ¢)lƒ˛õò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly– @˝ÃyÙ#î
§%Ó˚«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃòyˆÏl í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~°yܲyÎ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ

7.8 ˆÓܲyÓ˚c

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá


ÌyܲˆÏÓ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ˆáÑ y ç ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ l ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ Órô% Óy
xyd#Î˚flç ∫ ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– !Ó!˲ߨ ¢•ˆÏÓñ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ ˙
!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛í˛z
ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ òƈÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆ§áyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎy˚ í˛yê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ çylˆÏï˛ !ã˛e 7.5 ı ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚–

130 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ l!ÌܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ– Î!òG
~•z í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓܲyÓ˚c §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ xl%Ùyl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ó%G
~à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ °«˛î G
ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È !ܲ⁄ ~•z áˆÏ[˛Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y
!ã˛e 7.6 ı xyá ܲyê˛y•zܲyÓ˚# ◊!Ùܲ ı Ü,˛!«˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe SÈp ˆÓܲyÓ˚c §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛e– •Î˚ í˛zß√%=˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe
ˆÎ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰Ó˚y
Îál ܲyç ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yˆÏܲ SÈpÈüȈÓܲyÓ˚c ӈϰ– SÈpÈüȈÓܲyÓ˚c xy§ˆÏ° ܲ#⁄
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Îyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲçl Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ~ܲÓ˚ ç!Ù xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢)lƒ˛õò §Çܲyhs˝ !ÓK˛!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲Èߨ Ü,˛!£Ïç ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚
lyÙ l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– NSSO ˆÓܲyÓ˚cˆÏܲ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §• xyÓ˚G ò%Ûçl Ùye ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ܲv
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ§ Î!ò ˛õÑyã˛çl ◊!ÙܲˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚
x˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ÈüüüÈ !ܲv ܲÙ≈ÈüÈ!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ ˆÎÙl ï˛yÓ˚ flf# G !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
§ÇfiÌyñ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yܲy!Ó˚ xÌÓy Órô% Óy xyd#Î˚ fl∫çˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ê˛y SÈpÈüȈÓܲyÓ˚c !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ܲê˛y
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yç á%ÑçˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ òÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ù#«˛y Îy 1950 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ G ˛õy!Ó˚◊!ÙˆÏܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ïç ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ
•zFSÈy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲçl ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ SÈpÈüȈÓܲyÓ˚–
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰Ó˚y ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yܲ
~Ùl ~ܲçlˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ xˆÏô≈ܲ !òˆÏl ~ܲ â^˝ê˛yÓ˚
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲyç ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚G xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˙áyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲvñ Îál•z Ó£Ï≈y
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ çlƒ }ï%˛ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç @˝ÃyˆÏÙ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
!ï˛l!ê˛ í˛zͧ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çlàîlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòlñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ê˛y ~çlƒ ˆÎ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ G ˆÓܲyÓ˚c xÓfiÌy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ çyï˛#Î˚ lÙ%ly ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚– ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ÈüȧÙ#«˛y §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ~ÓÇ !lˆÏÎ˚yà G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ ly– Îál Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛
§Çܲyhs˝ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛Ù[˛°#Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ܲyç ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 131


˛õ!Ó˚ Ó yÓ˚ à % ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ñ í˛z ˛ õÎ% = ˛ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚
§%!Óôy≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏÎ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# áˆÏ[˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

7.9 §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù•ydy ày!rô çyï˛#Î˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î


ܲÙ≈!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y xy•zl 2005 ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– ~•z xy•zˆÏl @˝ÃyÙ#î à!Ó˚Ó
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎ§Ü˛° ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ §ò§ƒÓ˚y xò«˛
ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •zFS%Èܲñ ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
ÓSȈÏÓ˚ xhs˝ï˛ 100 !òˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ˆòGÎ˚y–
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ñ
!ã˛e 7.7 ı ÓÑyô !lÙ≈yîñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚yà §,çl–
@˝ à yˆÏ Ù Ó˚ •ï˛ò!Ó˚ o Ùyl% ˆ Ï £ Ï Ó ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÎ˚
ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yhflÏy á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚cˆÏܲ ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~•z ≤ÃÌÙ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ӈϰ– ~ê˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãܲ“ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùç%!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚
§yôyÓ˚î Ó˚)˛õ– !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y !ò°–

Î!òG xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ô#Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒ
ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆòˆÏáSÈ á%Ó ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚yà §,!T˛ G ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ˆ°yܲ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ӈϰlñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò%Û˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!Aàl xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfiÌy ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛– ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~Ùl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏÓ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç áˆÏ[˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈñ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ Ü˛T˛Ü˛Ó˚ ܲyç @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy !Ó˲yˆÏà ≤ây§!lܲ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆ°yܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˙ ܲyç !lÓ˚ylˆÏ®Ó˚ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚áylyñ ˆ•yˆÏê˛° ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
V%Ñ˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xÓfiÌy ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lG ã˛y°yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚
x˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ xÌÓy xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õîƒ G
G Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ xyÎ˚Ë%˛=˛ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ í˛z Í ˛õyòl Ó, ! Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ñ ï˛ál ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚

132 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°y ÎyÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆÌˆÏܲ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° 7.10 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚yG ï˛y•z xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈¢!=˛Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
§%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ lï%˛l í˛zò#Î˚Ùyl ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
Ùy!°Ü˛yly§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiê˛° ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl §)ˆÏÎ≈yòÎ˚ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ˙ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏï˛ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ~ál ˆSÈyê˛ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà ï˛Ìy !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛àï˛
í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà xÌÓy !Ó!¢T˛ ◊!Ùܲ Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚yà Óyí˛¸yˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆ° Ï y
§yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛flõô≈yÎ˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ÎyÓ˚y ˙ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l ˆÌˆÏܲ !fiê˛° ܲÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÃÌy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚yG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl G !lˆÏÎ˚yàÓ,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y xÌ≈ •°ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ ܲyÓ˚áyly ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !Ó˲yà
•° xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà myÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy ˆ«˛e åˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˜Óô ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy@˝Ãy!ÙÇ Óy @˝Ãy•Ü˛
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y– ˆ§Óy xl%!Ó˲yàäÈüÈˆÜ˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y í˛zˆÏòƒyà xÌÓy
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎñ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ§ÙÎ˚ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚G
xˆÏlܲ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù Îy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y áˆÏ[˛
!lˆÏÎy˚ à §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó#˚ ܲÓ˚î– ~à%!°G !lˆÏÎy˚ à !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç •hflÏyhs˝Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° °y˲≤Ãò •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚ y •Î˚ – Ê˛ˆÏ ° ñ xyô% ! lܲ ܲyÓ˚ á yly Óy òÆˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚
§, ! T˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ Ü ˛Ù !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ
ܲyÎ≈ܲÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ¢%ô%Ùye !lˆÏÎ˚yà §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y
xˆÏlˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ âÓ˚•z ܲyÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z
lÎ˚– ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ§ÓyG §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎyÎ˚!l–
ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç°ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §#!Ùï˛ §yÙy!çܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ
˛õ%!T˛ xyÎ˚ G !lˆÏÎy˚ à §,!T˛Ó˚ §¡õò ܲˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ çlàîˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xyÓ˚G x≤ÃÌyàï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yñ Ùç%!Ó˚Î%=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õ!_Ó˚ àï˛ ò%!ê˛ ò¢ˆÏܲñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ Óy í˛zߨ!ï˛ñ à,• G fl∫FSÈï˛y §%!ÓôyÓ˚ !lÙ≈yîñ à,• o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– !ܲvñ ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà
!lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §y•y΃ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yîñ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚!l– ~ê˛y !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚
˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ç!Ù Óy xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl– ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyà !lˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 133


§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø ˆÎ§Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ fiÌ)° çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl
xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏáñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z •° ◊!Ùܲ–
Ø ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•zÈüÈ˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛–
Ø ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y•z •° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù)° xÇ¢–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z •° fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ñ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lË%˛Ü˛
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ §Çáƒy–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛lÈüÈ˛õM˛ÙyLjϢÓ˚•z ç#ÓlÈüÈç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ •° Ü,˛!£Ï G §Ç!Ÿ’T˛
ܲyçܲÙ≈–
Ø •zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ° ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô !l¡¨àyÙ# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
Ø §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù)°ï˛ x≤ÃÌyàï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° xfiÌyÎ˚#–
Ø !Ó!ôÓÂô Óy ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù%რ!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y •° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ó˚)˛õ •° SÈpÈüȈÓܲyÓ˚c–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–

xl%¢#°l#

1É ◊!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛⁄
2É Ú◊!Ùܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §K˛y òyG–
3É !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ó˚y !ܲ ܲÙ≈#È ÈüüüÈÈ ~ܲçl !˲«%˛Ü˛ñ ~ܲçl ˆã˛yÓ˚ñ ˆã˛yÓ˚yܲyÓ˚Óy!Ó˚ñ ç%Î˚y!í˛¸⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4É x§ò,¢ Óƒ!=˛!ê˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y iä ˆ§°%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ñ iiä ~ܲçl Ù%!ã˛ñ iiiä ÙyòyÓ˚ ˆí˛Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl

134 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ˆÜ˛y£Ïyôƒ«˛ñ ivä ~ܲçl à,•!¢«˛Ü˛ñ vä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l !lÎ˚sfܲñ viä !lÙ≈yî ܲÙ≈#–
5É lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ §,!T˛ •GÎ˚y ܲyçà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ÈüüüÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 刧Óy‡˛õîƒ í˛zͲõyòlä
6É ã˛yÓ˚çl ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ å!Ó!ôÓÂô‡!Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ä
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl–
7É Ó˚yç !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Îál ˆ§ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
8É ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ!¢ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ lyÓ˚# ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛l ~Ùlê˛y •Î˚⁄
9É !Ùly •° ~ܲçl à,!•l#– à,•fiÌy°#Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ §yÙ°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÏ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏl
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆòyܲyl!ê˛Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ •° ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲ ~ܲçl ܲÙ≈#
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
10É x§ò,¢ Óƒ!=˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ /ÈüÈ
iä !Ó˚:yã˛y°Ü˛ !Î!l ~ܲçl !Ó˚:y Ùy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó˚:y ã˛y°yl– iiä Ó˚yç!Ù!flf
iiiä Å£Ï%ˆÏôÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈# ivä ç%ˆÏï˛y ˛õy!°§Ü˛yÓ˚# Óy°Ü˛
11É !lˆÏ¡y¨ =˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ 1972-73 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y 30
ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Aà!ï˛˛õ)î≈–

Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ fiÌyl ◊Ù¢!=˛ åò¢°ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓä


˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Ù!•°y ˆÙyê˛
@˝ÃyÙ#î 125 69 195

¢•Ó˚ 32 7 39

12É !lˆÏ¡y¨ =˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ 1999-2000 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈#ÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ˆÏܲ
ˆòáyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z §yÓ˚!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 墕Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛ä
àîly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xyl%Ùy!lܲ xyl%Ùy!lܲ ܲÙ#≈ÈüÈ xyl%Ùy!lܲ ܲÙ#≈
xM˛° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ä çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ §Çáƒy åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ä

@˝ÃyÙ#î 71.88 41.9 71.88 × 41.9 = 30.12


¢•Ó˚ 28.52 33.7 ?
ˆÙyê˛ 100.40 39.5 ?

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 135


13É @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓ!¢ ˆÜ˛l⁄
14É !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏl Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛l⁄
15É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16É 1970ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢“à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
âˆÏê˛!l– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
17É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎñ !Óàï˛ 50 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ç!í˛!˛õ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈⁄ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ⁄
18É !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !Ó!ôÓÂô ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y !ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
19É !˲QÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó° ò%•z â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ˛õyÎ˚– Óy!ܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç â%ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§ !ܲ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚⁄
20É ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚S– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ @˝ÃyÙ ˛õM˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~Ùl!ܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
21É xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùç%!Ó˚ÈüÈ◊!Ùܲ ܲyÓ˚y⁄
22É ~ܲçl ◊!Ùܲ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ !ܲly ï˛y ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄

≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyç

1É ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ lyGñ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚!î Óy ˆÜ˛yl Ó§!ï˛ ~°yܲy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ 3-4!ê˛ í˛z˛õ
xM˛ˆÏ° ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó§Óy§Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyçܲÙ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù Ùyl%£ÏÈüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚
xl%˛õyï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õxM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ•Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2É ôˆÏÓ˚yñ 3-4!ê˛ SÈye ò°ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
xM˛ˆÏ° !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ôyl ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl Óy!àã˛y ã˛y£Ï •° ly!Ó˚ˆÏܲ°– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
xM˛°!ê˛ •° í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# xM˛° ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙySÈ ôÓ˚y•z •° ≤Ãôyl ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xM˛°!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢•z
~ܲ!ê˛ lò# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~•z xM˛°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ¢%˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ° !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ SÈye ò°ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y–
3É ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ ˛õyë˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yÆy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ú~Ù≤’Έ˚ ÙÏ rê˛
!lí˛zçÛ!ê˛ ˆòá– !Óàï˛ ò%•zÙyˆÏ§ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §Çáƒy ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ˆ§áyˆÏl §yï˛!ê˛ §Çáƒy •ˆÏÓ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 25!ê˛ !ÓK˛!Æ ã˛Î˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– å≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl §yÓ˚!î!ê˛
§¡±§yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚yä– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

136 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!Ó£ÏÎ˚ 1 lÇ !ÓK˛!Æ 2 lÇ !ÓK˛!Æ
1. x!Ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙ
2. òÆÓ˚ ‡ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l
3. §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ‡ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ‡ˆÎÔÌ í˛zˆÏòƒyà §ÇfiÌy
4. ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ
5. ˆ«˛e ı ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ‡ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ‡ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e
6. ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ‡ ¢)lƒ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy
7. ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y

4É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛ ã˛y°% !Ó!˲ߨ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lçˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
Ó˚yhflÏy !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˲Ól !lÙ≈yîñ •y§˛õyï˛y° ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
x!Ê˛§ !lÙ≈yîñ ç° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ÓÑyô ~ÓÇ à!Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Óy!í˛¸ !lÙ≈yî •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y– ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l !Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õyê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ – Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›ˆÏï˛
Îy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° ÈüüüÈ åܲä ܲyçê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ åáä ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yjÜ,˛ï˛
xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî åàä ÓÓ˚yjÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ fiÌyl#Î˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xÓòyl Î!ò !ܲS%È ÌyˆÏܲñ åâä ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Çáƒy ÈüÈ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚# í˛z˲Î˚•zñ å.ä Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ñ åã˛ä ˙ xM˛ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y !ܲ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛•z !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ ~•z ܲyç •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó˚˛) õyÎ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5É §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎñ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ áÓ˚y≤ÃÓî xM˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Óܲ
§ÇfiÌyG ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏFSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

REFERENCES

CHADHA, G.K. and P.P. SAHU, 2002. ‘Post-reform Setbacks in Rural Employment: Issues that
need further scrutiny.’ Economic and Political Weekly, May 25, pp.1998-2026.
DESAI, S and M.B.DAS. 2004. ‘Is Employment Driving India’s Growth Surge’, Economic and
Political Weekly, July 3, pp. 3045-3051.
GHOSE, AJIT K. 1999. ‘Current Issues of Employment Policy in India.’ Economic and Political
Weekly, September 4, pp. 2592-2608.
HIRWAY, INDIRA. 2002. ‘Employment and Unemployment Situation in 1990s: How Good are
NSS Data.’ Economic and Political Weekly, May 25,
pp. 2027-2036.

ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl / ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÈüÈÓ!•Ë≈)˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Ù)• 137


JACOB, PAUL. 1986. ‘Concept of ‘work’ and estimates of ‘workforce’ — An appraisal of the
treatment of activities relating to non-marketed output,’ Sarvekshana, Vol.IX, No.4,
April.
KULSHRESHTHA, A.C., GULAB SINGH, ALOK KAR and R.L. MISHRA. 2000. ‘Workforce in the
Indian National Accounts Statistics,’ The Journal of Income and Wealth, Vol.22, No.2,
July, pp. 3-39.
PRADHAN, B.K. and M.R.SALUJA. 1996. ‘Labour Statistics in India: A Review.’ Margin, July-
September, Vol.28, Number 4, pp. 319-347.
RATH, NILAKANTHA. 2001. ‘Data on Employment, Unemployment and Education: Where to go
from here?’ Economic and Political Weekly, June 9, pp. 2081-2087.
SUNDARAM, K. 2001. ‘Employment-Unemployment Situation in the Nineties: Some Results
from NSS 55th Round Survey’, Economic and Political Weekly, March 17, pp. 931-940.
SUNDARAM, K. 2001. ‘Employment and Poverty in 1990s: Further Results from NSS 55th
Round Employment-Unemployment Survey, 1999-2000,’ Economic and Political Weekly,
August 11, pp. 3039-3049.
V ISARIA , P RAVIN . 1996. ‘Structure of the Indian Workforce, 1961-1994,’ The
Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol.39, No.4, pp. 725-740.

Government Reports

Annual Reports, Ministry of Labour, Government of India, Delhi.


Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstract, Registrar General of Census Operations,
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Delhi.
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
Reports on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, Ministry of Statistics and
Planning, Government of India.

Websites

www.censusofindia.nic.in
www.mospi.nic.in

138 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


8

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ

l §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛–
l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ# ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l ¢!=˛ åenergyä ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy G ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yà%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §¡∫ˆÏrô Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !¢¢% ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
ÚxyàyÙ#ܲy°Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ •° xyçÛÛ– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~Ùl•z–
ÈüüüÈ Gabrriella Mistral - Chilean Poet

8.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z !lÙ≈yîçyï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° xy•Ó˚î


ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲî≈yê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒyAày°%Ó˚% ¢•Ó˚ x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲáˆÏly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáSÈñ ˆÜ˛l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó•%çy!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌyˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î
!ܲS%È Ó˚yçƒ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒylƒ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆ§!ê˛ !ÓŸªÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õyOyÓñ •!Ó˚Î˚yly ~ÓÇ §Ü˛° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôy•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ §•yÎ˚ܲ
!•Ùyã˛°≤ÈòÏ ¢ Ü,˛!£Ï G í˛zòƒyl ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zß!¨ ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È⁄ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ˆÜ˛l à%çÓ˚yê˛ G Ù•yÓ˚yT˛… !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôy í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛ṏÏܲ §%àÙ
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó˚y°yñ Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ÚˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ë)˛!ÙÛ lyˆÏÙ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ !¢«˛yñ
8.2 ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲ#⁄
fl∫yfĩ §%Ó«˚ ˛y G ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°# G !l‹Òy¢l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛
hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ˆ˛õÔшSÏ ÈˆSÏ È ~ÓÇ ºÙî !˛õ˛õy§%ˆòÏ Ó˚ x!ôܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ xyÜ,˛T˛ !¢“ §Çܲyhs˝ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ í˛zͲõyòlñ ˆò¢#Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆÜ˛l ܲî≈yê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !¢“!ÓŸªˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛T˛ ~ÓÇ ˜ÓˆÏ ò !¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ§yÓy!îçƒÈ ü üüÈ ~•z § Ó ≤Ãôyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ܲ!ê˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy
ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z§Ó Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •°
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÈüüüÈ Ó˚yhflÏyâyê˛ñ ˆÓ˚° ÓƒÓfiÌyñ §yÙ%!oܲ Ó®Ó˚ñ !ÓÙylÓ®Ó˚ñ
xˆÏlܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ÓÑ y ôñ !Óò% ƒ Í í˛z Í ˛õyòl ˆÜ˛wñ ˜ï˛° G àƒyˆÏ § Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy í˛zߨï˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õy•z˛õ°y•zlñ ˆê˛!° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §%ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy í˛zß¨ï˛ xÌÓy Ó®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ G Ù•y!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyñ •y§˛õyï˛y°
§• fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ
˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Óôy§• í˛zߨï˛
fl∫ y fĩ!Ó!ôñ ˛õÎ˚ / ≤Ãîy°# G
!l‹Òy¢î ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ÓƒyÇܲñ !ÓÙy G
xlƒylƒ xy!Ì≈ Ü ˛ §ÇfiÌy §•
xlƒylƒ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl§Ù)•–
~•z § ܲ° §% ! Óôyà% ! °Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õîƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl G
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ
!ÓhflÏ y Ó˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – xlƒ!òˆÏ Ü ˛
!ã˛e 8.1 ı Ó˚yhflÏy •ˆÏFSÈ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ •yÓ˚yˆÏly ˆÎyà§)e–

140 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
xyô%!lܲ Ó˚yhflÏyâyê˛ñ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ç°˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°y Îy o%ï˛ G
Ó, • Í ÙyeyÎ˚ Ó#ˆÏ ç Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó •îñ
ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ü,˛!£Ïç í˛zͲõyòl !Ó˛õîˆÏl §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ
Ó,•Í ÙyeyÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓÙy
~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇ!ܲ˛Ç §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
!ã˛e 8.2 ı !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
Óy!ܲà% ˆ Ï ° y xÌ≈ l #!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˆ«˛e !lÙ≈ y ˆÏ î xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚–
ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ x˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ
xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢!=˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î G ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°#Ó˚
xlƒï˛Ù– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ãôyl
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌyl–
ç°Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÜÏ ˛y˛õ ˆÎÙl ܲˆÏÙñ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆ§•z§ÙhflÏ
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛#Óï˛yG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– x!ôܲv ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎñ
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
˛õyl#Î˚ ç°ñ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°# ~ÓÇ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï%˛!Ù ˛õyí˛¸y Óy §!ߨ ! •ï˛ xM˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ §%flõT˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôy ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ à%îÙyl G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óy ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
§Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ – ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ˆÏ Ü ˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ – !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï ï ˛ âlÓ§!ï˛
xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î §Çܲyhs˝ ò)£îÏ ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y §Çܲyhs˝
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– V%Ñ˛!ܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
8.3 ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y 8.4 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÓfiÌy
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# ≤Ãîy°# !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢“!˲!_ܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ò«˛ ܲyÎ≈≤Ãîy°# í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Î˚c˲yÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~ê˛y °«˛
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£ÏG Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 141
ܲyˆÏç ˜çÓ çµy°y!l ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ùye 24 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚•z l° myÓ˚y §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚#
˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆË˛yà
ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 76 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî
Ü)˛Î˚yñ ç°yôyÓ˚ñ ˛õ%ܲ% Ó˚ñ •…òñ lò#ñ
áy° •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zß√%=˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zͧˆÏܲ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ
!•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– @˝ÃyÙ#î
~°yܲyÓ˚ Ùye 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
!ã˛e 8.3 ı ÓÑyô / í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù!®Ó˚– ˆ°yܲ•z fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô§¡øï˛ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˆ¢Ôã˛y°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §%!Óôy ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
x˛õÎ≈yÆ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÓ˚!î 8.1 °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒylƒ !ܲS%È
!lˆÏç•z ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎÔÌ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏFSÈ– ˛ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z xÓàï˛ ˆÎ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy•z í˛zߨˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~álG
Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §ˆÏ_¥G @˝ÃyÙ#î ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚
Ù!•°yÓ˚y ~álG ˜çÓ çµy°y!l ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚ Ùye 34 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
xÓ!¢T˛ƒyÇ¢ñ ˆàyÓÓ˚ G çµy°y!lܲyë˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ á%Ó•z là
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çµy°y!lÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆÙê˛yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y çµy°y!lñ ç°
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ oÓƒy!ò xy•Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ò)Óò˚ Ó) y˚ ˆÏhs˝ ˛õy!í˛¸ ˆòÎ˚–
2001 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyòÙ¢%ÙyÓ˚#
ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î
~°yܲyÓ˚ 56 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ 43 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~áˆÏly ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90
¢ï˛yÇ¢ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚
!ã˛e 8.4 ı ˛õyܲy Óy!í˛¸§• !lÓ˚y˛õò ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ı ~álG ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫≤¿–
142 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
§yÓ˚!î 8.1
˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ˆò¢ GDP ÈüÈÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ
§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆ¢Ôã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÙyÓy•z° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ ≤Ãy!Æ ≤Ãy!Æ (%) (2015) 100 ˆ°yܲ (2015) å≤Ã!ï˛ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ !Ó!°Î˚lä
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà (2014)* (2015) !ܲˆ°Ï yGÎ˚yê˛ (2016)
!ã˛l 46 96 77 93 6015
•ÇÜ˛Ç 24 92 100 229 39
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 34 94 40 79 1423
ò!«˛î ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Î˚y 29 98 100 119 549
˛˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 15 91 64 70 105**
!§Aày˛õ%Ó˚ 29 100 100 146 49**
•zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚y 35 87 61 132 249

í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ 2017 !ÓŸªÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ www.worldbank.org. (2014 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ä fiÌ)° Ù)°ôl
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒà%!° ˆòˆÏáyó https://yearbook.enerdate.net.

•ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢ Îál xyÎ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚G à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
xy§ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl∫“ xyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ø Îál ï%˛!Ù §ÇÓyò˛õe ˛õí˛¸ ï˛ál ï%˛!Ù Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛
簈ϧã˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍÈüüüÈ ~•z§Ó ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
!lÙ≈yîñ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl!˲!_ܲ Óy•l åSpecial
Purpose Vehicle, SPVäñ !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°y•z x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Îál xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ˆ«˛eñ !lÙ≈yî ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l •hflÏyhs˝Ó˚ åBuild operate í˛zß¨ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚
Transfer, BOTä ñ §Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ È ü È ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ È ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xÌ≈
ÈxÇ¢#òy!Ó˚cÈüüüÈ •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ xÓòyl Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e
ˆfl;˛õÓ%ܲ åScrapbookäÈüÈ~ ~•z §Çܲyhs˝ ¢∑Î%=˛ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛l xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ çlƒ•z
§ÇÓyòà% ˆ Ï ° y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y – ~•z ¢∑à% ˆ Ï ° y í˛zFã˛ xyÎ˚ §¡õߨ ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÎyàyˆÏÎyà
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛⁄ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c x!ôܲ–
Ø ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ≤Ãò_ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˆÌˆÏܲ xï˛~Óñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• í˛zߨÎ˚l •yï˛ ôÓ˚yô!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ñ ¢!=˛ G !Óò%ƒÍ
!ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò‰ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ í˛zͲõyòlñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
~ál ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàyÙ# ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ flõT˛ï˛•zñ Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ly
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ó,•_Ù xÌ≈l#!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•zçlƒ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ò%ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 143
í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÓñ
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–

8.5 ¢!=˛

xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l ¢!=˛Ó˚


≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~!ê˛
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ fiÌyl
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
çlƒ ~ê˛y xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ê˛y
Ó,•Í ÙyeyÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ ï˛Í§Çܲyhs˝ !ã˛e 8.6 ı @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àÓ˚%Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ ~álG ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ«˛e ˆÎÙl í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ
§yÓ˚ñ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ Å£Ïô ~ÓÇ Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ§Ù)• Èı
ܲyˆÏç °yˆÏà– Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y Ó˚yߨyñ xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z_yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ í˛zͧ xyˆÏSÈ–
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòl Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ •° ܲÎ˚°yñ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y°
G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óò% ƒ Í– ˆÎˆÏ • ï% ˛ ~à% ˆ Ï ° y Ü ˛Î˚ È ü È ! ÓÜ ˛Î˚ •Î˚ –
ˆl•z⁄ xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ çµy°y!l ܲyë˛ñ
Ü,˛!£Ï Óç≈ƒñ ¢%ܲˆÏly ˆàyÓÓ˚ Óy âÑ%ˆÏê˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
Óy ÓlçAàˆÏ° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•z
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ
Ó°y •Î˚–
ˆÎáyˆÏl Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y åç°!Óò%ƒÍ Óƒ!ï˛ï˛ä
«˛Î˚¢#° ˆ§áyˆÏl xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
í˛zͧà%ˆ° Ï y lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
60 ¢ï˛yÇˆÏ ¢ e x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó yÓ˚
˜òl!®l Ó˚yߨy G í˛z_yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ
~álG !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
!ã˛e 8.5 ı çµy°y!lܲyë˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ –

144 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


x≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ ı
¢!=˛Ó˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛
í˛z˲Î˚ í˛zͧà%!° ~ܲˆÏe ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ
lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G !ï˛l!ê˛
í˛zͧ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ñ ÓyÎ˚%¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ÈüÈËÑ˛yê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ¢!=˛ åtidal
powerä ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ x≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
í˛zͧ ӈϰ– @˝Ã#‹ø≤Ãôyl ˆò¢ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z !ï˛lôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §#Ùy•#l §Ω˛yÓly xyˆÏSÈ– Î!ò !ܲS%È
!ã˛e 8.8 ı ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó,•Í §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÎÌyÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ Îy §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ~Ùl!ܲ xyÓ˚G §hflÏy
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Èı
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÙyê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ 74 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
¢!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ Ó,•Í xÇ¢ xyˆÏ§
ܲÎ˚°y ˆÌˆÏܲ å54 ¢ï˛yÇ¢äñ 32 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xyˆÏ§ ˆï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲñ
10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ àƒy§ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~ÓÇ 2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
xyˆÏ§ ç°¢!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ– xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ çµy°y!l ܲyë˛ñ àÓ˚%Ó˚ ˆàyÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ Óç≈ƒ
Îy ˆÙyê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ 26 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
¢!=˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ !ӈϢ£c •° x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛
ˆï˛° ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yñ Îy !lÜ˛ê˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ á%Ó•z o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
˛õyˆÏ Ó ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y xÌ≈ l #!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì à˲#Ó˚ Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
8.2 §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛
Órê˛l ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1953-54 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˆ«˛e
!SÈ° Ó!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í í˛z˛õˆÏ˲y=˛y– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲÙyàï˛
Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÙhflÏ
!ã˛e 8.7 ı ÓyÎ˚%ܲ° ı ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zͧ – Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛° ~ÓÇ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓòyl

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 145
§yÓ˚!î 8.2
Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y å¢ï˛yLjϢä
ˆ«˛e 1953-54 1970-71 1990-91 2014-15
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ 10 12 12 23
Ü,˛!£Ï 01 03 08 18
!¢“ 40 50 45 44
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î 44 28 22 2
xlƒylƒ 5 07 13 13
ˆÙyê˛ 100 100 100 100

í˛zͧ ı lÓÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly VOL-II xôƒyÎ˚ 6ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ !lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ ~u˛ ~ly!ç≈ fiê˛ƒy!ê˛§!ê˛:
-2016ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl ܲyÎ≈y°Î˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §Çܲyhs˝ Ùsfܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲ“ Ó˚˛) õyÎ˚î !Ó˲yàñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–

§Ó≈y!ôܲ– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓSȈÓÏ ˚ GDP Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 8 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
§yˆÏÌ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîG o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆçyàyl Óyͧ!Ó˚ܲ 12 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ •GÎ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
¢!=˛‡!Óò%ƒÍ ¢!=˛ ı
2016 §yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ!ê˛ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ ò,¢ƒÙyl ˆ§!ê˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ 67 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° ï˛y˛õ#Î˚ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
•° !Óò%ƒÍ ¢!=˛ñ Îy xyô%!lܲ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÎ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xAàyx!Aà˲yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ xy§ï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 14 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ 2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ – ˲yÓ˚ï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy ˆÎˆÏܲylG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!=˛ §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚% ~•z ò%!ê˛
í˛zßΨ l˚ ˆÏܲ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ GDP Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~Ó˚y ç#ÓyŸ¬àï˛
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ x!ôܲ •Î˚– §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çµy°y!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° lÎ˚
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈ l !là≈ Ù l ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚
ã˛yê≈˛ 8.1 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧñ 2016 ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õGñ ~•z ò%•z í˛zͧ
ˆÌˆÏܲ o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ xy¢yl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚!l–
ç°!Óò%ƒÍ xyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ •° !Óò%ƒÍ
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zͧ ÎyÓ˚
lï%˛l ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ ˜ Ï l !ï˛Ü˛ §% ! Óôy Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È –
˛õ%î/l!ÓܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢!=˛– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ ˆÙyê˛
¢!=˛ ˆË˛yˆÏ à Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 2
¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ӈϟª ~Ó˚ àí˛¸Ùyl

146 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


!Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ܲS%È ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O ı
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲw myÓ˚y í˛zͲõy!òï˛
!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ xÇ¢ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚y
Ø xlƒylƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ lyñ ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !lçfl∫ xyl%£!Ï Aàܲ
!ܲ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ¢!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ≤ÃÓˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
≤ÃyÆ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ á%Ó•z §yÙylƒ– ˆÜ˛l⁄ lT˛ •Î˚– !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ Îy xyÙÓ˚y âÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ñ x!Ê˛§
Ø ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ñ ÓyÎ˚%¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚˲yê˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛°Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ !lê˛ ≤Ãy!Æ–
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ¢!=˛à%!°•z !lÜ˛ê˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ !Óò%ƒÍˆÏ«˛e ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z Í § •ˆÏ Î ˚ òÑ y í˛¸ y ˆÏ Ó – ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° /
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ §%!Óôy G x§%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# åܲä ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ܲ#⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ Óyͧ!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 7-8 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓçyÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÎ˚– !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲÙyàï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
ˆÎyàyl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 7 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
•° 13 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ~ê˛y Óy!ܲ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ Ùye 20,000 ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ lï%˛l «˛Ùï˛y
Ü˛Ù– ˆ§çlƒ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ ¢!=˛ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl
í˛zͲõyòˆÏl xyî!Óܲ å˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲä í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚G ˛õ)î≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ
x!ôܲ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲwà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ly–
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy˛õ!_ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ åáä Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ïò≈ à%ˆ° Ï y !Óò%ƒÍ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Óy: 8.1 ı ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ã˛ly

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ SÈ!Ó ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ xyˆÏà
§%ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x§Ω˛Ó ˲yÓy •ï˛ñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ó,•Í ÙyeyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏFSÈñ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ °y˲ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÎ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ¢!=˛Ó˚G §M˛Î˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ç° àÓ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ °y•zê˛ ≤ÃIµ°ˆÏl ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛y˛õl ˆ•y!í≈˛ÇüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÌyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÓ˚!làÙ x@˝Ãî# fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§Ü˛° lÓ!l!Ù≈ï˛ xRy!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ç° àÓ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ x!lÓyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy Ú~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ã˛lyÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲñ 1 xyàfiê˛ 2005È üüüÈ Ü˛°yˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 147
Ó: 8.2 ı !Óò%ƒÍ Ó^˝ê˛l ı !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyl# !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1951 §yˆÏ° !ò!Õ‘
Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åDSEBä à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ 1958 §yˆÏ° !ò!Õ‘ !Óò%ƒÍ Ó^˝ê˛l‡ˆÎyàyl !làÙ åDESUä
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– 1997 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó%Î˚y!Ó˚ Ùy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ò!Õ‘ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åDVBäñ Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åSEBä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyd≤Ãܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !Óò%ƒÍ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ lƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ Reliance
Energy Ltd. (BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd ~ÓÇ BSES Yamuna Power Ltd) ~ÓÇ Tata Power
Ltd (NDPL)– ~Ó˚y !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 46 °yá @˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ò!Õ‘ !Óò%ƒÍ !lÎ˚sfܲ ܲ!Ù¢l åDERCä
myÓ˚y !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !lÎ˚sfîàï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– Î!òG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ !Óò%ƒÍ
Ó^˝ê˛l ~ÓÇ ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓˆÏí˛¸y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ !ܲv x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá Ê˛°yÊ˛°
x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ–
500 !Ó!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝ à •î ~ÓÇ Ë) ˛ !Ùܲy ~álG Ü˛Ù– !ÓˆÏ ò !¢
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù •° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ܲ•z xÓfiÌy–
«˛!ï˛ñ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ òyÙ !lô≈yÓ˚î ly •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ åâä ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛Ù)°ƒ
xò«˛ï˛y– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° ˆÎ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏ Ó ˚ !Óò% ƒ ˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ ã˛˛õ°ï˛y•z
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó^˝ê˛l•z «˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe åPowercutsä çlàˆÏîÓ˚ x§ˆÏhs˝yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–
!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã%˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚yG Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ !làˆÏÙÓ˚ åSEBsä å.ä ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆ°
Ï y Îy ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ– !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xÓ°¡∫lñ ï˛y ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° G ܲÎ˚°yÓ˚
åàä !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yÎ˚ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈ–
Óy: 8.3 ı ¢!=˛Ó˚ §M˛Î˚ ı CFL ~ÓÇ LED Óy°‰Ó ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly
¢!=˛ ܲyÎ≈Ü%˛¢°ï˛y Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ CFL ÓyÕ∫ 80 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !Óò%ƒÍ Ü˛Ù áÓ˚ã˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ~!¢Î˚yl lyÙܲ CFL !lÙ≈yï˛yÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ •° ˆÎñ ò¢ °«˛ å1 millionä 100 GÎ˚yê˛ ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛
!•§yˆÏÓ Î!ò 20 GÎ˚yê˛ CFL Óy°‰Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° 80 ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y◊Î˚ •Î˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° 400
ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ ÓÑyˆÏã˛–
xyçܲy° !Óò%ƒÍ §OˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ LED (Light Emitting Diode) Óy!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy•
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– LED Óy°‰Óñ Incandescent ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ~ܲ ò¢ÙyÇ¢ å1/10ä !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ CFL ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî å1/2ä !Óò%ƒÍ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyˆÏ°y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ¢!=˛ ܲyÎ≈ƒÜ%˛¢°ï˛y Ó%ƒˆÏÓy˚ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ UJALA
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ °«˛ƒ •° í˛zIµ° Óy°‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ LED Óy°‰Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y Îy 5905 ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ §y◊Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ àˆÏí˛¸ 4000 ê˛yܲy §y◊Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ flõT˛ï˛ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl ÓƒÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ àˆÏí˛¸ 4000 ê˛yܲy §M˛Î˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

148 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÈüÈÙyÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏl lyGÈüüüÈ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙyˆÏ§ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
Ø ˆÜ˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §hflÏy !Óܲ“
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ lyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y çµy°yˆÏï˛ Óy áyòƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Óy ~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ
fiÌyˆÏl ºÙˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
Ø l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §)ã˛Ü˛⁄
ˆò¢ 2015 §yˆÏ° 2014 §yˆÏ° ¢!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ÙyÌy!˛õS%È GDP åÙyÌy!˛õS%È §Ùï%˛°ƒ ˆï˛°
åí˛°yˆÏÓ˚ä (ppp) ˆÜ˛!çˆÏï˛ä
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 5730 637
•zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚y 10,835 884
•z!ç≤Wz 10,250 815
•zí˛z ˆÜ˛ 38,866 2777
çy˛õyl 35,804 3471
•zí˛z ~§ ~ 52,704 6957

í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2017, www.worldbank.org


Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲy‡Ó˚yˆÏçƒ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó^˝ê˛l •Î˚ ï˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛
!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÏÎ çlàî !Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §y◊ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ àƒy§ÈüȈfiê˛y˲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ àƒy§ ~ˆÏç!™à%ˆ° Ï y àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï%˛!Ù ~•z !Ó£ÏÎà˚ ˆ% Ï°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÈüÈÙy G ÓÎ˚/ˆÏ烤˛ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎà˚ ˆ% ° Ï y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô ~ÓÇ fiÌy!˛õï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Óò%ƒÍˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– x!ôܲ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ å!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàñ í˛zß¨ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yñ Órê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ å8.2 Óy: ˆòˆÏáyää ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛Ù)°ƒ
xˆÏß∫£Ïîñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ í˛zqyÓl ~ÓÇ ˛õ%l/lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ !lô≈yÓ˚îˆÏܲ Ùylƒï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°y•z Óyí˛¸!ï˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ å3.3 Óy: ˆòˆÏáyä–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ~ê˛y §!ë˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛⁄

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 149
8.6 fl∫yfĩ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ •˚ z òy!Î˚c–
fl∫yfĩ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ¢%ôÙ% ye ˆÓ˚yàÙ%=˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüÈ
lyñ ~ê˛y ܲyˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲÙ≈ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ§!Óܲy G xlƒylƒ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ù≈#ñ
«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲG ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– fl∫yfĩ•z ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §%á !ÓSÈylyñ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
§Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ Ùylò[˛– fl∫yfĩ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ §Ù,!Âô í˛zß¨ï˛ Å£Ïô ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆ«˛e– ~ê˛yG §ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y– Î!òG !ÓÇ¢ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛•z ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ !ÓŸª Ó˚˛) õyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yfĩÓyl •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÎ˚– §ÙhflÏ
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~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#!ï˛!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆçyÓ˚
§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÓ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛/ !Ó!˲ߨ §)ã˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ÎyˆÏï˛ xÌ≈ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z
!¢¢% Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ˚ñ% !ã˛!ܲͧy §%!ÓôyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yàƒÜ˛yÓ˚# G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲyÓ˚#
˛õ%!T˛ hflÏÓ˚ ï˛Í§ˆÏAà §ÇܲyÙܲ G x§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ly •Î˚– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z
âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ °«˛ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÙÓ˚y
fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌy §¡∫ˆÏrô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ oÓƒ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏl §%fl∫yfĩ §¡õߨ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ı
ÙylÓ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ü˛° fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° ˆÎ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôy ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛y
x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ§¡øï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ã˛!ܲͧy §¡∫rô#Î˚ !¢«˛yñáyˆÏòƒ ˆË˛çy°ñ

!ã˛e 8.9 ı ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ xLjϢ ~álG fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ x˲yÓ–

150 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Å£Ïô G !Ó£Ïy=˛ oÓƒñ !ã˛!ܲͧy §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˆ˛õ¢yñ §yÓ˚î# 8.3
çß√ÈüÈÙï, ˛% ƒÈüÈ!ÓÓy• §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ 1951ÈüÈ2015
≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y G í˛zß√_ï˛y xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Ó£Ï Î˚ 1951 1981 2000 2014-15

§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî •y§˛õyï˛y° 2,694 6,805 15,888 19,653

˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ å§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ä


!ÓSÈyly å§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ä 1,17,000 5,04,538 7,19,861 7,54,724
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z §ÇfiÌy!ê˛
Å£Ïôy°Î˚ 6,600 16,745 23,065 26,325
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfïÏܲw 725 9,115 22,842 25,308
G ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛w¢y!§ï˛ ˛í˛z˛õˆÏܲw - 84,736 1,37,311 53,655
xM˛° ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §ÇfiÌyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ §Ç!Ù!◊ï˛ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲw - 761 3,043 5,396
fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ Ó˚˛) õyÎ˚ˆîÏ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ í˛zͧ ı lƒy¢ly° ܲ!Ù¢l xÓ ÙƒyˆÏܲy•zˆÏܲyl!Ù: ~u˛ ˆ•°Ì‰ñ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
§ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ܲ°ƒyî Ùsfܲñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ !lí˛z!ò!Õ‘ñ 2005ñ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚
~ܲ !Ó¢y° fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ çl¢!=˛ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ www.cbhidghs.nic.in
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– @˝ÃyÙ#î hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ı
•y§˛õyï˛y° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲw lyˆÏÙ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˆ«˛e
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ å8.5 Ó: ˆòˆÏáyä– Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛ï˛ê˛y §Ê˛° •Î˚!l Îy xyÙÓ˚y
•y§˛õyï˛y° xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%!° ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Ó# §ÇfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xLjϢ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚Ó– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyey ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ
•y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° ܲˆÏ°çñ Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈!§ ܲˆÏ°ç o%ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 70 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
~ÓÇ ly!§≈Ç Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ~ÓÇ •y§˛õyï˛y° ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛– ~•z§Ó
xô≈!ã˛!ܲͧyܲÙ≈# åProfessionals and Para-medi- •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ !ÓSÈylyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•z ˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢
cal professionalsä myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– å2/5ä !ÓòƒÙyl– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 60 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ Å£Ïôy°Î˚
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÎ˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y 40
í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– 1951 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2013 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó!•!Ó≈˲yà#Î˚ ˆÓ˚yà# ~ÓÇ 46 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xhs˝≈!Ó˲yà#Î˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛y° ~ÓÇ Å£Ïôy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 9300 ˆÌˆÏܲ 44000 •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e !ã˛!ܲͧy
!ÓSÈylyÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ 1.2 °«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 6.3 °«˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– §¡∫rô#Î˚ !¢«˛y G ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆÓ˚yà
~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà ly!§≈Ç Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚ §ÇáƒyG Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 0.18 °«˛ !lô≈yÓ˚îñ ţψôÏ Ó˚ ≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î G !ÓܲÎ˚ñ !ã˛!ܲͧy°Î˚ !lÙ≈yî
ˆÌˆÏܲ 23.44 °«˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏ°y˛õƒy!Ì í˛y=˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
§Çáƒy 0.62 °«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 9.2 °«˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– 2001-2002 §yˆÏ° 13 °yˆÏáÓ˚
fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° à%!ê˛Ó§hs˝ G !à!lÜ,˛!Ù ˆÓ!¢ !ã˛!ܲͧy í˛zˆÏòƒyà 22 °«˛ çlàîˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ò)Ó#˚ ܲÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy!°G Ü%˛¤˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 40 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ã˛!ܲͧy
≤ÃyÎ˚ !lÙ≈)°l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z lƒhflÏ ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 151
Óy: 8.5 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌy
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôyà%ˆ° Ï y !ehflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲñ Ùôƒ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ Óy
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ fl∫yfĩ §Ù§ƒyà%!°Ó˚ K˛yl ï˛Ìy ~à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl Ó,!Âô G ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ%!T˛ ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÎyàylñ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l G !¢¢% fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyñ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
!ÓÓ%̊ˆÂÏ ô !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ţψôÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòGÎ˚y–
@˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ§!Óܲy
ôye# ܲÙ≈ # Ó˚ y •z •ˆÏ ° l ≤ÃÌÙ fl∫ y fĩ §% ! Óôy
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
@˝ à yÙ#î ~°yܲy ~ÓÇ ˆSÈ y ˆÏ ê ˛y ¢•Ó˚ à % ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ ï ˛
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≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ~ܲçl í˛y=˛yÓ˚ñ ~ܲçl ly§≈ ~ÓÇ
§#!Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Å£Ïô !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
•y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛wñ §yÙy!çܲ
fl∫yfĩˆÏܲw ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏܲw lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Îál
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏwÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚y!àÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yfĩ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y !Ù!ê˛Ç–
í˛zߨÎ˚l §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ ÙôƒˆÏ◊!îË%˛=˛
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•z!§!ç •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zßï¨ ˛ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§•z •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ÙôƒÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ fl∫yfĩ§%!Óôy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# §ÇfiÌy
Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛zßï¨ ˛ï˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˆ§Óy ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#
!•§yˆÏÓG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Ù%áƒï˛/ ˆç°y §òÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ¢•Ó˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ˆÎ
§Ü˛° •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ xyô%!lܲ hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ G Å£Ïô Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫!rôÎ˚
ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝ •y§˛õyï˛y° Ó°y •Î˚–
fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆ° Ï y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛y° myÓ˚y §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ àë˛l §Çܲyhs˝ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ≤ÃÙá% ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylG Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y
à%îÙyl §¡õߨ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ !¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç G
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õy!°G
áyGÎ˚yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ï fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲyÓ˚– ~à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ •° ÈüüüÈ x°‰ •z!u˛Î˚y •zl!‰ fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛
xÓ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° §y•z™ñ lÎ˚y!ò!Õ‘ñ ˆ˛õyfiê˛ @˝Ãƒyç%ˆÎÏ ê˚ ˛ •zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ñ ã˛[˛#àí˛¸ñ çG•Ó˚ °y°
•zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ xÓ ˆ˛õyfiê˛ @˝Ãƒyç%ˆÎÏ ê˚ ˛ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l ~u˛ !Ó˚§yã≈˛ñ ˛õ!u˛ˆÏã˛!Ó˚ñ lƒy¢ly° •zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ xÓ ˆÙrê˛y°
ˆ•°Ì ~u˛ !lGˆÏÓy˚ §y•zˆ™ Ï §ñ ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x° •z!u˛Î˚y •zl!fiê˛!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê xÓ •y•z!çl ~u˛ ˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ ˆ•°Ìñ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y–
í˛zͧ ı §Ù!T˛àï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ñ 2005–

152 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Óy: 8.6 ı !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÎ≈ê˛l ÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ §%ˆÏÎyà
ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ê˛!˲ÈüÈÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ Óy §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ ¢°ƒ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ ÎÜ,˛Í ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õlñ òÑyï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ô®Î≈Óô≈ܲ
ˆ§Óy @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî !ÓˆÏò!¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˲#í˛¸ çÙyˆÏFSÈ– ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l lyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyô%!lܲï˛Ù !ã˛!ܲͧy ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ ˆ˛õ¢yôyÓ˚# í˛z˲Î˚•z Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓˆÏò!¢ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ §hflÏy– 2016 §yˆÏ° 2,01,000
!ÓˆÏò!¢ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° – ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛ 15 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ˲!ӣσò‰Óyî# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ •Î˚ï˛ 2020 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ÓyÓòñ 500
!Ó!°Î˚l ê˛yܲy í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲ xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zͧ ı ˛õÎ≈ê˛l Ùsfîy°Î˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ www.grantthorntor.in

!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly xyô%!lܲ à%îÙyl §¡øï˛ §%˛õyÓ˚ ˆflõ¢y!°!ê˛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚l åÓy: 8.6 ˆòˆÏáyä– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ°yܲ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §%˛õyÓ˚ÈüȈflõ¢y!°!ê˛
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô SÈyí˛¸y•z Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– !ܲS%È •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Óôy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!ܲS%È ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãòylܲy!Ó˚ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ly⁄ ~Ùl ܲ# ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
í˛y=˛yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ~álG ˆÓ˚!ç!fiê˛∆Ü,˛ï˛ lÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y •yï%˛ˆÏí˛¸ Óƒ!=˛˛ í˛z_Ù fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
í˛y=˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛
1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ SÈÎ˚ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃÓy§# ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢“ G Å£Ïô ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ xyÎ%̊ˆÏÓ≈!òܲñ ˆÎyàyñ •zí˛zly!lñ !§Âôyñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇhflyÏ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ôl# G !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÎ≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ!£Ïï≈ ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ~ÓÇ ˆ•y!ÙG˛õƒy!Ì åAYUSHä– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
Óy: 8.7 ı §Ù%òyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÓ˚ x°y˲çlܲ §ÇfiÌy
˲yˆÏ°y fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ •° §Ù%òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î– ~ê˛y ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl çlàîˆÏܲ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
NGOÈüÈÓ˚ lyÙ •° xyˆÏÙòyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ SEWA ~ÓÇ l#°!à!Ó˚Ó˚ ACCORD– ◊!Ùܲ §Çàë˛là%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚
çlƒ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚ çlàîˆÏܲ §hflÏy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Óܲ“ !ܲS%È fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z
!ӣψÎÏ ˚ x@˝Ãî# Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%° ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy •° ¢!•ò •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ Îy 1983 §yˆÏ° Ùôƒ≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ò%à≈ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!_¢àí˛¸ á!l◊!Ùܲ §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲÙ≈# myÓ˚y fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲS%È @˝ÃyÙ#î §ÇfiÌyG ~•zôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲ“ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà !lÙ≈yˆÏî ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ÌyˆÏl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy ÈüüüÈ Kashtakari Sangathanñ fl∫“Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚
çlƒ @˝ÃyÙ#î hflψÏÓ˚ Ù!•°y fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ù≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 153
§yÓ˚!î 8.4
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyñ 2014-15
§)ã˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛… ◊#°Aܲy
!¢¢%Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚/1,000 ç#Óhs˝ Ë)˛!Ù¤˛ !¢¢% 38 9 6 8
5 ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ !¢¢% Ù,ï%˛ƒ /1,000 ç#Óhs˝ Ë)˛!Ù¤˛ !¢¢% 48 11 7 10
ò«˛ ôye#myÓ˚y ≤Ã§Ó åˆÙyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä 74 100 99 99
!ê˛Ü˛y≤ÃyÆ !¢¢% (DPT) å¢ï˛yÇ¢ä 87 99 95 99
fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ÓƒÎ˚ åGDP ÈüÈÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓä 4.7 5.6 17 3.5
ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏÎ˚ 5 10.4 21.3 11.2
fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ÓƒÎ˚ (%)
fl∫yfĩáyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ 89 72 21.4 95
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lç ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛ (%)
í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸªfl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒy 2017 ~ÓÇ www.worldbank.org

˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ 3167!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ˆÏÎ fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
•y§˛õyï˛y°ñ 26,000 Å£Ïôy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ 7 °«˛ ˆÓ˚!ç!fiê˛∆ܲ, ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÙyê˛ ÈGDPüÈÓ˚ 4.7 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ~ê˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ G
ÓƒÓfiÌy≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° í˛z˲Î˚ ˆò¢à%!°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ü˛Ù–
≤ÃòyˆÏl á%Ó•z §yÙylƒ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ•z @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy Óy ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 17 ¢ï˛yǧ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ~•z
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ í˛zͧy• ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° fiÌyl ˛õyÎ˚– ˆò¢!ê˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆÓ˚yà òyÎ˚˲yÓ˚ åGlobal Burden of
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#ñ !lÓ˚y˛õò diseases, GBDä 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y
~ÓÇ §hflÏy •GÎ˚yÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ x§ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ù,ï˛% ƒ Ù%ˆáÏ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛
§Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy !lî≈ˆÎÏ ˚ ~ÓÇ ˙ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ x§ÙÌ≈
fl∫yfĩ G fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚§)ã˛Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ lT˛ •GÎ˚y ÓͧˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §Çáƒy !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ G
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyôÙ≈# Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ı GBD lyÙܲ §)ã˛Ü˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓl ˚ –
˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÈGBDüÈÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÓ˚î •°
fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛y•z!Ó˚Î˚yñ ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ Î«˛y lyÙܲ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà–
ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï y •° ÈüüüÈ !¢¢% Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ G Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 °«˛ !¢¢% ç°Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
•yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ%̊ G ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ hflÓÏ ñ˚ ï˛Í§ˆÏAà §ÇܲyÙܲ G ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– AIDS üÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õòG x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ âê˛ly– §yÓ˚!î 8.4üÈ~ !ܲS%È fl∫yfĩ§)ã˛Ü˛ x˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ţψôÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õÎ≈yÆï˛y•z
~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy ≤Ãò_ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ 2.2 !Ù!°Î˚l !¢¢%Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •° fl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ 20 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G Ü˛Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàî
x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛

154 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ Óy xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏw ÎyG– ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
•y§˛õyï˛y°ñ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ñ åˆflÒlä §%- ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÜ˛wñ ţψÏôÓ˚ ˆòyܲyl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y
§¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ÚÚò!Ó˚o çlàî ÎyÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏly •yçyˆÏÓ˚y §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° ˛fl¨yï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ôye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ ÈüüüÈ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÏÎñ ¢%ô%Ùye !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ÓƒÎ˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ 2.2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàîˆÏܲ
òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
Ø ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ÎyG– G•z §ÙhflÏ •y§˛õyï˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ê˛Ü˛y≤ÃyÆ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Çáƒy ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
•y§˛õyï˛y° ܲÙ≈#ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ê˛Ü˛y≤ÃyÆ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Çáƒy !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø xy§yˆÏÙÓ˚ ò%•zçl !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÈüüüÈ °#ly ï˛y°%ܲòyÓ˚ å16ä ~ÓÇ §%¢yhs˝ ˆÙˆÏ•ï˛y å16äñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ §•ˆÏç ≤ÃyÆ Å£Ï!ô
àySÈÈüÈ áí˛¸ñ ôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáy§y Óy Ë%˛!§ ~ÓÇ ¢%ܲˆÏly xyÓç≈ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù¢y ï˛yí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆË˛£Ïç Å£Ïô ÚJagÛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î §Ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° åShodh Yatra (Innovation), Yojana, September 2005ä– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô çyˆÏly ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §,çlydܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xÌÓy Î!ò ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ çyˆÏly ÎyÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy §Çܲyhs˝ ç!í˛¸Ó%!ê˛‡àySÈ˛õy°y åMedicine Plantsä §¡∫ˆÏrô K˛yl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ G !ï˛!l
ˆÎ•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà Ù%!=˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲÌy ӈϰy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§y– xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l G !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ~•z§Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xyòyl≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù fiÌyl#Î˚ §ÇÓyò˛õe Óy Ùƒyày!çˆÏlG ~•z §¡∫ˆÏrô !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
~à%!° !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ£Ï≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ •ˆÏÓ⁄ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
≤ÃòyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylê˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyôylƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø fl∫yfĩ §%!Óôy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Ó# §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ åNGOsä !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲyu˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲyu˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xy˛õƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ù#«˛y ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏ S È ˆÎñ Ùye 38 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùye xˆÏô≈ܲ Å£Ïôy°Î˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
PHCà%!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛y=˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ Ùye ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6.3 °yá !ÓSÈylyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !ÓSÈyly
30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ PHC à%!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÆ Å£ÏˆôÏ Ó˚ Ùç%ï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– xÌ≈yÍ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚
¢•Ó˚ÈüÈ@˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚oÈüÈôl# ˆË˛òyˆÏ˲ò ı Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî fl∫yfĩ
Î!òG ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 70 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆl•z– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫yfĩ
~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùye ~ܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y §,!T˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy !lˆÏÎ˚
˛õM˛ÙyÇ¢ •y§˛õyï˛y° åˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛y° §•ä @˝ÃyÙ#î !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ °«˛
~°yܲyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ Å£Ïôy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ùye 0.36 §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y§˛õyï˛y° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 155
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø !Óàï˛ ÓͧÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ fl∫yfĩ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ˚% ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ
!¢¢% Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙˆÏSñ à%!ê˛Ó§hs˝ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ü%˛¤˛ G ˆ˛õy!°G ˆÓ˚yà !lÙ≈)°#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °«˛ƒÙyeyG
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá– !ܲv ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë˛yˆÏ°y °yàˆÏÓ ï˛ál•z Îál xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ
xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óy!ܲ xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !ÓŸª fl∫yfĩ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê˛≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õyˆÏÓ Îy !ÓŸª fl∫yfĩ §ÇfiÌy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚S ⁄
Ø ~ܲÙy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ~•z xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ
§Ù§ƒy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y ~•z !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓyÓò ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ê˛yܲy áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ §Ù§ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ã˛!ܲͧy Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 44,000 fl¨yï˛Ü˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 3.6 §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ó%G @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%!°ˆÏï˛
xÓ!fiÌï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~:ÈüȈÓ˚ Óy !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z 44,000 fl¨yï˛Ü˛
Ó˚=˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §%!Óôy ˆl•z ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ¢•Ó˚Óy§#Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ ˛õM˛ÙyLjϢÓ˚ x!ôܲ xy!Ì≈ܲ
çlƒ ~ê˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ôÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó˚yçƒ §%!Óôy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFSÈ– !ܲS%È xÇ¢
ˆÎÙl !Ó•yÓ˚ñ Ùôƒ≤ÈÏò¢ñ Ó˚yçfiÌyl ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ fl¨ y ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ¢•ˆÏ Ó ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô §Çܲyhs˝ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •y§˛õyï˛y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏFSÈ–
!˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ G @˝ÃyÙ#î í˛z˲Î˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚
~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ çlàî ˛õÎ≈yÆ fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ôÓ˚ §%!Óôy Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# òy!Ó˚oï˛Ù 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õyÎ˚ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 12 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚y !¢¢% !ã˛!ܲͧyñ flf#ˆÏÓ˚yàñ ˙ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ôl# çlàîÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùye 2 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ly¢Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ôye# !Óòƒy •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!¢T˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò!Ó˚oÓ˚y Îál x§%fiÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ly– Î!òG ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ 380!ê˛ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç!Ù !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚

!ã˛e 8.10 ı xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ §%!Óôy ˛õyGÎ˚y §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_G¥ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏΖ˚
156 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Órôܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚ Ó•l í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ çlàîˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°à%!°ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ¢•Ó˚ G @˝ÃyÙ#î fl∫yfĩ
˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ flõT˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~•z
ï˛y•z ò!Ó˚o çlàî ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Óyí˛¸hs˝ !Ó˲yçƒï˛yˆÏܲ xÓK˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
V%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏSÈñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ }î@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈxy!Ì≈ܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚
xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlÎ˚– ÌyܲˆÏÓñ xy¢Aܲy ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ü˛° çlàîˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ı
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ˛õÔшSÏ È ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛y
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ•z •°
~ÓÇ fl∫«˛Ùï˛y í˛z˲Î˚•z §!¡ø!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
Ù!•°y– Ù!•°yÓ˚y !¢«˛yñ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy @˝Ã•ˆÏî ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ 8.7 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢¢%!°Aà xl%˛õyï˛ 2001
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 927 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2011 §yˆÏ° 914ÈüÈˆï˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xy§yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÌ≈l!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ˛õSȈÏl ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛lƒy º)î •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛lyˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy•z à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î–≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ˆÏÎyà#
•z!Aàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– 15 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ≤ÃyÎ˚ 3,00,000 ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ô% !ÓˆÏÎ˚•z •Î˚!lñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl
çll#G •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ü˛° xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ
15-49 ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §yï˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
Ù!•°y•z ˆ°ÔˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛y“ï˛y G x˛õ%!T˛ç!lï˛ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
§Ù§ƒyÎ˚ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈñ Îyñ 19 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
òy!Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y àË≈˛˛õyï˛ G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l ˆÓ˚yà G @˝ÃyÙ#î xLjϢ ~álG í˛zßï¨ ˛ Ó˚yhflyÏ âyê˛ñ ò)Ó§˚ M˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà
Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– §%!Óôyñ !Óò%ƒÍñ fl%Ò°ñ •y§˛õyï˛y° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È–
fl∫yfĩ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ çlܲ°ƒyîÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z à%îÙyl
ˆÎê˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚G ÓˆÏê˛– Î!ò §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §¡õߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyG !òl !òl Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï Óyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏܲw#ܲÓî˚ ܲÓy˚ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §Ü˛° ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §Çܲyhs˝
lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y•z í˛zßï¨ ˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï ÓyÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yàà%!° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ly ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yG °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !¢«˛y G ò«˛ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò!¢ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ò#â≈ܲy°#l °í˛¸y•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !lÙ≈yˆÏî xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛
fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ fl∫FSÈï˛y §• ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ í˛zͧy•òyÎ˚ܲ åIncen-
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ò%Ó§˚ M˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ tiveä !Ó!Óô §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲG xӈϕ°y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– fl∫yfĩ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆ«˛e Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ê˛y flõT˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÙà%!°Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfiÌσ •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛e §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆ§Ï ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xï˛~Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 157
§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy •° ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚


§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyG à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !˲!_–
Ø §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛y° !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zFã˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ •yÓ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛zߨÎ˚l âê˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈ê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
Ø ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó,•Í ï˛•!ӈϰÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ G ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚ˆcÏ Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
Ø o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ!, ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛ á%Ó•z à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î–≈ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy G ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó¢y° ÓƒÓôyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø x≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°yG !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛e í˛zͲõyòlñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ó^˝ê˛lhflψÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ–
Ø fl∫yfĩñ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ùylò[˛–
Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyà%ˆÏ°y àë˛làï˛ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚G í˛zߨÎ˚l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
Ø x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õÂô!ï˛ G §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÎ˚–
Ø fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe @˝ÃyÙ#î G ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ôl# G ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó¢y° ÓƒÓôyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲlƒyº)î •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ âê˛ly Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏmàçlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø fl∫yfĩ§Çܲyhs˝ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eñ
ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Ó# §ÇfiÌy åNGOsä ~ÓÇ §yÙ%òy!Î˚ܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ø çlfl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# ˆ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ãîy°#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÎ≈ê˛l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ x§#Ù §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

158 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


xl%¢#°l#

1É ˛Ú˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÛ ¢∑!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–


2É ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°⁄
3É ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §%!Óôy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
4É ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ܲÙï˛⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ܲ#Ó˚ܲÙ⁄
6É ¢!=˛Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ܲ#⁄ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ xÈüÈÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
7É !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛zͧ ܲ# ܲ#⁄
8É ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ó^˝ê˛lç!lï˛ «˛!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ÙyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚⁄
9É !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓy!î!çƒÜ˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧà%!° ܲ# ܲ#⁄
10É ˛õ%l/lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ §ï˛ƒï˛y
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11É !Óàï˛ ÓͧÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
12É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛⁄
13É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆ«˛e ܲ# ܲ# §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ⁄
14É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ¢!=˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15É xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
16É Ú!ÓŸª ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ òyÎ˚˲yÓ˚Û åGBDä ܲ#⁄
17É xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl x§%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
18É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ á%Ó•z í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
19É §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ çlfl∫yfĩ §¡∫ˆÏrô ˆ°á– Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ° çlfl∫yfĩ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÈüüüÈ Ó˚yçƒ myÓ˚y ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
fl∫yfĩ ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
20É SÈÎ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
21É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫yfĩ §Çܲyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 159
≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
1É ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# çylˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÙàyGÎ˚yê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ xylˆÏï˛ 30-40 !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛yܲy ÓƒÎ˚ •Î˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛
lï%˛l !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó•% !Ù!°Î˚l ÓƒÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛•z !ܲ ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ §M˛Î˚ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y•z •° xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §M˛Î˚– Ó›ï˛ ~ê˛y !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÌˆÏܲG
x!ôܲ Ù)°ƒÓyl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ÓyÓ˚ Îál !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔyÑSÈyÎ˚ñ ï%˛!Ù xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyÕ∫ ~ÓÇ ˛õyáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy •° ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §ï˛Ü≈˛ ~ÓÇ ÎbÓyl •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤ÃÎ˚y§!ê˛ ~ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyˆÏç ï%˛!Ù
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚G ç!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛Ê˛yï˛ ˆòˆÏáy– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Ùy!§Ü˛ !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Óò%ƒÍ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ӈϰ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòˆÏáy–
2É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ≤Ãܲ“à%!°Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /ÈüÈ
aä ˙ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj ÓyˆÏçê˛–
bä ˙ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zͧ–
cä ˙ ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛ Ü˛# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
dä ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ §Ùy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ §%!Óôy •ˆÏÓ⁄
eä ≤Ãܲ“!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓ⁄
fä ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y ~•z ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛
3É !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ˆÎˆÏܲylG ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w‡ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w‡˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî!Óܲ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛w ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §Ù#«˛y!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï çµy°y!l!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# xM˛ˆÏ° x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛•ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ó!˲ߨ @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ myÓ˚y
≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y G•z !ӈϢ£Ï çµy°y!l!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚î–
5É xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fiÌ˛õ!ï˛ í˛É ˆ•y!Ù Ë˛yÓyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ç#Ól# ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6É ÚÎ%ÂôÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ
xyÓÂô G §Çܲ#î≈ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y xÌÓy !Óï˛Ü≈˛
§Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

REFERENCES

Books
JALAN, BIMAL (Ed.). The Indian Economy — Problems and Prospects. Penguin Books, Delhi,
1993.

160 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


KALAM, A.P.J. ABDUL WITH Y.S. RAJAN. 2002. India 2020: A Vision for the New
Millennium. Penguin Books, Delhi.
P ARIKH , K IRIT S. AND R ADHAKRISHNA (Eds.). 2005. India Development Report
2004-05. Oxford University Press, Delhi.
Government Reports
Energy Statistics 2016, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
Government of India.
The World Health Report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, World Health
Organisation, Geneva.
Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, 2005.
Tenth Five Year Plan, Vol.2, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi.
The India Infrastructure Report: Policy Imperatives for Growth and Welfare 1996.
Expert Group on the Commercialisaton of Infrastructure Projects. Vols.1, 2 and 3 Ministry
of Finance. Government of India, New Delhi.
World Development Report 2004. The World Bank, Washington DC.
India Infrastructure Report 2004. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Economic Survey 2004-2005. Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
World Development Indicators, 2013, The World Bank, Washington.
World Health Statistics 2014, World Health Organisation, Geneva.
National Health Profile (NHP) of India for various years, Central Bureau of Health
Intelligence, Goverment of India, New Delhi.
Websites
On energy related issues:
www.pcra.org
www.bee-india.com
www.edugreen.teri.res.in
http://powermin.nic.in
On health related issues:
http://www.aiims.edu
http://www.whoindia.org
http://mohfw.nic.in
www.apollohospitalsgroup.com
www.worldbank.org
www.cbhidghs.nic.in

˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 161
9
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ
!fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l

~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ

l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛


l Ú˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ xÓ«˛Î˚Û ~ÓÇ Ú§¡õò !l/ˆÏ¢£ÏܲÓ˚îÛ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î G Ê˛°yÊ˛° !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Çܲyhs˝ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

162 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


xy˛õl ˆáÎ˚yˆÏ° ÌyܲˆÏï˛ !òˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ °«˛ °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ x!fli!ï˛¢#° G ˲Î˚ÇܲÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ !Ó˛õIlܲ ܲyÓ˚ܲ •ˆÏFSÈ ÙylÓ ≤Ãçy!ï˛– xyô%!lܲ
≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°#Î˚yl ÙylÓ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÌÓy x!lFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §%ò)Ó˚≤çyÓ˚#
x!˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛lˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ Ó°#Î˚yl– üüüÈ xK˛yï˛lyÙy

9.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛– §Ü˛° §ç#Ó í˛z˛õyòyl ÈüüüÈ ˛õy!áñ ˛õ¢%ñ àySÈ˛õy°yñ
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ólñ Ùͧƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ȘçÓ í˛z˛õyòyl– x˜ÏçÓ
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ˆÎ §Ü˛° à%Ó˚c˛õ)î≈ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓyÎ%̊ñ ç°ñ Ë)˛!Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~SÈyí˛¸y
ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÎ !¢°y ~ÓÇ §)Îy≈ ˆÏ°yܲG •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l xyÙÓ˚y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ~•z ˜çÓ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚# ˆ°yܲ§yl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ•z xyÙÓ˚y x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆòlyÈüÈ˛õyGlyˆÏܲ
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˛õy Ó˚yá°yÙñ Îy í˛zFã˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y–
≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆ° Ï y ~ÓÇ õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ iä ~!ê˛
Îy !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !fli!ï˛¢#° §¡õˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ı §¡õˆÏ ò Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ xyˆÏ S È
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Îy Ó˚yhflÏy xyÙÓ˚y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚!SÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ í˛z˲Î˚ §¡õò– ˆÎ
~ÓÇ ~•z Ó˚yhflyÏ Î˚ ˆÎ Óyôyà%ˆ° Ï y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ï˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛Î˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy !l/ˆÏ¢!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÎyàƒ §¡õò
ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Çܲyhs˝ lyly ≤ß¿– ӈϰ– xÌ≈yÍ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •Î˚–
~•z ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ÓˆÏlÓ˚ àySÈ˛õy°y
áˆÏ[˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ Ë˛yˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙySÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õò
~ÓÇ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚
•° ˆ§à%!°ñ Îy !l‹Òy¢l ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ Ê%˛!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎÙl
˲yˆÏà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ •y°ã˛y° ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°yl# åiiä ~!ê˛ Óç≈ƒ §Ùy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ åiiiä ~!ê˛
˲yˆÏà !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §Ü˛°
!çlàï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc
˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ G Ó˚îl#!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~à%ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ åivä ~!ê˛ ly®!lܲ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ò,!T ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yl ÙˆÏlyÓ˚Ù ò,¢ƒ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
9.2 ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ È üüüÈ §ÇK˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç§Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~•z ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈò•#l˲yˆÏÓ•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ •°ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ çàˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly ~•z ܲyçà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ ˆÙyê˛ §¡õò– ~ˆÏï˛ §Ó ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° §¡õò !l‹Òy£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚
˜çÓ ~ÓÇ x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòyl xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Îy ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ%̊Ͳõyòl •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 163


!Ó˛õߨ •GÎ˚y– §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª xyç ~•z
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛– í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl çl§Çáƒy ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚
ˆË˛yàÓyò# ç#Ólã˛ã≈˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ÙyÓ˚ydܲ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– xˆÏlܲ §¡õò
!Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §,T˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ӈϢy£Ïܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°
ˆàˆÏSÈ Úˆ¢y£Ïî «˛Ùï˛yÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛ ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒˆÏܲ–
~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyç xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆòyÓ˚ˆÏàyí˛¸yÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ–
í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ lò# ~ÓÇ ç°ˆÏflÀyï˛
ò)!£Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ Îy ç°ˆÏܲ
!ã˛e 9.1 ı ç°Ó˚y!¢ ı «%˛oñ !•Ùy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï%˛£ÏyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%T˛ fl∫yò% çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ Îy
xy!Ì≈ Ü ˛ oˆÏ Ó ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ î ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï S È–
ò)£ÏîÙ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ lÓ#ܲÓ˚ î ~ÓÇ
í˛zͲõߨ ÓˆÏçƒ≈ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ !l‹Òy£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ
!˲ï˛Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál âê˛ly ~•zÓ˚)˛õ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §¡õò !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y lï%˛l
ï˛yÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ≤ÃÎ!% =˛ ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ܲyç!ê˛ •° ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y– !Ó¢y° xÌ≈ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ Óyôƒ •!FSÈ– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏSÈ xô/
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%!fiÌ!ï˛ !ÓlT˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ fl∫yfĩ

ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Ø ˆÜ˛l ç° xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õîƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ¢∑ ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §,T˛ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ˆÓ˚yà ~ÓÇ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ
!°ˆÏá ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
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164 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


˛Óy: 9.1 ı !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l

˛!ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l •°ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ àí˛¸ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– !¢“ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ !@˝Ãl •yí˛z§ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó,!Âô•z !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §Ù)• ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ §Ù§ƒyê˛y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ùl%£Ïƒ §,!T˛– ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°y!lÓ˚ ò•l G xÓ˚îƒ !lôl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚•z
•ˆÏFSÈ Îy Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !@˝Ãl •yí˛z§ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚î Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l
âê˛yˆÏFSÈ– ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ !ÙˆÏÌl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xlƒylƒ àƒy§ åÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èä
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° !وϢñ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛ÈüÈ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yàˆÏܲ í˛z£÷Ï Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈ!¢“yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ 1750 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ CH4 ~Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w#˲Ól ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 31 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
~ÓÇ 149 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey 1.10F (0.60C) Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
§Ù%oï˛° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ •z!M˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏë˛ ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È ò#â≈ܲy°#l Ê˛° •°ñ ˆÙÓ˚% ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ à°ˆÏÓ
ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •° §Ù%oï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ §Ù%oï˛ê˛Óï≈˛# ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ólƒy •ˆÏÓñ !•ÙÓy• à°y çˆÏ° ˛õ%T˛
˛õyl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y !ÓlT˛ •ˆÏÓ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ •…y§ ˛õyˆÏÓñ á%Ó âl âl ܲyhs˝#Î˚ V˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛y!hs˝Î˚ ˆÓ˚yà Óƒy!ôÓ˚ òy˛õê˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ–
!ÓŸª í˛z£yÏ÷ Î˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È Ü˛Î˚°y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ò•l åܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ñ
!ÙˆÏÌlñ ly•zê˛∆y§ x:y•zí˛ñ GˆÏçyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zͧä Ól ôÁǧñ Îy ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Óyí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ≤Ãyî# Óç≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÙˆÏÌl àƒy§ !là≈Ùlñ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô Îy Ól ôÁLjϧ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá– •zí˛zly•zˆêÏ ˛í˛
ˆl¢l§ ܲlÊ˛yˆÏÓ˚™ xl Üœ˛y•zˆÏÙê˛ ˆã˛O ~Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°l çy˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲˆÏÎ˚yˆÏê˛y ˆï˛ 1997 §yˆÏ° xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl
~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ã%˛!=˛ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~•z ã%˛!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚lˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !@˝Ãî •yí˛z§
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÓ˚§Ó˚î ܲÙyˆÏÓ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y–
í˛zͧ ı www.wikipedia.org

ÓƒÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !l¡¨Ù%á# à%îÙyˆÏlÓ˚ å˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 70 ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ çlƒ
¢ï˛yÇ¢ ç° ò)!£Ïï˛ä Ê˛ˆÏ° Ÿªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ â!ê˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ç° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÓƒÎ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ òÈy˛õyòy!˛õ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° fl∫yfĩ ~ál §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ß¿!ê˛ •° ı ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ÓƒÎ˚G Ó,!Âô !˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓŸª ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ˆÎÙl §Çܲyhs˝ §Ù§ƒy !ܲ ~•z ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ lï%˛l âê˛ly⁄ Î!ò •Î˚ñ
!ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛
Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ òyÎ˚˲yÓ˚ Ó•l xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z£yܲyˆÏ° xÌÓy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ flõT˛ ˆòáy ò)£ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏï˛

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 165


˛Óy: 9.2 ı GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚

GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚ •° fiê˛∆ƒyˆÏê˛y§!fl≥˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ G GˆÏçyˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ âê˛ly– GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î fiê˛∆ƒyˆÏê˛y§!fl≥˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l ~ÓÇ ˆÓy!Ùl ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~•z ò%•z ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zͧ
•° ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲyÓ≈l åCFCä– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yܲyÓ≈l §,!T˛ •Î˚ Ù)°ï˛ !Ê˛ç Óy ~Î˚yÓ˚ܲ!u˛¢lyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ë˛yu˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Îsfñ ˆfl± ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Îsf ~ÓÇ x!@¿!lÓ≈y˛õܲ ΈÏsf ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ§° ˆ≤ÃyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°rê˛§ G ˆÓyˆÏÙyÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yܲyÓ≈l
啃y°l§ä ˆÌˆÏܲ– GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî fl∫Ó˚)˛õ x!ï˛ˆÏÓà%!l !Ó!ܲÓ˚î åUVä ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xˆÏô≈ܲ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ «˛!ï˛§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!ï˛ ˆÓà%!l !Ó!ܲÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ cܲÈüÈܲƒy™yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛
Ê˛y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yÇê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ç°ç ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~!ê˛ fiÌ°ç í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1979 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1990 ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ GˆÏçyl hflÏÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ x!ï˛ˆÏÓà%!l Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° xySȈÏí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# í˛zˆÏmà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Î˚ Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ù!rê˛∆° ã%˛!=˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊœ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÓ˚§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏ£ÏôyK˛y
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ §• GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Ù)• ˆÎÙlñ ܲyÓ≈lˆÏê˛ê˛∆yˆÏÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ñ ê˛∆y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y•zˆÏÌl åÎy
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÊ˛Ù≈ lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ä ~ÓÇ ˆÓyÙy•zl ˆÎÔà Îy •ƒy°™ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛zͧ ı www.ceu.hu

!¢“yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ò)£Ïî !SÈ° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ˆÎyàylˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!l §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•yÓ˚ !SÈ° §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l/ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛
Ü˛Ù– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§,T˛ •Î˚!l– !ܲv çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Óô≈l¢#°
çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏî !¢“
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ÓòˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈ–
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yà í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏS–È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢y£Ïî «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ôyÓ˚y
!ã˛e 9.2 ı òyˆÏÙyòÓ˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyçG ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §%!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
xlƒï˛Ù– ˲y!Ó˚ !¢“ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)£ÏîܲyÓ˚# ˛õòyÌ≈ òyˆÏÙyòÓ˚ lò#Ó˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ çÙy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ã˛y!•òy ÈüÈ ˆÎyàyl §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡õ)îÓ≈ yˆÏÓ xò°
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óò° •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆàˆÏ S È ~ál xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ §yÙˆÏ l

166 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢àï˛ §¡õò ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xˆÏlܲ Ó,!Âô
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl
x!ï˛!Ó˚ = ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G
x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ §#!Ùï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
xyç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Ù§ƒy Óç≈ƒ
í˛zͲõyòl ç!lï˛ ò)£Ïî ç!ê˛°
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–

9.3 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛


xÓfiÌy !ã˛e 9.3 ı ÓlôÁLjϧÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y •…y§ñ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛e lT˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî–
˛à%îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛zߨï˛
Ù,!_ܲyñ ¢ï˛y!ôܲ lò# ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õlò#ñ âl §Ó%ç Ólñ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆò¢Óy§#Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ G ܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚
l#ˆÏã˛ §!M˛ï˛ ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ù•y§yàˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓhflïÏ, ˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò%•z!ê˛ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚
˛õÓ≈ï˛Ùy°y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ xÊ%˛Ó˚yl ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õ!_Ó˚ Ù%ˆáÏ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢Ó˚
§¡õˆÏò ˲Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùy°Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ Ü,˛£÷ÏÙ,!_ܲy xÓlÙl ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ !Ó˛õ!_ •° §Ù,Âô ~ÓÇ á%Ó o%ï˛
ï%˛°y ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ á%Ó•z í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÓflfÓÎ˚l Óyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ Ìyܲy !¢“ˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)£îÏ – ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢àï˛
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#˲Ól ~•z xM˛ˆÏ° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àyˆÏAàÎ˚ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïîñ
§Ùï˛°Ë)˛!Ù Îy xyÓ˚Ó §yàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓˆÏAày˛õ§yàÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ç°ò)£Ïîñ Ë)˛!Ù«˛Î˚ñ ÓlôÁǧ ~ÓÇ Ólƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !Ó°%!Æ–
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ùñ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •° åiä Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y •…y§ åiiä
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ ã˛y£ÏÎ%=˛ xM˛° ~ÓÇ çlâlcG ˆÓ!¢– ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛e •…y§ åiiiä ¢•Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ÎylÓy•l
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ól x§Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G ÓlË)˛!Ù x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî åivä fl∫yò% çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly åvä
çl§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ §Ó%ç xyFSÈyòl ~ÓÇ Ólƒ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!ë˛l ÓˆÏç≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚
xyFSÈyòl !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆ°Ô• xyܲ!Ó˚ܲ ܲÎ˚°y ~ÓÇ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Îy Ù%áƒï˛ x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ àƒy§ ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §!M˛ï˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ÓÇ xl%˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° •ˆÏFSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆ°Ô•ÈüÈxyܲ!Ó˚ܲ §!M˛ï˛ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛y lˆÏT˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ°
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20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ Ó:y•zê˛ñ ï˛yÙyñ •° ÈüüüÈ åiä ÓlôÁLjϧÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó%ˆÏçÓ˚ xyFSÈyòl •…y§ åiiä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙê˛ñ !•Ó˚yñ fl∫î≈ñ !§§yñ !°àly•zê˛ñ ÙƒyAày!lçñ òhflÏyñ x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° çµy°y!l ܲyë˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l åiiiä
•zí˛zˆÓÏ !˚ lÎ˚yÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ í˛zßΨ l˚ Ù)°Ü˛ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ ã˛y£Ï åivä ÓlyM˛° x!ô@˝Ã•î åvä ÓˆÏl xyà%l
ܲyÎ≈ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §#!Ùï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ °yày ~ÓÇ Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˛õ¢%ã˛yÓ˚î åviä ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ë)˛ÈüȧÇÓ˚«˛î

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 167


˛Óy: 9.3 ı !ã˛˛õˆÏܲy Óy xy!؈Ïܲy ÈüüüÈ lyˆÏÙ !ܲ •Î˚⁄
ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ã˛˛õˆÏܲy xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ¢%ˆÏlSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° !•Ùy°Î˚ ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ólà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ
x!˲lÓ xyˆÏ®y°l– ܲî≈yê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l Úxy!؈ÏܲyÛ lyˆÏÙ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xy!؈ÏܲyÈüÈÓ˚ xÌ≈
•° xy!°Aàl– 8 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1983ñ Îál !§Ó˚§# ˆç°yÓ˚ §y°Ü˛yl# ÓˆÏl àySÈ Ü˛yê˛y ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál 160 çl lyÓ˚#ñ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï
G !¢¢%Ó˚y àySÈà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy!°Aàl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá° ~ÓÇ Ü˛yë%˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚
~•z çyÎ˚ày SÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚°– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# SÈÎ˚ §Æy• Ól!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õy•yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˙ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲÓ˚y àySÈà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛ál•z SÈyí˛¸°ñ
Îál ÓlòƈÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y ~•z xyŸªy§ !ò° ˆÎñ àySÈàˆ% ° Ï yˆÏܲ
~ál ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆç°y x!Ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ól
§¡∫rô#Î˚ ܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÎ%çƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ܲyê˛y •ˆÏÓ–
Îál !ë˛Ü˛yòyÓ˚Ó˚y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ólà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yê˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛ál Ó,«˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy!°Aàl ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xy§°ñ Îy ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~•z xy¢y ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªy§
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˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ àySÈܲyê˛y xyê˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ 12000 !ê˛ àySȈÏܲ Ó˚«˛y
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ! SÈ ° – !ܲS% È ÙyˆÏ § Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ~•z xyˆÏ ® y°l ˛õyŸªÓï≈ ˛ #
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çµy°y!lÓ˚ ܲyë˛ ~ÓÇ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !l!Ó≈ã˛yˆÏÓ˚
àySÈà%ˆÏ°y ܲyê˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z_Ó˚
ܲylyÓ˚y xM˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏçÓ˚ !Ù° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ 12 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˙
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xy!؈Ïܲy xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈#Ó˚y ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ !ë˛Ü˛yòyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ól òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù!Ó!ô
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚%ܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ ܲyê˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà àySÈà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆ•yܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ 100 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§#ÙyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ 30 !í˛!@˝Ã Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õy•y!í˛¸ ì˛yˆÏ°Ó˚
àySÈà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛yê˛y ly •Î˚–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çyl ˆÎñ !¢“ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÓlË)˛!Ù ÓÓ˚yj ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ólç §¡õòà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y !¢ˆÏ“
ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏçÓ˚ !Ù° 10,000 ܲÙ≈# !lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤’y•zí˛zí˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly
800 ܲÙ≈# !lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° 10 °«˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÈüÈ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚G ܲ# ~ê˛y ˆÙˆÏl
ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚⁄
í˛zͧ Èı State of India’s Environment, The Second Citigens Report 1984-85, Cen-
tre for Science and Environment, 1996, New Delhi.

168 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ly ܲÓ˚y åviiä xl%˛õÎ%=˛ Ê˛§° ã˛Ü˛ åviiiä ˆ•QÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
Ü,˛!£Ï Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%!ã˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÎÌyÈüÈÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ 0.08 ˆ•QÓ˚ ÓlË)˛!Ù– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ÓlôÁǧ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ §#Ùy
~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ åixä ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xl%˛õˆÏÎyà# ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15 !Ù!°Î˚l ≤Ã!ï˛ âl!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly åxä Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ çˆÏ°Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !l‹Òy¢l åxiä §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ xÓyô í˛z˛õ°kôï˛y Ë)˛!Ù !•§yÓà%ˆ°Ï y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢
Ë)˛!Ù«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ •yÓ˚ •° 5.3 !Ó!°Î˚l ê˛l– ~Ó˚
åxiiä Ü,˛!£Ï !lË≈˛Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ò!Ó˚oï˛y–
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 0.8 !Ù!°Î˚l ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ 1.8 !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛l
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 2.5
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ ~ÓÇ 26.3 !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛l ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ lT˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–
¢ï˛yÇ¢ xM˛° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛Èüȧ#ÙylyÎ˚– !ܲv
˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ 17 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ê˛ˆÏ° 5.8 !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ 8.4 !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛l ˛õ%!T˛
~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ 20 ¢ï˛yÇ¢•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛– í˛z˛õyòyl lT˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–

ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xÓòylˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°kô ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ ˆá°y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl !¢«˛yÌ≈# ~ܲ!ê˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ lyÙ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ≈#
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ oÓƒ!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ ˆáÑyˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ê˛∆yܲ ß fiê˛#° ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚
!fiê˛° ß ˆ°Ô•y ß á!lç ß ˛õ,!ÌÓ#

Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ ß àySÈ ß Ól ß ˛õ,!ÌÓ#

Ó•z ß Ü˛yàç ß àySÈ ß Ól ß ˛õ,!ÌÓ#

Óflf ß §%ï˛y ß Ó,«˛ ß ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛

ˆÙ!¢l ß ˆ°Ô•y ß á!lç ß ˛õ,!ÌÓ#

Ø ~ܲ ê˛∆yܲ í»˛y•z˲yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ày!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆôÑyÎ˚y !là≈ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ 1000 ê˛yܲy ç!Ó˚Ùyly ã˛y°yl
ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !òˆÏï˛ •°– ˆÜ˛l ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ò![˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ê˛y !ܲ Î%!=˛§¡øï˛⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
çl§Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ âlc ï˛Ìy ÓlyÎ˚lñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢•%ˆÓÏ ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚ò% £) îÏ ≤Ãã˛[˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ •Î˚
Ü, ˛ !£Ï ñ ÙylÓ Ó§!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !¢ˆÏ “ Ó˚ çlƒ ç!ÙÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÎylÓy•ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ xÓòyl xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#ÙyÓÂô ç!Ù xlƒ ~°yܲyÎ˚ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ çlƒG •z•y
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •ˆÏFSÈ– ÎylÓy•ˆÏlÓ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ˛!l‹Òy¢l á%Ó !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È ÓlË)˛!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 0.08 ܲyÓ˚î ~à%ˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚% ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ l#ã%˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ ~ÓÇ

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 169


˛Óy: 9.4 ı ò)£Ïî !lÎ˚sfî ˛õ£Ï≈ò åPCBä
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ÓyÎ%̊ò)£Ïî G ç°ò)£Ïîñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô G !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ 1974 §yˆÏ° ò)£Ïî !lÎ˚sfî ˛õ£Ï≈ò àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ Ó˚yçƒ hflψÏÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !lç !lç ˛õ£Ï≈ò Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ£Ï≈ò ç°ñ ÓyÎ˚% ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù ò)£Ïî §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y
§Ç@˝Ã• ï˛òhs˝ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ£Ï≈òà%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y lò# ~ÓÇ Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ç°ò)£Ïî !lÎ˚sfîñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢ ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôñ !lÎ˚sfî
~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ¢Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚yˆÏá–
~•z ˛õ£Ï≈òà%ˆÏ°y ç° ò)£Ïî ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚% ò)£Ïî §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛òhs˝ xl%§rôyl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛Ìy ~•z à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ£Ï≈òà%ˆÏ°y àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒy˛õܲ àÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲÙG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò)£Ïî !lÎ˚sfî ˛õ£Ï≈ò !lܲy!¢ Óç≈ƒ G Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓˆÏçƒÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ï˛Ìy !l‹õ!_ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°ñ §Ç!«˛Æ !ò¢y!lˆÏò≈¢ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!¢“à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆç°yhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚yçƒ ˛õ£Ï≈òà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~°yܲyô#l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢“ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈lܲyˆÏ° !¢“à%ˆÏ°y
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ü˛!ë˛l G àƒy§#Î˚ ÓˆÏç≈ƒÓ˚ ˆ¢yôˆÏl ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓfiÌy !lˆÏFSÈ !ܲly ï˛y ˆòˆÏá– ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zˆÏòƒyà fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ
làÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò)£Ïî !lÎ˚sfî ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò ç°ò)£Ïî
§¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò 125!ê˛ lò# åí˛z˛õlò#G ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ä Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚yñ •…òñ áyï˛ñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ !ò!âñ ˆí»˛l
~ÓÇ áy°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly Óy ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ !Ó˲yˆÏà ÎyG ~ÓÇ ç° ï˛Ìy ÓyÎ˚% ò)£ÏîˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,!•ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàçñ ˆÓ˚!í˛ˆÏÎ˚y G ˆê˛!°!˲¢l Óy fiÌyl#Î˚ !Ó°ˆÏÓyí≈˛à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛!Ù •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ç° ï˛Ìy ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî
§¡õܲ≈#Î˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˆòáSÈ– !ܲS%È áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Üœ˛!lÇñ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚˛õe ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~•zàˆ% °Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ–˚ 1951 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏl ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly•#l
3 °«˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ Óy•l ˆÌˆÏܲ 2003 §yˆÏ° ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ~•z §Çáƒy ¢•Ó˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ò)£îÏ ~ÓÇ ò%âê≈ ˛lyÓ˚ V%˛Ñ !ܲ– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ò)£îÏ !lÎ˚sîf
67 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– 2003 §yˆÏ° ˆÙyê˛ ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ 17 ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ å˲yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ä˚
Óy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 80 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !SÈ° Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óy•l í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ ò)£îÏ Ü˛yÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È–
å¢%ô% ò%ÈüÈã˛yܲyÓ˚ Óy•l ~ÓÇ ày!í˛¸ä– ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ÎylÓy•l ˆÙyê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛
ÓyÎ%̊ ò)£ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎyàòyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ùsfîy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ
˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ò¢!ê˛ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ G Ó˚yçƒ ò)£Ïî !lÎ˚sfî ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò myÓ˚y à,!•ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
!ܲv ~•z ÙÎ≈yòy ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲS%È xlyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ ly Îï˛«˛î

170 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly xyÙÓ˚y §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)Ó˚î !Ó!â¯ï˛ ly •Î˚–
@˝Ã•î ly ܲ!Ó˚– ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zߨÎ˚l•z •° §ÇK˛y!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ï%˛!Ù °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ
!ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# í˛zßΨ l˚ – §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ô% xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ¢∑à%FSÈ Ú˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤Ãçß√Û ~•z ò%•!z ê˛
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y á%Ó à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈– ~áyˆÏl Ú§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyà§)e
ˆê˛ˆÏl Ú≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlÛ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏlÓ˚
Ø ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl çyï˛#Î˚ áÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyàˆÏç ÓyÎ˚% ò)£ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê≈˛ ÈüüüÈ ÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l ˲!ӣσï˛Û lyÙܲ xLjϢ
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ hflÏΩ˛ ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG– ò#˛õyÓ!°Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ §ÇK˛y ˆòGÎ˚y
~ܲ §Æy• xyˆÏàÓ˚ñ ò#˛õyÓ!°Ó˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ò#˛õyÓ!°Ó˚ ò%•z !òl ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò)£Ïî !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y ç#Ól
xÇ¢ê%˛Ü%˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yá– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z Ùylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yˆÏܲ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáSÈ⁄ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •° !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l– §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l/Ó^˝ê˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y í˛zßΨ l˚ ܲyÎ≈àˆ% °
Ï y §¡õò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛Ìy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xÓ«˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z xÓ«˛Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~í˛GÎ˚yí≈˛ ÓyÓ˚!ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ åEdward
G xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Barbierä !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛yÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ~•z
í˛zߨÎ˚l ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚ à!Ó˚Ó ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛
9.4 !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l
ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~ê˛y Ó!ô≈ï˛
˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
xyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xyÎ˚ñ !¢«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óyñ
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ï˛y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
fl∫yfĩӃÓfiÌyñ ˛õÎ˚/≤Ãîy°#ñ ç°§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ xӈϕ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zߨÎ˚l ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚G flõT˛ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°y
ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢•z ç#Ó çà͈Ïܲ °y°l˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÎê˛y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y •° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÎyÎ˚ñ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏ°y à!Ó˚Ó ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚«˛y §•yÎ˚ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l Óy !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l– !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ˛õÓ˚Ù òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ
í˛zߨÎ˚l •° ~Ùl ~ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ç#!ÓܲyˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚
ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl !Ùê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ !l‹Òy¢lñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ xÓ«˛Î˚ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Óyôy ~ÓÇ
ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !Ùê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò §yÙy!çܲ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– •zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛ ˆl¢l§ ܲlÊ˛yˆÏÓ˚™ xl í˛zßΨ l˚ •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zßΨ l˚ Îy §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
~l!˲Ó˚lˆÏÙrê˛ xƒyu˛ ˆí˛Ë˛°y˛õˆÏÙrê˛ÈüÈ~ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ à!Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚– ~•z
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlà%ˆ° Ï y •° ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ñ áyòƒñ !Óò%ƒÍñ ç°ñ
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zßΨ l˚ ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ âÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£Ïñ
ÈüüüÈ Ú~Ùl í˛zßΨ l˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlà%ˆ°Ï y !¢“˛õîƒ í˛zͲõyòlñ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚!ê˛ ~Ùl •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y çÓ˚%!Ó˚–

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 171


Óyu˛°ƒyu˛ ܲ!Ù¢l ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤Ãçß√ˆÏܲ §%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ åivä xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ«˛Î˚ •yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˙ lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ !Óܲ“ §,!T˛Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •GÎ˚y
Î%!=˛Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ˆÎ ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ òy!Î˚c ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ åvä ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ x§yÙÌ≈ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§%®Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ Îy•z– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y x!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
≤Ãçß√ˆÏܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãçß√ myÓ˚y ~ܲ ˆ◊¤˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# 9.5 !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)•
í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆeÏ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ܲÙ≈ܲˆÏÓG
˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyàyÙ# ≤Ãçß√ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y à%îyÓ!° §¡õߨ ˛x≤ÃÌyàï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ı
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛y çylñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy
í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ ~ÓÇ ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ òy!Î˚c •°ñ ~Ùl í˛zߨÎ˚l í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ç!lï˛ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y˛õ!Óò%ƒÍ
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏ¡Ó¨ ˚ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ àƒy§ !l/
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– §Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !@˝Ãl •yí˛z§ àƒy§– Î!ò §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
åiä ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î åiiä ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Óy›ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl åiiiä ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ çlƒ SÈy•z !là≈Ùl •Î˚– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ç°ñ ç!Ù ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
Óyí˛¸!ï˛ áÓ˚ã˛ Óy V%Ñ˛!ܲ ã˛y˛õˆÏly ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ìyܲy– xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õyòyl ò)!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°y
!Óáƒyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò •Ó˚Ùl xÓ˚Ïܲ ≤’y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lò#Ó˚ ç° ôyÓ˚y ï˛Ìy lò#
ˆË˛!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ç° ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ÓyÎ˚¢% !=˛
!lˆÏ¡Ó¨ ˚ !Ó£ÏÎà˚ ˆ% °
Ï yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÔÓ˚Ó˚!Ÿ¬ xÈüÈ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˲yˆÏ°y í˛zòy•Ó˚î– !ܲv
åiä çl§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ hflÓÏ ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛àï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ~álG ~•z ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
˛õÎ≈hs˝ §#!Ùï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ôyÓ˚Ùï˛y ÙyeyÎ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ Ü%˛í˛¸yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚!l–
çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ Ú˲yÓ˚Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ˆáyˆÏ°Ó˚Û ÙˆÏï˛y Îy çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î xM˛ˆÏ°‡~°yܲyÎ˚ ~° !˛õ !ç ~ÓÇ ˆàyÓÓ˚ àƒy§ ı
˲yÓ˚ § #ÙyÓ˚ !lˆÏ ò ≈ ¢ ܲ– xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~•z Ó ˚ Ü ˛Ù @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛yë˛ñ
˲yÓ˚Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ˆáyˆÏ°Ó˚ x˲yÓ •ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆàyÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆáyê˛y xÌÓy xlƒylƒ ˜çÓ Ó›à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ çµy°y!l
ôyÓ˚Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl xÓ˚îƒ!lôlñ §Ó%çyÎ˚l •…y§ñ ˆàyÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
åiiä ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆË˛yà ly •ˆÏÎ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ò«˛ï˛yÙ%á# •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– çlƒ ˲Ó˚ï%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ ~° !˛õ !ç §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚
åiii ä lÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆàyÓÓ˚ àƒy§ ≤Ãܲ“ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •GÎ˚ y í˛z ! ã˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏ ï ˛ !l‹Òy¢ˆÏ l Ó˚ •yÓ˚ çlƒ §•ç }î ~ÓÇ Ë˛Ó˚ ï % ˛ !ܲ ≤Ãòyl– ï˛Ó˚ ° Ü, ˛ ï˛
˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ly •Î˚– ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙ àƒy§ åLPGä •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚°–

172 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Îy ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ܲÙyÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚G l)ƒlï˛Ù •Î˚– ˆàyÓÓ˚ àƒy§ ≤Ãܲ“
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆàyÓÓ˚ ≤’ƒyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÊ˛°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ø !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ Óy§ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z àƒy§ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚– ~•z àƒy§ çµy°y!l !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ày!í˛¸à%ˆÏ°y çµy°y!l !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° Óy
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy xÓ!¢T˛yÇ¢!ê˛ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y !í˛ˆÏçˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ CNG ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È
˜çÓ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓÁ≈Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!Âô §•yÎ˚ܲ– ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ •z!Ol ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !§ ~l !ç ı ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
!ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ çµy°y!l ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲ#
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤Ã§í˛ lƒyã˛yˆÏÓ˚° àƒy§ åCNGä ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏ l •Î˚ ⁄ ˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y§¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛y
ÓyÎ˚%ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÙˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ àï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÓyÎ˚%¢!=˛ ı ˆÎ §Ó xM˛ˆÏ° Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛ ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˲y°ˆÏê˛•zܲ ˆ§ˆÏ°Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ ı
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ÓyÎ˚% ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ≤Ã˲yÓ SÈyí˛¸y•z !Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛Ó˚ xyàÙl •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ÓyÎ˚%ܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ê˛yÓ˚Óy•zlà%ˆÏ°y â%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ܲy˛õí˛¸ñ
!Óò%ƒÍ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ¢§ƒñ xlƒylƒ Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ oÓƒ ¢%‹Ò ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
•Î˚– !ܲv ~Ó˚ §%Ê˛° ~Ùl ˆÎ §•ˆÏç•z Óí˛¸§Ó˚ áÓ˚ã˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lï˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ oÓƒG ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
˛õ%!£ÏˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •Î˚ – ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ ° ¢Ó˚ # Ó˚ àÓ˚ Ù Ü˛Ó˚ y Ó˚ çlƒG xyÙÓ˚ y

!ã˛e 9.4 ı ˆàyÓÓ˚ àƒy§ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ ˆàyÓÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòl–

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 173


§)Î≈yˆÏ°yܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– í˛z!qòÓ˚y ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛y!§ˆÏrÌ!§§‰ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚G
˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§ÔÓ˚ ¢ !=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ≤ÃÓ° «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ùl §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˲y°ˆÏê˛•zܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !Óò%ƒÍÈüÈ~ xÓfiÌyˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§ÓyÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ á%Ó•z ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓyl ˆÎ ~áyˆÏl
xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Å£Ï!ôà%î §¡õߨ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15,000 ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ÔÓ˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !Óò%ƒÍüÈ~ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ í˛z!qò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 8,000 ~Ó˚ Ùï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ê˛ á%Ó•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#– ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ xM˛ˆÏ° ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù
ܲÓ˚y x§Ω˛Ó Óy á%Ó ÓƒÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˆÎáyˆÏlñ ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xy@˝Ãy§# x@˝ÃàÙˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛y° !Ù°yˆÏï˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ò)£Ïî Ù%=˛– !àˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÎ˚%ˆÏÓ≈òñ í˛zly!lñ !ï˛ÓÁï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ç°!Óò%ƒÍ˛ ≤Ãܲ“ ı ˛õy•y!í˛¸ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xÓK˛y
≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó≈e•z ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y lò# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# fl∫yfĩ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
lò#Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ÓyÓ˚Ùy§ áÓ˚ˆÏflÀyï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y í˛z˛õ¢ˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ ã˛y!•òy
ç°!Óò%ƒÍ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“ lò#Ó˚ ç°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyçܲy° §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyôl# oÓƒ
ê˛yÓ˚Óy•zlˆÏܲ â%Ó˚yˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z â)î≈yÎ˚Ùyl ê˛yÓ˚Óy•zl ˆË˛ç£Ï §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆï˛°ñ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– fiÌyl#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !Óò%ƒÍ Ùyçlñ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°y¢lñ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ !Ü˛Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò–
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y ~•z §ÙhflÏ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓñ ~Ùl!ܲ ~§ÙhflÏ
Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸª≈≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y•#l– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl ç!ÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çlƒ á%Ó ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !¢“fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y
Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •Î˚ ly– fiÌyl#Î˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆl•z–
ΈÏÌT˛ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˜çÓ Ü˛ˆÏ¡õyfiê˛ §yÓ˚ ı àï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
•° ~•z §ÙhflÏ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚
hflΩÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy•# ï˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˜çÓ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà!SÈ
!Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• §Çܲyhs˝ ˆ°yܲ§ylG Órô •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ÓÇ §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
≤ÃÌyàï˛ K˛yl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ô ı •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ç!ÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ á%Ó !Ó¢y° xLjϢÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ•y!l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl!ܲ
!lܲˆÏê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ lÎ˚ñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ §• Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ ç°≤Ãîy°# G ã˛Ó˚Ù Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
ÓÓ˚Ç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ•z ˆÓшÏã˛ÓˆÏï≈˛ ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ü˛ÓˆÏ° ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ çlƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfiÌyñ fl∫yfĩ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyG ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ Óy§fiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ál §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
ï˛yܲy•z ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó ˆÎ ~•z §ÙhflÏ xl%¢#°l ˜çÓ Óç≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˜çÓ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%
•° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓ– !ܲv §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢% ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ xl%¢#°à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ Îy!FSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆàyÓÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚–

174 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ÚˆàyÓÓ˚Û §yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ á%Ó•z í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓÁ≈Ó˚ï˛y !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ˆ˛õÑã˛y ~ÓÇ ÙÎ˚)Ó˚– Î!ò ~•z §ÙhflÏ
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ– ˛õ¢% G ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˜ç!Óܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ñ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ˛õyܲyÙyÜ˛í˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xˆÏlܲ
x!ôܲ o%ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˜çÓ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˜çÓ §yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ !Óly¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ~ál Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!ܲG á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
•ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ˛õ%Ó˚ §ÇfiÌylà%ˆÏ°yG ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ál Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÓˆÏç≈ƒÓ˚ xyçܲy° Ú!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ á%Ó ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ¢∑ Órô– ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚
«˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ˜çÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÙ) ° ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l– Î!òG ~•z ôyÓ˚ î y!ê˛ˆÏ Ü ˛
§Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ x@˝ÃÎyeyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÓ˚y ˆò¢ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚î
Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚G x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ xÈüÈ•…y§Ùyl
ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ °y!Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ °y!Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óyí˛¸!SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ¢#â•z ܲ°ƒyîˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
~Ó˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòáy !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– áyòƒoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ò)£Ïî
9.6 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– Ùy!ê˛ñ ç°Ë˛y[˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ~Ùl!ܲ Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ
ç°G ò)!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ~Ùl!ܲ ò%ôñ Ùyǧ ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ÎyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl
ÙˆÏôƒG ò)£Ïî ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸°– çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çl ˛õ) Ó ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ çlƒ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ñ ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈y!òÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚G í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ã˛y°%Ó˚ ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ •° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢çyï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÙàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ á%Ó•z í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– !lÙàySÈ Ü˛Ù !SÈ°– ~ál ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~Ùl ~ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á
ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛#ê˛˛õï˛Aà !lÎ˚sÜf ˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lˆÏܲÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ˆÎáyˆÏ l ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢çyï˛ §¡õˆÏ ò Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆ° Ï y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !Ù◊ ã˛y£Ï ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl !ܲv xï˛ƒy!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ¢§ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl •° §#!Ùï˛– !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚yG §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– °«˛ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ~Ùl ~ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚lˆÏܲ xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚yñ
~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ¢% G ˛õy!á §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ ˛õ¢%˛õy!á ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ~ÓÇ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ !lçfl∫
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôyl •° §y˛õñ Îy ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ §«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚)˛õ xy˛õ§ ly
•zÑò%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ Ü˛#ê˛Ù%!£Ïܲy!ò ~ÓÇ ˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 175


§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø˛ õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ı §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ñ Óç≈ƒ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !çlàï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ø˛ çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚îñ ˜ÓË˛Ó¢y°# ˆË˛yàyã˛yÓ˚ G í˛zͲõyòl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–

Ø˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!Ùï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ ôyÓ˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ç!lï˛ ò)£Ïî G
x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ôlÓ_y G o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢Ùyl !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ò)£Ïî–
Ø !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zßÎ ¨ l˚ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù xy˛õ§ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÓ–
Ø ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈lñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î Óy›ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl¢#° «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσÍ
≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ V%Ñ˛!ܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌ ≤âfiÌ •ˆÏÓ–

xl%¢#°l#
1. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
2. ˛Îál §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ܲ# •Î˚⁄
3. ˛l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚àˆ% Ï°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ xÈüÈ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î !Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
åiä àySÈ åiiä ÙySÈ åiiiä ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙ åivä ܲÎ˚°y åvä ˆ°y• xyܲ!Ó˚ܲ åviä ç°
4. xyç !ӈϟªÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒy •° ÈüÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ ~ÓÇ ÈüÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ üÈ–
5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~à%ˆÏ°y
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yˆÏSÈ⁄
åiä ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl çl§Çáƒy
åiiä ÓyÎ˚ò% £) îÏ
åiiiä çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ°%!£Ïï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

176 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


åivä ôlÓylˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl
åvä !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛y
åviä !¢“yÎ˚l
åviiä ¢•Ó˚yÎ˚l
åviiiä xÓ˚îƒ xyFSÈy!òï˛ ~°yܲyÓ˚ •…y§
åixä ˆã˛yÓ˚y!¢Ü˛yÓ˚
åxä Ë)˛ÈüÈí˛z£yÏ÷ Î˚l
6. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
7. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y •…yˆÏ§ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ }îydܲ Óy «˛!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÓƒÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x!ôܲ •Î˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zòy!lÇܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ âê˛ly⁄ Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄
12. ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG ÈüüüÈ
åÜ˛ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛ƒy!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–
åáä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–
13. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛
«˛Î˚«˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%ˆÏÎyà ÓƒÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%!ê˛ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ~à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §,T˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ ˜Ó˲Ӳõ)î≈ ç#ÓlÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛– ~ê˛y !ܲ §ï˛ƒ⁄
17. !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ#⁄
18. ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ l
Ï Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
19. !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛yˆÏï˛ xhs/≤Ãçß√àï˛ §yÙƒï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

≤ÃhflÏy!Óܲ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ§Ù)•

1. ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓy˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ °«˛ ày!í˛¸ ˆÙˆÏê˛∆y¢•Ó˚àˆ% °


Ï yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflyÏ Î˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §¡õòà%ˆ°
Ï y
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !l/ˆÏ¢!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ÓˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ≈ƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !fli!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l 177


3. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë)˛!Ù«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢àï˛ §Ù§ƒy §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~≤çˆÏAà ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yT˛…ˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàç ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚áyly fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– §ÙyçܲÙ≈# í˛zˆÏòƒyà˛õ!ï˛
~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lyê˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

REFERENCES

BOOKS
AGARWAL, ANIL and SUNITA NARAIN. 1996. Global Warming in an Unequal World. Centre for
Science and Environment, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
B HARUCHA , E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses,
Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd.
CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT. 1996. State of India’s Environment
1: The First Citizens’ Report 1982. Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT. 1996. State of India’s Environment
2: The Second Citizens’ Report 1985, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
KARPAGAM, M. 2001.Environmental Economics: A Textbook. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
RAJAGOPALAN, R. 2005. Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure. Oxford University
Press, New Delhi.
SCHUMACHER, E.F. Small is Beautiful. Abacus Publishers, New York.

Reports
State of India’s Environment (for various years), Centre for Science and Environment,
New Delhi.

Journals
Scientific American, India, Special Issue, September 2005
Down to Earth, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.

Websites
http://envfor.nic.in
http://cpcb.nic.in
http://www.cseindia.org

178 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


~ܲܲ
UNIT
4
III

˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l x!˲K˛ï˛y ı ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà


~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)%°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ §#Ùyà%ˆÏ°y ô#ˆÏÓ˚
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈•#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xyÓ˚G Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ §#!Ùï˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fiÌyl•z òᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
~ܲˆÏܲñ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛… !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
10

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÓÏ ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚


ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ

• ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÎ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° !lˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ï˛y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
Ë)˛ˆÏày° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Óy!lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ •z!ï˛•y§ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È §•ˆÏÎyà#ñ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ §%•,Í– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÙŸªÓ˚•z ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ÈüüüÈ çl ~ʉ˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏlí˛#

10.1 Ë)˛!Ùܲy xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛–
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•z Ó,•Í
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õyë˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛… ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl G !ã˛l myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á#
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~G ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ° Ï y ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ùy°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÎñ ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó¢y° ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòç!lï˛
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– !Óàï˛ ò%•z ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚
§yò,¢ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛
xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛§• !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x“•z §yò,¢ƒ
§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ܲS%È fl∫“ܲy°#l ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ò#â≈ܲy°#l ≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ÈüüüÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ
ˆòˆÏ¢ ~Ùl!ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛G– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yT˛… ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ xô≈¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ôÙ≈!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒhs˝
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒñ ï˛yÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛– ~•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyñ
xyM˛!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_§¡õߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÈüüüÈ ÎÌy §yÜ≈˛ åSAARCäñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl «˛Ùï˛yñ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ù° á%шÏç
•zí˛z!lÎ˚lñ xy!§Î˚yl åASEANäñ !Óܲ§ åBRICSäñ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ã˛l ¢%ô%Ùye §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° àîï˛y!sfܲ
G-8, G-20 •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~SÈyí˛¸yGñ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛… ï˛y çylˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ í˛zòyÓ˚Óyò# xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
í˛zͧ%ܲ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zßΨ l˚ Ù%á# ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
10.2 í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# !ò¢y ı ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛l!ã˛e
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲÙyàï˛ í˛zˆßÏ √yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çylñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ~ÓÇ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zßΨ l˚ ¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ §yò,¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ⁄
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ xÓfiÌy K˛yï˛ Ìyܲy xï˛ƒhs˝ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÜ˛lly ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°y ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°–
í˛zߨÎ˚¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 1947 §yˆÏ° fl∫yô#l Ó˚yT˛… !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
•Î˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z lÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sfܲ !ã˛l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fiÌy˛õly
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛y xlƒylƒ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° 1949 §yˆÏ°– ˙ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ çG•°°y°
Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà– ~SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆlˆÏ•Ó%̊ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~ܲ ˲y£ÏˆÏî ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚÎ!òG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y G ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛lly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ü˛° Ù%რxyˆÏSÈñ ï˛Ìy!˛õG ˆò¢ ò%•!z ê˛Ó˚ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
182 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ lï%˛l ˲yÓly ~ÓÇ lï%˛l í˛zqyÓl# ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !¢“ í˛zˆÏòƒyà àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ lï%˛l x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ á%шÏç ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ Úܲ!Ùí˛zlÛ
˛õyˆÏFSÈ– åˆÎÔÌ áyÙyÓ˚ä ¢%Ó%˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ~•z ˆÎÔÌ áyÙyÓ˚àˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚
!ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢•z ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!Ù ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ï˛–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ 1951-56 §yˆÏ° 1958 §yˆÏ° 26,000 ˆÎÔÌáyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛°
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– xyÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xyly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 1956 §yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly GLF x!˲Îyl xˆÏ l ܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø% á #l
ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ~ál ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ áÓ˚yÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
Ó°y •Î˚– !ã˛l 1953 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 !Ù!°Î˚l ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Îál !ã˛l
ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚– 2013 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 11ÈüÈï˛Ù ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ m®µ Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛ál
˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ å2013-18ä í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏl !¢“yÎ˚ˆÏl
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !ã˛l ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ 13ÈüÈï˛Ù §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°Ï lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ å2016-20ä í˛z˛õÓ˚– Ùyã≈˛ 2017 Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó åGreat Proletarion
˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly !˲!_ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ%á# Cultural Revolution, 1966-76ä ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FSÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ~ܲ•z ÎyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl SÈye G ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲyç
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÈüüüÈ ˆÎÙlñ xˆÏlܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ï˛–
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏl ˆÎ o%ï˛ !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Ó,!Âô– xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚•z âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ 1978 §yˆÏ°ˆlGÎ˚y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ ~ܲ !SÈ°– xyç ï˛yÓ˚y á%шÏç ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛l ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÓfiÌyˆÏl xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z ≤ÈŸÏ ¿Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ Ü,˛!£Ïñ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ
í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
í˛zßΨ Ù˚ á% # ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï áyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç!Ù ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ò,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ï˛l!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y áˆÏ[˛ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy°yòy xy°yòy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆçˆÏl!SÈ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó^˝ê˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° å¢%ô% ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒñ
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!lä– ï˛yÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
!ã˛l ı ~ܲò°#Î˚ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ àî ˛õÓ˚•z ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y Óy!ܲ xyÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ !ã˛l ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎñ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢%Ó%̊ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe–
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yñ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ï˛Ìy ç!Ùñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ áyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy ï˛Ìy @˝ÃyÙ#î G ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚
Ùy!°Ü˛yly ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l «˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ÈüüüÈ ï˛y §Ó•z í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly G
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xyly •Î˚– 1958 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ú§yÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y°ly fiÌyl#Î˚ Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó •Î˚ ä í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ oÓƒ§yÙ@˝ à #
!òˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ °yÊ˛Û l#!ï˛ åGLFä ¢%%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ ˙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ¢ Óƒy˛õܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lçfl∫ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ åÎy !ã˛ˆÏl Ó˚yT˛… x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 183


!ã˛e ı 10.1 ı GÎ˚yây §#Ùyhs˝ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õÎ≈ê˛l fiÌ°•z lÎ˚ x!ôܲv ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Óy!îçƒfiÌ° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛–
~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ä ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ lG §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e §!¡ø!°ï˛ !Ù◊
§yˆÏÌ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˛õM˛y¢ G £Ïyê˛ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l àï˛
˜mï˛Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ° åxyÙòy!l ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl
xÌ≈ •° ò%˲yˆÏÓ Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛£Ïܲ G !˲!_ܲ !¢“yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒä– l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ°
!¢“àï˛ ~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ òyˆÏÙ ˆË˛yàƒ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢%ˆÏÕÒ SÈyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ oÓƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛Ù)°Ü˛
xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ xyÙòy!l !lÎ˚sîf ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
~ÓÇ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ ܲÎ˚ Óy !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛ ~ÓÇ
!SÈ°– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Îy!sfܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Î%à ¢%Ó%˚ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°
Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ê%˛Ü%˛ ÓyçyÓ˚ òyˆÏÙ Ü˛Î˚ Óy !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛y–
~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ÓSÈÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ñ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°lˆÏòl •GÎ˚y oÓƒ Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
í˛zͲõyòl xˆÏlܲ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z §ÙhflÏ l#!ï˛ Ü,˛!£Ïç
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛G Ó,!Âô •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ÓˆÏò!¢
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ˆÏl!SÈ°– §_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xM˛°
Ù)°ôl# ˛õîƒ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ñ
fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
˛õy!ܲhflÏyl §_Ó˚ G xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õy!ܲh fl Ï y l ı ˛õy!ܲhflÏ y ˆÏ l Ó˚ à, • #ï˛ xy!Ì≈ Ü ˛ l#!ï˛ ˛õy!Œê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ál !Óçyï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛
xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §yò,¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù# Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°y

184 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ˆÌˆÏܲG xy!Ì≈ܲ §y•y΃ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛Ìy ÙôƒÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÓ!¢ ~°yܲy òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ âlc §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚y ≤ÃÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲG !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ü˛Ù– §yÓ˚!î 10.1 ˆòáyÎ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ çl§Çáƒy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ í˛zͧy• •yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛l–
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ ï˛álܲyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚àˆ% °Ï yG ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §_Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛
ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zͧy• !òï˛– ~•z§Ó ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆòˆÏ¢ lï%˛l Ú~ܲ §hs˝ylÛ l#!ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫“ çl§Çáƒy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲyÓ˚î– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛yG ӈϰl ˆÎñ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !°Aà xl%˛õyï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1988 §yˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– å≤Ã!ï˛ 1000 ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£Ï lyÓ˚#Ó˚ §Çáƒyä •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
!ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏ y ˆÏ l Ó˚ í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ l Ù% á # §yÓ˚!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ~ê˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎñ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢•z
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ Ó˚˛) õˆÏÓá˚ y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ã˛ˆÏ°y !°Aà xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl l#ˆÏã˛ G ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È xyˆÏSÈ– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õ%e§hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÙy•ÈüÈ•z ~Ó˚
í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– ܲyÓ˚î– §¡±!ï˛ñ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢•z ~•z xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ §hs˝yl l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
10.3 çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §)ã˛Ü˛
~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ çl§Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ˆÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚
Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z !ܲS%È xlƒ ≤Ã˲yÓG !SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ܲS%È ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ SÈÎ˚ çl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏl Î%ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ó,Âô ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ–
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚çl !ã˛lˆÏò¢#Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò¡õ!ï˛ˆÏܲ ò%•z §hs˝yl @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ çl§Çáƒy á%Ó !ã˛ˆÏl ≤Ãçll •yÓ˚G ܲÙñ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl
Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ !ã˛l Óy ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲÈüÈò¢ÙyÇ¢ Ùye– ~•z •yÓ˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢– !ã˛ˆÏl ¢•Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– xyÓ˚
Î!òG !ã˛l §ÓˆÏ ã ˛ˆÏ Î ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 33 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§
ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ë)˛áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–

§yÓ˚!î 10.1
!ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ çl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2015
ˆò¢ xyl%Ùy!lܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ âlc !°Aà ≤Ãçll
çl§Çáƒy Óy!£Ï≈ܲ å≤Ã!ï˛ Óà≈!ܲ!Ùä xl%˛õyï˛ ¢•Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î
•yÓ˚
å!Ù!°Î˚ˆÏlä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 1311 1.2 441 929 2.3 33

!ã˛l 1371 0.5 146 941 1.6 56

˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 188 2.1 245 947 3.7 39

í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2017, www.worldbank.org

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 185


10.4 ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòl (Not to scale)

~ÓÇ ˆ«˛e§Ù)• Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç

!ã˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ !ÓˆÏ Ÿ ªÓ˚


§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° G•z ˆÓ!çÇ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
hflyÏ l
!Óܲy¢– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õy!ܲ !ã˛l
í˛zͲõyòl åGDPä $19.8 !ê˛∆!°Î˚l yÓyò
•§z °yÙ !ò!Õ‘
Îy !ӈϟªÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Ó,•_Ù fiÌyˆÏl
˲yÓ˚ï˛
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ GDP •°
àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%
$ 8.07 !ê˛∆!°Î˚l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ SÈyà°
ï%˛°y
GDP •° $ 0.94 !ê˛∆!°Î˚lñ Îy ÙySÈ ã˛y£Ï
˛õyê˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ GDP ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 12%– ã˛yí˛z°
xyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ GDP ñ !ã˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ ã˛y

GDPÈüÈÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 40%– !ã˛e 10.2 ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G Ü,˛!£Ï–
ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 5% !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚
§yÓ˚!î 10.2
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Ü˛T˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ã˛l ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ
ò%•z xˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– Îy §yÓ˚!î !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ (%) - 1980-2015
10.2 ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆò¢ 1980–90 2011–2015
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 5.7 6.7
~ê˛yG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛l 10.3 7.9
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 6.3 4.0
•yÓ˚ !SÈ° ò%•z xˆÏAܲ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !SÈ° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛– í˛zͧ ı ~!¢Î˚yl í˛zߨÎ˚l ÓƒyAܲñ !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛ 2016ñ ~!¢Î˚y
2011-15 §y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!§!Ê˛Ü˛ 2016~Ó˚ Ù%ყ)ã˛Ü˛–
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !ܲ çl§Çáƒy !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓfiÌy xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Î!ò ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
~Ó˚ !Ó¢Ïò !ÓÓÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~Ó˚çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
§Ù#«˛yñ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏylÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%e §hs˝ylˆÏܲ
x!ôܲ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Óy ˛õyŸª≈Óï˛#≈ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
âê˛ly °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õ%e §hs˝yl ~ÓÇ Ü˛lƒy §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛l ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚⁄ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

186 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


(Not to scale) ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ˆÓ!¢–
!¢“ Ë)˛§ÇfiÌyl ~ÓÇ ç°ÓyÎ˚% §Çܲyhs˝
˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î !ã˛ˆÏ l Ó˚
ã˛y£Ï ˆ Ï Î yàƒ ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ù yî
ˆÓ!çÇ
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù ÈüüüÈ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÙyê˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
hflyÏ l
˛õy!ܲ °yˆÏ•yÓ˚ !ã˛l Ùye– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ã˛y£ÏˆÏÎyàƒ ç!Ù
!ò!Õ‘ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y£ÏˆÏÎyàƒ ç!ÙÓ˚ 40
ܲÓ˚yã˛# ¢ï˛yÇ¢– xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ
˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ 80 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢
xy•ˆÏÙòyÓyò ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ Ù)°
ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆã˛ß¨y•z
ày!í˛¸‡ÎylÓy•l !lÙ≈yî §yôl !SÈ° Ü,˛!£Ï– ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛l
!§ˆÏÙrê˛
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàîˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÎ˚°y
•zˆÏ°Q…!l: ç!Ù ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ •hflÏ!¢“ñ Óy!îçƒ
•z!O!lÎ˚y!Ó˚Ç
xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇfiÌy ï˛Ìy ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó •îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ï ˛y
áyòƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ç#!Óܲy !•§yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛° G àƒy§
Óflf
ˆ°Ô• G •zflõyï˛
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
2014-15 xÌ≈ ÓSȈÏÓ˚
!ã˛e 10.3 ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ 28% Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛
!lÎ% = ˛ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚
§yÙylƒ ˛õï˛l xyˆÏ§– !ܲv xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ GDPÈüÈˆï˛ ˆÎyàòyl !SÈ° 9%–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õï˛l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~§ÙÎ˚ §yÓ˚!î 10.3 ˆòˆÏáyñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ GDPÈüȈï˛
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ Ùye 4% üÈ~ ˆlˆÏÙ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚– Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ xÓòyl !SÈ° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 17% ~ÓÇ 25%– !ܲv
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl myÓ˚y 1988 §yˆÏ° à,•#ï˛ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ !lÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ !òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õï˛l ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 43% ◊Ù¢!=˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ !lÎ%=˛ !SÈ°ñ !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚Óñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~•z !lÎ%!=˛ 50%– í˛zͲõyòl ï˛Ìy ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛
~•z !ò¢yÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÓòyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛yG ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z !ï˛l xÌ≈
≤Ã̈ÏÙ ~ê˛y ˆòˆÏáy ˆÎñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !lÎ%!=˛
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ GDPÈüÈˆï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ áˆÏ[˛ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛Ù– !ܲv í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~ê˛y Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !ã˛l G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl xÓòyl ˆÓ!¢– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ GDPÈüÈˆï˛ !lÙ≈yîçyï˛ ~ÓÇ

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 187


§yÓ˚!î 10.3
2014-15 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚c
GDPÈüÈˆï˛ xÓòyl ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó^˝ê˛l
ˆ«˛e
˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
Ü,˛!£Ï 17 9 25 50 28 43
!¢“ 30 43 21 21 29 23
ˆ§Óy 53 48 54 29 43 34
ˆÙyê˛
100 100 100 100 100 100
í˛zͧ ı !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ 2016ó ~!¢Î˚y ≤âyhs˝ Ù•y§yàÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù%რ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ 2016–
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ñ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 43% ~ÓÇ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚
48% – ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl GDP ÈüÈˆï˛ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyey !SÈ° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 17%, 12% ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yˆÏÓ˚ 27%– xyÓ˚ 2014 §yˆÏ° ~ê˛y ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 29%, 43%
ï˛y 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ~ÓÇ 34 ¢ï˛yLjϢ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ–
!Óܲy¢ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ l#!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ àï˛ !ï˛lò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢•z Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe
ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÌÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÙ ˆàˆÏSÈ– xÌã˛ Ó°yÓy•%°ƒ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢•z
!òˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£Ï!lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏ°G˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !SÈ° §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ã˛l ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•z xˆÏAܲÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~•zÓÜ˚ ˛Ù•z •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° Îy xyÙÓ˚y §yÓ˚!î 10.4 ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏl !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚
!lÎ%!=˛Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ùñ Îy ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 21% ~ÓÇ 23%
!SÈ°– xyÓ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ GDPüÈˆï˛ Ü˛yçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
!¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓòyl !SÈ° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 30% ~ÓÇ 21%–
~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ xÓòyl ï˛y•z §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ø ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏylˆÏܲG !¢“
~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏë˛ Ø !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ
~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– ~•z ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛e GDPÈüÈˆï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!Ol !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyly !ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ~ê˛y §Ω˛yÓƒ !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y !•§yˆÏÓG í˛zˆÏë˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛
~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ˆÎñ x!˲Ùï˛ Ü˛#⁄
˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ fiÌylyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚– xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ

188 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§yÓ˚!î 10.4
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͲõyòlÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ à!ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yˆÏÓ˚ñ 1980-2015
ˆò¢ 1980–90 2011–15
Ü,˛!£Ï !¢“ ˆ§Óy Ü,˛!£Ï !¢“ ˆ§Óy
˲yÓ˚ï˛ 3.1 7.4 6.9 2.3 5 8.4
!ã˛l 5.9 10.8 13.5 4.1 8.1 8.4
˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 4 7.7 6.8 2.7 3.4 4.4

!¢ˆÏ“ !Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ 1980-2015ñ ~•z 10.5 ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛§Ù)•
§ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° !ã˛l ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢
•yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xˆÏlܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ G í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl §¡∫ˆÏrô
˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!áñ !ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
!¢“ G ˆ§Óyñ í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚•z xÓòyl ˆÓ!¢– ˆ§áyˆÏl
˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛lñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ܲ#Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚•z xÌ≈yÍ §yÓ˚!î 10.5 ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ã˛lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ l
Ü,˛!£Ïñ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !òˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
í˛zͲõyòl «˛Ùï˛y xˆÏlܲê˛y ܲˆÏÙ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆÎÙlñ xyÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È GDP Óy òy!Ó˚oƒ

§yÓ˚!î 10.5
!ܲS%È !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚§)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2016
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !ã˛l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛ åÙylä 0.624 0.738 0.550
Ó˚ƒyÇܲ åHDI !˲!_ܲä 131 91 148
çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xyÎ˚% åÓSȈÏÓ˚ä 68.3 76 66.4
!Óòƒy°Î˚ xy!.lyÎ˚ àí˛¸ ÓSÈÓ˚ å15 ÓSÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ¢ï˛yLjϢä 6.3 7.6 5.1

ÙyÌy !˛õS%È GDP 6092 14,400 4866

òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ çl§Çáƒy å$ 3.10 ≤Ã!ï˛!òl PPPä 37 32 44


!¢¢%Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yÓ˚ å≤Ã!ï˛ 1000 çˆÏß√ä 38 9 66
Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yÓ˚ å≤Ã!ï˛ 1°«˛ çˆÏß√ä 174 27 178
í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆ¢Ôã˛y°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ 40 77 64

í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# 94 96 91

x˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ !¢¢% å%ä 39 9 45


í˛zͧ ı ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛ñ 2016 www.worldbank.org

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 189


ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ó fl∫yfĩ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ÎÌy •Î˚!l– ~•zà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛ SÈyí˛¸y ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛ xyÓ˚G
Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yÓ˚ñ ˆ¢Ôã˛y°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !ܲS%È §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛!=˛ SÈyí˛¸yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ≤Ãòyl SÈyí˛¸yñ
ç#Ólܲy° Óy x˛õ%!¤˛– òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî x§¡õ)î≈ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢Ôã˛y°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yG §#!Ùï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˛õy!ܲhflyÏ l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~•z ò%•z ˆò¢•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
10.6 í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l
˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– !ã˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ°«˛ lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
¢%ô% 27 çl lyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚ î ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ l
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 178 çl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ xyò¢≈ !•§yˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ ˆò¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
~ÓÇ 174 çl– xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ G !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ӈϟªÓ˚
!ï˛l ˆò¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏà §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÙà%!° ã˛y°% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z
çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏÓ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏÓ˚áy å$ 3.10 ≤Ã!ï˛!òlä ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛…àˆ% °
Ï yÓ˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y
l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ò!Ó˚o ˆ°yܲ Ó§Óy§ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓyV˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ~G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛l ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
•ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ÓÇ ï%˛°ly ܲ!Ó˚– Î!òG !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zßΨ l˚
Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚y Óy ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ xy°yòy xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï yñ
!§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚ y Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ ÙylÓ í˛z ß ¨ Î ˚ l ~ˆÏ§y xyÙÓ˚y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚Ω˛ˆÏܲ ≤çAà !•§yˆÏÓ
§)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡∫rô#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ô!Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ 1978 §yˆÏ° !ã˛ˆÏl §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y
í˛z˛õÓ˚G lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y ~çlƒ •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛Ìy ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl 1988 §yˆÏ° ~Ó˚Ç Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
1991 §yˆÏ°– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛•z á%Ó•z à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ §)ã˛Ü˛ó !ܲv ~•zàˆ% °
Ï yG ˛õÎ≈yÆ
lÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚G §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ˆò¢ !ï˛l!ê˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ
çyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Ú§yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲ!Ó˚–
@˝Ã•ˆÏî àîï˛y!sfܲ xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚cÛ ~Ó˚ ÙylˆÏܲ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l 1978 §yˆÏ° !ã˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
§)ã˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ÙylÓ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°⁄ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ lˆÏܲ !ÓŸªÓƒyAܲ ~ÓÇ
í˛zßΨ l˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Óc˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l– xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Ù%oy ˲y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ fl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ åˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Úlyà!Ó˚ܲ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°G !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyÛ Óy ÚlƒyÎ˚ ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛y !SÈ° ly– G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l ˆlï,˛c
˛õy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ~ÓÇ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ¢y§l ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ ï˛Ìy ÙyGÓyò#
§yÇ!Óôy!lܲ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyÛä ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl xyô%!lܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ x˲yÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ §vT˛ !SÈ°

190 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ly– ï˛yÓ˚y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ÙyGÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ lÓÁ•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛
í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ ò¢≈l ÈüüüÈ !ÓˆÏܲw#ܲÓ˚îñ fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˲Ó˚ï˛y ï˛Ìy !ÓˆÏò!¢ xÓòyl xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÎ%!=˛ñ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ Ù)°ôl ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ Î!òG ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏÓ˚áy
§!ë˛Ü˛ !ò¢y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óƒy˛õܲ Ë)˛!Ù§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°yñ !ܲv ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ
§Aâ#ܲÓ˚îñ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ °yÊ˛l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl
í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°y §ˆÏ_¥G 1978 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È áyòƒ¢§ƒ òy!Ó˚oï˛y !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ò!Ó˚o ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy
í˛zͲõyòl ˛õM˛y¢ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z !SÈ°– xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ÙyˆÏl 40 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°ñ Îy xy!¢Ó˚
~ê˛y ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ 25% •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– !ܲv lÓÁ•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ
§yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ x!Ì≈ܲ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ù)°ï˛ !¢«˛y ~•z §Çáƒy xyÓyÓ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚
~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩñ Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏܲw#Ë)˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ •…y§ ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
ò#â≈ˆÙÏ Î˚yò# x!hflcÏ ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ
çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy !lÙ≈yˆÏî xï˛ƒhs˝ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !ã˛ˆÏl Ü,˛!£Ïç !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•zñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚làï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ£Ï ÓÏ yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ≤çyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ˆÎÔÌ Ë˛yˆÏ°y Ê˛§° Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚
áyÙyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ §Aàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yˆÏ°y Ê˛°l •Î˚ ï˛ál xÌ≈l#!ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
Ó^˝ê˛l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ~ê˛yG ӈϰl ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ~ÓÇ Îál ï˛y •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ál xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yG
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y !fiÌÓ˚ Óy ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏl xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ°lˆÏòl !•§yˆÏÓÓ˚
!ÓˆÏܲw#Ë)˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ê˛°ï˛y G §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÓŸª ÓƒyÇܲ G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ xÌ≈˲y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ }î !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y çlƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xç≈l
Ë)˛!Ùá[˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •° ï˛ál ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ê˛y çyly xyÓ˚G à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢
xˆÏlܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ à!Ó˚Ó ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ §Ù,Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ܲyÓ˚áylyçyï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# Ó˚Æy!l ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy
~Ó˚Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ @˝ÃyÙ#î !¢“ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆl•z– ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ !ÓˆÏò!¢ Ù%oy ÙôƒÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈
çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)òì, ˛¸ !˲!_ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y ~Ùl ~!¢Î˚yÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˛õy!ܲhflÏy!l ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏlܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl Îy ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ x!ï˛ !lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° Ü,˛!£Ïç oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ó˚Æy!l ˆÌˆÏܲ
§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl !ÓˆÏò!¢ }ˆÏîÓ˚
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛Ó˚y Î%!=˛ ˆòl ˆÎñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏFSÈ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏl §Ó xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ !˛õ!SȈÎÏ ˚ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG Óyí˛¸!ï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §,!T˛
xyÙÓ˚y ˛˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ xLjϢ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 191


ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y

Ø xlƒylƒ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ å~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~!¢Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#Ó˚yG xyˆÏSÈä ï%˛°lyÎ˚


˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ x!ôܲ !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y !ӈϟªÓ˚
xl%ßï¨ ˛ ˆò¢à%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !l¡¨Ùá% #– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È⁄ ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙylÓ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ÎbÓyl l•z⁄ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ø !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §hflÏy !ã˛ly oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl •ë˛yÍ
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAàG Óy!îˆÏçƒ !°Æ •!FSÈ ly– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyGñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ myÓ˚y !ã˛l G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl Ó˚Æy!l ~ÓÇ !ã˛l G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyÙòy!l ï˛Ìƒ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– Ê˛°yÊ˛°à%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàç ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛ á%шÏç ~ÓÇ áÓÓ˚
¢%ˆÏlñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óy!îçƒÎ%=˛ oÓƒG ˆ§Óyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ çylyÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù ~•z
GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zê˛G ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– http:/dgft.gov.in

ˆò¢ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Æy!l åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛ myÓ˚y xyÙòy!l åˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÎ˚ä
2004-2005 2015-2016 Óy!£Ï≈ܲ !Óܲy¢ 2004-2005 2015-2016 Óy!£Ï≈ܲ !Óܲy¢
•yÓ˚ (%) •yÓ˚ (%)

˛õy!ܲhflÏyl 2,341 14,286 46 427 2884 52

!ã˛l 25,232 58,932 12 31,892 4,04,043 107

192 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ àï˛ !ܲS%È ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ï˛yÓ˚ ~álG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
xy!Ì≈ܲ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛yñ
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–È2016-2017 üÈ~Ó˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ 2015-2016 xy!Ì≈ܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢# }ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x!ï˛o%ï˛
ÓSȈÏÓ˚ GDPÈüÈÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ 4.7% !lÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° Ê˛°l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ù®yÓ˚
Îy àï˛ xyê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ !SÈ°– Î!òG Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲyÓ˚î– Î!òG !Óàï˛ !ï˛l ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ù!T àï˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ¢%Ó%̊ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!¢“ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Óܲy¢ •yÓ˚ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 6.8% ~ÓÇ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lò¢≈l Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
5.7%ÈüÈ~ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y xˆÏlܲ §Ù!T˛àï˛
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z !ã˛ˆÏl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ï˛Ìy ÙylÓ x!ôܲyÓ˚
§)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ x˲yÓ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
ï˛Ìy!˛õñ àï˛ !ï˛l ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ly Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
10.7 í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚
~ÓÇ òy!Ó˚oï˛y ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ í˛zߨï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù ~ê˛yG °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ Îál
x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# !¢ˆÏá!SÈ⁄ ˛õyÑã˛ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l í˛zˆÏòƒyàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Îyey !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ï˛ál !ã˛l ÓyçyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
~ÓÇ x!ËK˛ï˛yÎ˚G §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈ– §_Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛˛õyï˛
˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ï˛l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚•z í˛zߨÎ˚lhflÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ !SÈ°– !ܲv !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ç!ÙÓ˚ §Ù!T˛àï˛ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ÓÇ
!ï˛l ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §yÙy!çܲ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!Ùï˛ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §yÙy!çܲ
xLjϢÓ˚ çlàî ~álG Ü,˛!£Ï!lË≈˛Ó˚– ˆòˆÏ¢ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y myÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚G !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T y myÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙylÓ
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yLjϢÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˆ°yܲ ÎyÓ˚y òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl í˛zßï¨ ˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 193


§Ç!«˛Æ Ó,!_

Ø !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xyÓ˚Ω˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛!SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ˆò¢à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl G !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏ°G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy §¡õ)î≈
!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚–
Ø !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆò¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG ~•z
í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ï˛Ê˛yï˛ !SÈ°–
Ø xy!¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚•z í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eàï˛ xÓòyl ~ܲ•z !SÈ°–
Ø !ã˛ˆÏl 1978 §yˆÏ°ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl 1988 §yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 1991 §yˆÏ° §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø ˆÎáyˆÏl !ã˛l !lçfl∫ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
Ø ~•z !ï˛l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓG !˲ߨ !˲ߨ !SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ §hs˝yl l#!ï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyê˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl G ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~áˆÏly ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒy˛õܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛!l–
Ø ˛õM˛y¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó,•Í xÇ¢•z Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ–
Ø Î!òG !ã˛l ô%˛õò# !Óܲy¢l#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ Ü,˛!£Ïç ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÙ≈yî ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏe fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛˛õy!ܲhflÏyl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ø !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ ˆ«˛e ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl í˛z˲Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y •Î˚!l–
Ø xˆÏlܲ ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛l ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ~•z í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓòyl !SÈ° lyñ !ã˛l myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚•z
xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ø í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ fl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yG !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–

194 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


xl%¢#°l#
1. xyM˛!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
2. !lçfl∫ ˆò¢#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y
ܲ# ܲ#⁄
3. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛ṏÏܲ ≤âhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ~ܲ•z í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛à%!°
xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
4. 1958 §yˆÏ° ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚y !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú§yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ °yÊ˛Û x!˲Îyl!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. 1978 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ o%ï˛ !¢“àï˛ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ
~ܲÙï˛⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚Ù)°Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7. !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú~ܲ§hs˝ylÛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ܲ#⁄
8. !ã˛lñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù%რçl§Çáƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. 2003 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ GDPÈüÈˆï˛ ˆ«˛eàï˛ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~ê˛y ܲ# !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
10. ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. Úfl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ !ܲS%È fl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
12. !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ o%ï˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ï˛l!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà
!Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ~ܲ §hs˝yl l#!ï˛
• !l¡¨ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚
• í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÎ˚ ¢•Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î
• !Ù◊ xÌ≈l#!ï˛
• í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤Ãçll •yÓ˚
• !Ó¢y° çl§Çáƒy
• çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ âlc
• !lÙ≈yîܲyÓ˚# ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô
• ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 195


14. ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ô#Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ,!Âô ~ÓÇ òy!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%l/ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáyG–
15. !ܲS%È Ù%რÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l §)ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ !ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16. àï˛ ò%•z ò¢ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ à!ï˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
17. ¢)lƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
ܲä 1956 §yˆÏ° ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ~ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– å˛õy!ܲhflÏyl ‡ !ã˛lä
áä Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ~ x!ôܲ– å!ã˛l ‡ ˛õy!ܲhflÏylä
àä òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ xl%˛õyï˛ ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ~ ˆÓ!¢– å˲yÓ˚ï˛‡
˛õy!ܲhflÏylä
âä 1978 §yˆÏ° ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ~ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– å!ã˛l ‡ ˛õy!ܲhflÏylä–

≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°

1. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G !ã˛l ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù%=˛ Óy!îçƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛§Ë˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ï%˛!Ù xÓàï˛ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §hflÏy !ã˛ly oÓƒ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˆá°lyñ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §yÙ@˝Ã#ñ
çyÙyܲy˛õí˛¸ñ Óƒyê˛y!Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ à%îàï˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ òyˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°lyˆÏÎyàƒ⁄ ~•z oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚
í˛zͲõyòܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •%Ù!ܲ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ú~ܲ §hs˝ylÛ l#!ï˛
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÙyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛§Ë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Ù%რxÓòyl !lÙ≈yîˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Ù%რxÓòyl ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
!Óàï˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5. !ã˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ê˛° ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l§)ã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆ◊!î ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– å§Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yä–

196 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


REFERENCES

Books
D REZE , J EAN AND A MARTYA S EN . 1996. India: Economic Development and Social
Opportunity. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Articles

RAY, ALOK. 2002. ‘The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to be Learnt.’ Economic and
Political Weekly, September 14, pp. 3835-3848.
ZAIDI, S. AKBAR. 1999. ‘Is Poverty now a Permanent Phenomenon in Pakistan?’ Economic
and Political Weekly, October 9, pp. 2943-2951.

Government Reports

Annual Plan 2016-17, Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform, Government of Paki-
stan accessed from http://pc.gov.pk on 02 January 2017.
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (for various years).
Human Development Report 2005, United Nations Development Programme, Oxford Uni-
versity Press, Oxford.
Labour Market Indicators, 3rd Edition, International Labour Organisation, Geneva.
Pakistan: National Human Development Report 2003, United Nations Development
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World Development Report 2005, The World Bank, Oxford University Press, New York.
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Pacific 2016, Asian Development Bank, Philippines.

Websites
www.stats.gov.cn
www.statpak.gov.pk
www.un.org
www.ilo.org
www.planningcommission.nic.in
www.dgft.delhi.nic.in

˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y 197


˛˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ˆÜ˛y£Ï
ò!«˛îÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ~!¢Î˚ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Çàë˛l åASEANä ı ò!«˛îÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l– ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ Ìy•z°ƒyu˛ñ •zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚yñ Ùy°Î˚!¢Î˚yñ !§Aày˛õ%Ó˚ñ !Ê˛!°˛õy•zl§ñ
Ó%ˆÏl•zñ òyÓ˚%§y°yÙñ ܲˆÏ¡∫y!í˛Î˚yñ °yG§ñ ÙyˆÏÎ˚lÙyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛lyÙ–
ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zm,_ Óy !•§yÓ åBalance of Paymentsä ı ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zm,_ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ñ Îy
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óy ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒylƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛°!ï˛ G Ù)°ô!l !•§yˆÏÓ §ÙhflÏ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ°lˆÏòl
åˆòly G ˛õyGlyä §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zm,_ ˆÙyê˛ §¡õ!_ G
ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zm,_ §Ó≈òy•z §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
≤ÈÏÓ¢ Óyôy åBarriers to Entryä ı ~ê˛y ˆ§•z !lˆÏ£ÏôyK˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yl !¢ˆÏ“ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ •zFS%Èܲ
lï%˛l Ê˛yÙ≈ˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏï˛ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– Î!òG ~•z xÓˆÏÓ˚yô Óy Óyôy ˙ !¢ˆÏ“ !lÎ%=˛ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ê˛yÙ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly–
í˛z_Ù §¡ø!ï˛ åBetter complianceä ı ~ê˛y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ G ˆòly §Çܲyhs˝ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l ˛õy°lˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ G ÓˆÏܲÎ˚y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •Î˚–
!m˛õy!«˛Ü˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ã%˛!=˛ åBilateral Trade Agreementsä ı ò%!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ oÓƒ xÌÓy ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ã%˛!=˛–
Óƒyu˛°ƒyu˛ ܲ!Ù¢l åBrundland Commissionä ı ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝§¡õÜ≈˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ 1983 §yˆÏ° Ó˚yT˛…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà à!ë˛ï˛ ܲ!Ù¢l– ܲ!Ù¢l ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÇK˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y á%Ó çl!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ï˛y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛
•ˆÏFSÈ–
ÓyˆÏçê˛#Î˚ âyê˛!ï˛ åBudgetary Deficitä ı ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌy Îál §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xyÎ˚ G ܲÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ myÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ÓƒÎ˚˲yÓ˚ Ó•l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
¢!=˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚y åBurean of Energy Efficiencyä ı ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •°
fl∫!lÎ˚sfî G ÓyçyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ l#!ï˛ G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y– §ÇfiÌy!ê˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚Ù)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓƒÓ§y ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ xyí˛zê˛ˆÏ§y!§≈Ç åBusiness Prouse Outsourcing [BPO]ä ı ÓƒÓ§y ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Çó
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ âl âl í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe åˆÎÙl ܲ° ˆ§rê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçäñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l ˆÌˆÏܲ xy•z !ê˛
ˆ§QˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçG ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°y xyí˛zê˛ ˆ§y!§≈Ç Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y åCarrying Capacityä ı ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ~°yܲy §Ó≈y!ôܲ Îï˛çl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§•z §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ ˙ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y ӈϰ– xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ Îy!sfܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y •°
âlcÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ §Çáƒy ˆÎáyˆÏl çl§Çáƒy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ¢)lƒ–

198 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


ܲƒy§ˆÏܲ!í˛Ç ≤Ã˲yÓ åCascading Effectä ı ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° òyˆÏÙÓ˚ x§Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ Ó,!Âô xÌ≈yÍ òyÙÓ,!ÂôˆÏܲ
SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲƒy§ˆÏܲ!í˛Ç ≤Ã˲yÓ ÓˆÏ°–
làò çÙyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ åCash Reserve ratioä ı Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲ§Ù)•ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ å!Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyÇܲ xÓ
•z!u˛Î˚yä !lÜ˛ê˛ ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ xyÙylˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛yÇ¢ çÙy Ó˚yˆÏá– làò çÙyÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ }î !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÓƒyÇܲ–
x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ◊!Ùܲ åCasual wage Labourerä ı ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ !Î!l xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl Ü,˛!£Ïç Óy
xÜ,˛!£Ïç í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ˜ò!lܲ •y!çÓ˚y !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚–
Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓyò åColonialismä ı Î%ÂôçÎ˚ Óy xlƒˆÏܲyl í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lˆÏܲ §¡±§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y– xlƒ
ˆò¢ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y •° Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚
Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ¢y£Ïî–
Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛Ó˚î åCommercialisation of Agricultureä ı ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛yà !lÓ,!_Ó˚ çlƒ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •ˆÏÓ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ– !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚
Óy!î!çƒÜ˛Ó˚î ¢∑à%FSÈ!ê˛ !˲ߨ xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ï˛– !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y làò¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ òyÙ !òˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !ܲv áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù òyÙ ˆ˛õï˛– !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ~•z §Ü˛° làò ¢§ƒˆÏܲ
Ó,ˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÑã˛yÙy° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
ܲ!Ùí˛zl åCommunesä ı åܲ!Ùí˛zl Îy çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛zl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ä ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ 1958 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1982-85 xÓ!ô
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ây§!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Óy ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ !SÈ° ܲ!Ùí˛zl Îy !ã˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !˛õ˛õ°§ ܲ!Ùí˛zl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛zˆÏlÓ˚ fiÌ°y!˲!£Ï=˛ •Î˚ ê˛yí˛zl!¢˛õ Óy làÓ˚– ï˛ál §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆÎÔÌ •zí˛z!lê˛à%ˆÏ°y ò%˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ÈüüüÈ í˛zͲõyòl !ÓˆÏ@˝Ãí˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòl ò° Óy !ê˛Ùñ ܲ!Ùí˛zlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ây§!lܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyç
ÌyÜ˛ï˛–
ˆË˛yà V%˛!í˛¸ åConsumption Basketä ı ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆË˛yà V%˛!í˛¸
ӈϰ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl §ÇfiÌy ˙ §Ü˛° oÓƒˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– NSSO, ˆË˛yà
V%˛!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ 19 ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ oÓƒ§Ù)•ˆÏܲ ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ÈüüüÈ iä áyòƒ ¢§ƒ iiä í˛y° iiiä ò%ô G ò%ô çyï˛#Î˚ oÓƒ
ivä §!∂ vä ˆË˛yçƒ ˆï˛° viä çµy°yl# G xyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ viiä ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˆã˛y˛õí˛¸–
x«˛Ùï˛y åDefaultä ı !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §%ò G xyÙylï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚y– ~•z }î ˆÜ˛yl
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆlGÎ˚y }îG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° }î @˝Ã•#ï˛y
!ÓŸªy§ ˆÎyàƒï˛y •yÓ˚yÎ˚–
âyï˛!ê˛ ÓƒyÎ˚ åDeficit financingä ı §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xyÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ âyê˛!ï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ӈϰ–
çl!Ólƒy§àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l åDemographic Transitionä ı çl!Ólƒy§àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ çl§Çáƒy !ӈϢ£ÏK˛
Ê˛yAܲ ˆlyˆÏê˛!§Î˚yl 1945 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° í˛zß¨ï˛ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛
çß√•yÓ˚ G Ù,ï%˛ƒ•yÓ˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ôyÓ˚ly!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆlyˆÏê˛!§Î˚y° çl!Ólƒy§
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÓ≈ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÈüüüÈ ≤Ãy܉˛ !¢“ !Ó≤’Óñ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ §Ùyç– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ !¢ˆÏ“y_Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–

˛˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ˆÜ˛y£Ï 199


!ÓÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfl åDereservationä ı ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe oÓƒ G
ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ÓÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfî Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ñ Ó,•Í !¢“ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye «%˛o
í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ˆ§Óy G oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ Óy §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y–
xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l åDevaluationä ı !Ó!lÙÎ˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚ Ù%oyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
!Ó°!@¿Ü˛Ó˚î åDis-investmentä ı ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ Ù)°ôl# §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y–
~˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l §¡õò Óyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ •zÜ%˛•z!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚–
!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚# åEmployersä ı !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚# •° ˆ§•z Óƒ!=˛ !Î!l §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ë˛yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zˆÏòƒyà åEnterprisesä ı Óƒ!=˛ Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyô#l í˛zˆÏòƒyà Îy oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy
oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã# Ó^˝ê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy !Ó!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ–
•zÜ%˛•z!ê˛§ åEquitiesä ı ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §ÙÙ)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ xÇ¢– ~áyˆÏl xÇ!¢òyÓ˚Ó˚y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏܲ ˆË˛yê˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ °Ë˛ƒyÇ¢ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚–
§ÇfiÌy Óy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl åEstablishmentä ı ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ܲyç ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚•z
xhs˝ï˛ ~ܲçl ˲yí˛¸yˆÏê˛ ◊!Ùܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ !˛õÎ˚yl •zí˛z!lÎ˚l åEuropean Unionä ı •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ Ù•yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 25!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ à!ë˛ï˛ §ÇfiÌy– ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï y •° ÈüüüÈ x!fiê˛∆Îy˚ ñ ˆÓ°!çÎ˚yÙñ §y•z≤Ãy§ñ ˆã˛Ü˛ ≤Ãçyï˛sfñ
ˆí˛lÙyÜ≈˛ñ •z§ˆÏê˛y!lÎ˚yñ !Ê˛l°ƒyu˛ñ Ê˛y™ñ çyÙ≈y!lñ @˝Ã#§ñ •yˆÏAàÓ˚#ñ xyÎ˚yÓ˚°ƒyu˛ñ •zê˛y!°ñ °yï˛!˲Î˚yñ °yˆÏ:ÙÓyà≈ñ ˆlòyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ñ
˛õï%˛≈ ày°ñ ˆflõ•zlñ §%•ˆz íÏ ˛lñ •zí˛zly•zˆêÏ ˛í˛ !ܲÇí˛Ùñ Ùy°ï˛yñ ˆ˛õy°yu˛ñ ˆfl‘y˲y!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆfl‘yˆÏ˲!lÎ˚y–
Ó˚Æy!l ¢%ÕÒ åExport Dutiesä ı Ó˚Æy!l ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢%ÕÒ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•z Ó˚Æy!l ¢%ÕÒ–
Ó˚Æy!l Óô≈ܲ åExport Promotionä ı ~ܲà%FSÈ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛ åÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ê˛§Ü˛ƒy° G Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ
Óy!îçƒÈüÈÓyôy ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õä Îy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ oÓƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ Ó˚Æy!l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ Ó˚Æy!l
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ Ó,!Âô G ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ê˛yG §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Ó˚Æy!l Óô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃–
xyÙòy!lÈüÈÓ˚Æy!l l#!ï˛ åExport-Import Policyä ı §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z §Ü˛° xy!Ì≈ܲl#!ï˛ Îy xyÙòy!lÈüÈÓ˚Æy!l
Óy!î烈Ïܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ◊!Ùܲ åFamily Labour ‡ workerä ı ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z §ò§ƒ ˆÎ !ÓlyÙç%!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
ˆÜ˛yl Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ñ !¢ˆÏ“ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl §ò§ƒ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl åFinancial Institutionä ı §M˛Î˚ §Ç@˝Ã• G §Çà,•#ï˛ §M˛Î˚ˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§ˆÏAà Î%=˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl– Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ÓƒyÇܲñ §ÙÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇܲñ í˛zߨÎ˚l ÓƒyÇܲ G !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°y ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
Ó˚yçˆÏܲy£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly åFiscal Managementä ı ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õl ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒÎ˚ !lÎ˚sîf ܲyÓ˚# xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈–
!Ê˛§Ü˛ƒy° l#!ï˛ åFiscal Policyä ı !Ê˛§Ü˛ƒy° l#!ï˛ •° ܲÓ˚ G §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z Ó˚)˛õòylˆÏܲ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ §¡±§yÓ˚î¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚–

200 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà åForeign Direct Investmentä ı ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ §Ó˚OyÙñ
§ÇfiÌyˆÏï˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ Ó%V˛yÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •Î˚
ly– ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò!¢Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏï˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆÓ!¢ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚# ӈϰ
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!ç x!fiÌÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ Îy «˛!îܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ç ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˲y° Óy áyÓ˚y˛õ
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •Î˚–
˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ åForeign Exchangeä ı xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ù%oy Óy Óu˛ ܲÎ˚ÈüÈ!ÓܲÎ˚–
˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ åForeign Exchange Marketä ı ˆÎ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ù%oyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛lyÈüȈÓã˛y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ӈϰ– Ù%oyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏáÓ˚ çlƒG ˆÜ˛lyÈüȈÓã˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà åFIIä ı ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Îy xyˆÏ§ fiê˛Ü˛ñ Óu˛ Óy xlƒ xy!Ì≈ܲ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Ê˛yÙ≈ Óy !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî çy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y åFIIsä ı !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒyÇ!Ü˛Ç G xÈüÈÓƒyÇ!Ü˛Ç xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ ˆÎÙl Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
ÓƒyÇܲñ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ÓƒyÇܲñ !Ùí˛zã%˛Î˚y° Ê˛yu˛ñ ˆ˛õl¢l Ê˛yu˛ Óy ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚yñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ fiê˛Ü˛ Óy ÓˆÏu˛ °yàyˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ
≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl åFormal Sector Establishmentä ı §Ü˛° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ G ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl
ˆÎáyˆÏl 10 çl Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ◊!Ùܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!çÈü20 È åG-20ä ı 20!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙM˛ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !ÓŸª xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y G §•l¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ÙM˛ 19!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈Ùsf#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ à˲l≈Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ !§Âôyhs˝
ˆlÎ˚– ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ xyˆÏç≈!rê˛lyñ xˆÏfiê˛∆!°Î˚yñ Óy!ç°ñ ܲylyí˛yñ !ã˛lñ Ê˛y™ñ çyÙ≈y!lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ •zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚yñ
•zê˛y!°ñ çy˛õylñ ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Î˚yñ ˆÙ!:ˆÏܲyñ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yñ ˆ§Ô!òxyÓ˚Óñ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yñ ï%˛!Ü≈˛ñ ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !ÓˆÏê˛lñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚l
•zí˛z!lÎ˚l G G-20 ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl ܲyí˛z!™° ~Ó˚ xôƒ«˛ G •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl ˆ§rê˛∆y° ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl
•zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!çÈüÈ8 åG-8ä ı ܲylyí˛yñ Ê˛y™ñ çyÙ≈y!lñ •zê˛y!°ñ çy˛õylñ ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !ÓˆÏê˛lñ í˛z_Ó˚ xyÎ˚yÓ˚°ƒyu˛ñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy G Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl
ˆÊ˛í˛yˆÏÓ˚¢l ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ !çÈüÈ8 Ó°y •Î˚– !çÈüÈ8 ~Ó˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Ó˚yT˛… ≤ÃôylˆÏòÓ˚
Óy!£Ï≈ܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢#£Ï≈ ˜Óë˛Ü˛– ~•z ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yT˛…≤ÃôylˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õòy!ôܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ÌyˆÏܲl– ¢#£Ï≈ §y!ÙˆÏê˛Ó˚ x!ôlfiÌ x§Çრ§Ë˛y xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl l#!ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲyÎ≈Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ– !çÈüÈ8 ~Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈y!ôܲyÓ˚#
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ò§ƒ Ó˚yT˛… ~ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– 2006 §yˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢Î˚y !çÈüÈ8 ~Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ ˛õˆÏò !SÈ°–
!ç ~§ !ê˛ ‡ oÓƒ G ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ åGoods and Service Taxä ı oÓƒ G ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
~ܲÙye ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲÓ˚ •° !ç ~§ !ê˛ Îy 2017 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ç%°y•z ÙyˆÏ§ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyˆÏà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ܲÓ˚ ã˛y°% !SÈ°ñ ˆÎÙl !ÓܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢%ÕÒ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ !ç ~§ !ê˛ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õîƒ G ˆ§ÓyÓ˚

˛˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ˆÜ˛y£Ï 201


í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôyˆÏ˛õ Ù)°ƒ §ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ •yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎÌy
0 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ñ 5 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ñ 12 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ñ 18 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ñ ~ÓÇ 28 ¢ï˛yÇ¢– ~•z •yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó oÓƒ G ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ ôyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~•z ܲÓ˚ •yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y §ÙhflÏ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ§Óyl%òyl åGratuityä ı ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓ§Ó˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ê˛yܲy ˆòl !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y–
ܲÙ≈ç#ÓˆÏl ˆ§Óy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y ~•z xÌ≈ ˆòl–
ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòl åGDPä ı ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ oÓƒ G
ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ Ù)°ƒ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ê˛y •°
ˆÙyê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛zͲõyòl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ åHouse holdä ı §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# G ~ܲ•z Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛§Ù)•– Ú§yôyÓ˚îï˛Û
ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÎñ xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# x!ï˛!ÌÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ •ˆÏÓ ly– !ܲv ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÜ˛í˛z xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ°G !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ •ˆÏÓ–
xyÙòy!l °y•zˆÏ§™ åImport Licencingä ı !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ oÓƒ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xl%Ù!ï˛–
xyÙòy!l !Óܲ“ åImport Substitutionä ı §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ l#!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ oÓƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%ÕÒ ~ÓÇ xlƒ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
xyÙòy!l !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z l#!ï˛ ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ fl∫ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ G ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢¢% Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yÓ˚ åInfant Mortality Rateä ı ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ •yçyÓ˚ ç#!Óï˛ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛çl !¢¢% 1 ÓSÈÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z §Çáƒy–
Ù%oyfl≥˛#!ï˛ åInflationä ı §yôyÓ˚î òyÙhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙyàï˛ Ó,!Âô–
xÈüȧÇà!ë˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà§Ù)• åInformal Sector Enterprisesä ı ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà §Ù)•
ˆÎáyˆÏl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çáƒy 10 ~Ó˚ Ü˛Ù–
ˆò¢#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î åIntegration of Domestic Economyä ı ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ù%=˛Óy!îçƒ G !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ÓyrôÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# l#!ï˛§Ù)• myÓ˚y §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ G ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸªÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆò¢#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î–
xò,¢ƒÓ˚y åInvisiblesä ı ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zòÓ,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ã˛°!ï˛ áyˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È xò,¢ƒ oÓƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– xò,¢ƒ
oÓƒà%ˆÏ°y •° Ù)°ï˛ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˛õÎ≈ê˛lñ çy•yç G !ÓÙyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ§Óy ˆÎÙl !ÓÙy ~ÓÇ
ÓƒyÇ!ܲǖ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly Óy !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ï˛•!Ó° fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ñ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
xl%òyl ~ÓÇ §%òñ °y˲ G °Ë˛ƒyÇ¢ •zï˛ƒy!òG ÌyˆÏܲ xò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚–
◊Ù xy•zl åLabour Lawsä ı ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !lÎ˚Ù G !lÎ˚sfî §Ù)•–
Ë)˛!Ùñ Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓhflÏ åLand / Revenue Settlementä ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ~°yܲy

202 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


x!ô@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˙ §ÙhflÏ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ây§l !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛y ˙ §ÙhflÏ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C !lÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚– !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ~ê˛y !§Âôyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ Óy Ó˚yçfl∫
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ •Î˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ !ܲÇÓy Ù•° xÌÓy ç!ÙòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyÓ˚Ê˛ï˛ Óy ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ≤Ãò_ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z í˛z=˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚ Óy Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyˆÏܲ•z ç!Ù Ó˚yçfl∫l#!ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yçfl∫l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl iä !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ӈϮyÓhflÏ Îy ç!ÙòyÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ iiä
Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚yê˛yÓ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ÈüüüÈ åxÌ≈yÍ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ Óy Ó˚yçfl∫ §Çܲyhs˝ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyä iiiä Ù•°òyÓ˚#
ӈϮyÓhflÏ åÓ˚yçfl∫ §Çܲyhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÓ˚ ôyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ä
çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ç#Ólܲy° åÓSÈÓ˚ä åLife expectancy at Birth åyearsää ı çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛
ç#Ól Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÓçyï˛Ü˛ Ü˛ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÑyã˛ˆÏÓ Î!ò çß√ܲyˆÏ° !ÓòƒÙyl ÓÎ˚§!˲!_ܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒ•yÓ˚ lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ç#ÓlܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï%˛ƒ•yÓ˚ åMaternal Mortility Rateä ı Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l Ù,ï%˛ƒ•yÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ Ù,ï˛ §hs˝yl ≤çˆÏÓÓ˚
§Çáƒy G ç#!Óï˛ §hs˝yl ≤çˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ç#!Óï˛ §hs˝yl
≤Ã§Ó G ≤çÓܲy°#l Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛–
ÙyˆÏã≈˛rê˛ ÓƒyÇܲyÓ˚ åMarchent Bankersä ı ÙyˆÏã≈˛rê˛ ÓƒyÇܲyÓ˚ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒyÇܲ Óy xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Îy
xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ÓƒyÇܲyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ÙyˆÏã≈˛rê˛ ÓƒyÇܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç •° ˆÜ˛y¡õy!là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ •zÜ%˛•yê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly å}î
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õyê≈˛ˆÏÊ˛y!°G ÙƒyˆÏlçˆÏÙrê˛ ÓˆÏ°ñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylä G fiê˛Ü˛ G Óu˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÎ˚ÈüÈ!ÓܲˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ }î
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Óy ˆ˛õyê≈˛ˆÏÊ˛y!°G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl–
x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ åMorbidityä ı Ù!Ó≈!í˛!ê˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x§ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y– ò#â≈ܲyˆÏ° Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ xylˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ù!Ó≈!˲!ê˛ •yÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ–
Ù,ï%˛ƒ•yÓ˚ åMortility Rateä ı ÚÙê≈˛y!°!ê˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÚÙê≈˛y°Û ˆÌˆÏܲ– ÚÙê≈˛y°Û •° •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑– ~Ó˚ Ù)° °ƒy!ê˛l
¢∑ ÚÙÓ˚lÛ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ù,ï%˛ƒ– Ùê˛≈y!°!ê˛ ˆÓ˚•zê˛ Óy Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ≤Ã!ï˛ •yçyÓ˚ çl§Çáƒy !˛õS%È Óy!£Ï≈ܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •yÓ˚– ~ Ù,ï%˛ƒ
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÓ˚yà Óy fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~Ù xyÓ˚ !ê˛ !˛õ xy•zl åMRTP Act.ä ı ~•z xy•zl ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y ܲyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ §%Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ lçÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ly ~Ùl ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
Ó•%˛õy!«˛Ü˛ ˛Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ã%˛!=˛ åMulitilateral Trade Aggrementä ı ò%•z ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ã%˛!=˛–
çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zͲõyòl ‡ xyÎ˚ åNational Product ‡ Incomeä ı ˆÜ˛yl ˆòˆÏ¢ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ó› G ˆ§ÓyܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÓyçyÓ˚
Ù)°ƒ G !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°–
çyï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î åNationalisationä ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Óy ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ fiÌylyhsÓ˚•z •°
çyï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î– Óƒ!=˛ Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ x!ôˆÏl Ìyܲy í˛zˆòÏ ƒyàà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ Óy ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y x!ô@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y•z •° ˆÜ˛yl
í˛zˆòÏ ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùy!°Ü˛yly fiÌylyhs˝Óˆ˚ ÜÏ ˛G Ó%V˛yÎ˚–

˛˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ˆÜ˛y£Ï 203


lÎ˚y xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛ åNew Economic Policyä ı 1991 §yˆÏ° à,•#ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y•z lÎ˚y xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛ lyˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
xlÓ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ §¡õò åNon Renewable Resourcesä ı ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò Îy lÓ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˙
§ÙhflÏ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛ Ó,•Í •ˆÏ°G §#ÙyÓÂô– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°yl#ÈüÈˆï˛°ñ ܲÎ˚°y ~ÓÇ á!lç §¡õò ÈüüüÈ
ˆ°y•yñ §#§yñ xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚!lÎ˚yÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
¢%ÕÒ!Ó•#l Óyôy åNon Tariff Barriersä ı ܲÓ˚ ÓyˆÏò §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ xyÙòy!l !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ §Ü˛° Óyôy§Ù)•–
~•z Óyôy§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ~ÓÇ xyÙòy!lÜ,˛ï˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ à%îÙyl–
§%ˆÏÎyà ÓƒÎ˚ åOpportunity costä ı ~ܲ!ê˛ oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ í˛zͲõߨ Ù)°ƒ Óy í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y •° ˙ oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ÓƒÎ˚–
ˆ˛õl¢l åPensionä ı ~ܲçl xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚# Ùy!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛y£Ïܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Îy ˛õyÎ˚–
ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ åPer Capita Incomeä ı ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§Çáƒy
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà–
˛õyÓ˚!Ùê˛ °y•zˆÏ§™ Ó˚yç åPermit License Rajä ı ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ oÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§Óy
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zˆÏòƒyà ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ G ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lôy!Ó˚ï˛ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l åPlanning Commissionä ı ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l •° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇfiÌy– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÙyê˛ Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §¡õò ÓÓ˚yˆÏj fl∫FSÈï˛y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y ~•z §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ Ù)° ܲï≈˛Óƒ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲ!Ù¢l–
òy!Ó˚o ˆÓ˚áy åPoverty lineä ı ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yl ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ áyòƒoÓƒ å@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
çlƒ ˜ò!lܲ 2400 ܲƒyˆÏ°y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ 2100 ܲƒy°!Ó˚ä ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ òy!Ó˚o
ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Óƒ!=˛ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l Óy ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl åPrivate sector establishmentä ı !¢“ Óy ÓƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛
ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛!ӈϢ£Ï Óy !ܲS%È §Çáƒyܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Ù!°ï˛ ˆày¤˛#–
í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y åProductivityä ı í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó°y •Î˚– Ù)°ôl !lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
ò«˛ï˛y Óyí˛¸ˆÏ° Óy ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y Óyí˛¸ˆÏ° í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y
Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
˲!ӣσ!l!ô åProvident Fundä ı •z•y ~ܲ!ê˛ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛•!Ó° ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈ çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z çÙyÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z
xÌ≈ xÓ§Ó˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óy ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ •zhflÏÊ˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈yã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl åPublic sector Establishmentä ı !¢“ G ÓƒÓ§yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyG ܲˆÏÓ˚l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ §Ü˛° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌyl#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G ˆÜ˛w#Î˚

204 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy


§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y åQuantitative Restrictionsä ı xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚
xyÙòy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî§#Ùy xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §#!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zm,_ˆÏܲ
ܲÙyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢“à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y–
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# åRegular Salaried / Wage Employeeä ı ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ Óy
xÈüÈÊ˛yÙ≈ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓï˛l Óy Ùç%!Ó˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyÎ˚ å~áyˆÏl Ùç%!Ó˚ ˜ò!lܲ!˲!_ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá lï%˛l ã%˛!=˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ lyä– !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓï˛lˆÏ˲yà# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÎyÓ˚y §ÙÎ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y•z lÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÓï˛lG ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲG xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
lÓ#ܲÓ˚î ˆÎyàƒ §¡õò åRenewable Resourcesä ı ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ G
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ólñ ˛õ¢%ñ ç°ñ Ùͧƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò Î!ò á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y ly •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ç°G ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õò–
§yÜ≈˛ åSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooparationä ı ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ 8 !ê˛ ˆò¢ åÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢ñ
Ë%˛ê˛ylñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ Ùy°m#˛õñ ˆl˛õy°ñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏylñ ◊#°Aܲy G xyÊ˛ày!lhflÏylä !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z §ÇfiÌy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– Órô%cñ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y
G ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ~•z §Çàë˛l
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ò§ƒ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ~•z §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ–
fl∫ˆÏÓ˚yçàyÓ˚# åSelf Employedä ı ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyÙyÓ˚ Óy ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyà fl∫ï˛sf˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ Óy ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ܲ ܲyˆÏç ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ Óy ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl xÇ¢#òyÓ˚§• !°Æ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ál í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !§Âôyhs˝
ˆlÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ !ÓܲÎ˚ Óy °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÙy!çܲ §%Ó˚«˛y åSocial Securityä ı §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ G ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà à,•#ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Îy ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ñ
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x«˛Ù Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ò%/fïÏòÓ˚ñ !ÓôÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Ó›àï˛ §%Ó˚«˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õl¢lñ @˝Ãyã%˛•z!ê˛ñ ≤Ã!˲ˆÏí˛rê˛ Ê˛yu˛ñ Ùyï,˛cܲy°#l §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xM˛° åSpecial Economic Zoneä ı !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xM˛° Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆË˛Ôà!°Ü˛ ~°yܲy ˆÎáyˆÏl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xy•zl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyòÓy!ܲ xLjϢÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚
ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ– !ÓˆÏò¢# !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚y•z !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xM˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ çí≈˛lñ ˆ˛õy°yu˛ñ ܲyç!ܲhflÏylñ !Ê˛!°!˛õl§ G Ó˚y!¢Î˚yˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xM˛° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÓƒÓfiÌy åStabilization measuresä ı í˛zFã˛ Ù%oy!fl≥˛!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ G ˆ°lˆÏòl í˛zò‰Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ í˛zë˛ylyÙy !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ à,•#ï˛ Ó˚yçˆÏܲy£Ï G xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy–
Ó˚yçƒ !Óò%ƒÍ ˛õ£Ï≈ò åState Electricity Boardsä ı ~à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚yçƒ ≤ây§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ÎyÓ˚y !Óò%ƒÍ
í˛zͲõyòlñ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• G !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó!ôÓÂô làò xl%˛õyï˛ åStatutory Liquidity Ratioä ı !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyÇܲ xy•zl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
ÓƒyÇܲˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ã˛y!•òy G ˆÙÎ˚yò# xyÙylˆÏï˛Ó˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù xÇ¢ làˆÏò Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– làò §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ xyl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚

˛˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ˆÜ˛y£Ï 205


åCRRä lƒyÎ˚ !Ó!ôÓÂô làò xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ åSLRä !Ó˚çyË≈˛ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ }î !lÎ˚sfî l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
ÓƒyÇܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
fiê˛Ü˛ ~:ˆÏã˛•zO åStock Exchangeä ı ˆÎ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ G ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ly ˆÓã˛y •Î˚– ~•z
ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ òy°y°ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ G xlƒylƒ !§!ܲí˛z!Ó˚!ê˛§ ˆÜ˛ly ˆÓã˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ åStock Marketä ı ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ˆÎáyˆÏl fiê˛Ü˛ G ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ly ˆÓã˛y •Î˚–
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åStructural Reform Policiesä ı xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚§yôˆÏl ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# ÓƒÓfiÌy§Ù)•ñ
ˆÎÙl í˛zòy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚îñ !Ó!lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚îñ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •° xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •GÎ˚y–
xyÙòy!l ¢%ÕÒ åTariffä ı xyÙòy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ¢%ÕÒ– ~•z ¢%ÕÒ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ~ܲܲ !˲!_ܲ
åˆÎÙl ≤Ã!ï˛ ê˛l oˆÏÓƒä G oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÙ !˲!_ܲ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ï˛y xyÙòy!lÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ~•z ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ¢%ÕÒ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙòy!l ¢%ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ Óyôy åTariff Barriersä ı §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛° !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙòy!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ Îy Ù)°ï˛
ܲÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •Î˚–
◊!Ùܲ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l åTrade Unionä ı ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy Îy ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùç%!Ó˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ §%ˆÏÎyà
§%!Óôyñ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ òÓ˚ܲ£Ïyܲ!£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l–
ˆÓܲyÓ˚c åUnemploymentä ı Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •zFS%Èܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÜ˛yl ܲyç
˛õyˆÏFSÈl ly ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl ˛õy!Ó˚◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•zFS%Èܲ–
làÓ˚yÎ˚l åUrbanisationä ı làÓ˚yÎ˚l •° làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ~°yܲyÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ làÓ˚ ~°yܲy G
làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ G Ó,!Âô– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çl§Çáƒy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ •Î˚–
làÓ˚yÎ˚lˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚!˲!_ܲ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ xÌÓy ò¢Ü˛!˲!_ܲ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌÓy ò%•z!ê˛ çlàîlyÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ–
◊!Ùܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ åWorker Population Ratioä ı ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛Ù#≈ §Çáƒy G ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛–
•z•yˆÏܲ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

206 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy

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