Popular Bengali Journal
Popular Bengali Journal
Popular Bengali Journal
èþ î ‰% öîû ¢y ßf
Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#
ò_yˆÏeÎ˚ ò_ í˛zͲõ° ò_ È
ˆ¢y˲l°y° ò_=Æ È!¢Óyç#≤Ã!ï˛Ù Ó§% Èï%˛£ÏyÓ˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#
xï˛#¢ ˛õy° Ü,˛£è!çÍ ˆ§l=Æ ˆòÓÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§yÙ ÷ˆÏ˲®% ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
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ܲyÓ˚&ÈÓy§ly í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§G ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù%á !òˆÏÎ˚ ôÙ≈ !ӣψÏÎ˚ m®μ ≤Ãܲ!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y•z ÎyÎ˚ñ ~§Ó !ã˛hs˝y Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
•ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •Ï°ñ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ˛õ%ˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˛õy˛õ §,!‹T¢#° •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚– •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ܲy •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ç#Ólyl® Ù,ò%˲yˆÏÓ ≤ß¿ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ Îy xyô%!lܲÓyò#Ó˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï•z x!ï˛ÙyeyÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§
°«˛î– !ܲv ÙD°ˆÏÓyô G ÙylÓ˲yÓly ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó!•Ó≈› G xhs˝Ó≈›ˆÏܲñ ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲñ
l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôÙ≈ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° §%á ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy !ï˛!l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G x§•yÎ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ– ˆ§ §ÇˆÏÎyà fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ x!ã˛hs˝ƒÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§l=Æ Îál ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ù•y˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xò,¢ƒ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ– ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ÓyhflÏÓ
Úܲ# ÙyˆÏlyÛñ ï˛ál !ï˛!l í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ÚÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏÓyô ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ~ܲy •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!_´
Ùy!lÛ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚&î §•Ü˛Ù≈# x!çï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆây£ÏˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly !çˆÏK˛§ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !lˆÏçˆÏܲñ ˛õÓ˚yò,!‹TÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧl ~•z ≤ß¿ñ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Úܲ#Û– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ï˛yˆÏܲ ÷!lˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~•z xy˛õyï˛ !ÓÎ%!_´ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòl Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏà çl fiê%˛Î˚yê˛≈ !وϰÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!_´!ê˛≠ ÚÎ!ò ï%˛!Ù xlƒ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ– !ܲv •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚y •yly ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆ°áyÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲyñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ• {ŸªÓ˚ñ xyÙyÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ ÙD° ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚yñ Î!ò xydy §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲï˛y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚– ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆÎ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÈüÈ•z •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛
ӈϰ !ܲS%È ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–Û xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ÓyÓ˚ ÚӈϷ˛ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ܲ lyÛñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# !ã˛hs˝y– ï˛yÈ ÈlyÈüÈ•ˆÏ° ~•z !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
~ ≤ß¿ !çK˛y!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ÚlyÛ ÓˆÏ° çylyl ˆÎ !ï˛!l ÙylˆÏÓ fliyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ã˛hs˝y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆÎ xî%!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚y
!ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÓŸªy§ Óy x!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÓ!òï˛ •Î˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ Ù•yâ≈– ç#Ólyl®Ó˚
!Ó¢,C°ï˛y xyˆÏlñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zò‰ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌyG !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ~•z xî%!ã˛hs˝l ˛õ%lç≈ß√ ˆlÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ í˛z˛õyòyl Óy à!ï˛Ë˛!D
xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎÙl Ù•y˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xӈϰyܲˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛!l •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y §Çàï˛ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚•z xy!˲≤Ãy!Î˚ܲ
çlƒ ܲ“ly≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yñ çà͈Ïܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c ˆòlñ §¡õܲ≈=ˆÏ°y ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l– Ó˚*˛õ§# ÓyÇ°yÓ˚
ç#Ólyl®Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ~Ó˚ SÈyÎ˚y§¡õyï˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y •ˆÏ°G !SÈ° ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ˆ¢£Ï ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl≠ ÚÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Î!ò
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l GÎ˚yí˛≈§GÎ˚yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ºÙî!˛õ˛õy§yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ çy!l Ìy!ܲï˛yÙ ˆÓшÏã˛Ûñ xÌ≈yÍ !ï˛!l !ã˛Ó˚˛õ!Ìܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÜ%˛!ï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
xyÓ˚G xˆÏlˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ ˆl¢yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ ˆÜ˛lly ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xy§ˆÏ° ܲ!Ó SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó›ˆÏ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ló !òˆÏܲñ xyŸã˛Î≈ !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ú
•Ñyê˛y•z Ó›ï˛ Óy•ƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ 8É
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xyô%!lˆÏܲÓ˚y âÓ˚Ü%˛ˆÏlyñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓÙ%á ~ÓÇ Ùl/¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ç#Ólyl® ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓG
xyd!Üœ˛‹T– ~ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ ç#Ólyl®ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyí˛¸ xyô%!lˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛Ü˛Ùy
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÈüÈà“ÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛
ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y ܲ‹TܲÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ Î!òG !ï˛!l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ
xˆÏlܲê˛y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xydÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ àí˛¸yñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ •Ñyê˛yÎ˚ Ó%Ñò •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– •Ñyê˛y
ܲ!Óï˛y ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ ï˛yÓ˚y xyí˛¸y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ !òlyl%˜Ïò!lˆÏܲÓ˚ fli(°ï˛yñ Óy
7É ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚ˆÏܲ⁄ §Ω˛Óï˛ Ù%_´ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó xÓƒÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆÎˆÏï˛
~•z ˆÎ xÓƒÓ!fliï˛ ç#Ólñ ~•z ˆÎ ï˛Ù§ç#Ólñ ~•z ˆÎ ã˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÓ˚&fli!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ •ˆÏ°G fl∫!hflÏ
!lˆÏÓ˚yôç#Ólñ ~•z ˆÎ xyÓk˛ç#ÓlñÈüüüÈ~•z ˲yÓ≤Ã˛õˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚ xÑyï%˛í˛¸âÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓñ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ùyl§˛õ!Ìܲ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚&Óy§ly í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛!Ó˚e
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y•z ≤ÃÌÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸•#lï˛yˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ xyí˛¸y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z
ˆ¢áyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ §_yÓ˚ xÓ°#°y ~Ùl xÓfliyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùyl!§Ü˛ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyñ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ §_yÓ˚ •yGÎ˚y ˆòÎ˚ ≠
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îál Óƒ!_´ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ !Ó®%!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ç#Ól ˆï˛y ÷ô% flf# §hs˝yl !lˆÏÎ˚•z lÎ˚ñ !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ô)§Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ Îál
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌÏ≈ƒ– §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y !òܲ •°ñ §Ó%ç Ùô%Ü)˛˛õ# âyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲñ !ܲÇÓy ˆ•ÙˆÏhs˝Ó˚
§y!•ï˛ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏ@˝ÃÓ˚ lyÈüȈ•yܲñ !ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ ã˛í˛Y•Èz üÈ¢y!°á Îál í˛zˆíÏ ˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈñ !òˆÏܲ !òˆÏܲ Ü%˛Î˚y¢y çˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ «˛!îˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ •ˆÏ°G– xyÓ˚ ~•z !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛ˆÏSÈñ °-#ÈüÈ˛õ)çyÓ˚ ô)ˆ˛Ï õÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓG
˚ Îál ây§ G Ù,ï˛% ƒÓ˚ à¶˛ñ !ܲÇÓy
§)e˛õyï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÙsiÓ˚ ˆò•˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÎ˚– Ùyl§ºÙî ܲ!ÓÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xyÓ˚G à˲#Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ñ xŸªˆÏaÓ˚ í˛y°˛õy°y Îál ˆçƒyÍfl¨yÎ˚ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ !¢Ó˚!¢Ó˚
x!˲Ù%áñ !ܲv ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ºÙî ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆçyàyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà– xyÓ˚ ~ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈÜ˛ï˛ !Ó•DÙÈüÈ!Ó•DÙyÓ˚ l#í˛¸ Ó%ˆÜÏ ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Óê˛ àySÈ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ÓˆÏê˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ í˛z˛õܲÌy ˛õ!Ìܲ !àˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏFSÈÈ üüüÈ~ܲ Ù%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ•˚ z
ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ í˛zò‰àÙ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚y §)eÓk˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y á![˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ï˛Î≈ܲ– §ÙhflÏ xï˛#ï˛ G ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ fl∫≤¿ G §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õܲ≈
ç#Ólyl®Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛yñ ~Ùlܲ# àòƒGñ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ÙˆÏl •Î˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ á%ˆÑ ç
Ï ˛õy•z xy!Ùó ~•z §,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ •*òˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Óç≈y•z§ñ Îy ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z xÓ!FSÈߨ lÎ˚– ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏ°y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •zFSÈy ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
xl%!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚y fliyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#ÓlÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!fliÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õܲ≈•#lñÈüüüÈç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z xyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó˚*˛õ–
Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ˲Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ˲yÓlyÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ ≤Ãy!ƈÏï˛ñ á![˛ï˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
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xyÙÓ˚y ÎyˆÏܲ Ó!° ˆò•ñ xydyñ ≤Ãyî ï˛y xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ•z !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy ≠ lyê˛ˆÏܲ G lyê˛ƒï˛ˆÏ_¥
!ï˛l!ê˛ xÓfliyl≠ ˆò• •Ï° x!hflψÏcÓ˚ Ó›≤Ã˛õMÈ˛ñ xydy •ˆÏFSÈ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
ò_yˆÏeÎ˚ ò_
x¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã˛õMÈ˛ñ xyÓ˚ ˆò• G xydyÓ˚ flõ®l•z •Ï° ≤Ãyî– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
§,!‹T¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ •Ñyê˛y Ó›ï˛ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛Ó˚•z ã˛°lñ ˆÜ˛lly ~ !ï˛l!ê˛Ó˚
à!ï˛ G §Çà!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆÓˆÏç GˆÏë˛ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ܲlˆÏã˛ˆÏê˛y≈– •Ñyê˛y
!SÈ° ç#Ólyl®Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚yàñ §ˆÏï˛ç •ï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ôyÓ˚yñ !òˆÏl Îy
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ !¡ÀÎ˚Ùyî Ó˚yˆÏï˛ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÈüÈ•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ï˛
ã˛y.yñ §ˆÏï˛ç– ç#Ól ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ !ܲ xyÓ˚ §%ˆÏá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°ú
§Ü˛y°ÈüÈò%˛õ%Ó˚Èüȧ¶˛ƒy Óy Ó˚yï˛ñ Îál•z ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈl !ï˛!lñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ xy§ˆÏ° ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ Ùl–
çyly ÎyÎ˚ñ §¶˛ƒy Óy Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛l !ï˛!l– ˆË˛yÓ˚ •Ï° xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
x!˲Îyeyñ xyˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. Ó˚*˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó›ÈüÈxÓÎ˚Óñ ï˛y ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §Ü˛yˆÏ° •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ §¶˛ƒy •°
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˛õ!flÀÎ˚Ùyîï˛yñ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù)ï˛≈ï˛yÓ›Ó˚y!¢ ˆÎl xlƒ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛áló xyÓ˚ Ó˚yï˛ •Ï° ≤Ãàyì˛¸ !l!Óí˛¸ï˛y Îál Î%à°Ó!® ≠ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy G òy!°
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !fliÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚y Ó˚•§ƒ@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚– ~ê˛y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˆë˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÎ §¶˛ƒy xyÓ˚ Ó˚yï˛•z ç#Ólyl®Ó˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ §ÙÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛lly !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù ˆòˆÏ¢ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚•z §%Ù•Í !¢“# ӈϰ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
ˆï˛y x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y§!lÙ≈yï˛y– ˆ§ ÎyÈüÈ•z ˆ•yܲñ !ܲv Ùyl!§Ü˛ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z Ùy•ydƒ x!Ó§ÇÓy!òï˛ §ï˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ç#Ólyl® ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈl xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õÎ˚ò° !SÈ° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ lyÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚yê˛y xyÙyÓ˚ fl∫˲yÓˆÏòy£Ï– Ó›ï˛ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ~•z
§yÓ≈«˛!îܲ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !SÈ° ~•z ºÙî⁄ ~ çàÍ ~ܲ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y !lâ≈yï˛ Ü%˛≤Ã˲yÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛çàˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ˆÏò!¢
çyò%âÓ˚ñ ~áyˆÏl ç#Óhs˝ §_yÓ˚y â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ xy˛õl ˆáÎ˚yˆÏ°ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#Ó˚y ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ‡ç%ˆÏà lyã˛yê˛y ~ܲê˛y çyï˛#Î˚ ܲï˛≈Óƒ
ˆÜ˛í˛z â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ ç#Óß√%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ó x≤Ãyî Ó›Ó˚yG ~áyˆÏl ˆâyÓ˚yÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆáÑyÎ˚y!í˛¸–
çlƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ í˛zòƒï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xçylyÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎl ï˛yÓ˚y àÙˆÏlyß√%áñ !ܲv ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙÓ˚y §yˆÏ•Ó •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó lyñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Ù@˝Ã Ùyôƒyܲ£Ï≈îˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎl ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ Ù%_´ˆÏÓà !¢“§Çe´yhs˝ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛=ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢“ˆÏÓyô G ç#ÓlˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ xl%Ü,˛!ï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xyܲyA«˛#– ç#Ólyl® ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈl ~•z xyŸã˛Î≈ˆÏ°yˆÏܲñ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ lyÈüÈ•GÎ˚y•z §Ù#ã˛#l– ï˛y•z ˆÎÈüÈí˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z ˆ•yܲñ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢Ó˚
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ xyd§ÇˆÏӈϢ ÙyÎ˚yӈϰyܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~•z xhs˝Ó≈y•# çyò%âÓ˚ñ áƒy!ï˛ÈüȈÓyV˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ›!ï˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ xÑy!ê˛ lyÈüÈã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !e´Î˚yܲÙ≈ˆÜÏ ˛
ï˛yˆÏï˛ xydË)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎl !ï˛!lG ï˛yÈüÈ•z– xyÙÓ˚yG •Ñy!ê˛ ~ál ÎÌy§yôƒ Ó›!l¤˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Dï˛– xyÓ˚
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ¢∑ÈüÈ!l/¢∑ÙÎ˚ Ë%˛ÓˆÏl– !ܲv ˆÎ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ •Ñyê˛yˆÏܲ xhs˝Ó˚D ~G ܲáˆÏly ˆË˛y°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ùy ï˛y!_¥Ü˛˘§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !ï˛!lñ ˆ§•z •Ñyê˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸y° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏ°y˛õ# ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !òà‰ò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ylñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y xçyˆÏhs˝•z
ܲÓ˚y°!Óly¢Ü˛– 14 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ ~ܲy ~ܲy ˆ§•z §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !¢“ÈüÈܲyÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ˆÏçrê˛ Óy òy°yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l–
˛õˆÏÌÉÉÉ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓƒyÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl lyly ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù•_¥ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yê˛yG GÈüȈòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚•z xhs˝Ë%˛≈_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛•z ˆÎl !ï˛!l ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l Ù•yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xï˛°ˆÏcú
ܲyˆÏç•z ˆÊ˛ˆÏò!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛y ày!Ì≈Îy˚ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ˛õÑ!ã˛¢ï˛Ù çß√ӈϣ≈Ï
ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T ܲ!Óñ àòƒÜ˛yÓ˚ G xl%Óyòܲ– ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢
ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ›!ï˛àyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° Î!ò lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l âˆÏê˛ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ÈüÈï˛Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛ ˆ§ê˛y §Çàï˛ •Î˚– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl áƒy!ï˛ !ܲv ܲ!Ó
Úܲ!Óï˛y ~á!l ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚˘•zˆÏhflÏ•yˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° ˆfiê˛l!§ˆÏ° ˘
!lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚_´ x◊& •yí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y°yç ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛˘ ~ál•z ܲ!Óï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ%ܲï˛y§Ù,k˛ ç“ly ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ˆ°áy ÎyÎ˚ ˘ ï˛#Ó ï˛Ù Îsf î yÎ˚ !SÈ ß ¨ !˲ߨ Ù% ˆ Ï á ˘ §sf y ˆÏ § Ó˚ ˆàˆÏ°G lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî# xyˆÏ°yã˛ly !lï˛yhs˝ ò%°≈˲ åxll%!òï˛
Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!áÈüüüÈ˲ƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ•í˛°y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ V˛°§yˆÏly xyˆÏ°yÎ˚˘!fliÓ˚ ò,!‹T ˆÜ˛yˆÏly flõƒy!l¢ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ä– !ܲv ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎ xl%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏᢠ~ál•z ܲ!Óï˛y S%ȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–Û xï˛#ï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§Èüȧ٧ƒyê˛y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲyG fl∫y˲y!Óܲó
ÈüüüÈlÓyÓ˚&î ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ ܲyÓƒlyê˛Ü˛ Óy xhs˝ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲyÓƒôÙ≈# lyê˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆï˛Ùl xl%Óyòyï˛#ï˛ lyê˛Ü˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §ÙƒÜ˛
Ó¶%˛Ó˚ ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xl%ÓyˆÏò ˆ§§Ó lyê˛Ü˛ ˛õ!í˛¸ó
8
~ÓÇ ˆÎáyˆÏl•z ˆë˛ˆÏܲ Îy•zñ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ÷!l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xy®y°%§#Î˚ !Óã%˛ƒï˛ !SÈ°– ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏl§Ñy§ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ܲy°ˆÏòÓ˚lñ !ï˛ˆÏ§y ˆò ˆÙy!°lyñ
í˛z˛õ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒâl §_yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y x§Ω˛Ó– ï˛Ó% xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!í˛¸ÈüüüÈ ˆ°y˛õ ˆò ˆË˛ày ≤ÃÙ%á lyê˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆflõˆÏl Ú!̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚Û Ó°ˆÏï˛
ÙÈMÈ˛ê˛y ܲyÓƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày lÎ˚ñ ~ÈüÈܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáÈ üüüÈ~ÓÇ Îy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !SÈ°ñ ï˛y !lï˛yhs˝•z xÓfliy˛õߨ Ùôƒ!Ó_ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏÙy!òܲ lyê˛ƒ–
ˆÎÈüȧÇâê˛l lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÓ˚ñ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛ÓyÓ˚ Ùy!oˆÏòÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ lyê˛ƒÈüÈlyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛ã˛≈y !SÈ° ly– ˆ§ÈüÈÓƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚– !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy á%Ó ï˛#Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl åܲyÎ≈ï˛ ~•z ˆã˛ly
ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚ ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈlyê˛Ü˛ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– í˛z!_´ê˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&!_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y çyï˛ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝ï˛ ~ܲê˛y °«˛î ~•z ˆÎ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ âê˛ly §Ç!«˛Æ G ï˛yÓ˚ lyê˛ƒã˛ã˛≈y !òˆÏÎ˚äñ ~ÓÇ xy•z!Ó˚¢ lyê˛ƒÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ •zˆÏÎ˚ê‰˛ ≤ÃÙ%á
≤ÃÓy• §Ó˚°ó ~ÓÇ Óƒ!_´ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÓyô !ӈϢ£Ï ˆl•z ≠ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z Ùyñ ˛õ!ÌÜ,˛ÍˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ï˛!lG ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ ˆflõl#Î˚
ÓyÓyñ ÓÓ˚ñ ܲˆÏlñ Óí˛zñ •zï˛ƒy!ò Ë)˛!Ùܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛!Ó˚ey!Î˚ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xyô%!lܲ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ù%á˛õye •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ !Ùê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z archetypal character ӈϰ Ù!•Ùy!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆflõˆÏl ˆÎ ~ܲò° ï˛Ó˚&î í˛zI#!Óï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ù≈# í˛z!òï˛ •ˆÏ°l
‘Generation of 27’, ‘of 1925’, ‘of Dictatorship’, ‘of
ÓˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲˆÏ¡ø!òÎ˚y ˆò°yÍÈüÈ~Ó˚ Harlequin-
Friendship’, ‘of Republic’, ‘ of Avant - Gardes’, ‘of
Pantalone-Pierrot– !ܲ¡∫y •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ Punch and Judy
Guillen- Lorca’ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò ΈÏÌFSÈ lyˆÏÙ ˆfl∫FSÈylyÙy!B˛ï˛ ~ܲ
≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÷ô%•z ê˛y•z˛õ ã˛!Ó˚eó !eÙy!eܲ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚ í˛zͧ !¢“#≤Ãçß√ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜¢!“ܲ Óy §yÙy!çܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒàï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yôyÓ˚î
!lŸã˛Î˚ ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°B˛ñ !fiê˛Δu˛Óyà≈ñ ≤ÃÙˆ% áÏ Ó˚ lyê˛ƒ!ã˛hs˝y G lyê˛ƒã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ÈüȈÎáyˆÏl Óy !fliÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !SÈ° ly– ~шÏòÓ˚•z xlƒï˛Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy ܲyÓƒ
˛õye˛õye#Ó˚y ÷ô%•z ܲï˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô– Ù,ï%˛ƒ å!˲áy!Ó˚î#äñ G lyê˛ƒã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ !lÙ@¿ •l– å‘Guillen-Lorca’ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ§ÈüȈày¤˛#Ó˚
ã˛Ñyò å!˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §yòy Ó˚Ç Ü˛Ó˚y Ù%áäñ ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y Ù%ˆÏáy¢ñ ˆçƒ¤˛ï˛Ù ܲ!Ó Uillen G ܲ!l¤˛ï˛Ù LorcaÈüÈÓ˚ Óƒ!_´lyˆÏÙÓ˚
≤Ã˲, !ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈló !@˝Ãܲ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ê˛y °«˛î#Î˚–ä ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy lyê˛Ü˛ã˛ã˛≈y ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z
xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!l ܲyë%˛ˆÏÓ˚ G ˆôy˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y§ï%˛°ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàG •zӈϧlñ ¢ñ ˆçÉ ~ÙÉ Óƒy!Ó˚ñ ≤ÃÙ%á lyê˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y xl)!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ flõƒy!l¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈló xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyGÈüÈÓy Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲy !lÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô §Çfl,Ò!ï˛çàˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈl– ~SÈyí˛¸y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z •zê˛y!°ˆÏï˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– !˛õÓ˚yˆÏ®ˆÏÕ‘y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yñ ˆÎÙl Henry IV– Six
!ܲv ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ç°y˛õÈüüüÚxhs˝ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyôƒ Characters G Right You are (If you think so) •zï˛ƒy!ò
xl%ÓyˆÏòÈÛüüüòy¢≈!lܲ ˆòƒyï˛lyÎ˚ !lï˛yhs˝•z ò#l– ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•zñ ≤ÈÏÎyçly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ ~ÓÇ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ !˛õ§Ü˛yê˛Ó˚ G ˆÓ¢ê˛
≤Ãï˛#ܲô!Ù≈ï˛yˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ç°y˛õ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õy•z ly– ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈl– ~шÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~í˛¸yˆÏlyê˛y
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §ÙܲyˆÏ°•z ~!°Î˚ê˛ lyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó,k˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y§ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ≠ ˆÎÈüÈܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Murder in the Cathedral lyê˛ˆÏܲ– ˆ§ÈüÈlyê˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó˲y£ÏyÎ˚ insular xyáƒyG ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ÑÓ˚y !SȈϰl ÙˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD
ÚDestiny waits in the hand of God– shaping the Î%_´ Ùyl%£Ïó lyê˛ƒ G ÙˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚ òy!Ó ~ÑÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛l– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy !SȈϰl
still unshapen’– Óy ‘They know and do not know ܲ!Óó lyê˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ~ܲçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓƒ ӈϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
that action is suffering– and suffering is action.Û Bernarda Alba lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ÙMÈ˛!lˆÏò≈¢ ˆò!á
ÈüüüÈ~Ùl §Ó §Ç°y˛õ ˛õy•z– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ~!°Î˚ê˛ ˆÎ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zIμ° xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°y!ܲï˛Û à,•y˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ÚSÈyÎ˚yâl §%!Ó¢y°
ÚSÈyï˛yê˛y ~ˆÏl òyG ˆï˛yÛ ˆàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ §Ç°y˛õ ܲyÓƒlyê˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ã˛!Ó˚eº‹T ˜l/¢∑ƒÛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xÓ¢ƒ !ï˛!l Ó‡Ù%á# !fiê˛Δu˛ÓyˆÏà≈Ó˚ myÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆï˛Ùl §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ !l!flõ‹T Ó°ˆÏ° ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ~G ˆÎÙl Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆï˛Ùl•z xyÓyÓ˚ í˛y!°Ó˚
x“•z xï%˛ƒ!_´ •Î˚– §%!Ó˚Î˚y!°fiê˛ !ã˛eܲ“ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá á%Ó §ˆÏD à˲#Ó˚ ≤ÃîˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆçˆÏÓ˚ §%!Ó˚Î˚y!°fiê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ§ÈüÈG âê˛ly–
xyˆÏ§ñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏÓyô ܲáˆÏly•z ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~•z §%!Ó˚Î˚y!°fiê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓƒñ lyê˛ˆÏܲñ ~Ùlܲ# àˆÏòƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ly– ÚÎï˛ !òl ÎyÎ˚ñ Îï˛•z ÓÎ˚§ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛ï˛•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ˆòˆÏá ÷ô% Ó˚#!ï˛ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛– •ë˛yÍ ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ •zGˆÏlˆÏflÒyÓ˚ ÚAn English
ÓÑyã˛ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Ê˛ˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏlˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ Ë%˛°ñ Ü˛ï˛ ˛õy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ silenceÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ÙMÈ˛!lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy–
ˆàˆÏSÈÛñ !ܲ¡∫y ÚÙyl%£Ï Îy !ܲS%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó•z Ë%˛°ñ ï˛y•z Ë%˛° ܲÌyê˛yÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ Ê˛Ñy˛õy òy¢≈!lܲï˛y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙyˆÏl•z ˆl•zÛ ~ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óy ï%˛°l#Î˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙyˆÏê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ •ˆÏ°G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈx!˲ˆÏlï˛y G ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈ
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ƒã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ≤ÃÌyÓ¶˛l xyÓ˚ lyê˛ƒÓ˚ ˲yÓly ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ìï˛ ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈlyê˛ƒ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !وϢ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zß√siˆÏlÓ˚ ê˛ylyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ˆÏl xyÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ – ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD àí˛≈l ˆe´ˆÏàÓ˚ Uber-Marionette ˲yÓlyÓ˚
ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyˆÏܲ Î!ò •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ#Î˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y !Ù° ˆÎÙl !SÈ°ñ ˆï˛Ùl•z Alfred Jarry ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ubu Roi
ˆáÎ˚y° •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆflõl#Î˚ !̈ÏÎê˚ ˛yÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ lyê˛ƒôyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ò#â≈ܲy° lyê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàƒ çÓyÓG !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˲yÓy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎê˛y flõ‹Tï˛Ó˚ñ
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ˆ§ê˛y •Ï° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ Úxã˛° lyê˛ƒÛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ≠ !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›ï˛ Ù%ˆÏSÈ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆÎÙl ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢G
ˆÎÙlñ Blood Wedding lyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°B˛ÈüÈܲ!Ìï˛ !lÎ˚!ï˛ã˛y!°ï˛ ÓyÇ°y !ê˛!˲ !§!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ GÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ˆl•z– Ê˛ˆÏ°
˛õye˛õye# !ã˛eˆÏîÓ˚ flõ‹T í˛zˆÏòƒyà xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎÈ§Ó Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !¢Ó˚òÑyí˛¸y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
GÈüÈlyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲!Óï˛ÓƒÙ%á#lï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD çl !Ù!°Çê˛l !§ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ Rider ˆ§=ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùye ~ܲê˛y xÓ°%Æ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚
to the Sea lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ~ál ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛l# ≤ÃÓã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°çlܲ lÙ%ly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– xhs˝ï˛ ~ܲyˆÏ° G=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈó Î!òG Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÕ‘yê˛y ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !§ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y ˆl•z–
!òˆÏܲ•z V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ ˆÓ!¢– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ~•z ˆÎ ˆ§áyˆÏl ÙˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚
ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ƒ§Ù@˝ÃÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l ˆÓ!¢ lÎ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !ï˛lˆÏê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ܲS%È•z âˆÏê˛ lyó ˆÜ˛Ó° !ܲS%È ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲï˛y•#l ˆ°yܲçl
lyê˛Ü˛ÈüÈÎy ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xy®y°%§#Î˚ Trilogy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!Ìï˛ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ܲyÓƒ xyí˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ܲyë%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y ~ܲê˛y ˆ˛õ!™° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆSÈyˆÏ° lyñ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚§yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≠ ˆôy˛õy!lÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y Ó˚&Ùy°G ÷ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ lyñ Îy lyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Blood Wedding - !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ܲˆÏl ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ˆ≤Ã!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yˆÏà– ~Ó˚y ܲyë%˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ¡∫y ˆôy˛õy!l lyÈüÈ•ˆÏ° lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛
§ˆÏD ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õy°yÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yk˛yÓܲ ˲yÓ# fl∫yÙ# G ˆÎï˛ÈüÈxy§ï˛ñ ï˛yG ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÓyô •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃîÎ˚# m®μÎ%k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ò%ÈüÈçl !SÈ° ≤Ãy_´l ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ !ܲS%È xÌ≈ xyˆÏSÈó !ܲv Blood WeddingÈüÈ~ Moira–Wyrd–
•ï˛ƒyܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §)ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ¢e&ó ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ÓÇ¢àï˛ ¢e&ï˛yG Óï˛≈Ùyl Norn •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ï˛lˆÏê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏMÈ˛ •y!çÓ˚
˜Ó!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˛õŸã˛yͲõê˛– ~ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à“ §yÓ˚y ÙôƒÎ%àç%ˆÏí˛¸•z •ˆÏÎ˚ Î!ò âê˛lyˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly•z xÓòyl lyÈüÈÓ˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
lyly ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ò!«˛î •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ ã˛y°% !SÈ°ó ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy xy®y°%§#Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏMÈ˛ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ≤Ã!ï˛m®μ#Ó˚y ÙÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçl
ˆ°yܲܲÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÈüÈܲy!•l# !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !@˝Ãܲ Ù•zÓ˚y AtroposÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •yˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ˆày°y ôˆÏÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# lyê˛Ü˛ Yerma åÚÓ¶˛ƒyÛä ~ܲ §hs˝yl•#ly lyÓ˚#Ó˚ åÎyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛lñ ˆÜ˛l ÷ô% ≤ÃîÎ˚#Ó˚•z !lçfl∫ lyÙ xyˆÏSÈñ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ Óy
fl∫yÙ#•z §Ω˛Óï˛ !lÓ≈#çä í˛zò@˝Ã §hs˝ylܲyÙlyÓ˚ ܲÌy– §ÙyˆÏç ˆ§ xlƒ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl•zñ •zï˛ƒy!ò Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ò%Ó˚*• •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
§hs˝yl•#lï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !Óo*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ G ÙˆÏlyܲˆÏ‹T ˆË˛yˆÏà– !˲QÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛Ìy ~Ó˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ° ӈϰó ˆÜ˛Ó°•z ܲÌy ӈϰó ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰó
lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ xyÜ,˛‹T •ˆÏÎ˚G §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ !ܲFS%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Dï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆ§ ~ܲ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy ˆÎ ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈlyˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ~ê˛y
í˛zß√yòlyÓ˚ ӈϢ ~ܲ ôÙ≈fliyˆÏl fl∫yÙ#ˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ– ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ê˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y =çÓG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ÙˆÏMÈ˛ ~•z
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ lyê˛Ü˛ House of Bernarda AlbaÈüÈˆï˛ ~ܲê%˛ ܲy!•!l !l!‹;˛Î˚ Óyܲ§Ó≈fl∫ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛ã˛≈yñ Îy Ó›ï˛ ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓlñ ˆ§ê˛y
xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ÈüÈ!ÓܲyÓ˚@˝ÃhflÏ Ù!•°y !mï˛#Î˚ fl∫yÙ#!ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈlyˆÏê˛ƒ xyç xÓ!ô ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!l–
Ú§æyhs˝Û ÓÇ¢ÙÎ≈ƒyòyÓ˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ xyê˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùlܲ# §yÓ˚y ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚y˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈlyê˛ƒñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó›àï˛
ˆ¢yܲ§yˆÏç Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl åï˛ÑyÓ˚ xy!¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùy ˛õ%ï%˛°=ˆÏ°y•z ò¢≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ lyÈüüüÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚yÙye
~ál xyÓyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ylä– ≤ÃÌÙ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ܲlƒy Angustias ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚Èüüü ˆï˛Ùl ˛õ%ï%˛°ÈüÈlyê˛ƒ §Ç°y˛õ•#l •ˆÏ°G ò¢≈ܲÓ˚y ï˛ß√Î˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˙ŸªˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ x!ôܲy!Ó˚î#ó !ܲv !mï˛#Î˚ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ܲlƒy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏï˛ §Ó≈òy•z !ܲS%È üÈlyÈüÈ!ܲS%È âˆÏê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv
ˆï˛Ùl lÎ˚– ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏ˲ Pepe lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ Î%Óܲ ~•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ÈüÈã˛!Õ‘¢ SÈyÎ˚y=ˆÏ°y Î!ò !fliÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó_,´ï˛y !òï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
AngustiasÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç •Î˚ó !ܲv xy§ˆÏ° ˆ§ ܲ!l¤˛y
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ§ÈÈüÈ lyê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆòáï˛ ly–
ܲlƒy AdelaÈüÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤ÃîÎ˚§¡õˆÏܲ≈ !°Æ– ~•z !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓyò !Ó§¡∫yò ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛òˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ӈϰ òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°
ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ ~ÓÇ ◊#Ùï˛# Alba í˛z_´ PepeÈüÈˆÜ˛ =!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îyl– xÓ¢ƒ xy˛õ!_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ÌyˆÏܲ lyó ܲyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÎ í˛zFã˛òˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Pepe ˛õy°yÎ˚ñ !ܲv Adela ˆ§ÈüÈܲÌy çylˆÏï˛ lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏÎ˚ xyd•ï˛ƒy ܲ!Óï˛y lÎ˚ñ ~Î%ˆÏà ï˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y x§Ω˛Ó– !ܲv ~•z !l‹ÒÙ≈y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ – lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãyî ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy YermaüÈÓ˚
≤Ãò¢≈l#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÚThe Theory and Play of Duende’ÈüÈ¢#£Ï≈ܲ
~áyˆÏl lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓk˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly x§Ω˛Óó ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ ˲y£Ïî ˆòl– ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° Ó‡ ÙyÌy âyÙyˆÏly
ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲï˛yÓ˚ ò%ÈüÈ~ܲê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áÙye ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ âê˛ly§yÓ˚ñ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ˆ§ È§Ó ÓƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ ~áyˆÏl ˆl•z–
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ House of Bernarda Alba ÈüÈÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy !lˆÏç ˆ§ÈüÈ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z ˆàƒˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~•z ܲÌy
ˆÙˆÏ°yí»˛yÙy!ê˛Ü˛– ~•z ˆÎ §%≤Ãyã˛#l ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓÇ¢Óy!•ï˛ ˜Ó!Ó˚ï˛y ï˛Ìy ≤ÃyÙyîƒ ˆÙˆÏlˆÏSÈl ˆÎ í˛z_´ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒyáƒy •Î˚ ly– ï˛Ó%ñ
ÓÇ¢ÙÎ≈yòyÈüüüȈflõˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌy¢,C!°ï˛ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãï˛#ܲ# ÓƒyáƒyܲyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡øylyˆÏÌ≈ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ÈüȧÇe´yhs˝ ôyÓ˚îy §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ §yÙylƒ
Ù)°ƒ !SÈ°– !ܲv §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ x!˲çyï˛Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z §æyhs˝ ˆàÑyí˛¸y!Ù ò%ÈüÈܲÌy ~áyˆÏl Ó°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
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§yÓ˚y ˆflõˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°yܲã˛ã˛≈yˆÏï˛•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Dionysian-Apollonian my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õ)î≈ ôÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–
~Ó˚y elf-faery ˆàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ lylyl çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ á%ˆÏò çyò%ÈüÈÙyl%£Ïñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ȧˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy ܲˆÏÓ˚l!ló ï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
x!ôܲyLjϢÓ˚•z x!ï˛ˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ «˛Ùï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ !lÓ˚ï˛– ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó‡ !¢“#Ó˚ lyly xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy– åò,¢ƒ!¢ˆÏ“ El GrecoÈüÈÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye xy®y°%§#Î˚ ˆ°yܲ!ÓŸªyˆÏ§ ~Ó˚y ~ܲ diabolical spirit≠ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°G !ï˛!l Turner !ܲ¡∫y Edvard Munch- ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
Î%à˛õÍ Ë˛yˆÏ°y G وϮÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ܲ– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l!lÈüÈ~ÓÇ !ܲÙyŸã˛Î≈Ù Van Gogh-~Ó˚ ˆáÑyç !ï˛!l Ó˚yáˆÏï˛l
ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚ !e´Î˚y ܲyÙƒ ӈϰ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÈüÈl,ï˛ƒà#ˆÏï˛ lyúä e´Ùyàï˛ Êœ˛ƒyˆÏÙˆÏB˛y l,ï˛ƒà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyã%˛ˆÏÎ≈ xl%Ùyl
Ó›ï˛ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ !¢“Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z fl≥)˛!ï˛≈ G í˛zß√yòlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl xyˆÏl– •Î˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ü,˛ï˛ƒ!¢“ Óy performing artsÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚
ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §ÇÎï˛ Muse lÎ˚ñ ~•z í˛zß√yò DuendeÈüÈ•z !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §ÙƒÜ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ˆòˆÏ á !SÈ ˆ Ï ° lñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏ Ü ˛•z !lˆÏ ç Ó˚ !¢“yò¢≈
≤Ãyîñ ˆÎ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ® !¢“#ˆÏܲ ç#Ól G Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfliˆÏ° åÚÜ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏl!SȈϰl–
˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ûä òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD °í˛¸y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~Ùlê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ù%° ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy !lˆÏç•z Ó%ˆÏV˛!SȈϰlñ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ !¢“#§_y §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~Ùl x!ï˛lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îy•z ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏMÈ˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ ˆl•yï˛ !l‹±yîó x!˲lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zjyÙ
lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x!ï˛lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ fl∫Ë)˛!Ù §,çl¢#°ï˛yÎ˚ Ù![˛ï˛ lyÈüÈܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y ÓƒÌ≈– ~ÈüÈ~ܲ
xy®y°%!§Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyê˛ƒ§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒ ˆï˛y !SÈ° lyÈüȈÓ˚yÙy!l ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛_¥ñ Îy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ lyê˛Ü˛ Î!ò ÙˆÏMÈ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚
Óy !ç˛õ!§ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zFS¥ÈyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚y Êœ˛ƒyˆÏÙˆÏB˛y lyˆÏã˛ÈüÈàyˆÏl ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y x!˲ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚ x˲yÓ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï˛≈ ï˛ß√%•)ï˛≈ ≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛yï˛– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy !lˆÏç ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ï˛ƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z xyˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏMÈ˛ ã˛y°% ˆÜ˛Ô¢° G Ù%oyˆÏòy£ÏÙ![˛ï˛
§Çà#ˆÏï˛ !§k˛ !SȈϰlñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v xˆÏ˛õÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ çlƒ à#!ï˛Ü˛yÓƒG x!˲lÎ˚ í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Óç≈l#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚
!°áˆÏï˛l– ܲyˆÏç•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏÓàï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ x!ï˛lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛Ó˚y ã˛y•z!SȈϰl xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îyÙ![˛ï˛ x!˲lÎ˚– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyG
x§Dï˛ •Î˚!l– ˆ§•z§)ˆÏe !ܲv ~ÈüÈG Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ó,•_Ó˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ ï˛yÈüÈ•z ã˛y•z!SȈϰl– hflÏy!lfl‘y˲!flÒ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ~•z
ˆflõl#Î˚ ˆ°yܲ§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ï˛Ó˚ xy®y°%§#Î˚ inspiration x!˲ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ «˛ˆÏîܲ ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §_y ӈϰ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ≠ Îy Jazz ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z§Ó Ù%•)ï˛≈=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏlï˛y eküÈ static •ˆÏÎ˚ §_y
§Çà#ï˛ˆÏܲ•z §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°ƒ ≤ÃÙyò– ˛õy°ˆÏê˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ lyê˛ƒã˛!Ó˚e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ï˛ˆÏÓ !¢“#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆV˛ÑyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ !¢“ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xfliyÎ˚# xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ù%•)ï˛≈=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fliy!Î˚c Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛
!ܲS%È V%Ñ˛!ܲ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlñ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ® Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy Îy Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ï˛!l !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~=ˆÏ°y e´ˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤Ãyã˛#l !@˝Ãܲ òy•zˆÏÙyl ådaimonä ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ~ܲê˛y !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy lyê˛ƒçàˆÏï˛ ˛õy
ï˛Ê˛yï˛ ˆl•z – ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛•z ˛õˆÏ Ó ˚ demon–demonic ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏà•z ˆ§ÈüÈ˛õk˛!ï˛ §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚*˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ó ï˛Ó% ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy
possession– diabolical– •zï˛ƒy!ò Satanic ôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ÈüÈ≤çˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áÙye ܲˆÏÓ˚l!lñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
˛õy!FSÈ– ~•z ≤Ãã˛[˛ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ •zê˛y!°Î˚ylÓ˚y terribilitaÈüÈG ӈϰ– ≤Ãyã˛#l lyê˛ƒÈüÈlyê˛Ü˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° ly– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ G•z
Inspiration– enthusiasm– ~§Ó•z !SÈ ° !¢“#Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ˲y£ÏˆÏî ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚ xy!Ó˲≈yˆÏÓÓ˚ xçflÀ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈñ !ܲv !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyˆÏÙ
!lÎ˚sfîÈüÈÓ!•Ë)˛≈ï˛ñ Î%!_´!Ó˚_´ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ xy!Ó˲≈yÓ âê˛yÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÎy xy§ï˛ Ó°y ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚ °#°yÓ˚ åÚPlayÛä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˆl•z– ˆ§•z
MuseÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ– xï˛~Ó !Ùí˛zˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ §ÙƒÜ˛ôyÓ˚îy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á=ˆÏ°y Ù%ˆÏSÈ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° Î!ò ˲y£Ïîê˛y ˛õí˛¸y ÎyÎ˚ ˆï˛y ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ
!SÈ° ly ӈϰ•z ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy !Ùí˛zçˆÏܲ ï˛y!FSÈ°ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~È Ü˛Ìy ÙylˆÏï˛ GˆÏï˛ í˛zFS¥È!§ï˛ ˲yÓ%ܲï˛y SÈyí˛¸y Theory ӈϰG !ܲS%È•z ˆl•zñ ܲyÓ˚î
•Î˚– í˛z˛õÓ˚v xyÙÓ˚y ecstasyÈüÈÓ˚ ܲÌyG çy!lñ Îy !@˝Ãܲ ekstatikosñ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ® Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˛õÓ˚Ó·˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z xÓyÄl§ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚– xàîƒ Ü˛!Ó G
xÌ≈yÍ fl∫#Î˚ Óƒ!_´§_yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏSÈ– xlƒylƒ !¢“#Ó˚ ˆÎ§Ó í˛zˆÏÕ‘á !ï˛!l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚
xyÓ˚ !¢“# ˆÎ Ó›ï˛ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õyOy °ˆÏí˛¸ !¢“§,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˜ÓòˆÏ?˛ƒÓ˚ xy®yç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ó !ܲv xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆ§ÈüÈôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ# Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚î !@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ x!Ê≈˛í˛zˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÙˆÏÌ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z– xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ âˆÏê˛ ly– ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ÈüÈï˛_¥ ï˛ÑyÓ˚
ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ÈüÈï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy lyê˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z !ܲS%È Óyܲ§Ó≈fl∫ Ê˛Ñy˛õy òy!Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛Ó˚y ӈϰl ≠ xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛yñ ˛õy!Ì≈Óï˛yñ Ù,ï%˛ƒ§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yñ ~ÓÇ •zˆÏÎ˚ê˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl x!˲ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õˆÏ˛õÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
diabolos Óy ¢Î˚ï˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y– ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !ï˛lˆÏê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá x!˲lÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ñ àí˛≈l ˆe´à ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏMÈ˛ x!˲ˆÏlï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°
ˆì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà•z !lê˛ÍˆÏ¢ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ê˛ΔƒyˆÏç!í˛ï˛ˆÏ_¥ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl x!ï˛˛õ%_!° Óy Uber-Marionette– ˆÙê˛yÓ˚!°ˆÏB˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰló ~ÓÇ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ Úò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ® ÓlyÙ !Ùí˛zçÛ m®μG ܲ“lyÎ˚ xyò¢≈ ÙMÈ˛lyê˛Ü˛ !SÈ° ܲï˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°y !fliÓ˚!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y–
ˆ¢yˆÏ˛õl•yí˛zÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Will-Idea ˜Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ƒ ï˛Ìy !lê˛ÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆe´àÈüÈ~Ó˚ Î%àyhs˝Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §¡øyl çy!lˆÏÎ˚G Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
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~•z ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°y ˆêÑ˛ˆÏܲ!lñ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y §yÙylƒ !ܲS%È xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xyÓ˚ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ƒÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ
x!ï˛ÈüÈxl%˲Ó#ñ x!ï˛ÈüÈ¢#!°ï˛ =î@˝Ãy•#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ !l!Ù≈ï˛ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy Î!ò GˆÏë˛ ˆï˛y ˆçÉ ~°É fiê˛yÎ˚yl ˆÎÈüÈܲÌyê˛y á%Ó
SÈܲ– ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl ≤Ãyã%˛ˆÏÎ≈ í˛zFSÈ° í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛y!hs˝Ü˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙ° ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§ê˛y•z ~ܲê%˛ ¢y!lˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ !lï˛yhs˝
!¢“Èüȧy!•ï˛ƒçàˆÏï˛ xÓ«˛Î˚ Óy DecadenceÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ã˲yÓG xy®y°%§#Î˚˘ˆflõl#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §#!Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
°«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛ ˆ§•zÈüÈxydï,˛Æ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ܲáˆÏly !SÈ° lyñ ï˛y•z ~álG
§%á# !¢“ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– lyê˛ƒçàˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ˛õܲñ ˆÓá‰ê˛ñ ˆl•z–
≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ xy!Ó˲≈yÓ ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ•z •z!Dï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ°yÓ˚ܲy ~ܲê˛y ˆ°áܲ ܲ!Óñ àòƒÜ˛yÓ˚ G lyê˛ƒï˛y!_¥Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ•z ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ë%˛° ˛õˆÏÌ
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛!SȈϰl Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
!ܲv ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ≤çˆÏD ~ê%˛Ü%˛ !lŸã˛Î˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ x!˲lÎ˚
lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãyî •ˆÏ°G ï˛y ˆ¢£ÏyÓ!ô §Ç°y˛õ!l˲≈Ó˚– ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®Ó˚ çÎ˚àyl ˆÓáˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢≈l
àyGÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ç°yˆÏ˛õ ˆ§•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î í˛zͲõ° ò_
ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y §% ˆ Ï Î yà ˆl•z – ~áyˆÏ l ÈüÈ ˆ§áyˆÏ l
Údramatically’ – ‘sarcastically’ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò x!˲lÎ˚!lˆÏò≈¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸
ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!l !lˆÏç•z Ó%ˆÏV˛!SȈϰl ˆÎ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §Ç°y˛õ
fl∫¢!_´ˆÏï˛ ˆ§È§Ó x!˲lÎ˚˜ÏÓ!¢‹Tƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x«˛Ù– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÈüÈܲ!Ìï˛ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ®ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ç°yˆÏ˛õ
ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏç•z !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl ≠
The very torrent, tempest, and, ... the whirlwind
of passion, ...O, it offends me to the fellow tear a
passion to tatters– to very rags I would have such
a soul to hear a fellow whipped.
≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ë%˛áy ˆflõl !Ùe¢!_´˛õˆÏ«˛ §!e´Î˚˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˛õˆÏÓ˚G •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆflõl
ܲyÎ≈ï˛ !Ó!FSÈߨ•z •ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ°– ˆ§ÈüȧوÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ° xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Î%ôƒÙyl lƒy¢ly!°fiê˛ÈüÈ!Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛yl mˆÏ®μ ò#î≈ ˆflõˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏê˛≈yŒê˛ ˆÓá‰ê‰˛
ˆ°yܲç#Ól ÓˆÏí˛¸y §%ˆÏáÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– !ܲv ~§Ó §Ù%ͲõyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ã˛•´ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆl•z– §ÙܲyˆÏ° •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ Ù%ˆÏ§y!°!l G ˆÓá‰êÈ üÈ~Ó˚ lyê˛ƒÓ˚#!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xD ˆàfiê%˛§– ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly
!•ê˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆflõˆÏl Ê˛ƒyˆÏB˛y ≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛y˛õÓ,!k˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛!Ó˚e§,!‹TÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓá‰ê‰˛ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˛õyê˛≈ê˛yˆÏܲ Ó‡ xLjϢ !Ó˲_´
çlç#ÓˆÏl xyï˛B˛Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!l– ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛Ó˚ lyly ÙˆÏly˲yÓ xl%ÎyÎ˚#– ~•záyˆÏl
xÌã˛ !ï˛!l ˛õ)ˆÏÓy≈_´ ˲y£ÏˆÏî ӈϰ!SȈϰl≠ ày!°ˆÏ°G xˆÏlƒÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò)Ó˚!Ól Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ
The Theatre which does not feel the social pulse,
ë˛Ü˛yˆÏFSÈlÈüüüÈ~•záyˆÏl ày!°ˆÏ°G !¢÷ xyˆÏwÎ˚yˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ
the historical pulse, the drama of its people,.... ˆÓyV˛yˆÏFSÈlÈüüüÈ~•záyˆÏl ày!°ˆÏ°G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ áyòƒˆÏ°y°%˛õï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢
has no right to call itself a theatre. ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ~•záyˆÏl !lçܲlƒyÓ˚ §%ˆÏá Óyô §yôˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ÷ô%
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z !l/ŸªyˆÏ§ ≠ x!˲ˆÏlï˛yÓ˚•z ~ê˛y ܲï˛≈Óƒ lÎ˚ñ lyê˛Ü˛ê˛y ˆ°áyG ˆ§•z àë˛ˆÏl– ~ÓÇ
The theatre must impose itself on the public– not x!˲ˆÏlï˛y Îál ~•z lyly ˆàfiê%˛§ÈüÈá[˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲe ç%í˛¸ˆÏÓl ï˛ál ~ܲ
the publlic on the theatre. ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÓyhflÏÓÈüÈç#ÓlˆÏܲ
ˆflõˆÏlÓ˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi# çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò# çvÓ˚y ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyˆÏܲ !Óly xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛õSȈϰ ÎyˆÏÓl ly åˆÎê˛y !SÈ°
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ á%l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ Ùye xyê˛!e¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§– ˆ§ÈüÈ•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù hflÏy!lfl‘y˲!flÒÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ä– ÓÓ˚Ç !ï˛!l ò¢≈ܲˆÏܲ flõ‹T çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓlñ
xç%•yï˛ !SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §Ùܲy!Ùï˛yñ ~ÈüÈܲÌy ˲yӈϰ xyç xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏ°lñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆòá%l xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛–
G•z ˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ â,îyÎ˚ !Ó!£ÏˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ˆ§•z §ˆÏD ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏà ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl !àÑê˛ê˛y ˆÎl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ flõ‹T– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ò¢≈ܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚
ˆ°yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ §Ùܲy!Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ù!Ù≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ƒÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl §òƒˆÏòáy ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒê˛y– ~áyˆÏl Ü%˛Ó˚yç Î%k˛ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ÈüüüÈ
ÎÌy§yôƒ Ê˛Ñy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy •ˆÏFSÈ !ܲlyñ ~ÈüÈ≤ß¿G çyˆÏà– ˆ§ÈüÈÊ˛Ñyò ~áyˆÏl !ï˛!l Ùyï˛yÈüüüÈ~˲yˆÏÓ Ü%˛Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òܲˆÏܲ
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xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛lˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ü˛!ê˛Ü˛y° m®μ flõ‹T •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛ˆÏÓyôñ ò%ˆÏê˛y•z xy•Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ lyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÌˆÏܲ–
ò¢≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y !ã˛lˆÏÓl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲñ [Klaus Volker– Brecht– tr. Nowell– London 1979– p. 257 ]
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lˆÏܲ– lï%˛Óy ~ï˛Ü˛y° ÎÑyÓ˚y ÙMÈ˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú§ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˛õsiy xyˆÏSÈÛÈüüüȈÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ ~•z ܲÌyÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰl ˆ§•z •ƒyوϰê˛ÈüÈòl ܲyˆÏ°y≈§ÈüÈÊ˛yí˛zˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ Ùï˛l ò¢≈ܲˆÏܲ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ÙylˆÏÓl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ÈüÈ˛õsiy ܲï˛ê˛y Ùyܲ≈§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏÓˆÏà ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyܲy ÓylyˆÏly •ˆÏÓ– ÙylÓã˛!Ó˚e ˆÎ ~ܲ ò%ˆÏK˛≈Î˚ §ˆÏD §Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ˆ§ê˛y•z ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– °%ܲyã˛ ˆÎ
Ó˚•§ƒñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆã˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚•z ˆl•zÈüüüÈ~•z Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ã◊Î˚ Ê˛ƒy!§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ flõ‹Tï˛yñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ï˛y
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– G Ó!°¤˛ï˛y òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚G ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y
ˆÓá‰ê˛ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~Ùl ~ܲ °ƒyˆÏÓyˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛yG xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ ˆÎ
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ùyç G Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ÓƒÓˆÏFSÈò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏÓ xy§ß¨ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ á%!lˆÏòÓ˚ xyfl≥˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚
ò¢≈ܲÓ˚yñ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yxÑyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆâÓ˚y xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ùyܲ≈§Óyò à[˛ˆÏàyˆÏ° ÙˆÏflÒyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÎ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ܲS%Èê˛y §Çܲ#î≈ï˛y !ܲS%Èê˛y
!ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù•z ˆÓáˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§– xyí˛¸‹Tï˛y ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– ˆÜ˛ylê˛y Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y xÓ«˛Î˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ê˛y
ˆàGà≈ °%ܲyã˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚•z ≤ÃÓ° xye´ÙˆÏî ã˛ÙˆÏܲ !Ó≤’Ó# Ê˛Ù≈ÈüÈxˆÏß∫£Ïîñ ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly °%ܲyã˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÓá‰ê˛ˆÏܲ– 1938 §yˆÏ° ÙˆÏflÒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ çÙ≈l xyí˛¸y° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲ– ÙyÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏ•y°‰ˆÏí˛Ó˚
˛õ!eܲy Úí˛y§ ˆË˛yê˛ÛÈüÈ~ °%ܲyã˛ ~ܲ‰§‰ˆÏ≤â!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚l lyê˛ƒ˛õÓ˚#«˛yˆÏܲ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆ§•z ˆÜ˛y°y•°ÙÎ˚ çàˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
Óy°çyܲÈüÈï˛°hflÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Óy°çyܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚!lñ Óy §!ë˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!l ÙyÎ˚yܲ˲!flÒÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ §yÙy!çܲ ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õˆÏÓ˚ °%ܲyã˛G fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÓá‰ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l !SÈ° Úx§¡õ)î≈
•z!ï˛•y§Èüȧ¡õˆÏܲ≈ñ ˆ◊!îÈüȧ¡õˆÏܲ≈ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ ˛õŸã˛yͲõò !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ e&!ê˛˛õ)î≈Û–
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆ§ê˛yG °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xy˛õ!_ܲÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏܲ!l ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ï˛ˆÏÓ °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ù)° §)eê˛y ˆÎ §y!•ï˛ƒ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ xܲyê˛ƒ ~ÈüÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚
~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° §yÙy!çܲ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l Ùye– °%ܲyã˛ Ù%_´Ü˛ˆÏZ˛ §ˆÏ®• ܲ#⁄ í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
≤âǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l Óy°çyܲÈü ȈàƒyÎ˚ˆÏê˛ÈüÈï˛°hflψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏÓyôˆÏܲñ ~ܲ•z Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ó≈Óƒy˛õܲï˛y
~ܲÈüÈ~ܲê˛y xyhflÏ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zaylÈüÈ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜¢!“ܲ !ã˛eyÎ˚îˆÏܲ– !¢“#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ l)ï˛l òy!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛– Ó!B˛ÙÈüÈ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xyô%!lܲ çÙ≈l ~܉˛§‰ˆÏ≤â!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlñ ~Ùlܲ# ï˛yÓ˚y¢B˛Ó˚ÈüÓlÊ%˛°ˆÏòÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚
§,!‹T=ˆÏ°y °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆl•yï˛•z Óy°!á°ƒ ã˛y˛õ°ƒ ӈϰ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yï˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ Ù•y≤ÃÙyˆÏò ~ ܲÌy•z
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚Û Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ °%ܲyã˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ó•z=ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÙyܲ≈§Óyò#Û Ú˛õ![˛ï˛Ó˚yÛ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l lyñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ê˛ƒy!§!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ~шÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ S%ÈшÏÎ˚G ˆòˆÏál ly–
flõ‹Tï˛y òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈܲyÓ˚î xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎ ˲y.yÈüÈàí˛¸y ÙˆÏflÒyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y!ÓòÓ˚y ˆÓá‰ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§ÈüȧوÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ ÓyÓ˚ Ú!flÒÙƒy!ê˛Ü˛Û
ˆ§áyˆÏl xyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yñ •z!ï˛ÈüȈl!ï˛Ó˚ §•yÓfliylñ ï˛°hflÏÎ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲yÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ òyˆÏÎ˚ x!˲Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ G•z ˆàfiê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
xyˆÏw G !˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ fliyl ˆl•z– ~ál ˛õk˛!ï˛ê˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !à!l!˛õˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyê˛yˆÏSÈÑí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
!¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yˆÏç §yçˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l ~܉˛§‰ˆÏ≤â!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ SÈܲÈüÈÓÑyôy ~ˆÏܲܲ!ê˛ á![˛ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲܲ ò,ˆÏ¢ƒ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ê˛Δê˛!flÒÓyò# •z!u˛ˆÏ˛õlˆÏí˛rê˛ ˆ§y¢y!°fiê˛ ˛õy!ê˛≈Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y xÓyhflÏÓñ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ ç#Óhs˝ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
Ù%á˛õye xyáƒy !òˆÏ°l– Ë%˛° !ã˛e– Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ G˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ
~!òˆÏܲ ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ !¢“#ç#Ól ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~܉˛§‰ˆÏ≤â!lçÙÈüÈ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÓàÙÎ˚ñ ˆfl¨•ÈüÈ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ç!í˛¸ï˛ñ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ˚
~Ó˚ çë˛ˆÏÓ˚– ܲl≈ˆÏÊ˛°ê˛ñ ˆË˛Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛°ñ !˛õ§Ü˛yê˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ñ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ °yN˛ly •Î˚– ˆ§ê˛y Ùyܲ≈§Óyò!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#–
lyê˛ƒç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~•z x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ xye´ÙîÈüüüÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ù)° ≤ß¿ê˛y òÑyí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ ~•zÈüüüÈÙyl%£Ï Óy §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî
ÎyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ §Ù@˝Ã ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏl
!SÈ°ÈüüüȈ¢£ÏˆÏÙ£Ï ˆÎ ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G xye´Ùîñ ~ê˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z Ó%V˛ˆÏ°l– xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y Ùyܲ≈§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÓá‰ê˛ !°áˆÏ°l ≠ ˜Óô •Î˚ !ܲly– •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~•z !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
°%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ál ≤Ãôyl ¢e& Ê˛ƒy!§Óyò lÎ˚ñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y xÓ«˛Î˚– lyÙ xƒyÓfiê˛Δyܲ¢l– xƒyÓfiê˛Δyܲ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ Ùyܲ≈§ÓyòÈüȧ¡øï˛ !ܲly
!ï˛!l ÷ô% §y!•ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!ï˛˛õÎ˚ xyò¢≈ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ò,‹TyˆÏhs˝ ÓÑyôy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ê˛y•z ≤ß¿– °%ܲyã˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ xƒyÓfiê˛Δyܲ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ §yÙ!@˝ÃܲˆÏܲ
ˆàˆÏSÈl– !ܲv §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ò,‹Tyhs˝ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlñ l®lï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ lÎ˚ñ ~Ùlܲ# ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ l®lï˛ˆÏ_¥G lÎ˚– §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆày˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
!Óflø,ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ ~ˆÏܲܲ ò,ˆÏ¢ƒ ˆàfiê˛§ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈ §Ù@˝Ã G
~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó‡ ˛õsiy xyˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l®lï˛_¥ xá[˛ Ùyl%£Ïê˛yˆÏܲ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y–
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!ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ól#ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ °%ܲyã˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ñ ◊Ù¢!_´ñ ◊ÙÙ)°ƒñ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ÈüÈÙ)°ƒñ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ Ù)°ƒ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ xy°yòy
Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ lÎ˚– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÌ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî !SÈߨ!˲ߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚&k˛– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ xLjϢ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ùyܲ≈§–
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ åVerstandä çß√yÎ˚ ÓˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv K˛yl åVernunftä ï˛y•ˆÏ° °%ܲyã˛Ó˚y ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏîÈüÈ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÎ xy˛õ!_
çß√yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– §Ù@˝ÃˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe xl%ôyÓl lyüÈܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛ xÇ¢ ï%˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰl ˆ§ê˛y !SÈ° xÙyܲ≈§#Î˚– ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿ê˛y Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ°
ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xˆÏÙyâ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ xlƒ §Ó xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Ù!°ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓÈüüüȈÓá‰ê‰˛ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï G §ÙyçˆÏܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
çlƒ ôy!Óï˛ñ ~ÈüÈ§ï˛ƒ•z x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ– [J. N. Findlay– ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z Ù•y˲yÓ˚ï˛ x÷k˛ •Î˚!l– ≤ß¿ •ˆÏFSÈñ
Hegel– a Re-examination. NY 1958 xÌÓy Duncan ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y xyÓyÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝ÃˆÏܲ ˙ܲƒÓk˛ •° !ܲlyñ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ
Forbes– Lectures on the Philosophy of World
ˆã˛•yÓ˚yê˛y ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá í˛z!òï˛ •° !ܲly–
History– Cambridge 1975 ˆòá%l]
ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xyhflÏ Ùyl%£Ï ˆ§ÈüÈ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛Íܲy°#l •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ܲy°≈ Ùyܲ≈ψϧÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!lñ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ°
x!°à!°ˆÏï˛ á%шÏç ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl °%ܲyã˛Ó˚yñ ~ÓÇ á%шÏç ˛õyl!l ӈϰ•z
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ {ŸªÓ˚ÈüÈ!ÓŸªy§– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §Ó xÇ¢ ~ܲ ˛õÓ˚ÙӈϷ˛
~ï˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyà– ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓ í˛Ü˛ÈüÈ~ á%шÏç ˛õyl!l ày!° ˆàÈüÈˆÜ˛ñ
!Ù!°ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ôy!Óï˛ñ ~ܲ ≤Èϟ¿yôÁ≈ GeistüÈ~ !Ó°#l •ÓyÓ˚
çlƒ à!ï˛¢#°ñ ~•z ˲yÓÓyò# !ã˛hs˝y•z ˆ•ˆÏà°ˆÏܲ xƒyÓfiê˛Δyܲ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%k˛ÈüÈ!ÓôÁhflÏ çÙ≈!lˆÏï˛ á%шÏçˆÏSÈl Ü%˛Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛yÈüÈÓy
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ã˛#ˆÏl á%шÏçˆÏSÈl ˆ¢lÈüÈˆï˛ˆÏܲ Óy ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ܲˆÏܲ¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚
@˝Ã&ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ•z lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y
Ùyܲ≈§ ӈϰl ≠
§,‹T •Î˚ ~•z §ï˛ƒ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °%ܲyã˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ x!ï˛ §Ó˚°ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Ólƒy§=!°Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf Óy Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
!ÓܲyÓ˚ܲ åre-agentä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•z ò%!ê˛Ó˚•z !Óܲ“ •ˆÏFSÈ !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ~ܲ xydÓMÈ˛lyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îG §•ˆÏç•z
xƒyÓfiê˛ƒyܲ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!_´– xl%ˆÏÙÎ˚– Óy°çyܲÈüÈï˛°hflψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛ §!ï˛ƒ•z x§yôyÓ˚î
[Karl Marx– Capital– Chicago 1906 Part 1– p. 12] §Ó ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ù!SÈ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ÎyÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ
xÌ≈yÍ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xƒyÓfiê˛Δyܲ¢lˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y•zñ ◊!Ùܲ ◊!Ùܲ•z– ˆÎáyˆÏl ç!ÙòyÓ˚l®l
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zjyÙï˛y G §%Ó˚y¢!_´ §ˆÏÙï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ xyâyï˛ •yˆÏl
xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ~ˆÏl ï˛yˆÏܲ xyï˛§ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó,•Í ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yñ ï˛°hflÏÎ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÚÎ%k˛ G ¢y!hs˝Û @˝ÃˆÏsi– ~•z x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ӈϢ °%ܲyã˛Ó˚y
xlƒylƒ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ë%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ G•z xLjϢÓ˚ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C ˆÓáˆÏê˛Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ xá[˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆã˛•yÓ˚yê˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl!l–
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,_ •GÎ˚yñ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ x˲ƒhflÏ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ G ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l ì˛ˆÏ. ï˛ÑyÓ˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl
˛õk˛!ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ï˛≈ xyˆÏSÈ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚– á![˛ï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ l)ï˛lˆÏܲ– l)ï˛lˆÏܲ ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°Ó !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ˆÏܲ– xyˆÏà•z
˛õÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏ@˝ÃÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– lï%˛Óy Îy ӈϰ!SÈ !ÓŸª§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ •z!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÓá‰ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈl ˆl!ï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ùyeñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z §Ù@˝Ã §ï˛ƒ ӈϰ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ– Ùyܲ≈Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲ ~l≈fiê˛ Óœá‰ ˆÓá‰ê˛ˆÏܲ xyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î x!ï˛ ≤ÃyO° ≠ Ú˛õyò≤Ãò#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°!llÓyò#Û– ÓœˆÏáÓ˚ xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ Ùyܲ≈§Óyò# !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚
ÚxÓ¢ƒ áyGÎ˚yñ ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yñ ˆÎÔl§ÇàÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z Ùyl!Óܲ !e´Î˚y– §ˆÏD ˆÓáˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ !Ù° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÓœˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Óï˛≈Ùyl ӈϰ
!ܲv Î!ò ~=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÷ô% !Ó!FSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆò!áñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !e´Î˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆÜ˛lly Ú~•z Ù%•)ï˛≈Û ÓˆÏ° !ܲS%È ˆl•z– §ÙÎ˚
çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!áñ ~=ˆÏ°y Î!ò !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ ã˛°Ùylñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ˆÏܲܲ!ê˛ Ù%•)ï˛≈ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲáˆÏly !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ã˛Ó˚Ù °«˛ƒ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛y ~=ˆÏ°y ˛õ÷ÙyˆÏeÓ˚•z !e´Î˚yܲÙ≈–
ܲ!Ó Ùy°yˆÏÙ≈ Ó‡ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÓï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc•z
[Marx-Engels. Works. vol.3. p. 275]
ˆl•zÛ åII n’ya pas de present’non. le present n’existe
xyÓyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ùyܲ≈§ pasä– Óœá‰ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ §Ùyçç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ˆòáyˆÏ°l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ˛õ![˛ï˛Ó˚y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏܲܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°l ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ü˛Ìƒ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó!° Ú~álÛ ˆ§ê˛y ~ܲê˛y ÙyÎ˚yÙyeñ
fl∫Î˚ǧ¡õ)î≈ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ï˛_¥ òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ÎyˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î Ú~álÛ Ó°yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ˆ§•z «˛î!ê˛ xï˛#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ç#Ól
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl •ï˛ xyܲ!fløܲñ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàÓ˚!•ï˛ñ xÌ≈ Î!ò •Î˚ Óï˛≈ÙylˆÏܲ ˆË˛yàÈüÈܲÓ˚y ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~álG ÓÑyˆÏã˛•z!l–
Ú•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyà°y!ÙÛ Ùye [G•zñ ˛õ,É 272]– ӜበӰˆÏSÈl≠
ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xƒyÓfiê˛Δyܲ¢l ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z Óç≈l#Î˚ lÎ˚ñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y lÎ˚ñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
Î!ò §ÙˆÏ@˝ÃÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓyÓ˚ á![˛ï˛ xÇ¢ê˛yˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y åxÌ≈yÍ Ú~•z Ù%•)ï˛≈Ûä ˆ§ê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ÓÑyã˛y
•Î˚– Úܲƒy!˛õê˛y°Û @˝Ãsiê˛y•z xyàyˆÏàyí˛¸y ~•z ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ÙyˆÏl ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ÓÑyã˛yñ ÷ô% xï˛#ï˛ ç#Ól lÎ˚ñ ÷ô% ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ lÎ˚ñ ÷ô%•z
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flø,!ï˛ Óy xy¢y lÎ˚– ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òl!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ù%!‹TˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚yÉÉÉfli(°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙyòyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚ç ˆÎÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ§Ó˚ܲÙ
åkonkretischä Ú~álˆÏÜ˛Û ôÓ˚y– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛Ô•!jˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ú!í˛ Ó˚&u‰˛Ü˛˛õ‰ˆÏÊ˛
!ܲv ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z !lܲê˛ï˛Ùñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §ï˛ƒ Ú~•z«˛ˆÏîÛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ìyܲyê˛y•z í˛zu˛ !í˛ ¢!˛õê‰˛§‰Ü˛˛õ˛Û ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚*˛õܲ– ~Ùlܲ# Úˆ§ã%˛Î˚ylÛ
x§Ω˛Óñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyl%£Ï ~álG ÓÑyˆÏã˛•z!l–
lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ ã˛#l ï˛yˆÏܲG !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛#l ӈϰ ôÓ˚ˆÏ°
[Ernst Bloch– Das Prinzip Hoffnung. Frankfurt 1959–
xÓ˚!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– !•ê˛°yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÓá‰ê˛ ÙˆÏMÈ˛
seite 341 ] |
xyˆÏll lï%˛l Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ ˆÙyí˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛ñ Ùy!ܲ≈l ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚
!lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÓœˆÏáÓ˚ ~•z xy!DˆÏܲñ !¢Ü˛yˆÏàyÓ˚ ò§%ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yÙyMÈ˛Ü˛Ó˚ àyÌyÓ˚
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z §Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈– Óï˛≈Ùylê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆâÓ˚y
ӈϰ ˆÓáˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cfliy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– ã˛°Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù%•)ï˛≈ˆÏܲ fliyî% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y•z •Î˚ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛–
~•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ xï˛#ï˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ §Ùyç Óy
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲy°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ x°#ܲ ÚÓï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚Û ˆÙy• §,!‹T
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùye–
ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y fliyî% ܲy°!Ó®%ˆÜÏ ˛ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È
ӈϰ•z °%ܲyã˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óºy!hs˝– ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆò¢ G ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚*˛õ á%ˆÑ ç Ï ˆÏSÈl
ˆÓቈêÏ ˛Ó˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲñ ˆ§ÈüÈxl%§¶˛yl ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ– ˆ§•z §yˆÏÓܲ xˆÏÌ≈
ˆÓá‰ê˛ ÓyhflÓÏ Óyò# ll– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çàÍ x!hflcÏ •#l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ú~álˆÏܲÛ
ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty•z ܲˆÏÓ!˚ l– !ï˛!l Ú~álÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– ò¢≈ܲˆÏܲ
Ú~•z Ù%•ï) ˛≈Û lyÙܲ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~!°ˆÏΈ˚ lÏ ¢l
Ó˚#!ï˛– ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ÚÓï˛≈ÙylÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüÈ~ˆÏ° ÓœáÈüÈÓ!î≈ï˛
ˆÓá‰ê˛ G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏle# flf# ˆ•ˆÏ°ly í˛z•zˆÏà° ÚÙyòyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚çÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!˲lˆÏÎ˚–
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ•˚ z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§•zçlƒ•z Óï˛≈ÙylˆÏܲ xï˛#ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty ~ÓÇ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_Ó˚ xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ lyÙ ~!˛õܲñ Ù•yܲyÓƒ– SÈpˆÏӈϢÈüüüÈÈܲyÓ˚î àƒyÇfiê˛yÓ˚•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ l)ï˛l Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚
Ú~•z Ù%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ÛÓ˚ Î!ò x!hflcÏ •z lyÈüÈÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï G §ÙyçˆÏܲ !ã˛lÓyÓ˚ lyÎ˚ܲ– ˆ§ÈüÈ!¢Ü˛yˆÏày xÓ¢ƒ•z Ùy!ܲ≈l Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ !¢Ü˛yˆÏày
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly Î!òÈüÈly xyÙÓ˚y ÚÙ%•ï) ˛≈Û ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ••z– lÎ˚– Ú•zÙ !í˛!ܲ ˆí˛Ó˚ ˆfiê˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yˆÏàyG lÎ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ G §%!l!ò≈‹T
˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l•z Î!ò çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù §ï˛ƒ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï G §ÙyçˆÏܲ !¢Ü˛yˆÏày ¢•Ó˚– ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ ~•z ܲy“!lܲ çàÍ ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ ÓyhflÏÓ
!ӈϟ’£îÏ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ˛õÌ •ˆÏFSÈ Ü˛“ly¢!_´Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏà ã˛y!Ó˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈxˆÏÌ≈ Ù•y˲yÓ˚ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ– ~•z çàÍ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚•z çàÍñ !ܲv
çà͈Ïܲ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚y– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ ° Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ x˛õ§, ï ˛ñ ò) ˆ Ï Ó ˚ fli y !˛õï˛ñ
!fli!ï˛¢#° lÎ˚ ï˛y•z ˆÓቈêÏ ˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyñ í˛z˛õܲÌyñ ~!˛õܲñ ˛õƒyÓ˚yÓ°ñ ~!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛í˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x°#ܲ Óï˛≈ÙylˆÏܲ ˆÓá‰ê˛ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y
Ù•yܲyÓƒñ ~Ó˚y•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ã˛°ÙylˆÏܲ !fli!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y
˲yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– x°#ܲ ÚÓï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚Û !òܲ lyÈüÈÙy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆ§yçy§%!ç ÚÙ%•)ï˛≈=!°ˆÏÜ˛Û ¢yŸªˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˲!D !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– l•zˆÏ° lyÈüÈÙyl%£Ï lyÈüȧÙyçñ
ܲyˆÏ°yô≈ ~ܲ ܲy“!lܲ çàÍ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï G §ÙyçˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛yÓ˚•z !ӈϟ’£Ïî §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y•z ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ [~ÓÇ ÓœˆÏáÓ˚] Ùï˛–
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xç%ˆ≈ lÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚*˛õ §ÙyˆÏç ˆÜ˛í˛z á%ˆÑ ç
Ï ˛õyˆÏÓ lyÈüÈ ˛õyˆÏÓ ly í˛zͲõ° òˆÏ_Ó˚ ÚˆÓá‰ê˛ G ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ%l≈Ù)oî
Ü,˛£è lyÙܲ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• !Óã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyhflÓÏ l!çÓ˚– !ܲv
˛õyˆÏÓ ly ӈϰ•z ~Ó˚y flõ‹Tñ §•çñ ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓÙˆÏlÓ˚ §ï˛ƒ
í˛zÂâyê˛l–
°%ܲyã˛Ó˚y ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l x˲ƒy§ÓˆÏ¢ ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ lyê˛ˆÏܲ á%ÑçˆÏSÈl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy˛õlyÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl !òl
ã˛°!ï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ Îy lyly ˆàfiê%˛ˆÏ§ÈüÈ!Ó˲_´ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ãï˛y
ˆòˆÏÓñ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §ÙyˆÏç !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– ˆ§ê˛y ï˛ÑyÓ˚y á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê˛≈yÓ˚ ܲ°yÙÈüüüÈ400
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ܲyÓ˚î ˆÓቈÏê˛Ó˚ lyê˛Ü˛=!°Ó˚ fliyl G ܲy° ~ÈüÈò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚
lÎ˚– ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó=!° lyê˛Ü˛•z Ó˚*˛õܲÌy– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚÙyl •zfiê˛ •yÊ˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yÓ˚ ܲ°yÙÈüüüÈ200
ÙylÛ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ lÎ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚܲˆÏܲ¢#Î˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≠ 9163240055
á!í˛¸Ó˚ à![˛ÛÓ˚ ç!ç≈Î˚yˆÏܲ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!ç≈Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÙ°yˆÏly
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!í˛!çê˛y° !ӈϟª Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y ll– ◊Ùç#Ó# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ç•!ï˛ G ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ¢y˲l°y° ò_=Æ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ ~•z xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ ≤ÃÎ%!_´!l˲≈Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyÙñ ˆ◊!î˙ܲƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢∑Ó¶˛ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !í˛!çê˛y° ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚
xã˛°–
xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ~•z Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ΈÏÌ‹T §yÓ˚Ó_y xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùlê˛y ÙˆÏl
•ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ Îál ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛l !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §)ã˛ly •°ñ
ï˛yÓ˚ xl!ï˛Ü˛y° ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ~ÈüÈܲÌy
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˆÎ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ xÓ§yl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y ˆl•z–
ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ÈüÈí˛z_Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~•z ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y xyç xyÓ˚G ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§ˆÏD Ó°y •ˆÏFSÈñ Îál Ùï˛yò¢≈•#lï˛yñ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ÓyÙ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zò‰ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !í˛!çê˛y°
!ӈϟª Ùyܲ≈§ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyçƒñ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓly ï˛y•z §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ
ÓˆÏí˛¸y xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲñ ~Ùlܲ# ÓyÙ˛õsi# Ù•ˆÏ°Ó˚ xˆÏlܲˆÏܲG @˝Ãy§
≤Ã!Ù!Ìí˛z§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ≠ Ùysi!° !Ó˚!˲í˛z ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ ˆ§ÔçˆÏlƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
1818ÈüÈ2023ñ xÌ≈yÍñ Ùyܲ≈§ ç#!Óï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° xyç 206 !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ܲ ≠ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ˛õy !òˆÏï˛l– Ùyܲ≈§ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛«%˛¢)°ñ !ܲÇÓy Ùyܲ≈§ñ Ùyܲ≈§Óyòñ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° fliyl G §ÙÎ˚
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lçÙ ~•z ¢∑Ó¶˛=!° ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ !loyÓ˚ Óƒyâyï˛ âê˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l
ÓyÙ˛õsiyÓ˚ Óï˛≈Ùyl §Çܲê˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ §!e´Î˚ ~ ܲÌy ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ âˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ •° í˛zͲõy!òܲy ¢!_´Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚•z x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´ñ Îy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎñ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyñ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyç xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛– Ùyܲ≈§ !í˛!çê˛y° Î%ˆÏà çß√yˆÏ°
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áy!Ó˚ç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~•z ˆÎ ˲yÓlyñ ~ê˛y á%Ó lï%˛l !ܲS%È lÎ˚– xï˛#ˆÏï˛ G ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛!ߨ¤˛ xl%§¶˛yl#– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ùyܲ≈§ G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˲yÓly Ó‡ ÓyÓ˚ xye´yhs˝ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ Ùyܲ≈§ !l!£Ïk˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èlñ çyly ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l xÜœ˛yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù
Óy!ï˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó‡ ˆòˆÏ¢ñ Ó‡ ÓyÓ˚– xyçG !ï˛!l !ӈϟªÓ˚ Ó‡ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ e´Ùyàï˛ ˆlyê˛ !lˆÏï˛l !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy G ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚
Óyï˛ƒ– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛•z– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!l ~ê˛y Ó%ˆÏV˛!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ã˛°lˆÏܲ
í˛zòÓ‰ k% ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ˆ¢y£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈÜ,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚yç ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆ¢y£Ïܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •ˆÏÓ– ÓyÙ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ xyˆÏSÈl ÎÑyÓ˚y !ܲv ~Ùlê˛y•z ˲yÓˆÏï˛
Îy ~ܲ «˛Ùy•#l x˛õÓ˚yô– xyçG x˲ƒhflÏ ˆÎñ xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ ˆÎ x!˲âyï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
~Ü%˛¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ Ùyܲ≈§ ˆÜ˛l x≤Ãy§!Dܲ ~•z Ó_´Óƒ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ly!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧfli° ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl lï%˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyly ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ò%!lÎ˚yñ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
•ˆÏFSÈñ ˆÎ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
~áyˆÏl•z !mï˛#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– lï%˛l
=à° ¢y!§ï˛ñ •z r ê˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï l ê˛ !l˲≈ Ó ˚ ñ ˆ§y¢ƒy° !Ù!í˛Î˚ y ~ÓÇ
≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ í˛zqyÓl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ò%˲≈yàƒe´ˆÏÙ ~•z ò%ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z òá°
fløyê˛≈ˆÏÊ˛ylˆÏܲ!wܲ ˆÎ ~ܲ lï%˛l ˛õ,!ÌÓ# xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛
!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lÎ˚yÈüÈí˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îfl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
•ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •!ò¢ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !SÈ° ly– ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛l ≤ÃÎ%!_´ñ
Ü,˛!eÙ ˆÙôy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò ◊Ùñ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ !í˛!çê˛y° ≤ÃÎ%!_´ñ xyÓ˚ ~•z çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛•z
ôyÓ˚îy xyÙ)° ÓòˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ◊Ù!l!Óí˛¸ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓly Ùyܲ≈§ xyç à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ– ˆÎ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl
e´ˆÏÙ•z ˆàÔî •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ– ≤ÃÓ° ~ܲ !Ó˲yçl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ò«˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛l ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√
~ÓÇ xò«˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ôÙ≈âê˛ñ ˆê˛Δí˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l •zï˛ƒy!ò e´ˆÏÙ•z !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ à˲#Ó˚ xhs˝m≈®μñ ÎyÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§•z !Ê˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
x≤Ãy§!Dܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈñ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y •ˆÏÓ– !í˛!çê˛y° ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !òܲ=!° ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
~ï˛ê˛y•z x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ܲÙ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ !lˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ ç#ÓlÎyeyˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §•ç G fl∫FSÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ lÎ˚y
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í˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Óyò ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!îfl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ~•z lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!_´ˆÏܲ•z ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyòñ
°yàyï˛yÓ˚ SÈÑyê˛y•zñ ܲÙ≈§ÇˆÏܲyã˛lñ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ xÙyl!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈxyô%!lܲÓyò G Ùyܲ≈§Óyò
§,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ◊Ùxy•zlˆÏܲ Ó,k˛yD%¤˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢Óyç#≤Ã!ï˛Ù Ó§%
◊Ùç#Ó# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ !Ó˛õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– í˛zß¨ï˛ ~ÓÇ
í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#° §Ó ˆòˆÏ¢•z ˆáˆÏê˛ áyGÎ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ @˝Ãy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ܲ §Ó≈@˝Ãy§# !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛y– Ü,˛!eÙ ˆÙôyÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyˆÏî ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl
ˆÓ˚yÓ!ê˛Ü˛§ ≤ÃÎ%!_´ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe å!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ¢°ƒ !ã˛!ܲͧyÎ˚ä
ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T §%Ê˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ùl%£ÏƒÈüȈÙôyÓ˚
!Óܲ“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü,˛!eÙ ˆÙôyÓ˚ xy!Ó˲≈yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyàyÙ# !òˆÏl Ó‡
Ùyl%£Ï ܲyç •yÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– Ó‡ ˆ˛õ¢yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï
lÎ˚ñ Ü,˛!eÙ ˆÙôy– xÌ≈yÍñ §Ù§ƒyê˛y ≤ÃÎ%!_´ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚
!lÎ˚sfî G Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˆÜ˛yl ˆ◊!îÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ lƒhflÏñ ≤ß¿ ˆ§ê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚– !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ•#l ≠ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÙ≈ܲyÓ˚
xyÓ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲyçê˛y !¢!áˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl Ùyܲ≈§– !ܲv ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÌy
ÓyçyÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÎÑyÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ_´yñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ~ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏÓl ˆÎ ~•z §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ÙylÓ!Óòƒy G §Ùyç!ÓK˛ylã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyò
ÓƒÓfliyê˛y•z ã˛°ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyˆÏ®y°l åPostcolonialismä Óy í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyò# §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ly Îy ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ò%ˆÏà≈ xyâyï˛ •ylˆÏï˛ åPostcolonial criticismä §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ÈüÈxy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛•z Ùyܲ≈§ xyÓyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ò,!‹T˲!D !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!l¢
GˆÏë˛l– ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Ó•Ùyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ G !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛Ü˛Ó˚y çl§ÙˆÏ«˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚lñ §¡õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l x!ï˛e´yhs˝ §ÙˆÏÎ˚G x˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù˘Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y
x˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ– !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≠ Ó‡ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲÙ≈ã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚ G ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ lyly hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù˘í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ï˛ÌƒÈüÈ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲÙ≈#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §y!Ù° §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ˘xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ lyly !ã˛hs˝yñ ã˛ã˛≈yñ ˆ°áy!°!áñ
•GÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y á%Ó ~Ùlܲ# ~•z xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆ¢yly
§%ˆÏá xyˆÏSÈl– ~•z ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ˆÎ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛e ï˛y ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ܲv §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf G !Ó!¢‹T
xÙyl!Óܲ ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ«˛yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢G âê˛ˆÏSÈñ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l ôyÓ˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛Óyò àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ Ù%áƒï˛ 1970
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òy!ÓG í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ~álG §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚*˛õ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ÈüüüÈ ~í˛GÎ˚yí˛≈ í˛!Óœí˛z §y•zˆÏòÓ˚ Ú≤Ãyã˛ƒÓyòÛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ
ˆlÎ˚!l– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò ã˛í˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ Ó!•/ Î%àyhs˝Ü˛yÓ˚# @˝Ãsiñ G!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚rê˛y!°çÙ å1978ä ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
≤Ãܲy¢ Occupuy Wall Street Óy Yellow Vest xyˆÏ®y°l– Î!òGñ G!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚rê˛y!°çÙ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏà•zñ GˆÏÎ˚fiê˛ •z!u˛ˆÏçÓ˚
!ܲv ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ~áyˆÏl•z ˆÎñ ~=!° Ê˛Ó˚y!§ m#˛õÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ Ùy!ï˛≈!lܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü,˛£èyD ˆ°áܲñ ÙˆÏly!ã˛!ܲͧܲ
G !Ó≤’Ó# Ê ˛ylÍç Ê˛ƒyˆÏlÑy í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ë%˛_´ Ü,˛£èyDˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
x§Çà!ë˛ï˛ñ !Ó!«˛Æ– Ó,•_Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛
í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏD åG ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ä ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛
hflψÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ lyÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° lÎ˚yÈüÈí˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ xyâyï˛
G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ G ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#
ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎÌyÌ≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l xyÓ˚
!ܲS%È @˝Ãsi Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– §y•zò SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ çl x˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù
~áyˆÏl•z Ùyܲ≈§ xyÓyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l– Ùyܲ≈§ˆÏܲ
ˆ°áܲ˘ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÈüÈ!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ ܲÌyê˛y•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˆ«˛y˲ñ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ~•z ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– ~шÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àyÎ˚e# ã˛e´Óï˛≈#
≤Ã!ï˛Óyòñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ò¢yñ !flõ˲yܲñ ˆ•y!Ù ˆÜ˛ ˲yÓy å˛õòyÌ≈!ÓK˛yl# lläñ ò#ˆÏ˛õ¢ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#
ÎyˆÏï˛ !í˛!çê˛y° ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲwˆÏܲ ◊Ùç#Ó# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ lyÙ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– ≤Ãáƒyï˛ Ó˚y‹T…!ÓK˛yl# ˛õyÌ≈
~ˆÏl ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ §%Ê˛°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÙylÓܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó‡ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ °«˛
fl∫yˆÏÌ≈– ܲ!Ó˚– ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyÓ˚G Ó‡ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ ˆÎÙlñ !Ó!ê˛¢
ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T §Ùyçï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Ë)˛ˆÏày°!Óò‰ ˆí˛ˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˆ@˝Ãà!Ó˚ñ ܲ°!¡∫Î˚y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •zÓ˚y!l G
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ˆÌˆÏܲ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛˘í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ å¢y§Ü˛
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G ¢y!§ï˛ñ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•zä !ã˛hs˝y G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ lyly hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ K˛ylò#!Æ Óy xyˆÏ°yܲ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ Î%à !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Ù)°ï˛ñ §Ó≈çl#l
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Î%!_´Óyòñ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù%_´ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ G ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
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Ó˚ã˛lyˆÏï˛G Ó‡ x˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ~ܲ lï%˛l ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– K˛ylò#!ÆÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ~•z lï%˛l Î%ˆÏà §Ó≈çl#lï˛y
~ÑÓ˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ Óy ≤Ãy_´l í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Óy!§®yñ !ܲv G ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !ÓŸªy§# ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%!_´Óyò# Ùyl%£Ï Óy ܲï˛≈y˘§_y
~шÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ÙyôƒÙ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç– ~•z ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §òƒ åRational Subjectä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ÎyÓ˚y •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ
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Ó˚&¢!òñ x!Ùï˛y˲ ˆây£Ï ≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ lyÙ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– !˲ˆÏܲyñ çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚ ܲyrê˛ñ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !•í˛zÙñ !fløÌ ≤ÃÙ%á ˆ°áܲ˘òy¢≈!lܲ
~шÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Úˆòyê˛ylyÛ åambivalence xˆÏÌ≈ä °«˛ K˛ylò#!ÆÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ lyÙ–
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ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~álGñ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢!ÓÙ%!_´Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Gñ Ó‡ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ âê˛lyüüüÈ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y Î%k˛ å1776ä G Ê˛Ó˚y!§
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ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÇ¢ ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ Ùy!°Ü˛ !ܲÇÓy ◊!Ùܲñ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã
K˛ylã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ˚ˆÏl§Ñy§ Óy lÓçyàÓ˚î xyˆÏ®y°lñ ôÙ≈#Î˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚
ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏÓ⁄ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly
xyˆÏ®y°l ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù%_´ §Ó≈çl#l
!ӣψÏÎ˚ñ ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ í˛zͧˆÏÓÓ˚ }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÚˆÓyly§Û Ó,!k˛Ó˚
Î%!_´ˆÏܲ!wܲ K˛ylÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l Î%ˆÏà ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüÎy
≤çˆÏD ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ò%•z ˛õ«˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓˆÏÓ⁄
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Ùyܲ≈§Óyò SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝y Óy !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ ~•z Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ í˛zß√_ ôÁǧ°#°y
ò,!‹T˲!D àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ Îy §Ó≈çl#l Î%!_´ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲ G Óy•Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !˲!_Ë)˛!ÙˆÏܲ ê˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛
§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ÙylÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ xfiê˛Δ#Î˚ÈüÈ•z‡!ò ˆÜ˛Ó° ˲yÓ%ܲÈüÈòy¢≈!lܲ lÎ˚ñ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏlG §Ó≈çl#l
ÙˆÏly!ӈϟ’£Ïܲ !§àÙ%u˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ å1856Èü È1939ä ˆòáyl ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Î%!_´Óyò# xyô%!lܲ §Ë˛ƒï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ lyly §Ç¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zòÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ã˛hs˝y G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y xÇ¢ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Ú§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙlÛ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏDñ ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ xyӈϕ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ Ó˚&¢ !Ó≤’Ó å1917ä
åconscious mindä lÎ˚ñ Úx˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒÈüÈ~Ó˚ åunconsciousä §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈÜ,˛£Ïܲ G §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆÎÈüÈÙ%!_´Ó˚ fl∫≤¿
≤Ã˲yÓ– ~•z Úx˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒÛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆã˛ï˛l G ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê˛≈ G ï˛yÓ˚
xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l åsub-consciousä ÙˆÏlÓ˚G l#ˆÏã˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ xô#lfli xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛lñ Úܲ!Ùrê˛yl≈ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ òy˛õˆÏê˛ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly xÌã˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏl lyly ܲyçܲÙ≈ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ˛õÌ•z Ùyܲ≈§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ °y•zlÛüÈ~Ó˚ xl%§yÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚
Óy !ã˛hs˝y åˆÎÙlñ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï Ó› Óy âê˛ly Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yä ~Ùlܲ# òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ lyly ˆòˆÏ¢ å!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õä Ùyܲ≈§Óyò#
fl∫≤¿ ˆòáyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ~•z !ã˛hs˝y G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï˛≈ ˆÓàÓylï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ˆÙˆÏl !l•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ ܲÌyG ÙylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ܲyçܲÙ≈ Óy !§k˛yhs˝@˝Ã•î §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Î%!_´Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ lyly ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z§ˆÏÓÓ˚
lÎ˚– !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ lyly !ã˛hs˝y òyly ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~шÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ
~•z ≤çˆÏD ≤Ãáƒyï˛ çyÙ≈yl òy¢≈!lܲ !Ê ˛í˛!Ó˚¢ !lã‰˛~ÈüÈÓ˚ xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ à![˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ Óy åK˛ylò#!Æ í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ä xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚
å1844ÈüÈ1900ä lyÙG í˛zˆÏՑზ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ òƒ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛ G ¢ï˛≈yÓ°#Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
í˛z•z° ê%˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ @˝ÃˆÏsi !ï˛!l ˆòáyl ˆÎ «˛Ùï˛y°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ åï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ lï%˛l xÓfliyl !lˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ~•z lï%˛l ôyÓ˚y=!°ˆÏܲ
çÎ˚°yˆÏ˲Ó˚Gä ~£Ïîy˘§%ï˛#Ó •zFSÈy•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!_´– á%Ó ÓˆÏí˛¸y˲yˆÏÓ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈxyô%!lܲÓyò Óy í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈxyô%!lܲï˛y ӈϰ–
§Ó Ùyl%£Ï•z ï˛yÓ˚ §yôƒÙˆÏï˛y ç#ÓˆÏl ˆ◊¤˛c °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ K˛ylò#!ÆÓ˚ l#!ï˛=!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏà•z ≤ß¿ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ
Úí˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛yÛ ÓˆÏ° x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ê˛yˆÏ™– ˆ§•z§Ó ≤ß¿ xyÓ˚G ï˛#«¯˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ~•z§ÙˆÏÎ˚–
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ lyñ Ú!ÓçÎ˚#Û •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ˆÎÙlñ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ÙˆÏly!ӈϟ’£Ïܲ çyܲ °Ñyܲy å1901ÈüÈ81ä Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛áˆÏly•z §Ó≈çl#l Î%!_´ÓyòˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏál ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛üüüÚò˛õ≈îyÓfliyÛ
≤Ãôyl ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– åÚòƒ !ÙÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfiê˛çÛä Îy xyô%!lܲ ܲï˛≈y˘§_y Óy §yÓˆÏçQÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ÈüÈ˲y£Ï# ˲y£Ïyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛Ìy lï%˛l ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ܲˆÏÓ˚–
å§ÙÈüȧوÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy synchronicä ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓyò# ˲y£Ïyï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çlܲñ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛y_Ó˚ Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ Ë˛yÓ%ܲ ï˛Ìy §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl#ñ
Ê˛y!ò≈ly® òƒ §ƒ§%Ó˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ å1857ÈüÈ1913ä ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˲y£Ïy ålanguageä !وϢ° Ê%˛ˆÏܲyÓ˚ å1926ÈüÈ84ä xˆÏlܲ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
•° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚# !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓfliy åarbitrary system of signsä !Ê˛í˛!Ó˚¢ !lã‰˛~ÈüÈÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ– !ï˛!l !lã‰˛~ÈüÈÓ˚ Úí˛z•z° ê%˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚Û ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
ÈüüüÈ Îy §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Û ÓƒÓfliyñ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÚÓy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ê%˛ˆÏܲyÈüÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyô%!lܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˘≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˆl•z– !Ó!˲ߨ ˲y£Ïy!˲!_ܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ¢y!hflÏ Óy !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ÙôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚y‹T… Óy §yÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lyly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl
!ã˛•´ Óy ÚsignÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ lyly xÌ≈ܲyÓ˚ܲ Óy ÚsignifierÛ Îy Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ¢,C!°ï˛˘!lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– lyly !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lyly Ó›ñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy ˲yÓly §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÌ≈ˆÏÓyô ÚsignifiedÛ K˛yl!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ G lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ á%Ñ!ê˛ly!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚
çß√yÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ Úç°Û ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD Óy ~•z xÌ≈ܲyÓ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ!l˲≈Ó˚ÈüÈK˛yl xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ lyly ˆÜ˛w ≤Ã!ï˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚
åÚsignifierÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ä §ˆÏD Ó›àï˛ çàˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Úfl∫yòÈüÈà¶˛ÈüÈÓî≈•#l ï˛Ó˚°Û G˛õÓ˚ lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚ åsurveillanceä ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfî
˛õòyÌ≈ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˘≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õܲ≈ ˆl•z ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ˘Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ¢,C°y åorderä !lÙ≈yî G ˛õ%l!l≈Ù≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏܲܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ lyÙ Óy xÌ≈ܲyÓ˚ܲ åˆÎÙlñ xÌ≈yÍñ xyô%!lܲ Î%ˆÏà Ú«˛Ùï˛yÛ ÚK˛ylÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
Ú˛õy!lÛ Óy ÚwaterÛä xyˆÏSÈ üüüÈ Îy ˆ§•z§Ó ˲y£ÏyÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z Ê%˛ˆÏܲy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl˘«˛Ùï˛y åpower ˘ knowledge Óy
ܲyˆÏSÈ G•z Úfl∫yòÈüÈà¶˛ÈüÈÓî≈•#l ï˛Ó˚°Û ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ˆÏÓyôܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 knowledge ˘ powerä ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ xÌ≈ܲyÓ˚ܲ G xÌ≈ˆÏÓyôˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡õܲ≈!ê˛ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §ƒ§%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓyò# ˲y£Ïyï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏ°l
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˘≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z §Ùyç!l!Ù≈ï˛ Óy §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛– çyܲ ˆò!Ó˚òy å1930ÈüÈ2004ä– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ñ §ƒ§%Ó˚#Î˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓyò#
K˛ylò#!Æ í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ §Ó≈çl#l Î%!_´Óyò G xyô%!lܲï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˲y£Ïyï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙȧوÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ Óy
Gë˛y ~•z§Ó ≤ß¿ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù çàˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÌ≈ˆÏÓyô §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– §•ç˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑
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xÌ≈Ó• •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ~•z ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ Óy Úï˛Ó˚&îÛ åÚyoungÛä ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z!ê˛
ï˛yÓ˚ Úí˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Û åpresenceä ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Tyñ ˆò!Ó˚òy ~ˆÏܲ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛˘K˛ylï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ˆSÈò åÚepistemological breakÛä âˆÏê˛
x!hflÏc ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ §Ùï%˛° ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈlñ ≤Ãyã˛#l !@˝Ãܲ Îál Ùyܲ≈§ åG ~ˆÏD°§ä 1845 §yˆÏ° çyÙ≈yl •z!í˛ˆÏÎ˚y°!ç ≤Ãܲy¢
òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù ò¢≈l G ôÙ≈ ~•z ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ÚÊ˛Î˚yÓ˚Óyá !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ~àyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓÛ !°ˆÏá
ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z !°!áï˛ G Ü˛Ìƒ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛y !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ˲yÓÓyò#˘ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˆ◊!î §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ܲyÓ˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ Óy Ú!ÓK˛ylÛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z!ê˛ñ xy°Ì%§yÓ˚#Î˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ñ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚
í˛zFã˛yÓ˚îܲï˛≈y ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ Ú≤ÃÓ#îÛ Óy Ú˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛Û åÚmatureÛä ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ
§!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y §Ω˛Ó– ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê˛≈ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ú§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚Û Ùyܲ≈§Óyò# l#!ï˛ G
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~ˆÏܲ•z ˆò!Ó˚òy Úí˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ x!ô!ÓòƒyÛ åmetaphysics of pres- ò)Ó˚c Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ)Ó≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏfl‘y˲y!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
enceä ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆò!Ó˚òy ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# fl∫yï˛sfƒÜ˛yÙ# Ú≤Ãyà Ó§hs˝Û å1968ä xyˆÏ®y°l
Úxl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ÛÓ˚ åabsenceä í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏ°l– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ Ü˛ÌƒÈüÈÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆë˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ê˛ƒyB˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y
åparoleä ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G ˆ°áƒÈüÈÓ˚ ålangueä í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ Óƒy˛õܲ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ÙˆÏly˲yÓ §,!‹T •Î˚–
ˆòáyˆÏ°lñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yë˛yÙÓyò# ˲y£Ïyï˛_¥ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛˘Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ~•z xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÎ˚ •zï˛y!°ñ ˆflõl G Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê˛≈È üüüÈ
xÌ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ãyôylƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÚˆÜ˛wÛ åcentreä ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê˛≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xlƒylƒ xÌ≈=!°ˆÏܲ Ú≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Û åmarginä ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– xl%§¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚üüüÈ Îy Ú•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yܲ!Ùí˛z!lçÙÛ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
ˆÎÙlñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Úˆ˛õyê˛≈Û Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~•z§ÙÎ˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ •zï˛y!°Ó˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚
ÚÓ®Ó˚Û xˆÏÌ≈•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– xÌã˛ñ ˛õï%˛≈àyˆÏ° ≤Ã›ï˛ !ÙˆÏë˛ÈüÈÜ˛í˛¸y ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ xyˆÏhs˝y!lG @˝ÃyÙ!¢ÈüÈÓ˚ å1891ÈüÈ1937ä Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚l
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Úˆ˛õyê˛≈Û Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈ xyÙÓ˚y ôÓ˚Ó⁄ xy§ˆÏ° !ï˛!l ÚˆÜ˛wÛ Óy Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛˘§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ Óy ÚhegemonyÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyGñ
Ú≤Ãyhs˝Û ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲÙye í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ lyÈüÈˆË˛ˆÏÓÈ üüüÈ Ú~ê˛yG @˝ÃyÙ!¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyÌ≈ÈüÈÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲÙ
lÎ˚ÈüÈGê˛yG lÎ˚Û åÚheither norÛä ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ Óy Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ 1960ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù
~ܲÙye xÌ≈ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòyò%°ƒÙylï˛yÓ˚ å~ÓÇ Ê˛°ï˛ñ x§Ω˛Óï˛yÛÓ˚ä ˆày°yˆÏô≈ lï%˛l Ùyey ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!òˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ¢∑ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ã˛ly ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ~•z §yÙ!@˝Ãܲñ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!¢≈ܲñ ˛õê˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
x§Ω˛Óï˛yÛ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛yÓ˚# ~•z ˆò!Ó˚ò#Î˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó!lÙ≈yîÛ Óy í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyò# !ã˛hs˝y xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛hs˝y G !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
ÚdeconstructionÛӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z§Ó lï%˛l lï%˛l ôyÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyò# ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùyܲ≈§Óyò !lˆÏÎ˚G lyly ≤ß¿ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ•z ܲÙÈüȈÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÌy §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚G ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– §y•zˆÏòÓ˚ G!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚rê˛y!°çÙ å1978ä
G l#!ï˛Ó˚G ˆÎyà xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓyò xl%≤Ãy!îï˛– ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà•z Ê˛ylÍç Ê˛ƒyˆÏlÑy í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ãçy˘
§ƒ§%Ó˚#Î˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓyò Ê˛yˆÏ™ §Ùyç!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ åÜœ˛ò ˆ°!˲ÈüÈflf§ ÙyÓ˚Ê˛ï˛ä ¢y!§ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù˘ˆŸªï˛yDˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛ åÓ˚°Ñy ÓyÌ≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓä G•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ò, ! ‹T xyܲ£Ï ≈ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ! SÈ ˆ Ï ° l– Ê˛ƒyˆÏ l Ñ y !lˆÏ ç !SÈ ˆ Ï ° l ~ܲçl
•!FSÈ°– ~•z ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ•z °%•z xy°Ì%§yÓ˚ å1918ÈüÈ90ä Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ӈϟ’£ÏܲÈüÈ!ã˛!ܲͧܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ӈϟ’£Ïܲ G
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓyò# ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õfliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ã˛!ܲͧܲñ çyܲ °yܲÑyÓ˚ xl%§yÓ˚#– §y•zˆÏòÓ˚ G!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚rê˛y!°çÙÈüÈ~ xÓ¢ƒ
~•z ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy •° Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚!˲!_ܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD @˝ÃyÙ!¢Ó˚ Úxy!ô˛õï˛ƒÛ åhegemonyä G !وϢ°
xy°Ì% § yÓ˚ Ùyܲ≈ ˆ Ï § Ó˚ Ó˚ ã ˛lyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆ•ˆÏ à °È ü È Ê ˛Î˚ y Ó˚ Ó yá ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ê%˛ˆÏܲyÓ˚ ÚK˛yl˘«˛Ùï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ åknowledge˘powerä ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ–
ÚÙylÓï˛yÓyò#Û ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ G ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° Úˆ◊!îm®μÛ !˲!_ܲ §ÙyçÈüÈ ˛õyÌ≈ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛Ìy í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò
Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ܲy°á[˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ò%!ê˛ @˝ÃˆÏsiG åNationalist Thought
Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ åfl%Ò° ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !°!áï˛ä §Ùy秈Ïã˛ï˛l Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ and the Colonial World : A Derivative Discourse ~ÓÇ
1844 §yˆÏ° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •zܲl!Ùܲ xƒyu˛ !Ê˛°§!Ê˛Ü˛ Ùƒyly!fl;˛≤Wz x!∑ The Nation and Its Fragmentsä xyÙÓ˚y §y•zò G ˆ§•z §)ˆÏe
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˆÎ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy°Ì%§yÓ˚ ÚÙï˛yò¢≈Ù)°Ü˛Û ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ @˝ÃyÙ!¢ G Ê%˛ˆÏܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ àyÎ˚e# ã˛e´Óï˛≈#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ܲy°#l Ó˚ã˛lyñ xy°Ì%§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ !flõ˲yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ çyܲ ˆò!Ó˚òyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙ≈yî# ˛õyë˛ G ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
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xï˛ƒhs˝ flõ‹T– xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆ•y!Ù ˆÜ˛ ˲yÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z Ê˛ylÍç ˆÓyôàÙƒï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!°ê˛ Óy í˛zFã˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ x§Ω˛Óï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚üüüÈ ~•z
Ê˛ƒyˆÏlÑy G çyܲ °yܲÑyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ– ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y çyÎ˚ày ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ–
í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyò# !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆò¢#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Ù◊îñ ~•z
í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Óyò# !ã˛hs˝y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆàyˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– Ù%áƒï˛ñ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈G ôƒylôyÓ˚îy ÌyܲˆÏ° §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙ≈ ~•z ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲˆÏ°Gñ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lyly
˲yˆÏ°y •Î˚– x§%!Óôy ~•z ˆÎñ ~•z âÓ˚ylyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ˘ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~•z Ú!Ù◊Û Ë˛yÓ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ xˆÏÌ≈ !l¡¨ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚
Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› G ˛õk˛!ï˛ ï˛Ó%Gñ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏ° ~•z âÓ˚ylyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆçÉ ~•zã˛É Óœ%Ù!Ê˛”˛ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ÈÈüüüÈ ~!°ê˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ú˲oˆÏ°yܲÛ
ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ÈüȈ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÃÓîï˛yG °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ Ó‡° ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
~•z§Ó ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z_Ó˚xyô%!lܲ ï˛_¥=!°Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓG ˆÓ¢ flõ‹T– •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ%l!°≈álÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§G í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛
~•z âÓ˚ylyÓ˚ ï˛_¥ G ˆ°áyÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Ùyç!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ñ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !≤ÃÎ˚ G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ãܲ“– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÎÈüȘÓ!¢‹Tƒ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛y •°ñ x˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly˘!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §,!‹T¢#° §y!•ï˛ƒÓ˚*˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ åˆÎÙlñ à“ Óy
ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ÈüüüÈ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ä Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §¡õܲ≈=!°Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G §Ω˛yÓly§Ù)• lï%˛l
Ó˚*˛õ=!° í˛zˆßÏ √yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ §– ~ܲ•z §ˆÏDñ ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úç#Óhs˝Û ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ •zòyl#ÇܲyˆÏ° x!Ùï˛y˲ ˆâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•îñ Óç≈lñ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ù•yܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z˛õlƒy§ÈüÈeÎ˚# åòƒ !§ xÊ˛ ˛õ!˛õçñ Êœ˛yí˛ xÊ˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚# G í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ë%˛_´ Ê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ G !Ó˚˲yÓ˚ xÊ˛ ˆfløyܲä !Ó!ê˛¢ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lÓ˚ xyوϰ ã˛#ˆÏl
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ !وϰ!وϢ ˆÎ§Ó !Ù◊˘§ÇܲÓ˚ åhybridä ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ çß√ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ xy!Ê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ§y ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ lyly
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚üüüÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!Ó˚¢yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §%ò)Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢ ã%˛!_´ ◊!Ùܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚G !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ùyç!ÓK˛ylã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚y–
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˛õyˆÏÜ˛ã˛ˆÏe´ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ÈÈüüüÈÈí˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xy!Ê˛ÙÈüÈÎ%ˆÏk˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÈ üüüÈÈ~•z§Ó
G x˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §¡õܲ≈ lÎ˚ñ ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ G ܲ“lyÓ˚ !Ù◊î â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ xl%˛õÙ Ó˚ã˛ly ˆ˛õ¢
§¡±§yÓ˚î â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È!òl xyˆÏà ˛õyÌ≈ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ !Ó!ê˛¢ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚
xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚*˛õ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yG ˲yGÎ˚y° ~ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ å~álñ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ä Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÙw lyÓ˚yÎ˚î Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– ˆÎÙlñ xˆÏlܲ lyÓ˚#Óyò# !ܲÇÓy !l¡¨ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ§ ÚÙ,ï%˛ƒÛ G ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È!òl ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ §ß¨ƒy§#Ó˚ G•z ç!Ùòy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
•z ! ï˛•y§!ÓòÓ˚ y lyÓ˚ # ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ% Ó ˚ & ˆÏ £ Ï Ó ˚ Óy !l¡¨ Ó ˆÏ à ≈ Ó ˚ Ùyl% £ Ï ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ~ˆÏ§ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ú˲yGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚Û ÓˆÏ° òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚y G ˆ§•z§)ˆÏe
~!°ê˛˘í˛zFã˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ܲ ò#â≈ ÙyÙ°yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ !lˆÏÎ˚ @˝ÃsiÈüÈxy !≤Ù!° •zÙˆÏ˛õyfiê˛yÓ˚⁄ÈüüüÈ òƒ
~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç!Ÿ’‹T Óy !Ó≤Ãï˛#˛õ Î%@¬ ˆfiê˛ΔO xƒyu˛ •zí˛z!l˲y§≈y° !•!fiê˛Δ xÊ˛ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ xÊ˛ ˲yGÎ˚y° ÈüüüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§
åbinaryä ôyÓ˚îy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ˆV˛Ñyܲ– ˆÎÙl ܲï˛≈y Óy ly •ˆÏÎ˚G •z!ï˛•y§ ˛õ%l!°≈áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
ÚSubjectÛ xˆÏÌ≈ ÚxydÛ åSelfä ~Ó˚ åˆÎÙlñ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeGñ Ó‡ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlyñ ô&˛õò# Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ lï%˛l Óƒyáƒyl
!Ó≤Ãï˛#ˆÏ˛õ Úx˛õÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ åOtherä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ó !l¡¨ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛Óyò# !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˛õk˛!ï˛
~!°ê˛˘í˛zFã˛ÓˆÏàÓ≈ ˚ !Ó≤Ãï˛#ˆÏ˛õ §yÓxŒê˛yl≈˘ !l¡¨Óà≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌyó ܲˆÏ°y!l˘ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆê˛ˆÏ¡õfiê˛ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ú≤ÈÏflõˆÏÓ˚yÛ
í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤Ãï˛#ˆÏ˛õ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ å!Ù°yl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢y§lܲï˛≈y Óy Ú!í˛í˛zܲÛñ !ܲv ˲y•z xƒyrê˛!lGÓ˚
ˆÜ˛wü˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù ˆÙˆÏê˛Δy˛õ!°ê˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ã˛e´yˆÏhs˝ m#˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ä ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚≤Ãò_
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§)ˆÏe•z lyly ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§G ÷˲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ Úܲƒy!°ÓylÛ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ §%ò)Ó˚
˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!‹T xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!_´ Óy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚y m#˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ólƒï˛y G ÚܲyˆÏ°y çyò%ÛÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
Îyܲñ Å˛õ!lˆÏ Ó !¢Ü˛ Ú≤ÃçyÛˆÏ Ü ˛ Úx˛õÓ˚ Û È ü È ~ ˛õÎ≈ Ó !§ï˛ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– !ܲv 1960ÈüÈ70 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲñ Îál xy!Ê˛Ü˛y
åÚotheringÛä ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á lyly Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ~ܲ•z G ܲƒy!Ó˚!ÓÎ˚l xMÈ˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈ!ÓÙ%!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ã˛°!SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z
Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓñ !وϢ° Ê%˛ˆÏܲyÓ˚ lyly ôyÓ˚îyñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Ó≈o‹Ty !lÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z lyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòáy •° §%ò)Ó˚ xMÈ˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÓyÈüüüÈÚpanopticonÈÛüÈ~Ó˚ å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Úܲƒy!°ÓylÛ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏò!¢
≤ÃË%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ≤ÃçyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ä lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚ Óy !lÓ˚#«˛î Óy!§®y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒy!°Óyl G ≤ÈÏflõˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ m®μˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚
åsurveillance˘gazeä ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ â%ˆÏÓ˚!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yñ !ܲÇÓy !ÓˆÏò!¢ ¢y§Ü˛ G ˆò¢ç ≤ÃçyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–
ˆò!Ó˚òyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙ≈yîÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ !l¡¨ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ܲÌy˘ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ G §Ùyç!ã˛hs˝Ü˛
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Ùyܲ≈§ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆã˛ï˛ly G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ áyòƒ ã˛y°yˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚y¢!_´Ó˚ •y!l •Î˚ !°!Óà ï˛yˆÏܲ•z
ï%˛£ÏyÓ˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈# !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛° Óy ˆÙê˛yÓ!°Ü˛ !Ó˚ʉ˛ê˛˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ùyܲ≈§
ܲƒy!˛õê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ áˆÏ[˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ôˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏã˛ï˛ly ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~ál
ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ •Î˚– Î!òG ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– xy!Ùñ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆÙê˛yÓ!°Ü˛ !Ó˚ʉ˛ê˛ ï˛_¥ ˆÜ˛l í˛zqy!Óï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° G ˆÜ˛l ï˛y o&ï˛ !Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚üüüÈ ˆ§ê˛y
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– xyÓ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# xLjϢ áy!lܲ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛
ܲÓ˚Ó xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈÓ˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ÈüÈ
Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲñ ˆ§•z ≤çˆÏD–
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî•y!l G ˛õ%lÓ˚&I#Ól
!Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !°!Óà–
Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ñ ÚÙy!ê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ò§%ƒÓ,!_Û Ü˛Ìyê˛yG !°!ÓˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° áyòƒ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ê˛°yˆÏly
•Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ @˝ÃyÙñ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲y_´y Îál ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆflÒã˛ ≠ ˛õyӈϰy !˛õܲyˆÏ§y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ Óç≈ƒ ˆ§•z Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÈüÈlyÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ~Ùl xÓfliyÎ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y xê%˛ê˛ Óy !ã˛Ó˚fliyÎ˚# •Î˚–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l @˝ÃyÙ§ÙyˆÏç Îy âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– xyÓ˚ñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
Îy •ÓyÓ˚ ˆ•yܲñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ
xy¢yñ xyܲyA«˛yñ ܲÙ≈ G ≤ÃÎ˚y§ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y°yl ˆàˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ¢!_´G ˆ§áyˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°
åÙyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ˘ xl%Óyò §ÙÓ˚ ˆ§lä ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%!‹T «˛!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ê˛°l–
ˆÜ˛lly ¢•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ%!‹T !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z– Ü,˛!£ÏÎsf !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Óyí˛¸yˆÏ° ~•z Ê˛yê˛°
ܲy°≈ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏã˛ï˛ly ~ál Ó‡ ã˛!ã˛≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Óï˛!ܲ≈ï˛ o&ï˛ ÓyˆÏí˛¸– !°!ÓˆÏàÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ G §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!ê˛¢
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È Ó•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xy!Ù !lˆÏçG ~•z Ü,˛!£Ï!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ° ˲Ñyç ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°– !ܲvñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ
!ӣψÏÎ˚ !°ˆÏá!SÈ ~ܲy!ôܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛– !ܲvñ Óï˛≈Ùyl Î%ˆÏà ÎÑyÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyG ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG ï˛y ã˛y˛õy !SÈ° ly– Ü,˛!£Ï G @˝ÃyÙí˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆòl §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y Ùyܲ≈§ ~ÓÇ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ Óï˛#ñ ày¶˛# G Ó˚Ó#wlyÌÈüÈ˲_´ ~°Ù•y§≈ñ §%Ó˚&ˆÏ° Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y Îyã˛y•z
Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y G ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ùyôyl ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyG ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ò¢y Óy !òàò¢≈l !Ù°ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ~ê˛y ï˛ÑyÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ܲvñ ~•z !Óܲ“ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ G !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ˆÜ˛l
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò G Ùyܲ≈§Óyò ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ•z §Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ӈϰ lyÜ˛ã˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° !Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°ÈüüüÈ ˆ§ê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyçܲy°
ܲˆÏÓ˚üüüÈ ~ÑÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÜ˛!wܲ Ùï˛yò¢≈ G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚y ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !°áˆÏSÈl ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆï˛Ùl !ܲS%È í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
òy!Ó ˆï˛yˆÏ°l – Î!òGÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó≈§¡øï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# ˆÙ!lˆÏÊ˛ˆÏfiê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly–
G ˛õk˛!ï˛ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ùlê˛yG lÎ˚– !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚
§_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ §%•zçyÓ˚°ƒyu˛ G xlƒlƒ ˆò¢ SÈyí˛¸yG í˛z_Ó˚ê˛y ˆï˛Ùl !ܲS%È ç!ê˛° lÎ˚– !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥ !Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚
xˆÏfiê˛Δ!°Î˚yñ !lí˛z!ç°ƒyu˛ G Ùy!ܲ≈l Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹TΔG !@˝Ãl ˛õy!ê˛≈ lyÙ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲÙye ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚–
ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ï˛yÓ˚ !°!ÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ çyÙ≈yl Ó˚§yÎ˚l!ÓK˛yl# !Ê˛ê˛ç å1838ÈüÈ
ã˛y•zˆÏï˛G ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy •°ñ ~ál ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°•z 1934ä •yÓyÓ˚ ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´àï˛ §Ùyôyl xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# ܲt˛fl∫Ó˚ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyçÓyò# Óy ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ 1918 §yˆÏ° ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê˛≈G ÎyÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù lÎ˚– Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ly•zˆÏê˛ΔyˆÏçl G ç° ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl àƒy§ˆÏܲ
í˛zFã˛ ï˛y˛õñ ã˛y˛õ xyÓ˚ xl%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ §!¶˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y
Ùyܲ≈§Óyò# ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Ù•ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓòyl G ly•zˆÏê˛Δê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ !ï˛!l xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xï˛hs˝ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛_¥– Ó›ï˛ñ Ê˛yê˛° ˆçyí˛¸y °yàyˆÏly ˆà°– ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §Çܲê˛
Ùyܲ≈§ lÎ˚ñ |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ çyÙ≈yl ÓyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏܲ!Ùfiê˛ ç%hflÏy§ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛° ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Ü˛ÓÓ˚fliÏ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢!òl
Ê˛l !°!Óà å1803ÈüÈä ~•z ï˛_ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– @˝ÃyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
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°yˆÏà!l– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ~°Ù•y§≈G !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyl !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wË)˛!Ù òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ
§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ly•zˆÏê˛ΔyˆÏçl ¢,C° ˆË˛ˆÏD ÎyGÎ˚yñ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò ~Ü%˛¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y !ܲ ˆ§•z ¢!_´
!@˝Ãl •yí˛z§ àƒy§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ Ùy!ê˛ G çˆÏ°Ó˚ ò)£Ïî ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ál xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ !ã˛hs˝Ü˛ñ SÈye§Ùyçñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ xÇ¢ñ
Î!òG ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏܲ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyly G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙçlï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆáy°yˆÏã˛yˆÏá ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ~Ùlê˛y ÙˆÏl •GÎ˚y
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ˆ§ê˛y xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ à“– á%Ó ~ܲê˛y xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ lÎ˚– ~Ùlܲ# x!˲çyï˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ñ
Ùyܲ≈§ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# !SȈϰl⁄ ˲ƒy!ê˛Ü˛ƒyˆÏlÓ˚ Ù•yÙylƒ ˆ˛õy˛õñ §Óy•z ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §y!Ù°
Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏã˛ï˛ly G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈl– !ܲv xÌ≈ G «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ ¢!_´ ~ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲yÓ !SÈ° ly– !ܲvñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÎ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l#Î˚ lÎ˚üüüÈ xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ˆÎ xò,¢ƒ §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏl lyã˛yˆÏFSÈÈüüüÈ ï˛y «˛ˆÏî «˛ˆÏî
§ï˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° ~•z ˆÓyôˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~Ùl xyˆÏÓà ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚–
G ˲!_´Ù)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüȈ≤ÃÙ Ùyܲ≈§ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl•z xyFSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ~ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ G ò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï˛≈#
Ùyܲ≈ ˆ Ï § Ó˚ §Ùܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢Óyò# G xyçˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ Î% ˆ Ï à Ó˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyܲ≈§Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°l •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ G ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~áyˆÏl•z !SÈ° Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z §Ùï%˛°ƒ– !ܲvñ ò%•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ù)° ï˛Ê˛yï˛– Ùyܲ≈§ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# !SȈϰl lyñ Ùyܲ≈§ !SȈϰl ˆÓ¢!ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ï˛Ê˛yï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– Ùyܲ≈§Óyò#
§Ó≈ˆÏï˛y˲yˆÏÓ xá[˛ÈüÈÙylÓï˛yÓyò#– ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# xy!Ì≈ܲ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ
≤ÃË%˛ Óy Ë,˛ï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ˆflÀÊ˛ xÇ¢Ùye– !ܲvñ x§#Ù ¢!_´ôÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÓˆÏ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòÓyÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y §yÙˆÏl
G §,çl¢#°ó xï˛ƒyŸã˛Î≈ ~ܲ ˜ã˛ï˛lƒÙÎ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛– ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ˆÙyê˛y òyˆÏà Ó°ˆÏ°ñ §Ó à!Ó˚ÓˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆÎl ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏ°yܲ •ÓyÓ˚
˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙ xyô%!lܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y Îál §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yl fl∫≤¿ G ˆ°y˲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛y•z ˆ§ê˛y !SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ xy¢y G fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚
â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢“§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ Ü˛y°≈ Ùyܲ≈§ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛– •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó!° •zí˛zˆÏê˛y!˛õÎ˚y– xyÓ˚ñ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï– ~•z xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ §Ù,!k˛Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆÎ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈÓ˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!_´ •Ï° xyï˛B˛ Óy ˲Î˚– ˆÎ
◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ x˛õ•Ó˚î G ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ã˛e´Ó,!k˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ò%!lÎ˚y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ï˛y lyÈüÈÓò°yˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ
•GÎ˚yÈüüüÈ Ùyܲ≈§ ˆ§ê˛y•z ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– SÈyÓ˚áyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆË˛ˆÏ§ ÎyˆÏÓÈüüüÈ~•z ˲yÓlyê˛y•z xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢üÈ
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ~•z §Ë˛ƒï˛y ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ G ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Ùy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ôl– Îy Ù)°ï˛ ò%/fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛– •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ
§Ù,!k˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ !Ó¢y° §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛yê˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ӈϰ !í˛ˆÏfiê˛y!˛õÎ˚y– ò%•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e G xyã˛Ó˚î ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !°!ÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ù,!_ܲyÓ˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z ï%˛°l#Î˚ lÎ˚– !ܲS%È x!˲K˛ï˛yñ !ܲS%È ï˛Ìƒñ !ܲS%È à“ G
!ܲS%ÈÙye Ü˛Ù !Ó˛õòçlܲ lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÓ!¢– xyô%!lܲ Î%ˆÏà ˛õ%Ñ!ç•z !ܲS%È §lyï˛l# !ã˛hs˝y !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl
x§yÙƒç!lï˛ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ G §yÙy!çܲ !ÓˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ Ù)° çß√òyï˛y– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Î%!_´ÈüÈï˛Ü˛≈ ˆÎyàyˆÏFSÈl ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ lyly Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#– !ܲvñ
Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ùy!°Ü˛yly í˛zˆÏFSÈò lyÈüÈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ Ê˛yê˛° ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏà Ùyl%£Ï !Óàï˛ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢
lÎ˚– ~•z §Ë˛ƒï˛y §Ù,!k˛ xyÓ˚ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyÓˆÏï˛≈ ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòy°y!Î˚ï˛ !l˲#≈ܲ– ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ ï˛y•z xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆËÑ˛yï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
G !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– Ù)° §Ù§ƒy !ç•zˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ~•z xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˆçÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ôlÜ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù,!k˛Ó˚
§Ë˛ƒï˛y ˆ§ ~ܲÈüÈ˛õyñ ò%ÈüÈ˛õy ˆÎÙl ~ˆÏàyÎ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛•z ã)˛í˛¸yÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏSÈlñ ò%•z ˛õ«˛ˆÏܲ•z ï˛y ˆï˛Ùl flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– ï˛y•zñ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÈüÈ˛õy ˆ˛õˆÏSÈyÎ˚– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyey !òlˆÏܲÈüÈ!òl Óyí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– xÌã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Çܲê˛
~•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ÓyçyÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛– ÎyÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ•z !Ó˛õòçlܲ– ~ê˛y•z xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !Ó˛õò–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ !Óܲ“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ó˛õ%° çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛ÈüÈÓ˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ~Ùl ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!ÓŸªÓ#«˛y G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛– Î!òGñ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚lñ ã˛#lñ !˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛lyÙ
ˆÓyV˛y xˆÏlƒÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ã˛y˛õyÓyÓ˚ Ê˛!®G á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ܲyˆÏç xy§ˆÏSÈ ly–
Èü ȧ• x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §Ùyç!lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%°
~•z ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyܲ≈§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §,çl¢#° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ Î!òG
ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z xyò¢≈ G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ xyç ˆÎl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yîë˛y§y–
xyˆÏSÈñ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ˆl•z–
ܲ# xyˆÏSÈ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï⁄
xˆÏß∫£Ïî
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒy •Ï°ñ xyç !ÓŸª ~ܲ §y!Ó≈ܲ
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ôyÓ˚y Ùyܲ≈§Óyò#
Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ ôLjϧÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ôyÓÙyl– ï˛y•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆâyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xflfñ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l
G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ
G ã˛#ˆÏl xl%¢#!°ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l#!ï˛– ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÙˆÏï˛•z §%fliyÎ˚# Óy
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ xy°yòy–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óy¶˛Ó Ó°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛y•zñ ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑ˆÏï˛ Ùyܲ≈§Óyò ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ò%!lÎ˚yç%ˆÏí˛¸ !Ó≤’Ó#
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Ùyܲ≈§Óyò#Ó˚yG ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ly– Ùyܲ≈§Óyò# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÙMÈ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ– ˆ§•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÙˆÏï˛•z
ÓyˆÏà xylÓyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒÈüüüÈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyˆÏܲ ˆë˛Ü˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly – !ܲvñ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°l xyˆÏà
Î%ˆàÏ y˛õˆÏÎyà# í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆîÏ §y!çˆÏÎÈ˚ üÈ=!SȈÎÏ ˚ §yÙˆÏl xylˆÏSÈl– Îy xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÎÙl !SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÃyܲÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §lyï˛l
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– x!˲çyï˛Óà≈ G xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏÌ≈•z Ó˚«˛î¢#°ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#°
Ùyܲ≈§ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ x§Ω˛Ó– xyˆÏ®y°lñ xyçG ˆ§•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óy !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ܲRÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛lly Ùyܲ≈§ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !SȈϰl ly– ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏl ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò G §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ Î%k˛ñ xÓˆÏÓ˚yô G ã˛Ó˚Ù Ê˛yê˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õˆÏã˛‹Ty ï˛y•z ≤ÃÓ°–
!Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §ÇÓ˚«˛î !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ≤Ãî!ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ≤Ãà!ï˛•z ˛õÌ
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Îyl G §lyï˛l˛õsi# Ó˚«˛î¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏ≤ÃÙˆÏܲ Ùyܲ≈§ ôï˛≈ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z
Ùyܲ≈§Óyò#Ó˚yG ÎyÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ~•z !òܲ=!° ÙyÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏll!l– Ùyܲ≈§ !SȈϰl ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° ÙylÓï˛yÓyò#– Ùyܲ≈§ G
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ã˛°y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ò,‹Tyhs˝ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆ§ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ÈüȈ§y§ƒy!°fiê˛ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆlï˛yÓ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚
Ùyܲ≈§ Óy ˆ°!ll ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà G xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’Ó ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
G !ÓK˛ylÈüÈ≤ÃÎ%!_´ˆÏܲ Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ÙylòˆÏ[˛ Óy !àˆÏ°y!ê˛ˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !Óã˛yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ Ó‡ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÎÌy §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚G
ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fliyl ˆòÎ˚y §Ó≈òy•z !Ó˛õòçlܲ– ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !Ó≤’Ó xy§ˆÏÓ çyÙ≈y!lñ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyܲ≈ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x@˝Ã§Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ– çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§•z Ë%˛°ê˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛ÏˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ܲyÎ≈ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ•z Óƒ•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛
xlƒï˛Ù ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛yñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ G !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ •zí˛z!lÎ˚lñ ã˛#lñ !˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛lyÙñ !ܲí˛zÓyñ ~Ùl §Ó ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ xl@˝Ã§Ó˚ Óy Ü,˛!£Ï≤Ãôyl xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢“yÎ˚l G ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ly– ï˛yÓ˚y Ó›Óyò# llüüüÈ ï˛y•z ˆ§•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï%˛°l#Î˚ ˆË˛yàƒ˛õîƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
òyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl•z– !ܲvñ ~ÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏây!£Ïï˛ Ùyܲ≈§Óyò#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛l ˆ§•z ã˛°yÓ˚ ˆV˛ÑyܲÈüüüÈ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óƒy!ôˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çe´!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ ˆ§ê˛y•z ≤ß¿– xÌ≈l#!ï˛ G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G Ùyܲ≈§ !SȈϰl §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z çy!l ˆÎñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒÓfliy G xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛zͧ%ܲ G lyly ¢yˆÏflf ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈# ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y– ò¢≈lñ
˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòñ ˛õ%ll≈Ó#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §y!•ï˛ƒñ ܲ!Óï˛yñ §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛l !ÓK˛ylÈüÈ≤ÃÎ%!_´
ÎyÎ˚ ly ~Ùl ¢!_´ ~ÓÇ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò)£Ïîñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢– §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y !SÈ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
Ù)° àîlyÎ˚ xyˆÏl ly– xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ï˛y Óy externilitiesüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly G §,çl# «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x§#Ù !Óܲy¢ xÓÓ˚&k˛
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z Óy!•ƒÜ˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õòê˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy G ◊Ùç#!Ó Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ùyl!Óܲ §¡õòˆÏܲ °%ë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛•z
e´Ù!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ– xyÓ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚ÈüÈòy§ˆÏcÓ˚ Ùy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚y
Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z !òܲê˛y ˆï˛Ùl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚!l– ˆ§!òˆÏܲ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ G !ÓŸªÓ#«˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%ˆÏk˛ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xflf
lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óy ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ù̃yã˛yÓ˚ ˆl•zÈüüüÈ Îy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Óyò#
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆë˛°y áy!lܲê˛y ÙMÈ˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyܲ≈§ˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ¢!_´ G §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
§yوϰ G xlƒ!òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ !§Ç•Ë˛yà ã˛y°yl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xÓyô x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÎ˚ÙܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!Ù!ÌÎ˚yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏlyñ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ xˆÏlܲ!òl ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆÎlˆÏï˛l≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ §#Ùy Óô≈lܲyÓ˚# í˛zͲõyòlÓyò#
§Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yáy §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!k˛ G !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒy§– ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈‹T ≤ÃÙyî ~ÑÓ˚y
§y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏlñ ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
≤Ãy_´l í˛z ˛ õ!lˆÏ Ó ¢=!°ˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õ% Ñ ! çÓyˆÏ ò Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ âê˛°– Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G §Ë˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ lï%˛l ˛õÌ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ
1960˘1970 lyàyò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ˆÏܲ ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚üüüÈ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚
¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛°ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~•z ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù%á˛õyˆÏl•z
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏMÈ˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ á%шÏç !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ ˲yÓÓyò# ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛z ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T !ÓK˛yl# G §Ùyç!ã˛hs˝Ü˛
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ܲ
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Ó§hs˝ çylyñ ~ܲ xÓÓ˚&k˛ !ã˛eܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ í˛zqy!§ï˛ Óy §ÇÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚
SÈyÎ˚yï˛ˆÏ˛õG ~Ùl §)- G §%ã˛yÓ˚& !˲ߨï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎ
xï˛#¢ ˛õy° ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyÎ˚ï˛l ÓyÄÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ˆÎ §%°!°ï˛ °yÓîƒÙÎ˚
x°ÇܲÓ˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ my!®μܲ §¡õܲ≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
~•z §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó§hs˝ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ~ܲ xhs˝°≈#l
hflÏ∏˛ï˛yñ Îy Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y°y•° x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛ß√Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒ!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G•z í˛z!_´=!° ÎÑyÓ˚ xÑyܲy SÈ!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ï˛!l
Ó§hs˝ çyly– !ã˛e!¢“ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ~ÎyÓÍ ÎÑyˆÏܲ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y
˛õy_y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
~•z Ó§hs˝ çyly xy§ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛⁄ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Îyܲ–
Ó§hs˝ çylyñ ~ܲ •ï˛ò!Ó˚o @˝ÃyÙ#î !ã˛eܲÓ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §yÙylƒ !ܲS%È
˛õ%Ñ!ç åܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Óä xyÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆày˛õl ˲y[˛yÓ˚
åÎy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛ä !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xçyˆÏhs˝ñ x!ôܲyLjϢÓ˚
xӈϕ°yÎ˚ñ ~ܲÓ%ܲ x!˲Ùyl !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ°l ~ܲ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚G
xyˆÏà 2009 §yˆÏ°–
xÌã˛ ~Ùlê˛y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– ܲyÓ˚î Ó§hs˝ çyly ˆ§•z 50ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ò¢ˆÏܲ•z !ã˛e!¢“# !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl fl∫Î˚Ç
Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ≠ ≤ÈÏòy£Ï ˛õy°
Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– •ƒÑy !ë˛Ü˛•z ÷ˆÏlˆÏSÈlñ !ÓŸªÓˆÏÓ˚îƒ !¢“# Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚–
÷˲y≤çߨ Ó°ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÎÑyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y xyô%!lܲ !ã˛e!¢“ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ ÷ô% lÎ˚
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ åÓ§hs˝ çylyä SÈ!Ó ˆòáˆÏ° ÙˆÏl•z •Î˚ ly ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛
˛õ!ÌÜ,˛ÍG ˲y!Ó–
!¢“˛õyë˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚!lñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Óî≈ˆÏ°˛õˆÏl ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ly !ï˛!l ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ܲ# ~ܲê%˛ ˆçˆÏl !l•z–
ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛ã˛≈y ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– xï˛ƒhs˝ ˛õyܲy •yˆÏï˛ x§yôyÓ˚î 24ÈüÈ2ÈüÈ52 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ ò«˛ï˛y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ xy!Ù–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyÜ%˛° ܲyÙly !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˛õ)Ó˚î ••zˆÏÓñ °«˛ƒ !fliÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
!•Ó˚l !Ùe ӈϰlÈüüüÈ !Óã˛yÓ˚ G ܲÙ≈ñ •z•y•z ˆ◊¤˛ ˛õÌ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ G ܲÙ≈ !ë˛Ü˛
Îy!Ùl#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ !ã˛e §ÙhflÏ ly •ˆÏ°GÈüÈxˆÏlܲ=!°•z xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚•z ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ùyl%£Ï•z ܲ“lyÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛
§Ω˛Óñ Îy ÓyhflψÏÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈG– Ó‡ lܲ° Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆSȈÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ Ùl !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ˆ§•z SÈ!Ó•z ˆï˛y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Óyl
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•záyˆÏl Ó§hs˝ çyly xl%ܲÓ˚î Óy lܲ° ܲÓ˚y ò%Ó˚*•– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛eܲ°y– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç° •yGÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §Ó˚°ï˛yˆÏܲ lܲ° ܲÓ˚y §•ç§yôƒ lÎ˚– ï˛Ê˛yÍ •Î˚ñ Ù)° ~ܲ•zñ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ G ܲÙ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈñ
÷ô% !lˆÏçˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ çlƒ– ܲˆÏÙÏ≈Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ çylˆÏ°
§Ù#Ó˚ xy•zˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏôÈ üüüÈ §Ó•z çyly •ˆÏÓ– ~•z Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ lylyl ò%/áˆÏ˲yàñ •z•y á%Ó•z
Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Ó ˆòˆÏá•z xy!Ù x!˲Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°yÙñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ– ÷ô% !ܲ ò%/áñ °«˛ƒº‹T •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó˛õò ˛õˆÏò ˛õˆÏò– ÙˆÏl
ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ê˛ylñ ˆÙ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y° •ƒyu˛!°Ç xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ •ƒyu˛!°Ç ˆ§•z •Î˚ !ë˛Ü˛•z Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ Îy!FSÈñ ~ܲê%˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ°SÈ Ü˛# !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §#Ùy ly•zó
§ˆÏD ܲÙ!≤’ê˛ˆÏl§– SÈ!ÓÓ˚ !˛õˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚y° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚y!°!ê˛– §ÙhflÏê˛y•z ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ï˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ly•z–ÉÉÉÉ ï%˛!Ù !§!k˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~ܲçl Ùƒy!ã˛GÓ˚ xy!ê˛≈ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ SÈyí˛¸y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ •z•y•z ~ܲyhs˝ ܲyÙly–
x§Ω˛Ó–
xyÓyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ 1 Ùy§ xyˆÏà 24ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ51 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl–
Ù,ly° ˆâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xl%˲ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y G !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚yhflÏyˆÏï˛•z ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ Óï˛≈Ùyl– !˲ï˛Ó˚ x§#Ù §Ω˛yÓly– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ •zFSÈy •ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyR ˆò•!ê˛Ó˚
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲï˛yñ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ SȈϮyÙÎ˚ï˛yñ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ x§Ω˛ÓG §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– xyÙyÓ˚ ~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§G §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
§%!fløï˛ ÓƒOly •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ܲv ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó§hs˝ Îy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù !ÓÓ˚yÙ ly•zñ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G ~ܲê%˛G xyÓ˚yˆÏÙ Óy §%ˆÏá ly•z
ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈÈxyÎ˚ï˛l ˆÓyô– ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ !ÓºÙ !òˆÏÎ˚•z xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óy ÌyܲˆÏï˛G ã˛y•z ly– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!Ìܲñ §%ˆÏá xyÓ˚yÙ
!ÓºÙ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ó§hs˝G– !ܲv ˆ§ Óe´ï˛yˆÏܲ ~Ùl xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ ˛õÌ lÎ˚– ÷ô% ܲyÙly ܲ!Ó˚ °«˛ƒÓ›ˆÏܲ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÓ!¢ Óe´ï˛yÎ˚ Óƒ!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l !ï˛!l ˆÎ ï˛y xyÎ˚ï˛lˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty §yÌ≈ܲ ˆ•yܲ–ÉÉÉ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲ•z lylyl ò%/á
25
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛•z •Î˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly °«˛ƒÓ› ly•zñ ï˛y•z í˛zÂâyê˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ ~áyˆÏl ˆl•z– ~ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ܲS%È ˆ°áy
ò%/á ˛õyGÎ˚y•z §yÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ~!òܲÈüÈG!òܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°# ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˆ§§Ó
ç#ÓˆÏl•z •Î˚ñ °«˛ƒÓ›Ó˚ !fliÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ò%/á ≤Ãã˛[˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòˆÏáG ÌyܲˆÏÓl– ï˛y•z á%Ó §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ܲÌy ~áyˆÏl
ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ò%/áˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yl•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–ÉÉÉÉÉ Ó°yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
~ܲê˛y àí˛¸y Óy!í˛¸ ˆË˛ˆÏ. !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óy!í˛¸ ܲÓ˚yÈüüüÈÈxyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆáy°y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ!lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óy!í˛¸ ܲÓ˚y xˆÏlܲê˛y §•ç– ~•z
˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÙ!òl#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~àÓ˚y Ù•Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ çàߨyÌ˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò!Ó˚o
ò%ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏl ˛õ)î≈Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ï˛y•z Ó‡!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓÏ≈ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆáï˛Ùç%Ó˚ ◊#•!Ó˚ã˛Ó˚î çylyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ˛õ%e Ó§hs˝ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ çyly– ÓyˆÏ°ƒ
ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ“lyÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ G Ùl !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#Ó˚*˛õ Ùyï,˛•#l Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoσÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ˆÓ!¢ò)Ó˚
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ G fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ï˛y•y 35 ÓͧÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓÏ≈ ˆàyí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyÎ˚!l– !òlÙç%!Ó˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ !ܲS%È ˆçyˆÏê˛!l– ܲ#Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ ï˛y!àˆÏò
Ó˚ã˛ly xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ– ï%˛!Ù xyÙyÓ˚•z ܲ“lyÎ˚ àí˛¸y Ùyl%£Ï– SÈ!Ó xÑyܲˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏl ~Ùl•z xyFSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚
ܲyˆÏç•z ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyÓ˚ òy!Î˚cG Îï˛áy!l ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l ˆÎ ¢ï˛ òy!Ó˚oƒG ï˛y xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
ÙDˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyÙly ܲÓ˚yG ï˛ï˛áy!l fl∫y˲y!Óܲ–ÉÉÉ ~ܲ!òl •ë˛yÍ lçˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Î%àyhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ SÈy˛õy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ
÷k˛ Ó˚*˛õ ÷k˛ xyl® ~Ó˚ àí˛¸l•z xyÙyÓ˚ °«˛ƒÓ›– ~ÓÇ •z•y•z Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈ!Ó– ˆòˆÏá Ó§hs˝ ã˛ÙˆÏܲ GˆÏë˛l– ~ï˛ §•ç §Ó˚°ÈüüüÈÈ~
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~•z ÓyDy!° çy!ï˛Ó˚ òyl– SÈ!Ó Ü˛yÓ˚⁄ xyÜ%˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l !¢“#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
11ÈüÈ7ÈüÈ55 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ò%/§y•§# •ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ !°ˆÏá ˛õ!eܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛yly
ܲ°ƒyîÓˆÏÓ˚£Ï% Ó§hs˝ ÓyÓyç#Ól ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ò%ÈüÈáy!l !ã˛!법z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– xy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏ°l– §ÙÎ˚ê˛y ï˛ál 1948– §òƒ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ Ó§hs˝ ï˛ál
!lÓ˚&ͧy• ••zÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚î ly•zñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ G ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~Ü%˛¢ÈüÈÓy•z¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%Óܲ– xyÜ%˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~•z ܲÈüÈ!òl xy!Ù !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈñ Ó§hs˝ñ ܲˆÏÓ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •ˆÏÓ– §y•ˆÏ§ ˲Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ï%˛!Ù !Î÷ !áfiê˛ñ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ܲS%È SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y !ã˛!ë˛G !°ˆÏá ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l– í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏ§– Ó§hs˝ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ !Î÷ !áfiê˛ñ ~ܲ §yô% Ù•y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ !ï˛!l G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !¢£ÏƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È!òl ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ
°•zÎ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !áfiê˛ôÙ≈ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y Îye#Ó˚ §D# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ Îyl ÓyàÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ å1949ä !ܲv
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ çß√ܲy!•!lG xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛ál Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓyàÓyçyÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Óy!°àˆÏO–
Ó˚yçy fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !Î÷Ó˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z !ï˛!l xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y l¡∫Ó˚ !í˛!• ◊#Ó˚yÙ˛õ%Ó˚ ˆ°l– ÓyàÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ lï%˛l !ë˛Ü˛yly
ôÁǧ •ˆÏÓlñ ï˛y•z ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Îï˛ !¢÷ çß√yÎ˚ §Ó !¢÷ˆÏܲ Óô ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó§hs˝ñ Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ ~ܲ §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ Îyl Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ‡Ü%˛Ù ˆòl– ~•z ÷ˆÏl !Î÷Ó˚ Ùy ˆSȈϰˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ–
àyôyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ !Ù¢Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§l– ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛y!•!l–
ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚•z !ܲS%È !ܲS%È çyˆÏly– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !Î÷ñ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ï˛ál fl∫lyÙôlƒñ !ܲv Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ §yòˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!¢£ÏƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Î÷ñ ~•z§Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ 2˘4 áyly SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ xyÙ,ï%˛ƒ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ~Èüȧ¡õܲ≈ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚y G ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ 2˘1 áyly xyÙyˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏÓ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó§hs˝ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ÓˆÏ§È ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ÈüÈ˛õÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ SÈ!Ó xÑyˆÏܲlñ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
~ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ G ˆÓˆÏ°ˆÏï˛yí˛¸ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ áÓÓ˚ çylyÓ– xyˆÏ§l =Ó˚& ˆÙˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– =Ó˚& SÈ!Ó ˆòˆÏálñ
ÙçyÓ˚ ܲÌy •Ï°ñ Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ xӈϕ!°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛yÈüÈÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly§ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ SÈ!Ó=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §¡õ)î≈ òyÎ˚G G•z ÓˆÏÓ˚îƒ !¢“# Îy!Ùl# ï˛ÑyÓ˚•z ܲyˆÏSÈ–
Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– ܲyÓ˚î Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ò#â≈ 22ÈüÈ23 ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛l Ùy§ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl SÈ!ÓÈüȧ• Ó§hs˝ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛l
ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆày˛õl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚– ¢ï˛ x˲yÓ ÌyܲˆÏ°G Ó§hs˝ Ù%á Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ !ܲS%È Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆày˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ xÑyܲy §•flÀy!ôܲ SÈ!Ó
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ܲv Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ÓyÓy !ÓÓ˚_´– ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~
xyÓ˚ !ã˛!벖 ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ çy° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xyçG
§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !SÈߨ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚!l– G•z Ó˚•§ƒ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ ˆË˛ò ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyà°y!ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆSȈϰˆÏܲ– ÓyÓyÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ܲS%È
ˆàˆÏ°G ¢‡ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ !ܲS%È !¢“ˆÏÓyk˛yñ !¢“ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ~Ùlܲ# Ùy!§Ü˛ xÌ≈ §y•y΃ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ò¢ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
fl∫lyÙôlƒ !ܲS%È !¢“#Ó˚yG xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ Ü%˛Í§yÎ˚ xyÓ˚ Î%!_´•#l ÓƒáƒyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏlˆÏÓ˚y ê˛yܲy– 1950 §yˆÏ° G•z ê˛yܲy ï%˛FSÈ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y lÎ˚– G•z
ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ =Ó˚&Óyò# §ÙyˆÏç Îy ê˛yܲyÎ˚ ï˛ál •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yÓ˚y ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yˆÏï˛Ó˚
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y á%Ó ~ܲê˛y x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ lÎ˚– !ܲv Ù%¢!ܲ° •Ï° xˆÏlܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÎyàyl– xÓƒy•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲy §ˆÏD ÌyˆÏܲ =Ó˚&Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚y =Ó˚&˲çly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&ˆÏܲ•z ã˛Ó˚Ù x˛õÙyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧy•–
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– lÓÁ•z ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲ Îál Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚
xy§ˆÏ° Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ~ï˛ê˛y•z Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xy°y˛õ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˆ°áy Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ G•z Ó˚y!¢ Ó˚y!¢
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!ã˛!ë˛ ˆòˆÏá xy!Ù Îï˛ÈüÈly xÓyܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ xÓyܲ !¢÷˛õ%eˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ §flf#ܲ Ó§hs˝ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§G !SȈϰl ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙ SÈ!Ó ˆòˆÏá– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓí˛¸y° ÙySÈ Ù%ˆÏá S%ȈÏê˛ ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ §¡õܲ≈ ò,ì˛¸ •Î˚– ÷ô% =Ó˚& lÎ˚ñ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
ˆÎl ˆ˛õSÈl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲlyó ~ï˛ §•ˆÏç ܲyˆÏSÈ !ã˛!ë˛ xy§ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚çlˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ lÓÁ•z !í˛!@˝Ã ˆÜ˛Ô!îˆÏܲ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù%áê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲG– •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z Ú=Ó˚&Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ÚÓyÓyÛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚–
xÑyܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢Ü˛y!Ó˚ G ô)ï˛≈ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ x˲yÓ# Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ xÓ¢ƒ ÷ô% SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲ !òl ܲyê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ xÓ§Ó˚ !SÈ°
ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá– SÈ!Ó xˆÏlܲ xLjϢ ˆÊ˛Ù ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈ– ly– ˲Ó˚îÈüȈ˛õy£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l SÈye
ˆÎáyˆÏl SÈ!ÓÓ˚ xÇ¢=!° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy flõ¢≈ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ fl%Ò°ñ ~Ùlܲ# Ó˚Ñyô%!lÓ˚ ܲyçG– !ܲv
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ §Ó=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ xlÓòƒ SÈ®– SÈ!ÓÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z ˆê˛ˆÏܲ ly–
§•ç •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˆò!á!l– ˆ§•z Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙ
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy xyÓ˚G ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y Ó§hs˝
ˆÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ•yܲ xyÓ˚G SÈ!Ó xyÙyˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
ï˛ál•z •yÓ˚yl ÓyÓyˆÏܲ å1967ä– !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ
SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyë˛ Ó§hs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl ܲyÓ˚G ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õyl!l– §ygs˝ly ˛õyë˛yl– Ó§hs˝ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ÓyÓyˆÏܲ
!ܲv Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢•z x§ÇრSÈ!Ó– Ӈܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
xMÈ˛ˆÏ° ày°yÓ˚ ˛õ%ï%˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏSÈ ~ܲ !˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x˲yÓ# Ó§hs˝ˆÜÏ ˛ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ê˛yܲy ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏlñ ≤Ãyã˛#l ~ܲ Óê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ çÙy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ò%/á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl §ÙÎ˚ÙˆÏï˛y ê˛yܲy lyÈüÈ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ˛õyí˛¸yÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆâyí˛¸y– ~ï˛ §•ç xyòˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆâyí˛¸y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆòáy
çlƒG– ï˛álG ≤Ã!ï˛ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ xyŸªyˆÏ§ Ó%ܲ ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl Ó§hs˝–
ÎyÎ˚ !ܲly çy!l ly– ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ âÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏÙyÓ˚ ~álG àˆÏí˛¸ ã˛°ˆÏSÈl
G•z ôÑyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆâyí˛¸y– ~àÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ !SÈ° G!í˛¸¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ~álG Îy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yوϢ≈ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ Îyl ˆÓ!°Î˚yˆÏï˛yˆÏí˛¸ñ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
~ xMÈ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó‡ Ùyl%£Ï G!í˛¸Î˚y ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl– ï˛y•z ~ xMÈ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!òÓy!í˛¸– !ܲv ˆ§áyˆÏlG Ìyܲy •Î˚ ly Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà
§Ùyçç#ÓˆÏlñ ˆ°yܲ!¢ˆÏ“ G Ù!®Ó˚ ˲yflÒˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ xq$ï˛ Ó§hs˝ ˛õyáyÈüÈê˛ylyÓ˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚l fliyl#Î˚ !ÓÉ!í˛ÉG x!Ê˛ˆÏ§–
§Ç!Ù◊î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §y°ê˛y 1966 Óy 1967– §yÓ˚y!òl x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ ˛õyáyÈüÈê˛yly Ó˚y!eˆÏï˛
SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyñ ˛õyí˛¸yàÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à!Ó˚Ó âˆÏÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG SÈ!Ó
~àÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲyÙyÓ˚òy xMÈ˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ ˛õê%˛Î˚y ˛õê˛ xÑyܲˆÏï˛l–
~шÏܲ SÈ!ÓÈüȧ• !ï˛l Ùy§ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xy§yÈÈüüüÈ~ !SÈ° Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
~§Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ó§hs˝– Ó§hs˝ ly!ܲ G•z§Ó ˆòˆÏá
ò%ÈüÈò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚&!ê˛l–
~ܲ xq$ï˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ܲál ˆÎl !lˆÏç !lˆÏç xÑyܲˆÏï˛
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ !ÓÉ!í˛ÉG Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !¢“ Ó˚!§Ü˛ !SȈϰl– ˲yÓ%ܲ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ
ˆÎñ !Ó!˲ߨ xyô%!lܲ !¢“Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ lyÈüÈ•GÎ˚y §ˆÏcG ˆÓyô •Î˚ ˲yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà Ó§hs˝ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ
Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ !ã˛e˜Ï¢°# G xy!Dܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ fl∫Î˚Ω%˛ lÎ˚ñ fliyl#Î˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜l¢≤ÕÓ˚#Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~àÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚òy ¢¢#Ë)˛£Ïî
ˆ°yܲ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ó ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ ܲÌy §!ï˛ƒñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç– §ÙÎ˚ê˛y 1970– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ó§hs˝ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛l Ùye ˛õˆÏlˆÏÓ˚y ê˛yܲy–
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ôÓ˚lê˛y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §,!‹Tñ fl∫ï˛/≤ÈÏîy!òï˛– =Ó˚&Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˛õˆÏlˆÏÓ˚y xyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÓï˛l !òˆÏÎ˚G
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ =Ó˚& !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓyã˛≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛l– !Î÷ Ó§hs˝ §Ç§yÓ˚ ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ï˛ál lyˆÏç•y°– ò%•z §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ál xܲy°
!áˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ– Îy!Ùl# !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ x˲yÓñ xlƒ !òˆÏܲ §hs˝ylÈüȈ¢yܲ– Ó§hs˝
çlƒ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°l ˆÙ!òl#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õê˛ñ lܲ!¢Ü˛ÑyÌyñ ˆÓшÏã˛ xyˆÏSÈl =Ó˚&Ó˚ xyŸªyˆÏ§ñ í˛zͧyˆÏ•– =Ó˚&G ï˛ál Ó,k˛– !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
ˆê˛Ó˚yˆÏܲyê˛yÓ˚ ܲyçñ ˛õ%ï%˛°– Ó§hs˝ ï˛y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xÑyܲy !ã˛!ë˛ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly ӈϰ ò%/á ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ï˛ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛G Ó¶˛ •Î˚!l
SÈ!ÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD !òˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛l ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚– ày!í˛¸Ë˛yí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛ §Ç@˝Ã• Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲy–
ÓyÓò xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛l Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚– !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ≤ÕÓ˚#Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˛õyܲy •Î˚ñ Ó§hs˝ Ù%á ˆòˆÏál xyÓ˚G
!SÈ° !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ §•flÀy!ôܲ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È ê˛yܲyÓ˚ñ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ çμy°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓ˚•y•z •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z
ò%ÈüÈçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒó §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ â!l¤˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ ~ܲê˛y flõ‹T !ã˛e ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°!SÈ°– •ë˛yÍ Ó§hs˝ ~ܲ!òl ˆÓ˚!í˛ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ¢yˆÏll Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ xyÓ˚
Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛– ˆl•z– !mï˛#Î˚ ÓyÓ˚ !˛õï,˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚yà •° Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ å1972ä–
ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ S%ȈêÏ ˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ !l =Ó˚&ˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛– x!˲Ùyl#
ÓyÓ˚ xyŸªy§ ˆòl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ §y◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚– Ó§hs˝ ó Ù,ï%˛ƒ §ÇÓyòê˛yG ˛õyl!l =Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ܲ#
~!òˆÏܲ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°– ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚ ܲlƒy §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ çàߨyÌ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚•z ÙhflÏܲ Ù%[˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ !˛õï,˛◊yk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
˛õÓ˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ˛õ%e §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ çß√ •Î˚– lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy!Ùl# Ó§hs˝– xyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly Ó§hs˝ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyl!l ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
Ó˚yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ!ÓŸªÓ˚*˛õ– ˆl•z =Ó˚&Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏD– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆl•z SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z
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ˆã˛ˆÏl lyñ ܲyÓ˚G §ˆÏD SÈ!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲÌyG Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly Ó§hs˝– áÓ˚ã˛ !òˆÏï˛– Ùy§áyˆÏlܲ ˆÓyô •Î˚ °yà° §Ó ܲyç ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
•ï˛y¢yÎ˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲy ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ó¶˛ñ 1972 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xÑyܲy ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó SÈ!Ó SÈ!Ó çÙy !òˆÏï˛– ï˛Ìƒ!ã˛e ˆï˛y°y ~ÓÇ çÙy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛£è!≤ÃÎ˚Ó˚
ly!ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ܲÌy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢ï˛ ˆã˛‹TyˆÏï˛G çê˛ ˆáyˆÏ° ly– ˆÓyô •Î˚ ~ܲ ܲï˛≈yÓ˚ ˆê˛!Ó° ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÎyÓ˚ §Çáƒy 1000ÈüÈ~Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢– Ó§hs˝ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §yÓ˚y xlƒ ܲï˛≈yÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ê˛y•z°– ˆ§§Ó !ï˛_´ ≤çD xyç
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §,!‹Tñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ~Ùlܲ# ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛G– xyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z lyó ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎñ ï˛Ó%G ˆï˛y GÓ˚y•z
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó§hs˝ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ≤ÃÌÙ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!SȈϰl– ˆ¢£ÏˆÏÙ¢ !Ê˛Õ√ çÙy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyí˛¸y•z
ܲyí˛zˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyÈüÈÓ°y ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z Îy!Ùl# ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ ~ܲ!òl ò%˛õ%Ó˚ ˆòí˛¸ê˛yÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!òl §Ü˛y°
Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ÷ˆÏl !SȈϰl ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z– !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ §yï˛ê˛yÎ˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!òl §Ü˛y° ò¢ê˛yÎ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y lyÙ ÓòˆÏ°
!lˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl !ܲS%È !ã˛!벖 •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ ˆ°áy xyÓ˚G Ù%°ƒÓyl xyܲy¢ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ §¡±ã˛yÓ˚ •°– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˆ°yܲ
!ã˛!ë˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD xy!Ù ˆÎ !ã˛!ë˛=!° ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– ÎÑyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ܲê˛y !ܲS%È
ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ܲê˛y à˲#Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ~áyˆÏl– çê˛ á%°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !ܲv ˆ§•z ÙˆÏl •GÎ˚yê˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyܲyÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ çˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy ӈϰ ~ܲê˛y xlƒ Ú~ܲê˛y !ܲS%ÈÓ˚Û x˲yÓ ˆÓyô •Î˚ ˆ§§ÙÎ˚ !SÈ°ñ ï˛y•z §ÑyˆÏܲyê˛y
!ܲS%È !lŸã˛Î˚•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆË˛ˆÏÓñ Ë%˛° ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SÈ°yÙ– lˆÏí˛¸!l–
≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%ÈüÈÓSÈÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó¶%˛Óy¶˛Ó G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚Ê˛ï˛ !Ù!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È!òl ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲ!Ó˚ ˆáÑyçáÓÏÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲî≈ôyÓ˚
ˆ°yܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚G !ܲS%È •Î˚!l– ˆò¢ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ !òÓƒˆÏçƒy!ï˛ Ó§%Ó˚ §ˆÏD– §ÙhflÏ ÷ˆÏl !ï˛!l á%Ó í˛zͧyˆÏ•Ó˚ §ˆÏD
ï˛Íܲy°#l §¡õyòܲ x!Ùï˛y˲ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏê˛yܲ!˛õ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ 2005 §yˆÏ° Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ Ùy§ Ó˚yáy !SÈ°– ˆÜ˛í˛z á%ˆÏ°G ˆòˆÏá!l– !¢“# G Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y Óƒ˛õܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§•z !ç!l§ê˛yÓ˚
~Ó˚Ü˛Ù !lflõ,• ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ Ë˛y!Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ã˛e ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲÌy– x˲yÓ ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎê˛y xyˆÏà •Î˚!l ӈϰ ï˛Ìƒ!ã˛eê˛y §ÑyˆÏܲy
xyÙÓ˚y ò%ÈüÈ˲y•z åxï˛#¢ ˛õy°ñ ≤ÈÏòy£Ï ˛õy°ä !وϰ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ê˛yܲy lyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– §ÑyˆÏܲyê˛y lˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°ñ !òÓƒˆÏçƒy!ï˛ Ó§%Ó˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚
ˆÎyàyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ ï˛y xyÙÓ˚y•z çy!l– ˆ£ÏyˆÏ°y !ÙÉ!ÙÉ ò%ÈüÈ!Ó˚° SÈ!Ó ˆòÔ°ˆÏï˛•z–
ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆÊ˛!°– xl!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ ê˛yܲyê˛yñ ~ál Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z ï˛ál xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ xyÙyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲò¢ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù
çˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÈüÈSÈ!Ó ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y !ï˛l!ê˛
ï˛yÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xyˆÏòÔ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˆï˛y°y SÈ!Ó SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G Ó‡ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ Ó‡ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚G Óy•z¢!ê˛
Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ à!FSÈï˛ Ó˚y!á– 1997 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ SÈ!Ó §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢!ê˛ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l#Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÓƒyDyˆÏ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚIndia Foundation For ArtÛÈüÈ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙñ Îy Ó§hs˝ çyly ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#Ój¢yˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎˆÏï˛
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°y!¢ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl ˆòˆÏá òÓ˚áyhflÏ ˛õyë˛y•z– !ܲS%È!òl ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ !Óò?˛Ó˚y lyÈüÈ•ˆÏ°G xyÙçlï˛y Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚ GÓ˚y ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yˆÏ˛õy!ê˛≈Ç í˛Ü%˛ˆÏÙrê˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xy!Ù !môy•#l˲yˆÏÓ !¢“#Ó˚ §¡øyl çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛G–
Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚lüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚!§òÈüȧ• ~ܲ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ çÙy !ò•z– GˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ çl !¢“# ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ §yôƒ ÙˆÏï˛y xÌ≈ §y•y΃
!ã˛!벲õˆÏe xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲñ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°y!¢˛õê˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ– ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G xˆÏlܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Úçlfl∫yfliƒ
Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ òÓ˚ÓyÓ˚– !ܲv !ܲS%È!òl fl∫yô#ܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚Û !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚yñ ÎÑyÓ˚y Ó§hs˝ÓyÓ%Ó˚ §yÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ lyÈüÈÙO%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛ xyˆÏ§– ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y §Ùy˛õï˛l Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– G•z !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ òyÎ˚ âyˆÏí˛¸ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ò,!‹T¢!_´–
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ï˛álG ˆÎ ~˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó°y Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈܲy!•!lÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Ó˚•§ƒ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏlˆÏÓ˚y ê˛yܲy ÙyˆÏ§y•yÓ˚y Ùy!l xí˛≈yˆÏÓ˚ xy§ï˛ ˆ§ê˛y Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y xˆÏlܲ í˛z_Ó˚ lyÈüȈٰy ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xy!ÙG xy¢y ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙñ Î!òG Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlú Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲçl ï%˛Ù%° !Óáƒyï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyˆÏܲ
ÎyGÎ˚yÈüÈxy¢y ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !ò•z!l– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xï˛ ÓƒhflÏï˛y §ˆÏcG 22ÈüÈ23 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ï˛ !ã˛!ë˛ !°áˆÏ°l
Ó§hs˝ ï˛ál xyÓyÓ˚ x˲yÓ#– §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ x!ÓÓy!•ï˛y ÓÎ˚flÒy ˆ§•z Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ lçˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°l ly⁄ Îy!Ùl#
ܲlƒyñ !ï˛l ˛õ%eñ flf#ñ ly!ï˛ÈüÈlyï˛!l G Óí˛zÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ Î!ò Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ !ï˛l ¢ï˛y!ôܲ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°ˆÏál ï˛y•ˆÏ° Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ
ÓyˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚y çl– ~ܲÙye xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧñ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆSȈϰÓ˚ G•z ˜l¢ ˆ°áy Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÙˆÏï˛•z 1000üÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛Ù lÎ˚–
≤ÕÓ˚#Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÙylƒ ˆ˛õl¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ê˛yܲy– ˆ§§Ó !ã˛!ë˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §ÓyÓ˚ lçÓ˚ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°⁄
•ë˛yÍ 2001 §yˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó¶%˛ Ü,˛£è!≤ÃÎ˚Ó˚ åÜ,˛£è!≤ÃÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ xÑyܲy •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢ SÈ!Ó Îy Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
òy§=Æä í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà xyܲy¢ ÓyÇ°y Ó˚y!ç •Ï° ~ܲê˛y ï˛Ìƒ!ã˛e ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰl ˆ§ÈüÈSÈ!Ó=ˆÏ°y ˆà° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ï˛l Ùy§
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ÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ó§hs˝ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏây!£Ïï˛ =Ó˚& Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD á%Ó §yôyÓ˚î Óy ~ˆÏ°ˆÏӈϰ ˆ°yܲ ˲yÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ Óy ˆÙôy
ˆòáy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ò%ÈüÈã˛yÓ˚ !òl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Ïï˛ñ ˆ§§ÙÎ˚ §!ï˛ƒ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl•z–
ˆe´ï˛y ÓyˆÏòG Ó‡ !Óáƒyï˛ ˆ°yܲçl xy§ˆÏï˛l Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ
xyÓyÓ˚ ˲yÓ%l ÎyˆÏܲ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ flf# ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G lçˆÏÓ˚G ˛õˆÏí˛¸l!l Ó§hs˝ Óy ˛õ%eÓÍ Ó§hs˝ ÓyÓyç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏD ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚•z xy°y˛õ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl!l Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚– xÌã˛ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G ly!ܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆfl¨• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ӈϰ ÓyˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙˆÏàye#Î˚ !¢“#Ó˚ ÙÎ≈yòy !òˆÏFSÈl !ï˛!l– ÓyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ Ó§hs˝ ~ˆÏ§ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ áyˆÏÓl ~•z á%!¢Ó˚
Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ xÑyܲy SÈ!Ó Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ !òl =lˆÏSÈl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ flf# ~Ùlܲ# ˆáyܲyÈüÈá%Ü%˛Ó˚yG Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
ˆòGÎ˚y SÈ!ÓÓ˚ á§í˛¸y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !ï˛!l⁄ ˆÜ˛l•zÈüÈÓy Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ xyàÙˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z Ó§hs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl xyÙ!sfï˛ •l!l Ó˚yÎ˚
ÙyˆÏ§ ÙyˆÏ§ ÙyˆÏ§y•yÓ˚y ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l x˛õï˛ƒˆÏfl¨•ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yÙy!çܲ xl%¤˛yˆÏl⁄
ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛•z¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyLjϢ•z Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !lí˛zˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ í˛zò‰!Ó@¿ Ó§hs˝ ˛õÓ˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §%Ó˚y•y ˆ•yܲñ Î!òG xyŸªy§ ˛õÓ˚ ò%ÈüÈÓyÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ áÓÓ˚ lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%Ó˚y•y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l !ï˛!l– ï˛ál Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆSȈϰ ôÙ≈òy§ ~ܲ ï˛y!Ó˚á!Ó•#l !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛
~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢yly Îyܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒÓ˚y ܲ# ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáˆÏï˛l Ó§hs˝ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
çylyˆÏܲ–
˛õÓ˚Ù Ü˛°ƒyl#ˆÏÎ˚£Ï%ñ
Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ flf# ÎÑyˆÏܲ Ó§hs˝ñ ÚÙyÛ í˛yܲˆÏï˛lñ !ï˛!l 6ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ59
ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ xy˛õlyÓ˚ ò%•z áy!l ˛õe•z ˛õy•zÎ˚y!SÈ– xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ çÓyˆÏÓ
Ó,•flõ!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÙ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ çy!l ly ˆ§!ê˛ xy˛õ!l
ÓyÓy Ó§hs˝ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õeáyly ~•zÙye ˆ˛õ°yÙ– ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲly⁄ ÓyÓy ~ál ~ܲê%˛ §%fliñ ~á!l xy˛õlyÓ˚ xy!§ÓyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È•z x˛õÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y!l– Óí˛zÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !òl çμÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ly– ÓyÓyÓ˚ !lˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yñ ~ál Ó‡!òl !ã˛!ܲͧy
ÓˆÏí˛¸y•z ÓƒhflÏ !SÈ°yÙ– ï˛y•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õe !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!l– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !lÓ˚yÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– GÑÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ùl ÌyˆÏܲ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ
xyÙyÓ˚ ˆï˛y ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çylyÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚Ó–
x˛õÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ly– xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓy G ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˲y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
xy˛õ!l xyÙyÓ˚ ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚&l–
ˆÜ˛••z ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl x§v‹T •ÏÓ ly– xyç ≤ÃyÎ˚ 18
!òl •ˆÏï˛ ã˛°° Óí˛zÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çμÓ˚ ï˛y•z ܲyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲG xy!Ù !ë˛Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛y Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •zFSÈyÎ˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xy§yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õe !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!l– ~álG çμÓ˚ SÈyˆÏí˛¸!l– xyÙyÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏ° fl∫yô#lï˛y !SÈ° ly– ~•z !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ à!u˛ ˆê˛ˆÏl !SȈϰl Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ñ
ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲ‹T !lˆÏÎ˚y ly– §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛õe !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáÑyçáÓÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §y«˛ƒ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ ˆ°áy x§Çრ!ã˛!벖 ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ~áyˆÏl
çylyˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒG xyÙÓ˚y á%Ó !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy‡°ƒ–
§%áÈüÈò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏܲ çylyˆÏÓ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y
~˲yˆÏÓ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˆã˛‹TyÓ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚•z
ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùyï˛yÈüÈ!˛õï˛y–
x!lÓyÎ≈ ܲyÓ˚î !SÈ°–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ 4 ˜Ó¢yáñ Ó%ôÓyÓ˚ñ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl åï˛y!Ó˚á!Ó•#lä
ܲyÓ˚îê˛y ܲ#⁄ ˛õyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ ܲyÓ˚G ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲ°ƒyîÓˆÏÓ˚£Ï%
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ x!hflÏc⁄ Ó§hs˝ !ܲ =Æôl⁄ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù •yçyÓ˚ ≤ß¿
ÓyÓy Ó§hs˝ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛áyly ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y•z xyl!®ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ–
xyˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z_Ó˚ ˆl•z–
§yǧy!Ó˚ܲ lyly ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ V˛PyˆÏê˛ §ÙÎ˚ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!lñ
ˆ§çlƒ ÙˆÏl !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ly ÓyÓyñ ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˛õˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ 1972 §yˆÏ° Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§hs˝ çyly •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˛õy•z– ˆ§çlƒ•z xyÓ˚ !˲ߨ ˛õe ˆò•z lyñ xyÙÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆàˆÏ°lñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ x!hflÏc !Ó˛õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏ°l !lˆÏçˆÏܲ–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ xy˛õlçl ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ù ÙˆÏl ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆã˛ˆÏl ly ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏl ly ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ– ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛G
çy!l xyÙyÓ˚ ôÙ≈ñ Ù,îy°ñ ˛õê˛°ñ Ù!l ˆÎÙl ï%˛!ÙG ˆ§•zÓ˚ܲÙñ ˆl•zñ ܲyÓ˚î SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲ xÌ≈ Óy §¡øyl ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z ˆçyˆÏê˛!l ï˛ÑyÓ˚–
Ùyï,˛fliyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ– ï%˛!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ§ áyˆÏÓ ~ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆï˛•z¢ê˛y ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ §,!‹T Ó!® Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ
xy!Ù ÓˆÏí˛¸y•z xyl!®ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– Îï˛ ¢#â ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§y–
Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ lyÙܲ ~ܲ x!ï˛ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ !ç¡øyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚!§ˆÏܲÓ˚
ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly– ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛Ùl xySÈ ÈxyÙÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°
˲yˆÏ°y xy!SÈ ˆáyܲyá%Ü%˛Ó˚y ˲yˆÏ°y xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚yG á%Ó á%!¢ ï%˛!Ù
lçˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§!l Óy xy§ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆÎÔÓˆÏlÓ˚
xy§ˆÏÓ ˆçˆÏl– ˆ§ylyÓ˚ Ê˛§°– Îsfîy!Ók˛ Ó§hs˝ ï˛y•z xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏ°l ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ•zñ ÎÑyÓ˚
çlƒ !ï˛!l xyç fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ •#lñ xÌ≈yÍ fl∫ˆÏây!£Ïï˛ =Ó˚& Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z–
Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ ˆ°áy Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ flf#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !ã˛!법z ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ÚÓyÓy Ó§hs˝Û §ˆÏ¡∫yôˆÏlñ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl •z!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÚÙyÛ ÓˆÏ°– í˛z!l ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆã˛ˆÏl ly Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲñ ܲyÓ˚G ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆl•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !¢“
Úˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ•z Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñÚˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˲y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ñ ÷ô%Ùye fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆ§Ó˚y !¢“#
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚– ~§Ó ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ ˆ°áy ¢ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛– Ó§hs˝ ï˛y•z =Ó˚&ˆÏܲ
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àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏ°l ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏ°– Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ !lï˛ƒ ˛õ)!çï˛ ~àÓ˚y ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ ly•zê˛ àyí˛≈ !SȈϰl ~§Ó §yوϰ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Îy!Ùl#
à,•ˆÏòÓï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ fliyl ˆ˛õˆÏ°l Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ˛õ)ˆÏçy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ܲ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# !SȈϰl ˆ§ÈüÈ≤ß¿ lyÈüÈ•Î˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸•z !ò°yÙ–
ÌyܲˆÏ°l ÷ô% Ó§hs˝ lÎ˚ñ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG– Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ xyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~àÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y xy§ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ò#â≈ 23 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§– §yÓ˚y!òl ˆ°ˆÏà ˆÎï˛–
âê˛lyã˛ˆÏe´ 90ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲ Ó§hs˝ xyÓyÓ˚ Îál ~•z Ó§hs˝ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆ°áy Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy xhs˝ï˛ !ï˛l ¢ï˛y!ôܲ–
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏܲÓ˚ lçˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°l ï˛ál !ï˛!l ≤ÃyÎ˚ !l/fl∫ñ x¢_´ñ Ó,k˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓï˛lË%˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ï˛ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°ˆÏál Óy
xÌ≈y˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ SÈy!l ܲyê˛yˆÏï˛ lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ x¶˛– Ó‡ ΈÏb Ó˚yáy ÓyÓyç#Ól ӈϰ §ˆÏ¡y∫ ôl ܲˆÏÓl˚ ӈϰG xyÙÓ˚y ÷!l!l– xÓ¢ƒ xyÙÓ˚y
Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛ xyÓ˚ xΈÏb xӈϕ°yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲy Ùye !ï˛l!ê˛ ÷!l!l ÙyˆÏl ˛õ![˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚y ÷lˆÏÓl ly ~Ùlê˛y lÎ˚–
SÈ!Ó•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §¡õò– xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ܲÙê˛yG ܲáˆÏly ÷!l!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ çlƒ Ù!lÓ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲ ç°ñ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏlˆÏSÈl ¢‡ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zò‰ˆÏÓà ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚î ӈϰ– Ù!lÓ Óy Ù!lˆÏÓÓ˚ flf#ˆÏܲG
!¢“§Ùyç– í˛zߨy!§Ü˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛¡øˆÏlƒÓ˚y Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ.‰!_´ˆÏï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ê˛ylˆÏï˛
çyÎ˚ày !òˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚yçñ ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˆò¢ñ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ x≤Ãy§!Dܲ ˆò!á!l– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆSȈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ӈϰlñ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y Ó˚y!ç !ܲv Ó˚y!ç ll Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛=ˆÏ°y Óyí˛¸!ï˛ §%!Óôy ˛õyÓyÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ñ ˛õ![˛ï˛ Ù¢y•zÓ˚y ܲ# Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl Îy!Ùl#
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛– Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Óy•z G•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~§Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– xyÙÓ˚y
Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ï˛=ˆÏî ò«˛ ÷ô% ~•z xÓ¢ƒ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ ˲y!Ó lyñ xˆÏlܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
≤ÃÙyˆÏî•z ÓƒhflÏ xˆÏlܲ ˛õ![˛ï˛– ˆòˆÏ¢ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÎ ï%˛Ù%° Ùyl%£Ï ӈϰ•z ˲y!Ó–
!Óáƒyï˛ !SȈϰl ˆ§ê˛y l%ï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyl ܲÓ˚yê˛y ˛õy![˛ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚– ~ܲ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ˆ§§ÙÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ 2005 §yˆÏ° Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ
Úܲƒ!Ù!° Üœ˛òÛ Óy ÚÓ˚&ˆÏӈϙÛÓ˚ í˛zòy•yÓ˚î ê˛ylyê˛y ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ú~ܲ°ˆÏÓƒÛÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !SȈϰl– Ú~ܲ°ÓƒÛ !¢£Ïƒ Î!ò Ó§hs˝
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Îy!Ùl# çyly •l ï˛ˆÏÓ =Ó˚ ÚˆoyîÛ ˆÎ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ •ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚– Ó˚yçyl%@˝Ãy•#
Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~ÓÇ ~•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ÚˆoyîÛ Ú~ܲ°ˆÏÓƒÛÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲ# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆ§ ܲy!•!l §ÓyÓ˚
xy§ˆÏ° !ï˛!l Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ôˆÏÓ˚ !l°yÙ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ 10 çyly–
G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 15 ê˛yܲy ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ G•z ˛õ![˛ï˛ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈¢y°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚&ˆÏӈϙÓ˚ ܲÙ≈¢y°yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– G•z ê˛yܲy lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏ° Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– ï%˛°ly ˆê˛ˆÏl!SȈϰl– xyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 400 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà Ó˚&ˆÏӈϙÓ˚
!ܲv ≤ß¿ •Ï° ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ xyÓ˚G SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚y !SÈ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Ó xˆÏlܲ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# !lˆÏÎ˚G
~ܲê˛y ܲÌy ˲yÓ%lñ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õÎ˚§y !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚G x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà ˆÎÏï˛– xyÓ˚ Îy!Ùl#
çlƒ !lÎ%_´ ܲÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z ÎyÎ˚ñ xˆÏlˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚GˆÏSÈl– !ܲv xˆÏlˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ Îy âÓ˚yly ï˛yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !òˆÏl ò%ÈüÈã˛yÓ˚!ê˛G xÑyܲy ˆÎï˛–
ˆÓyô •Î˚ ~ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l 22ÈüÈ23 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy •° ï˛yÓ˚yG
e´Ùyàï˛ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°áy– ~Ùlܲ# Úܲƒ!Ù!° Üœ˛òˆÏÜ˛Û ÚÓ˚ÑòƒyÛ Óy ÚÓ˚&ˆÏÓ™Û xl%@˝Ã• ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ÙyeyK˛yl •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l–
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ÚçƒÜ˛Ó çÓ˚òyˆÏÎ˚™Ûñ Ú~si!l ˲l í˛y•zÜ˛Û Óy ÚÊ˛ylÍ
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛eܲ°yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ lyÙ ÎÑyÓ˚
fl¨y•zí˛yÓ˚§ˆÏܲÛG §yÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏl •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ò%ÈüÈã˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ°ˆÏál!l–
Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ã˛yܲy àí˛¸à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆ§çlƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ó˚Ì# °yˆÏà ly Óy Ó˚!¢
~•z ˛õ![˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚y §yàÓ˚ ˛õy!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ !¢“#Ó˚ lyÙ çyˆÏll !ܲv
ê˛ylyÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï °yˆÏà ly– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z çyˆÏllñ
˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ˛õшÏã˛y Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ lyÙ çyˆÏll lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ܲƒ!Ù!° Üœ˛ò Óy çƒÜ˛Ó
˲ˆÏ_´Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˲àÓyl ܲÑyˆÏò– ~áyˆÏlG ˆÓyô •Î˚ Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ lyÙܲ
çÓ˚òyˆÏÎ˚™ñ ~si!l ˲l í˛y•zܲñ Ê˛ylÍ fl¨y•zí˛yÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§
x!ï˛ÙylÓ!ê˛Ó˚ òÙ Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ Ë˛_´ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲!_´Ó˚ ˆë˛°yÎ˚– !ï˛!l
xyˆÏSÈñ xyÓ˚ Ó§hs˝ˆÏܲ §ÎˆÏb ˆày˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ ~•z Ù•y
xÓ¢ƒ ÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ˆÏSÈl– ~ ˆë˛°y §yÙ°yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚Gñ ˆ§•z
òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~álG xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚– í˛zFã˛Óà≈#Î˚
xyÙÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y Ó§hs˝ çylyˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ òÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ
xydŸ’yây ӈϰ Ó§hs˝ ~ˆÏܲ ÚˆÙ!òl#˛õ%!Ó˚Î˚yÛ ï˛yÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ÚçylyÛ–
åÎy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ Îy x§¡õ)î≈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈlä ï˛yÓ˚yG Óyï˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ
Ó§hs˝ ≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏl §yÙylƒ ˛õÎ˚§yÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ SÈye ˛õí˛¸yˆÏï˛lñ ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yàƒ §Çe´yÙܲ Óƒ!ô@˝ÃhflψÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y–
!òlÙç%!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!í˛G x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ ˛õyáy ê˛ylˆÏï˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚G ˛õˆÏÓ˚
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!ܲS%È !Óï˛!ܲ≈ï˛ âê˛ly âê˛ˆÏ°•z ˆây°y çˆÏ° ÙySÈ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l !¢“ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §Óy•z !¢“# •Î˚ ly– SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyñ ܲyÓ˚G ܲyÓ˚G
x˲yÓ •Î˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏ§ Ó¶%˛Ó˚ SÈpˆÏӈϢ•z xyˆÏ§– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy Ùye– !¢“# •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ í˛zòyÓ˚ï˛y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ Îy §ÓyÓ˚
xyˆÏáÓ˚ =!SȈÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ó‡ âê˛ly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§§Ó ~•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚°yÙ ly– ÷ô% çyly•z Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ Ó§hs˝ çyly Óy Îy!Ùl# Ó˚yÎ˚ ~áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚e Ùye– âê˛lyã˛ˆÏe´
§ÇÓyò ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xy!Ùñ !ã˛e !¢“# §Ù#Ó˚ xy•zã˛ xyÓ˚ §yÇÓy!òܲ Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ âê˛ly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Óî≈Óyò# §ÙyˆÏç
ˆàÔï˛Ù !ÓŸªy§ SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ӈϰ ÷!l!l– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó‡ Ó§hs˝ ~Ùl x!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚– Îy âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈñ âê˛ˆÏSÈ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ˆÏï˛ xy!Ù SÈyí˛¸y Ó§hs˝ çylyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛G âê˛ˆÏÓ–
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚yˆÏá ӈϰG çy!l ly– ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ G ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛
2009 ~Ó˚ 27 ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ Ó§hs˝ çyly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸
!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆòˆÏá ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲÙye !ã˛e ≤Ãò¢≈l#– ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó‡ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó%ܲ˲Ó˚y ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y–
xyÓyÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ°ÈüÈxyÓí˛yˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ òy°y°ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%˛Í§yG
÷ˆÏl ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ–
xy§ˆÏ° !ÓK˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°•z §Óy•z ˆÎÙl !ÓK˛yl# •Î˚ ly ¢ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !ã˛e!¢“# •ˆÏÓ˚l òy§
Ü,˛£è!çÍ ˆ§l=Æ
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•ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ≤ÃÌÙ ˆò!á ˆò¢ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚– ï˛ál xy!Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l– í˛yܲˆÏÎyˆÏà•z xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Ê˛Ù≈ !Ê˛°ÈüÈxy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yl–
ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õ!í˛¸– ˛õÓ˚yà Ó˚yÎ˚ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl •ˆÏÓ˚lÓyÓ%Ó˚ SÈ!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Ó¶%˛ •!ÓÓ%Ó˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ Ê˛Ù≈ ~ˆÏl ˆòl–
ˆ§•z ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ˆÏD SÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È Ó˚!.l G §yòyܲyˆÏ°y !ܲv xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰ ˲Ó˚!ï˛ •ˆÏ°G §Ù§ƒy xlƒ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ˆï˛y
SÈ!Ó– ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ù%?˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&– ˆò¢ÈüÈ~ SÈy˛õy ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ÓˆÏò¢ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ï˛!l ÌyܲˆÏÓl ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ xˆÏlܲ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ
ˆ§•z ˆ°áy!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ò•z Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ò!Õ‘ xyê˛≈ ~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •°– ˆ≤ÃÙ•!Ó˚ ÓÙ≈l !SȈϰl ï˛ál !òlyç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓD°
àƒy°y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •*‹T˛õ%‹T xƒy°ÓyˆÏÙÓ˚ •!ò¢ Îál xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl– !ï˛!l ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ !¢“#Ó˚ Ìyܲyñ áyGÎ˚y G
˛õy•zñ ï˛ál xyÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ SÈy˛õy ˆl•z– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!òl !¢“#˛õ%e ã˛®l •yï˛áÓ˚ã˛ ˆçyàyˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏ°l– •ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ï˛álܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
òyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Îy•z– ˆ§áyˆÏl •ˆÏÓ˚lÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ •°– !ܲv §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ܲ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xyˆÏSÈú •ˆÏÓ˚l Îál xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰ
xÑyܲy x!Ó˚!çly° SÈ!Ó=!° !lˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ù%?˛!ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ӈϣÏ≈Ó˚ SÈye !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛ál•z ˆ≤ÃÙ•!Ó˚ ÓÙ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§¡∫!° ˛õˆÏòÓ˚
Ìy!ܲ Ó‡«˛î– ˆòˆÏá ˆÎl xyÓ˚ xy¢ ˆÙˆÏê˛ ly– ã˛®l òy§ !lˆÏçG ˆÙÎ˚yò ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– •ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆï˛y xyܲy¢ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
~ܲçl =î# !¢“#– ÓyÓyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ !ï˛!l ÓˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– í˛z˛õe´Ù– ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓlñ áyˆÏÓl ܲ#⁄ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ ˆï˛y xˆÏlܲ
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y à˲≈ˆÏÙrê˛ xyê˛≈ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç SÈy˛õ!ã˛e !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ï˛!l ~ܲçl ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy– x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y §%ˆÏÎyà ~°– xy◊Î˚òyï˛y
§%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛– ÓyÓy •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈ!Ó•z ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÙ•!Ó˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆôy˛õy ã%˛l#°y° òy§ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°l !¢“#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢–
Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ SÈy˛õˆÏï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆÙ!¢l •zï˛ƒy!òG !ï˛!l á%Ó Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ã%˛l#°yˆÏ°Ó˚ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ G ï˛ÑyÓ˚•z ˆòGÎ˚y x!ï˛§yÙylƒ •yï˛áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ê˛yܲyÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ã˛®lÓyÓ%Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛•z â%ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§§Ó ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# !ï˛l ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y§≈ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l •ˆÏÓ˚lÓyÓ%– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆ§Ô˲yàƒ •Î˚ xyÙyÓ˚– ~Ùlܲ# ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆ§ÔçˆÏlƒ•z •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !òˆÏl ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛Ìy !ã˛hs˝y•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰ !ï˛!l Ó§hs˝
ò%!ê˛ xƒy°ÓyÙ xy!Ù §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ï˛yÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛y x!ï˛ àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ç°Ó˚Ç G ≤Âyò ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆï˛°Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚
ò%‹±y˛õƒ– 1950 §yˆÏ° fl∫Î˚Ç !¢“#Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl SÈy˛õy Bengal ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õyë˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– xyÓ˚ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ Ù%ƒÓ˚y° ˆ˛õ!rê˛Ç !¢!áˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl
Village in wood Engravings lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ§•z x§yôyÓ˚î §Ç@˝Ã•!ê˛ Ùî#wË)˛£Ïî =Æ– •ˆÏÓ˚l xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰ ˆÌˆÏܲ !í˛ˆÏ≤’yÙy ˛õyl 1944ÈüÈ~–
§¡õˆÏܲ≈ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°yÙ– !ܲv ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl xyÙyÓ˚ ï˛ál !¢«˛ye´Ù !SÈ° SÈÎ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ò%ÈüÈÓSÈÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
lyàyˆÏ° xy§ˆÏÓ ~ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝yG ܲ!Ó˚!l– ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z !¢“#Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §ÙÎ˚– !¢“# Ó˚ˆÏÙwlyÌ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#ÈüÈÓ˚ ï˛y!°ˆÏÙ !ï˛!l
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Haren Das printmaker par ò«˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l í˛zí˛Ü˛yê˛ G í˛zí˛~l@˝Ã!˲ÇÈüÈ~– Îy !ܲly •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚
excellence Ó•z!ê˛G •yˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ˆ§ÈüÈÓ•zˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“#ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌê˛y•z ÓòˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– !lçfl∫ !ã˛hs˝y G à˲#Ó˚
ç#Ól G ܲyç §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §®#˛õ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ xÌã˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l •ˆÏÎ˚l GˆÏë˛l ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆ◊¤˛
Ù)°ƒÓyl xyˆÏ°yã˛ly– ~•z§Ó !ç!l§˛õe ˛õyÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z SÈy˛õ!ã˛e!¢“#– ~•z Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ SÈy˛õ!ã˛e !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛áy!l xyˆÏ°y ˆÊ˛°y
ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲyˆÏí˛!Ù xÊ˛ Ê˛y•zl xyê˛≈§ÈüÈ~ •zfiê˛ àƒy°y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !¢“#Ó˚ Îyܲ– SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ ~•z ÙyôƒÙ!ê˛ Ó‡Ü˛y° ôˆÏÓ˚•z §yÓ˚y!ӈϟª çl!≤ÃÎ˚–
¢ï˛Ó£Ï≈ fløÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ≤Ãò¢≈l#Ó˚ ~Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ã˛#lˆÏòˆÏ¢– ~•z ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù)° !¢“ܲÙ≈!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ù•y í˛zͧyˆÏ• Ó¶%˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãò¢≈l# !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚– •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ܲyë˛ñ ˛õyÌÓ˚ xÌÓy ôyï%˛–
ˆòˆÏá ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyl® ˛õy•z– x“ܲÌyÎ˚ ~•z •° !¢“# §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙyÓ˚ !¢“#Ó˚ §,çˆÏl ˆ§•z ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y §Ùï˛°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚Ç
≤Û!ï˛ G ã˛ã˛≈y– Ùy!áˆÏÎ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ SÈy˛õ ˆï˛y°yˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ SÈy˛õ!ã˛e– !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛
•ˆÏÓ˚l òy§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çß√ 1921ÈüÈ~ 1 ˆÊ˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ !òlyç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îï˛ §•ˆÏç Ó°°yÙ ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛ï˛ §•ç lÎ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚•z– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyR @˝ÃyˆÏÙ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÓyÓyñ ܲy!ï˛≈ܲã˛w òy§ñ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ Ùy§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢“#Ó˚ Ó‡hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙôy G ≤ÃÎ%!_´àï˛ Ü˛°yˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°– ÓyÇ°yÓ˚
xyˆÏà•z ≤ÃÎ˚yï˛ •l– ÙyÈüÈG ÙyÓ˚y Îyl ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚•z– ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ SÈy˛õ!ã˛eܲ°yÎ˚ x@˝Ã˛õ!Ìܲ !¢“#Ó˚y •ˆÏ°l °!°ï˛ˆÏÙy•l ˆ§lñ
ÓyÓyÈüÈ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÙ)°ƒ ˆfl¨• !ï˛!l ˛õyl!l ÓˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyܲy Ó°Ó˚yÙ Ó˚ˆÏÙwlyÌ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#ñ l®°y° Ó§%ñ Ù%Ü%˛° ˆò– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° !ã˛_≤çyòñ
òy§ G ܲy!ܲÙy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl !¢“#ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ xÎb ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~Ùlܲ# Ù%Ó˚°#ôÓ˚ ê˛y!°ñ §!Ê˛í˛z!jl xy•ˆÏÙòñ ܲyÙÓ˚&° •y§ylñ ˆ§yÙlyÌ
Ùƒy!ê˛ΔÜ%˛ˆÏ°¢ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ï˛!l çylˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l ˆÎ ܲyܲyÈüÈ ˆ•yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙ%á– ~шÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •ˆÏÓ˚l òy§ÈüÈ•z ~ܲÙye !¢“# ÎÑyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
ܲy!ܲÙy ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xy§° ÙyÈüÈÓyÓy ll– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏÓ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z •ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈fl∫ !SÈ° SÈy˛õ!ã˛e– xÌ≈yÍ xlƒylƒ !¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ï˛!l ç°Ó˚Çñ
!SÈ° SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xòÙƒ ê˛yl– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ í»˛•zÇÈüÈ!ê˛ã˛yÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆï˛°Ó˚Ç •zï˛ƒy!ò ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z xy@˝Ã• ˆòáyl!l– ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ
§%Æ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ Ó#ç ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl– !ï˛!l Óy°Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ˚lˆÏܲ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yܲyˆÏ° !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°Gñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l
!àˆÏÎ˚ xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy• !òˆÏï˛l– !ܲv fl∫˲yÓï˛•z ~ÈüÈ˛õˆÏÌ à˲ˆÏÙ≈rê˛ xyê˛≈fl%҈ϰ å˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° xyê˛≈ܲˆÏ°çä SÈy˛õ!ã˛eܲ°y
Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §¡ø!ï˛ !SÈ° ly– ˆÜ˛•zÈüÈÓy xyÓ˚ ã˛yÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆSȈϰ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyÓ˚ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl •ˆÏÎ˚ xyç#Ól !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl
ÙˆÏï˛y x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ç#!ÓܲyˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚&ܲ– !ܲv •ˆÏÓ˚l Ù!Ó˚Î˚y ò«˛ï˛y G §¡øyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD–
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xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎáyˆÏl SÈ!ÓÈüÈ˲yflÒÎ≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !ܲS%È Ó_´Óƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚ •z!Dï˛ xy!Ù ~•z ˆ°áyÓ˚
ÙyÌy âyÙyÎ˚ lyñ ˆ§áyˆÏl •ˆÏÓl˚ òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !¢“# á%Ó o&ï˛ çl!≤ÃÎï˚ ˛y ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ– Óƒ!_´àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xy!Ù §ÙyçÙ%á# !¢“ܲ°yÓ˚
xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ l•z– xyÙyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçG §ÙyçÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛
!ã˛eï˛yÓ˚ܲy Óy ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛Ó%G !¢“ܲ°yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛•z âl •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G xy!Ù !¢“ܲ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xy!.lyÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyç §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• !SÈ° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ly– ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî àî§Çà#ï˛
ÙˆÏï˛y•z– •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !¢“#Ó˚ §ÙܲyˆÏ° ˆÎÙl !SÈ°ñ G §yôyÓ˚î ˛õ!Õ‘à#!ï˛ ò%•zÈüÈ•z xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ ˛õSÈ®– !¢“§¡øï˛ ˆ˛õyfiê˛yÓ˚
xyç ¢ï˛Ó£Ï≈ x!ï˛e´ÙܲyˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%ÈÙye «˛Î˚ •Î˚!l– •ˆÏÓ˚lÓyÓ%Ó˚ G !Ó÷k˛ !l§à≈!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy!Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˆò!á ly– !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l
§•z ܲÓ˚y SÈ!Ó Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyê˛≈ àƒy°y!Ó˚ §y@˝ÃˆÏ• ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãà!ï˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Óy Ü%˛Ó˚&!ã˛Ü˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È lyÈüÈ~ˆÏ°•z •°–
°%ˆÏÊ˛ ˆlÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ G ¢•Ó˚ï˛!°Ó˚ ~ê˛y ˆï˛y ÙylˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e x§%ˆÏáÓ˚
§•çÈüȧÓ˚° ç#ÓlSȈϮ SÈ!®ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ í˛z˛õfliy˛õly ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xye´ÙˆÏîñ Ó‡çy!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !l¤%˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ !˛õ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛
ܲyˆÏç– xyˆÏ°ySÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ï˛yñ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàñ Îy !ܲly !ÓôÁhflÏ Ùl Îál Ùyï,˛ˆÏfl¨ˆÏ•Ó˚ xyÓ˚yÙ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆÎ !¢“ܲ°y
~ܲlçˆÏÓ˚•z ˲yˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy •° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!hs˝ ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y°ˆÏâÑ£Ïy Ó˚*˛õܲ“=!°•z–
ˆòˆÏá xyl® ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢“ˆÏÓyk˛y •ÓyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ~Ù!lˆÏï˛•z §yôyÓ˚î ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ÓyhflÏÓôÙ≈# SÈ!ÓÓ˚
ܲòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢– xyÓ˚ ï˛y Î!ò ˜òl!®l ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y !Ó£ÏÎ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ܲÌy•z ˆl•z– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ §)-
ܲ°yˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ñ !ܲv ~Ùl•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆÎ §yòyˆÏã˛yˆÏá ˆòˆÏá
ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z– í˛z˛õfliy˛õlyÓ˚ ~•z §yÓ˚°ƒ !ï˛!l
xyÎ˚_ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !¢“#ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z– SÈy˛õ!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ lyly
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !ï˛!l ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ܲyë˛ˆÏáyòy•zñ í˛zí˛ÈüÈ~lˆÏ@˝Ã!˲Çñ
!°ˆÏlyܲyê˛ñ !°ˆÏÌy@˝ÃyÊ˛ñ xƒyˆÏܲyÎ˚y!ê˛rê˛ñ ~!ã˛ÇÈüüüÈ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó•z–
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!.l SÈy˛õ!ã˛e §,!‹TˆÏï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y !SÈ° x!ÓfløÓ˚î#Î˚–
•ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈ!Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛y
•° §yÙy!çܲ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!Ó ÷ô%•z §%®Ó˚ñ
ÙˆÏlyÓ˚Ù– ˆ§áyˆÏl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !òܲ ˆl•zñ ˆl•z ≤ÃyîôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
@’y!l– !¢“# !lˆÏç ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈlñ
ˆÎÙl fl∫yô#lï˛y xyˆÏ®y°lñ Ùß∫hs˝Ó˚ñ ˆò¢Ë˛yàñ òyDyñ fl∫yô#lï˛y≤Ãy!Æñ
lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù àîÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°lñ §yÙy!çܲ G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛!l– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈
◊Ùç#Ó# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyï˛≈lyò ˆl•zñ ˆl•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ◊Ùç!lï˛
Üœ ˛ y!hs˝ Óy §yÊ˛ˆÏ ° ƒÓ˚ í˛z Õ ‘ y §– SÈ ! ÓÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ e Ó˚ y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ Ë ˛yà•z •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈy˛õ!ã˛e
x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´¢)lƒ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ñ §Ùܲy°#l !¢“ÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§=!° §Ùyç G ˆ◊!î !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛– •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛áˆÏly Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ GˆÏë˛!l– ~Ùlܲ# ÙˆÏôƒ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚&ò ˆl•z– !ܲv ï˛y•z ӈϰ Î%àÎ%à ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
ò#â≈ !¢“#ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜¢°#àï˛ ÓÑyܲÓò° âˆÏê˛!l– •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§y lò#Ó˚ ܲ°ôÁ!lÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ Ó£Ï≈y!§_´ ˛õ!Õ‘ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
xÌ≈yÍ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD !ã˛e˲y£ÏyÓ˚ xy!Dܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÌÓy Ó˚y.y Ê%˛ˆÏ° §!Iï˛ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈§%ôyˆÏܲG ˆï˛y
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~§Ó x!˲ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !¢“# xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z§Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò
!lˆÏç ܲáˆÏly Ù%á!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ӈϰ ÷!l!l– Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°lñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyç ˆòˆÏá x§ÇრÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ˚lÓyÓ% !SȈϰl ¢yhs˝≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï– ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xylˆÏ® !ï˛!l !¢“Ó˚ã˛ly !ܲÎ˚òÇ¢G Î!ò Ó˚!.l •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xy˛õ!_Ó˚ ܲ#•zÈüÈÓy ÌyܲˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !SÈ° SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyl– SÈyeç#ÓˆÏl ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yŸªï˛ @˝ÃyÙç#Ól ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
!lˆÏç Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ !ï˛!l !¢ˆÏá!SȈϰl ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !l¤˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD SÈ!Ó ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyG !ܲv x!ï˛Ó˚Ol ˆl•zñ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛G ˆl•z–
~шÏܲ ˆàˆÏSÈl xyç#Ól– ÙˆÏl •Î˚ !¢“Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyl® òyl fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !l!°≈!Æ !òˆÏÎ˚•z !¢“# xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl @˝ÃyÙƒ
ܲÓ˚y•z !SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˲_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õÌâyê˛ñ ܲ°ï˛°yñ ï˛y°Ólñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆlyÎ˚yˆÏly àySÈñ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
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Óy!í˛¸ñ ܲ°yÓyàylñ ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yÓ˚ Óy§y– !ã˛Ó˚ˆÏã˛ly ~•z§Ó ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÈüÈÚ•ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÛ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛lyˆÏã˛yˆÏá ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòÓÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§yÙ
@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈Ù%áÓ˚ï˛yñ ˆ§G ˲y!Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚*˛õ–
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ñ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚
Ìyܲy ˆçˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ˆlÔˆÏܲyÓ˚ =îê˛yly Ùy!V˛ñ ÙyˆÏÓ≈° ˆá°yÎ˚ Ù_
ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ñ Ê%˛° Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏly ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆáÎ˚y ˛õyÓ˚y˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒhflÏ Ùyl%£Ï
ˆÎ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲!DÙyÎ˚ ≤Ãfl≥%˛!ê˛ï˛ ï˛y ˆòáˆÏ°•z Ùl ˲ˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏ벖 xyl®
•Î˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ï˛§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ á%Ñ!ê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ï˛ §Ó ˆ§Ô®Î≈ xyˆÏSÈ ~ ܲÌy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó
!¢“#•z ˆï˛y ~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ !ÓŸª§Ç§yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏál ly– ˆ§•zçlƒ•z
ˆï˛y !¢“çàï˛ ~ï˛ !Ó!ã˛e– xy!Ù !lˆÏç •ˆÏÓ˚l òyˆÏ§Ó˚ !l§à≈!ã˛e
ˆòˆÏá á%Ó xyl® ˛õy•zñ x!fliÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ flõ¢≈ °yˆÏà– §Ó SÈ!ÓˆÏܲ•z
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yñ §yÙy!çܲ òyÎ˚ ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
~Ùl ˆï˛y lÎ˚– xÌÓy !ã˛eܲ°yÓ˚ xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ §y!Ù°
•ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Î%ˆÏày_#î≈ •ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ ï˛yG lÎ˚– xyÓ•Ùyl ÓyÇ°yÓ˚
§•!çÎ˚y §%ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÓ˚l òy§ xyç#Ól §,!‹TˆÏï˛ Ù@¿
!SȈϰl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ SÈ!ÓçàÍ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ Ùyl%£Ï G §ÙyçˆÏܲ
ò,¢ƒàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ !¢!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲçl SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ò¢≈ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~ ˆï˛y Ü˛Ù ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˛õyGÎ˚y lÎ˚– Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚– ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ≠ x!˲!çÍ ˆ§l=Æ
ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T !ã˛eܲÓ˚ G àòƒÜ˛yÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y Úxï˛§#ÙyÙ#Û à“ •ˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈGë˛yÓ˚ âê˛lyê˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z çy!l–
lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢lyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÙˆÏl •Î˚ Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈGë˛y ˆÎÙl xyܲ!fløܲ xyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÙyMÈ˛Ü˛Ó˚ñ ˆï˛Ùl
xï˛#w#Î˚ È ü È x ˆÏ ° Ô!ܲܲ– xyÙÓ˚ y ~˲yˆÏ Ó Ë˛yÓˆÏ ï ˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎl
≤ÈÏÓyôÜ%˛ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈGë˛y ˜òÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xl%K˛yó
≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y SÈyí˛¸y GÈüÈ!ç!l§ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~ܲê%˛ ï˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏ° ˆÓyV˛y
ÎyˆÏÓ xÙl˲yˆÏÓ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ Ú•ˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈGë˛yÛ x§Ω˛Ó– Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Ú!ܲS%È•z ˆÜ˛yÌyG Î!ò ˆl•zñ ˆçˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçl §y!•!ï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚
Ú•ˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈGë˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùy˛õˆÏçyܲ– ~áyˆÏl Ùy˛õˆÏçyܲ ¢∑ê˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ï˛Ó% ˆï˛y ܲÈüÈçl xy!SÈ Óy!ܲ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ~Ùlê˛y lyÈüÈ˲yÓy•z ˲yˆÏ°y–
Ùy!lܲÓyÓ% Ú§y!•ï˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ Îál !°áˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§•z
xyÎ˚ xyÓ˚G •yˆÏï˛ •yï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá 1952 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l ˆï˛•z¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ x!˲K˛ó ÓyÇ°y
ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆÓ˚Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚™ ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛– ˆ§áyˆÏl !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ
xyÎ˚ xyÓ˚G ˆÓшÏô ˆÓшÏÌ Ìy!ܲ–Û §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §y!•ï˛ƒ lyÈüȈâшÏê˛ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ çyly §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ÈüüüÈ¢C ˆây£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !lˆÏç Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüȈçˆÏl ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyÎ˚òyܲyl%l xyÎ˚_ lyÈüÈܲˆÏÓ˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ •GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
flõ‹Tï˛•z Úxï˛§#ÙyÙ#Û Ü˛ˆÏ°ç §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çy!lˆÏÎ˚
!°áˆÏ°Gñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈGë˛y xÙl xyܲ!fløܲ ˆ§ê˛y ˆáyò
Ó¶%˛Ó˚ ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy– ˆ°áܲ•z xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤çDê˛y xy˛õyï˛ï˛ ~áyˆÏl•z ˆSȈÏí˛¸
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá xy!Ù xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ !˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°y ˆÊ˛!°–
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Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ •zÇÓ˚y!ç !¢!«˛ï˛ Ùôƒ!Ó_ Óy·˛î ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ~•z xyô%!lܲï˛y ~ܲê˛y !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆï˛yí˛¸ˆÏçyí˛¸ ˆÓшÏô•z
ÓÇ¢– ˆ§áyˆÏl ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ó ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° !ܲv !Ó≤’Ó •Î˚!lñ •GÎ˚y §Ω˛ÓG !SÈ° ly Èüüüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ã˛°!ï˛
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Èüȧhs˝ylÈüÈxy!Ì≈ܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ã˛y°% Ó˚&ê˛– xyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ê˛y §ÇflÒyÓ˚ G ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ùôƒ!Ó_ ï˛yÓ˚&ˆÏîƒÓ˚ !ӈϫ˛y˲ !Ó≤’Ó ~ˆÏl
§yôyÓ˚î Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›˛õsi#
ã˛° ÌyܲˆÏ°G §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ç#Ól ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚!SÈñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›Óyò# xyò¢≈ ܲˆÏÕ‘y°ñ ܲy!°ÈüÈܲ°Ù#Î˚
ܲÌy lÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° §yôyÓ˚î Ùôƒ!Ó_ SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ x!˲ÎyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !SÈ° ly–
ˆÎÙl !ï˛!l Ó˚Ó#wlyÌÈüÈ¢Ó˚Íã˛w ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈlñ ˆï˛Ùl•z l%ƒê˛ •ƒyÙ§%ƒ. ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ñ Îál !ï˛!l fl%҈ϰÓ˚ à!u˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ §yÓy°Ü˛
!ܲÇÓy Óyl≈yí˛ ¢– ܲ!Óï˛y !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈló fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚y° ˛õ!eܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈlñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z í˛z_Æ §ÙÎ˚ñ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àhs˝Óƒ
§¡õyòlyG ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~=ˆÏ°y Óy.y!° !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z 1926ÈüÈ27 §yˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ !ï˛!l áy!lܲê˛y ˆÎl
§ÙÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà !ܲÇÓy §y!•ï˛ƒ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ åfl%҈ϰÓ˚ §•˛õy!ë˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÙylyl xyÓ˚ !Ó«%˛∏˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°l– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ¢Ó˚Íã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
lyê˛Ü˛G ÙMÈ˛fli ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ï˛!lä– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ~Ùl !Ó!¢‹T lÎ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏcG ï˛ÑyÓ˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛y Ùy!lܲÓyÓ%Ó˚
ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ç#!Óܲy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ó !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyˆÏSÈ !SÈ° ≤ß¿yï˛#ï˛ñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ §Ùܲy°#l §y!•ï˛ƒ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ S%ÈшÏÎ˚G
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ°áܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ò%ÈüÈï˛Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ° ly– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ Îy!FSÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚
ë˛Ü˛yˆÏlyÎ˚ òí˛¸ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛§Ùyç– Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ !òܲê˛y ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y Ùôƒ!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ ç#Ól˜Ï¢!°Ó˚ Ü,˛!eÙï˛yÈüüüÈÎÑyˆÏܲ !ï˛!l
xy˛õyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù•#l •ˆÏÎ˚G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ç#ÓˆÏl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˲[˛y!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ !SȈϰl ˆÙôyÓ# SÈyeñ
Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆ§ê˛y ~ÓyÓ˚ xl%§¶˛yl ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– xˆÏB˛˛ ˲yˆÏ°y !SȈϰl– xˆÏB˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y °!çܲ xyˆÏSÈñ ÎÑyÓ˚y xB˛˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˲yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§l !ܲÇÓy xˆÏB˛˛ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈#ñ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ê˛y
xy!Ù !ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ï˛Ìƒ ï%˛ˆÏ° xylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~•z °!çܲ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏlG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°
§ò§ƒÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ flø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò%‹T%!Ù xˆÏB˛Ó˚ °!çܲ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ!ã˛•´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
xyÓ˚ x!˲ÎyˆÏlÓ˚ à“ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÷!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÈüÈܲyˆÏ° Ùy!lܲÓyÓ% ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
¢Ó˚Íã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xï˛ê˛y ˆÓyˆÏ•!ÙÎ˚yl lyÈüÈ•ˆÏÎ˚G Ùy!lܲÓyÓ% áy!lܲê˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ§ ܲyˆÏ° Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛#Î˚
ˆÎl xl%¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !l¡¨!Ó_ !ܲÇÓy à!Ó˚Ó ÙˆÏly!Óܲ°l ò¢≈l¢yˆÏflf ã˛!ã˛≈ï˛ ~ܲê˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ âÓ˚ÈüȧǧyÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ê˛ylï˛ñ ˆï˛Ùl•z Úx“ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ÚˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ã˛!ܲͧy !ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xye´Ùî á%Ó ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙlˆÏl– ~•z ò%•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚yG Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ÈüÈ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚
!وϰ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– §ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏV˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SȈϰl– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!° !ܲÇÓy
ç#ÓlˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ à˲#Ó˚ xy@˝Ã• !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛yÙ à“ÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§ñ l‹Tl#í˛¸ÈüÈ~ !˲ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚yl Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ Ùylƒï˛y !òˆÏ°G Óy.y!° ˛õyë˛Ü˛
à“ÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ lyí˛¸y ˆáï˛yÙ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓñ à“ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ !ܲÇÓy §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ !ܲv ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòl!l– xyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Íã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
Ó%V˛ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒyÜ%˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Õ‘y¢ ܲÓ˚ï˛yÙ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól– àyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y ˛õyܲy˛õy!ܲ ã˛!Ó˚e•#l fiê˛ƒy¡õ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚•z !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ï˛ÑyÓ˚y–
Ùy!lܲÓyÓ% ÎyˆÏܲ ÚÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓlÛ Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ܲê˛y xhs˝Ó˚ G•z ~ܲ•z ܲyç Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°l çàò#¢ =ˆÏÆÓ˚ °â%=Ó˚&
!ܲÇÓy fl∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î SÈye ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ï˛!l ~ܲy!ôܲ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛#Î˚ Ùl!Óܲ°lˆÏܲ çàò#¢ xyÓ˚
ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ◊#ܲyhs˝ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈlñ ˆï˛Ùl xlƒylƒ ¢Ó˚ÍÈü§y!•ï˛ƒ– Ùy!lܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ°lñ xÌã˛
Ó˚yç°-#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ~ܲ xl%Ó˚yà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ °â%=Ó˚& !ܲÇÓy ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ x§yô% !§k˛yÌ≈ ˛õ%ï%˛°lyˆÏã˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ìy
•Î˚– ¢Ó˚Íã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲG x¡‘yl •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ly– ~•z ≤çDˆÏܲ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá xy!Ù ˆÊ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xÌã˛ñ ¢Ó˚Íã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly fli!àï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°yÙñ ˆ§áyˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy!FSÈ–
ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ~•z ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyÙlyÈüÈÓy§ly•#l ÙÙï˛yÙÎ˚# ˆ≤Ã!ÙܲyÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ñ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ü˛≈ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° §¡õyòˆÏܲÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚˛õye lyÈüÈ•ˆÏ°
!ܲÇÓy ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çyï˛– §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ à“ÈüÈܲ!Óï˛y SÈy˛õy •Î˚ ly– ~Ùl §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝
~!òˆÏܲ í˛zÑã%˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛•z ÚܲˆÏÕ‘y°Û §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î=ˆÏ°y Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yÎ˚ !SÈ° ly– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ flõ‹T Ùï˛ !SÈ°
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓê˛y á%Ó Ü˛í˛¸y ˆí˛yˆÏçÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ°y ˆ°áy •ˆÏ° §¡õyòܲ SÈy˛õˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~Ùl ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲÎ˚°yÜ%˛!ë˛ SÈyí˛¸y Óy!ܲ à“ÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆï˛Ùl @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎñ !ï˛!l xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §ÙܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛!l– !ï˛!l flõ‹T ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ §y!•ï˛ƒ Îy ÓyhflÏÓÓyò#ñ ï˛y xy§ˆÏ° x§yí˛¸– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲçl xˆÏB˛Ó˚
SÈyeñ ÎÑyÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏÓ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙàˆÏç ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏSÈ ÚˆÜ˛lÛÈüÈÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
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ˆáÑyçyñ !Î!l Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §hs˝yl •ˆÏÎ˚G Ùôƒ!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ÓyÇ°y ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÕ‘%ܲ
˲[˛y!ÙˆÏܲ Ó˚Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SȈϰl lyñ !Î!l à!Ó˚Óñ xhs˝ƒç ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÷ˆÏ˲®% ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ò%/áܲ‹T ˆòˆÏá !Óã˛!°ï˛ˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !Î!l ¢Ó˚Íã˛w
ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛!ߨ¤˛ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏÓ˚yôyÎ≈
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ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ°Ù lï%˛l !ܲS%È ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zò@˝Ã#Ó •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°– §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛Ü˛≈ê˛y ~áyˆÏl xl%âê˛Ü˛ ~Ùlê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸!SÈ í˛zͲõ°Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚– ˆÓ°y ~àyˆÏÓ˚yê˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yò– í˛zͲõ°
ÓyÇ°y ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÕ‘%ܲ– l#° ÓylÓ˚– ~Ó˚y !òÓyã˛Ó˚ñ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ í˛zÑã%˛ í˛yˆÏ°
ˆlGÎ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y– xy®yˆÏç ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~Ùl ï˛ˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
â%ÙyÎ˚– ˆË˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà•z !òˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲê˛y ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ– Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó°y ˲yˆÏ°y G•z ï˛Ü˛≈ lyÈüÈ
ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚– §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y Îál ˆÜ˛yÙ° ï˛ál ¢yhs˝ V˛yí˛zÓˆÏl
í˛zë˛ˆÏ°G Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ àhs˝Óƒ !ܲv ˛õy°ê˛yï˛ ly–
ˆàˆÏ° xyã˛Ùܲy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚
ÓÓ˚Ç âê˛lyê˛y lyÈüÈâê˛ˆÏ° ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ˆSȈÏí˛¸ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ç#!Óܲy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ï%˛!Ù ˆÓyˆÏV˛y ˆ•⁄ xy!Ù ï˛ˆÏܲ≈ ÎyÓ ly– ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG §yÙÌ≈ƒ
x!l!ò≈‹T °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ò%/§y•§ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ï˛#Ó •ï˛ ˆl•z– ï˛#Î≈ܲ ܲZ˛fl∫Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xy!Ù xyç
ly– fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚y° ˛õ!eܲy §¡õyòly !ܲÇÓy í˛y•z!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ– ܲ!Óï˛y ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyôƒy!dܲ
ܲ!Óï˛y !°ˆÏá Ó˚yáy ~ܲ !ç!l§ñ xyÓ˚ Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD Óy!ç °ˆÏí˛¸ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ lÎ˚ñ x!hflÏc §ÇÜ˛ê˛ lÎ˚ñ Ó˚yòyÓ˚ !Ê˛!çܲƒy° ≤Ãӈϰٖ xyÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ°áy à“ !Ó!ã˛eyüÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ò!ÓÓ˚ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÎ ~•zÙˆÏï˛y §Çܲê˛ñ §Ù§ƒy ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~•z
SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y xlƒ !ç!l§– ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ x!˲âyï˛ §Ùyl lÎ˚– ~•z §)- !lË,˛ï˛Ü˛ÌˆÏl §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ò°ˆÏÓшÏô xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
~ܲê˛y âê˛ly ˆÎÙl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá xy.%° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !ò° §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆl•z– x!ÙÎ˚Ë)˛£Ïî Ó°ˆÏï˛lñ ~ ~ܲ í˛z˲Î˚§ÇÜ˛ê˛– xÓ˚!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚§
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ùl•z ܲˆÏÕ‘y°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÓòl §Ω˛Óï˛ Ó,Ìy◊Ùñ xyÓ˚ Ó˚!§Ü˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ Ó˚§ !lˆÏÓòl Óy‡°ƒ–
˛õy¢ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˛õ%ï%˛°lyã˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá G xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° çlàîñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ó°yÓ˚ ≤ß¿ê˛y•z
xy!Ù xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ≤çˆÏD x§ÙyÆ xyˆÏ§ lyñ ˆÜ˛lly ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yÓ˚– Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l•z– ܲy!°ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˆÎ Ü˛í˛¸yÈüȈí˛yˆÏçÓ˚ çlàî ˆ¢£Ï ܲÌyñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ Ùy!lܲÓyÓ% ܲê˛y«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§•z ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ù ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ !l˲≈Ó˚– ˛õÓ˚ٕǧˆÏòÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛lñ
ÓyhflÏÓï˛y lÎ˚– §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ÙÎ˚ly m#˛õñ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ˆSȈϰ Ó°ˆÏSÈ ÙyÈüÈˆÜ˛≠ Ùyñ xyÙyÓ˚ •yày ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆí˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚y– Ùy
Ó°ˆÏ°l≠ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ˆl•z ÓyÓyñ •yàyÈüÈ•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓ–
ÎyòÓ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ xyd•ï˛ƒy– ÓyÇ°y ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ~•z çyÎ˚àyê˛y Ùy!lܲ
ܲ!Óï˛y !ܲ Îí˛¸Îsf lÎ˚⁄ xÌ≈yÍ x!B˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ÙƒyÌyˆÏÙ!ê˛: ˆ•yܲ Óy
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˆÜ˛í˛z S%ÈшÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ÈüÈܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
xÑyܲyñ ~ܲê˛y §)e Óy ã˛e´yhs˝ xyˆÏSÈ•z– xÓ¢ƒ ~•z ܲl!flõˆÏÓ˚!§ Ù•yl
!ï˛!l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ù•ylyÎ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛Ó˚fløÓ˚î#Î˚–
xˆÏÌ≈– ܲ!Óï˛y !¢!«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü%˛¢°ï˛y lÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢ï˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
çàò#¢ =ÆG ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ x§yô% !§k˛yÌ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y.yÓ˚ xyl® !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xy!ò‹T ܲ!Ó §yôyÓ˚î ˆÙˆÏë˛y ܲÌyÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚
ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ lï%˛l !òl ~ˆÏl!SÈ°– Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ Îyl çƒyhs˝ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ÃK˛yÎ˚– ~!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yÙÜ,˛£èˆÏòÓ
!Ó!¢‹T ç ˆÏ l Ó˚ y ˆ§!òl çàò#¢ÓyÓ% ˆÏ ܲ í˛z ˆÏ ˛ õ«˛y ܲˆÏ Ó˚! SÈ ˆÏ°l– ~ܲçl Ù•yܲ!Ó– ܲ!Ó ˆçl%•zl ܲy.y°– ~ܲÙye ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xy§!_´
˛õ%ï%˛°lyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ§ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •° ly– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛– ò%ÈüÈçˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚– ôÓ˚y Îyܲ SÈyÎ˚yFSÈߨ ¢∑!ê˛– ~ál ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ¢∑!ê˛
ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ܲyÓƒ=î ΈÏÌ‹T ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ åçàò#¢ =ˆÏÆÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛yí˛zˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ SÈyÎ˚yÓy!ç ˆá°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Óy SÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ӈϧ
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó•z ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚äñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ƒyl˲yˆÏ§Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%ï%˛°lyã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ܲ!Ó !lSÈܲ ˜çÓ˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ SȈÏܲ xy≤’%ï˛ ll– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
!§k˛yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y– ˆ§ê˛y §yÙy° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏB˛Ó˚ Ùƒy!çܲ Óy !í˛ˆÏ≤âl ï˛yˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó xƒyӈϧ™–
°!çܲ çyly ã˛y•zó ã˛y•z ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆã˛ly– ~ê˛y•z §Ω˛Óï˛ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛•° ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– ܲ!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
Ùy!lܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ú•ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ¢ï˛≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆl•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚– ˆÜ˛llyñ ܲ!Ó fl∫Î˚Ç xyd!ӈϰy˛õ– ï˛Ìƒ!l˲≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï
ܲ!Óï˛y ˆã˛ˆÏl ly– Ùƒy!çܲ !Ó˚Î˚y!°!ê˛ ÓˆÏ° ày°Ë˛Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy
ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T àòƒÜ˛yÓ˚ G ܲÌy§y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛
÷lˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– G!ê˛ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ày°yày°⁄ •l%Ùyl ˆÎÙl Ó˚yÙ
SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È çyˆÏl lyñ ˆï˛Ùl•z ܲ!Ó ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yôly SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È•z çyˆÏll
ly– ܲ!Óï˛y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG fl≥)˛!ï˛≈ÙÎ˚– fl∫Ó˚îyï˛#ï˛– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ÿªy§≤ÃÓy•–
í˛zͲõˆÏ°ñ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢñ ~•z§Ó xˆÏÙyâ ã˛«%˛‹øyl !l!°≈Æï˛y í˛z˛õ!fliï˛–
~ܲ !lˆÏ˲≈çy° !òÓƒ Ó˚§yÎ˚l– xyܲ!fløܲ áyò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l– ï˛yÓ˚
36
x¶˛Ü)˛˛õ @˝Ãy!˲ˆÏê˛¢l lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ì•zÌ•z !ÓÓ˚yçÙylï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÎ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÎ˚
í˛yܲˆÏSÈ– •ë˛yÍ•z ˆÎl ÙyÌy â%Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ§y– ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~•z§Ó ÚÓ˚yçyÓ˚y!l ò!§ƒ òyˆÏlyñ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° !Ù!‹T˲Î˚
˲y!ê˛≈ˆÏày!Ó°y§– ~•z§Ó í˛z_y° ≤ÈÏÙyòe´#í˛¸yú Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ˆ§•z àyˆÏSÈ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !¢!¢ˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏÙˆÏSÈ §ÙÎ˚–
2É ˆÓ˚yj%ˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛y=l !ÓˆÏܲ°ñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y àyˆÏSÈ ôˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° Ê˛°
ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yòy ˛õyï˛yÉÉÉ ~!ê˛ Ùy°yˆÏÙ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~álܲyÓ˚ í˛zͲõ°Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ó§% ~Ùlܲ# §%l#° àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ӈϰ
ˆÓ!¢!òl !ê˛Ü˛° ly ˆÓ˚yò !âˆÏÓ˚ ~°
!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~Ó˚y Ùy°yˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy!ê˛•z !Ó˚!˛õê˛ !Ó˚!e´ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Î!òG– ¢yGl ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ ò°–Û
Îyܲ G§Ó ܲÌyÉÉÉ Ùsf ÌyܲˆÏ° Ü%˛Ùsfîy ÌyܲˆÏÓ•zú ˆ§ÔçˆÏlƒÈüüüÈ
xyÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù xyçܲy° !ò!¢ •ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ G˲y° !í˛Ùçƒy!Ù!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
˲yÓÏSÈ ¢)lƒ ÙyˆÏl•z Ó,_ !ܲÇÓy ˆÓ˚áy !ܲÇÓy ¢∑ !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ Flytone Studio/Kolkata
ܲ‹Tܲ“lyÙye– !̈ÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚!ê˛Ü˛y° çyB˛ã˛yÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ~•z§ˆÏÓÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ˆl•z– lyܲ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° xyˆÏSÈ–
!Ó£Ï]ï˛yÓ˚ §á xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z ç#Ólyl® !ܲˆÏl!SÈ– ò%Ó˚ Ù¢y•z xy!Ù
í˛z˛õÓy§# í˛z•zˆÏí˛yÓ˚ xyï˛≈ܲZ˛ ÷ˆÏl ˲Î˚ ˛õy•zÉÉÉ ç#Ól ò%/áÙÎ˚ ~•z
ܲÌy!ê˛ xyÙyÓ˚ xyçܲy° x§•ƒ •Î˚ÉÉÉ ç#Ól ç#ÓlÙÎ˚ÉÉÉ ◊#xÓ˚!ӈϮÓ˚
ܲÌyê˛y xyÙÓ˚y Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆà!SÈñ Îy ~ܲÙye ÙˆÏlyÈüÈí˛yÎ˚ˆÏÙl¢ly!° §yï˛!ê˛
Ü˛Ù°Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲àÓyl •yˆÏ§lñ ˆí˛yrê˛ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚
fløy•z°ñ ܲÌy!ê˛ ˆ≤ÃyÊ˛yí˛zu˛!° xˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG xÓ˚!Ó®
Îál ӈϰlñ !•fiê˛!Ó˚ܲƒy° ~ܲ!秈Ïê˛l§ lÎ˚ñ Ó˚yòyÓ˚ °y•zÊ˛ñ ~áyˆÏl !ï˛!ÙÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à“ ˆl•zñ ~Ùlܲ# ˆ§yˆÏ˛õl•yGÎ˚y!Ó˚G ò%/áï˛_¥ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy
!lã‰˛ˆÏã˛ á%Ó x“ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ lÎ˚ !Ùí˛° ~ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ò%/á
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ á%Ó à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!™ˆÏí˛rê˛ ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyˆÏÙly lÎ˚ÉÉÉ çy!lˆÏÎ˚
xl òy xyòyÓ˚ •ƒyu˛ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓñ lÓ˚Ù Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚
°y°y˛õÌñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ«˛ •l%Ùyl!çÓ˚ V˛Ñy˛õñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ôy.í˛¸˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˛õyï˛yˆÏáyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xR•y!§ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ x[˛ˆÏܲy£Ï !lÙ≈yîñ
xÑy!ê˛ÓÑyôy xyŸªy§Óyî#ñ !ܲÇÓy !e´ˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ë˛ Ü%˛Î˚y¢yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ù̃y
ò%â≈ê˛lyÉÉÉ ~•z ˆï˛y ç#Ól ܲy!°!òú
÷ô%•z !ܲ §yòy ˛õyï˛yú ÷ܲï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢y˲y §ÙyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ ÓSÈÓ˚–
!•í˛zÙƒyl !Ê˛!l§ú ÓÑí˛¸!¢ˆÏï˛ ˆàшÏÌ xyˆÏSÈ xÑy¢– ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õˆÏÌ l,ï˛ƒ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛Ïï˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#l ÙySÈ– ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛yà •ˆÏÓÉÉÉ
ˆ§yÙlyÌ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈
ï%˛!Ù ~álG §yòy ˛õyï˛y•z ˆòáSÈú §¶˛ƒyˆÏ«˛e!Ù!ï˛ !ܲS%È Ë%˛° •Ï° ‘Where is the life we have. Cost
ï˛ˆÏÓú ˆòˆÏáyñ ˛õï˛ˆÏDÓ˚ í˛ylyÎ˚ flø,!ï˛hflÏΩ˛ çDˆÏ°Ó˚ÉÉÉ ˆÎl ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ in living? Where is the wisdom
§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xÓ˚îƒí˛zߨÎ˚lú !á!hflÏ •ˆÏFSÈ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ Ùyñ xy◊Î˚ñ °çˆÏÙrê˛ñ
x!˲àÙlÉÉÉ
we have lost in knowledge?
ܲ°ˆÏB˛ l%l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xylÓyí˛zˆÏu˛í˛ !§¶%˛çˆÏ°ÉÉÉ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
Where is the knowledge. We have
≤ÃyîÓ˚*!ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ çí˛¸ÓhflÏÓ˚ !l!°≈!Æ hflÏ∏˛ï˛yÎ˚ÉÉÉ xyÙyÓ˚ ¢)lƒ ˆ°áyÓ˚ lost in information?’
x˛õÓ˚yô §ylˆÏ® @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!Ùú –T. S. Eliot
ˆ°áܲ ܲ!Ó G !ã˛eܲÓ˚–
A well Wisher
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!ò°#˛õ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
xy§Ó˚
ÎyÓ˚y xyÙ Ü%˛ˆÏí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§SÈñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲyÙÓ˚y.y ï˛°yÎ˚
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xySÈñ ~ˆÏ§y–
xˆÏlܲ!òl ˆò!á ly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ!òl
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲï˛!Ü˛ï˛ ˆá°y ˆÌˆÏÙ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
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ç!•Ó˚ •y§yl ˆ°yܲ ly ˆ˛õyܲ⁄ ÓhflÏyÓhflÏy xô≈ò?˛ ˛õy!á !lˆÏÎ˚
Ó,!‹T ˆÊ˛Ñyê˛yÓ˚y x!˲lÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏV˛ ly ï˛yÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆà°–
!Ó˚•yˆÏ§≈° ܲÓ˚y•zˆÏï˛ ˆà!SÈ xyÓ˚G ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚y xy=ˆÏlÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ÓÑyã˛y°
Ó,!‹T ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÈüüüÈ ˛õy!á ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õƒyˆÏê˛ΔyˆÏÙ: xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã%˛¡∫ˆÏܲ xylˆÏ® lyˆÏã˛
ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆV˛y°y ò%•z Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ˆÊ˛Ñyê˛y xyô%!lܲ Óƒyô ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y °y!ë˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòˆÏÓ˚ ܲ•z°yÙ xyd•lˆÏl xy§y ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲÓyÓ˚ çí˛¸yˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚Óy
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ SÈy!í˛¸ !òÓy
xyÓyÓ˚ !lç ˛õ!碈Ïl §!Ó˚ òÑyí˛¸yÓy xÓ˚*˛õÓ˚ï˛l •y°òyÓ˚
ˆÎl ˆ°yˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ç° !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ÓyÓ˚ çí˛¸yˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ly ܲƒylú ç° !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈñ Óy°Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ly!í˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ
•yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y Ù%áyÙ%!á ˆ§ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ܲÌy çyˆÏlñ çyˆÏl ˆÜ˛ÔÙyÎ≈ !lˆÏ˲ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ lò#Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚
xy§yÙye•z çí˛¸yˆÏÎ˚ ~Ùl•z ôÓ˚° ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õyà° Ù§!°l á%ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ!òlñ •yGÎ˚y ˆòÎ˚ ò)Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
Ê˛°ï˛ ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù ò%ˆÏ° GˆÏë˛ í˛ylyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˲y.yˆÏã˛yÓ˚y •yˆÏí˛¸
ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲyí˛zˆÏÓ˚ SÈyˆÏí˛¸•z lyú
~ï˛!òlܲyÓ˚ §Ó Óy!í˛¸ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly Óyàylñ òÓ˚çyÎ˚
xy!Ù Ü˛•z ~ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ¢# ã˛Ñyòñ •!Ó˚ï˛Ü˛# Ê%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ~° ˲yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ìy°yÎ˚
GˆÏày ~ܲ#Ë)˛ï˛ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ˆÊ˛Ñyê˛ymÎ˚ ~ܲ°y ly!˲Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ù)!SÈ≈ï˛ ô%ˆÏ°yñ ô%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy ˆÓшÏܲ ÎyÎ˚
~•zê˛y ˆï˛y lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°y•y°E˛ˆÏí˛¸ !ÓˆÏܲ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xD%Ó˚#Î˚ÈüÈ°@¿ xyˆÏ°y
!Ó˚•yˆÏ§≈°ú ˆlˆÏÙ ˆà° !¢!Ì° §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ •°%ò xydy ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ál
•yÓ˚ˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ Ë˛yˆÏ°y °yˆÏàñ Óy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲyê˛y â%!í˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù•Õ‘yÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÊ˛Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚yú
ÓÑy!¢Ó˚ §%Ó˚ ˆÎl Ó‡ çˆÏß√Ó˚ñ ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç°SÈy˛õ á%ˆÏ° ˆà°
ï˛yÓ˚ Ù!°l áyï˛yÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ü˛ÙˆÏ° ¢yòy ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yÓ˚ hflÏÓñ xyˆÏ°ySÈyÎ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ•z xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈñ ܲÑyÌyˆÏÊ˛Ñyí˛¸ ˆày˛õˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏ_´ !˲ˆÏç ÎyÎ˚
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Ó˚Ol ˆò ~§Ó ôÓ˚ï˛y•z ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈ xy¢yÓÓ˚# ˆÓy§
çy!ï˛DyÓ˚ ˛õy!á §yÓ˚yÓ˚yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ lˆÏáÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ Ù%á í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚
xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˛õy!á !SÈ°
ˆÓ°%ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈpˆÏӈϢ xy=l !SÈ° ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸–
ày•zí˛ á!lç °Ól çí˛¸yˆÏly áˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ê˛y ˆòáy°ÈüüüÈ
÷˲B˛Ó˚ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈
ò,¢ƒyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
Óyçly ~° fl≥˛!ê˛Ü˛ °Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ
x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ~° ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ •y°Ü˛y Ü%˛Î˚y¢y çˆÏÙˆÏSÈ
çy!ï˛DyÓ˚ Ü˛Ù°yÈüÈÓyàyl Ü%˛Î˚y¢yÎ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° •°%ò ˛õyï˛yÓ˚y V˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ xÙl l#° §Ó%ˆÏçÓ˚ !˲ˆÏí˛¸
˛õy!áÓ˚ Ùyǧ ˆÓ!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° xy=l çμy°yÎ˚– Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ °ï˛yÎ˚˛õyï˛yÎ˚ §hs˝˛õ≈ˆÏî
V˛í˛¸ ~°ñ ly ˛õy!á ~°⁄ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ
ˆÜ˛y°y•° ~°ñ ly ˛õy!á ~°⁄ ˲Ó˚ §ˆÏ¶˛ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ !lˆÏï˛ ˆl•z
~ˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏÙ ˆà° ˆÓ°%ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– àyˆÏÎ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ¢#ï˛ °yàˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ«˛# ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y ~ï˛«˛î Ê˛Ñyܲy !SÈ°ñ !âˆÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏSÈ V%Ñ˛V˛ˆÏܲy xÑyôyÓ˚ á%Ó ò)ˆÏÓ˚
‡•z!flÒÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° •yˆÏï˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà° ˆ°yˆÏܲ– ¢ÑyáÈüÈ¢ˆÏ∑ çμˆÏ° í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ ~ܲÈüÈ~ܲê˛y ï˛yÓ˚y
39
ˆòˆÏáy ˆÊ˛Ó˚ áˆÏ§ ˆà° G•z xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛– ~ˆÏ§yñ xyÙÓ˚y xy=lñ Óy‹õ G ˛õyl#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó!°–
~ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ S%ÈшÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy §Ó §!ï˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyí˛z¢!Ë˛ÍˆÏã˛Ó˚ ã%˛!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ xˆÏê˛y!∞ ܲÓ˚y ܲyê˛yÜ%˛!ê˛ ˆò• ì%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚
!áˆÏò ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ° xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lÓ˚Ù ày° ˆÓ˚yày G àÑyê˛§Ó≈fl∫ xy.%°
!òˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛Ó˚y•z–
ï%˛!Ù °%ˆÏܲyGñ °%ˆÏܲyGñ °%ˆÏܲyG !•Ù¢#ï˛° ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ°–
§yôl ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ~ܲ xyŸã˛Î≈ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ!òl xyˆÏà
xˆÏlܲ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z
xy!Ù ÷ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲï˛yÙ xyÓ˚ â%ÙˆÏã˛yˆÏá ˆòáï˛yÙ ï˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
xˆÏlܲ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ l#ã%˛fl∫Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ Ü˛# x!lÓ≈ã˛l#Î˚ àyl–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%!á Ó%òÓ%ò– £Ïí˛¸ÎˆÏsf ÷ô% ~ál ˲ˆÏfløÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏFSÈ–
ò%Î˚yÓ˚ Ó¶˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ܲt˛fl∫Ó˚ lyˆÏÙ ly ˆÜ˛yوϰ xy!Ù ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ G ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°Ó–
í˛zͧyòˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ï≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ˆÜ˛í˛z â!l‹T çyly°y
xˆÏlܲ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲÑyòˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ à!•l !¢Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸ !°Æ í˛zͲõ° §y•y
«˛Î˚«˛!ï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ à˲#Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ò%ˆÏ˲y≈ˆÏà ˆlˆÏÙ ï˛y°y ˲y.yÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yç
«%˛∏˛ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ܲáˆÏly ˆòÎ˚y° ܲáˆÏly ˛õÿÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎl
x§yÓ˚ xÑyã˛í˛¸ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ •Î˚Ó˚yló !l/fl∫ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆày˛õˆÏl ~ܲ Ó˚«˛yܲï˛≈y ç%ê˛°
ˆÎÙl ˆçyˆÏê˛ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢
xyˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚çy ˆáy°y
xy!òˆÏòÓ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ !lˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚çy ˆáy°y
!§ˆÏlÙyÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° í˛z˛õˆÏì˛Ôܲl §y!çˆÏÎ˚
ÓyFã˛yê˛y SÈ!Ó xÑyܲˆÏSÈ– G çyˆÏl lyñ ~ܲê%˛ ÓyˆÏò•z âˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!î˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Óy•z
Ù%ˆÏáy¢˛õÓ˚y ò%ÈüÈçl xyï˛ï˛yÎ˚#ñ §y•zˆÏ°™yÓ˚ °yàyˆÏly ӈϰ ¢∑ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ òÓ˚çyG ˆáy°y
lyñ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ÙˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÙyçy•zܲ ˆÙˆÏV˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚– ÓyFã˛y!ê˛
Ù%á ˆÊ˛Ó˚yˆÏÓ– Ù%ˆÏáy¢˛õÓ˚y ò%ÈüÈçl x“ ÙyÌy ˆ•°yˆÏÓ– ÓyFã˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá Ù)° Ë)˛á[˛ §Ó≈òy•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– l#Ó˚Óï˛y– Ù,ò% Ÿªy§– ~ܲ ˆÊ˛Ñyê˛y ç° !òàˆÏhs˝ í˛zͧˆÏÓ Ù_
V˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° xyܲy¢ ~ܲê%˛ ˆôÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ xyáƒyl xy=l ˆ˛õy•yÎ˚ ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ì˛°
÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ~•z x!fliÓ˚ !Ó®%!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
ò%ÈüÈã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ ÙyÌy ˆÜ˛Ó° !ÓàˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ
!ç˛õ!§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y GÓ˚y ò%ÈüÈçˆÏl Ê%˛ê˛˛õyˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ§ xyˆÏSÈ– •yï˛ò%ˆÏê˛y •Ñyê%˛Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáy– ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÙÎ˚°y °yˆÏàçÓƒyà– GÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆàyˆÏÎ˚®yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚çy
ˆÜ˛yÌyG– ‡¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FSÈ GˆÏòÓ˚ xy•ï˛ ò%ÈüȈçyí˛¸y ≤ây§!lܲ òÓ˚çy
ˆã˛yá âˆÏ£Ï !òˆÏÎ˚– ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ G˛õyˆÏÓ˚ àDy o&ï˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z •yê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆáy°y
~ܲê˛y =!°!Ók˛ !§Ç• Îál ˆ¢£Ï ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyï˛≈lyò ܲˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏë˛
ܲ°%Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y â)!î≈˛õyܲ•z
ï˛ál ˆ§•z Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ˆ§ ˆ◊¤˛ ÓÑyã˛yê˛y ÓÑyˆÏã˛– G•z xyï˛≈lyò•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ïñ
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛y Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ Ê˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •Î˚– Úï%˛•z Îy Ó°!Sȧ ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ó˛õß√%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°!Sȧ⁄Û x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ÔÓ˚#¢ xyÙyÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°– !fiê˛Δê˛ °ƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ xy!Ù ˆòá°yÙñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xy¢y !l‹≥˛°
ˆã˛yá ôܲ ôܲ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ˆ§ÔÓ˚#¢ Ù%á l#ã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ «˛ï˛ ܲyÙˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚°– xy§ˆÏ°
~ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §%á xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛Ñyï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚– ò%/á xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ܲ ˆÊ˛y°yˆÏly
≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏŸã˛ï˛ly•zñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ àhs˝Óƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ï˛ƒ
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=Ó˚&˛õyܲ Ù!îÙ%ˆÏ_´y•z àÙàÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ùylƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ §Óy•z ˆ§•z ÙyÌy !ÓàˆÏí˛¸yˆÏly Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏò¢Ùye !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙÓ˚y Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ °yÓîƒ
¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ xyçG àÙàÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
l•zˆÏ° ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yG V%˛°ˆÏÓ
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyG ï˛y•z xy˛õyï˛ï˛ ˆáy°y ˆàÔï˛Ù ˆ§l
Ù)ï˛≈
Î%!_´ Ó%!k˛ lƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ï˛y°y
ˆÎyàƒï˛y !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ï˛y°y ˆË˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ï˛y°y Ó˚y.y Ê˛°!ê˛Ó˚ !˛õˆÏë˛
Óy!ܲ §Ó òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ï˛y°y xlƒÙlflÒ˲yˆÏÓ !âˆÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚° xyˆÏ°y
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
ò%ÈüÈã˛yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ ÙyÌy ˆÜ˛Ó° !ÓàˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ
!lçfl∫ !˛õOˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° òÓ˚çy
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ£Ïñ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§
ˆáy°yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏSÈ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˲yÓˆÏSÈ ï˛y°y ˲y.yÓ˚ ܲÌy
!lÓ˚Ó!ôܲy° SÈyÎ˚y ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏSÈ
˲yÓˆÏSÈ ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%£Ï=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÌy
˲yÓˆÏSÈ ¢)lƒÙÎ˚
x!¢!«˛ï˛ §Ó Ó˚y‹T…lyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !ÓË)˛!ï˛
!òàhs˝ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ ~шÏܲˆÏÓшÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚
~ál Ë)˛áˆÏ[˛ ˆÙyˆÏê˛ xyÓ˚
≤Ãyã˛#l G xyô%!lܲ
~ܲê˛y ò%ˆÏê˛y ÙyÌy•z áy!Ó áyˆÏFSÈ
xyFSÈyòl !SÈшÏí˛¸
ï˛yG ≤ÃyÎ˚ x§yí˛¸ §ÇK˛y•#l
l!°Ü˛yê˛y SÈê˛Ê˛ˆÏê˛ •yGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÕ‘yˆÏ°ñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
â%Ùhs˝ lyã%˛!l
ˆàyˆÏÎ˚®yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚
ã%˛Ù!ܲÓ˚ Ê%˛°
!Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚
Ó·˛y[˛ çí˛¸y° •zwçyˆÏ°
!Ë˛í˛¸ °%ˆÏê˛y˛õ%!ê˛ áyˆÏFSÈ
≤Ã!î˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚
!Ë˛í˛¸ °%ˆÏê˛y˛õ%!ê˛ áyˆÏFSÈ
Ùyl§ˆÏ°yܲ Ù[˛°
!ܲS%È ï˛y°y xÓ¢ƒ ˲y.ˆÏSÈ S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ
=шÏí˛¸y =шÏí˛¸yG •ˆÏFSÈ ~•z ˆòá S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈÈüüüÈ
ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%£Ï=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z âÓ˚ G áyÙyÓ˚ !lˆÏÓ˚ê˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ í˛z@˝Ã xÑyôyÓ˚ñ
ï˛y°yã)˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ó#ç Ó•zˆÏSÈ ˆày˛õˆÏl ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)° §hflÏy G òy!Ù §Ó!ܲS%È–
˛õ%шÏï˛G !òˆÏFSÈ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆòáñ l‹T ÙôƒÙyÎ˚ Ó%!í˛¸ S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈÈ üüüÈ
ܲ!ã˛ ã˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ܲ!ã˛ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ylyÈüÈòylyñ §yòy xyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y ã%˛°
ˆ§•z ï˛y°y ˲y.yÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yç !ë˛Ü˛ Ë%˛°ñ !≤ÃÎ˚ ≤Ãçß√ÈüÈ!ã˛Ó%ܲÈüüüÈ
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S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈñ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ x¢!lÈüȈSÈÑyÎ˚yã˛ÈÈüüüÈ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏ° ç°¢CSÈy˛õ
ˆÙâ xyÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ lò# G ˛õy•yí˛¸ í˛z°%ôÁ!lÙÎ˚
ï˛ç≈l#ÈüÈí˛z£èï˛y ≤Ãܲê˛ÈüȈày˛õl– ≤Ãb!¢°y ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ GˆÏë˛
S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ S%ÈшÏÎ˚ S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈÈüüüÈ ¢#ÍܲyÓ˚ ÉÉÉÉ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ÉÉÉÉ
Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ˆSÈÑí˛¸y çy°ñ ôÙ!lÓ˚ ˛õ!°– Ó‡ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ¢Ó
Ó§Ó˚y•z ˆày°y˛õ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çy!lˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏÓ˚⁄
ï˛Ó% xyçG ï%˛•z òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ly§ÈÈüüüÈ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛• ˛õy•zˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
GˆÏ¤˛ ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ° í˛zçyl ˆ§ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ Î%àˆÏ° ӈϧÉÉÉ
!l°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l !ò§ ˆê˛yܲy⁄ Î%àˆÏ° ˆ§ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ÉÉÉÉ⁄
x˲ƒyˆÏ§ ÓyˆÏç ˛õy˲°Ë˛ÈüÈâ!í˛¸È üüüÈ
S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ §Ó !ܲS%Èñ ÷ô% ÷ô% S%ÈшÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ–
ܲˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õy!á Óy§y ˆÓшÏô!SÈ° Ól§y•z àyˆÏSÈú ÙOÓ˚# ˆàyfl∫yÙ#
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆË˛ly§ ï%˛•z xlƒ ܲyÓ˚G ܲyˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ ÙyÌ%Ó˚
ò![˛ï˛ Ü%˛§%ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢úú
~•z xˆÏÓ°yÎ˚ ÓÑy!¢áy!l !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚Óú
GˆÏày Ó˚yôylyÌ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏlyò Ù%ˆÏSÈ !òˆÏÎ˚
¢ÓÓ˚# ¢Ù≈y Ó˚yÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàSÈ xlƒ oy!âÙyÎ˚
ˆê˛y˛õ ≤Ãyã˛#l !¢Ù)° ÷ô% §y«˛ƒ ˆòÎ˚ xy!Ù •zˆÏFSÈôyÓ˚# lyà
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y á%Ó !lÓ˚#• ˆÜ˛yê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¶˛!°!˛õ ˛õyë˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï °!á®Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° â%ˆÏÙy°ÉÉÉÉÉÉ
!lÓ˚#• ¢∑ !lÓ˚#• lÎ˚ çyàyÓ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÓ‡°yˆÏܲ !Ó£Ï ˆì˛ˆÏ° Ê˛îyÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚!SÈ
ÓÑí˛¸!¢Ó˚ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ ï%˛!ÙG ~ܲçl ˆÜ˛ÑˆÏã˛y ¢Ñyáy ˆlyÎ˚y !§Ñò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#°Ü˛yhs˝ xy˲y
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜ÓÓ˚# !SÈ° ly
ï˛Ó% ï%˛!Ù•z ܲyÓ˚î
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ ܲÑyˆÏ˛õ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚G !lÓ˚#• Ù,ï%˛ƒÈüÈÎsfîy §!MÈ˛ï˛y ˛õye
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ãyî•#l !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá x¶˛Îyey
~ܲ lÎ˚ñ xçflÀÉÉÉ ÙySÈ!ê˛ à˲≈Óï˛# !SÈ° ܲã%˛!Ó˚˛õylyÓ˚ ç#Ólñ
xl%Ü)˛° •yGÎ˚yÎ˚ ò%ˆÏ° ò%ˆÏ° ˆË˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚
xçylyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ–
ˆ˛õÔ£Ïy°# ã˛e´Óï˛≈# ˲Î˚ ˆl•z ¢B˛y ˆl•z–
Î%àˆÏ° ˆ§ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó!§ÉÉÉÉ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏ° Ù,ò%Ù® ÙyÌy!ê˛ ˆòy°yÎ˚–
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ܲ°§ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆÜ˛ï˛y!Ó ˆÙôyÓ# SÈÑyò Ó‡ò)Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ÙôƒçˆÏ° ܲáˆÏly ܲ# §yô çyˆÏà §®¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚⁄
˛õy!í˛¸ ˆòÎ˚ ¢y!hs˝ ˛õyÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!SÈ°yÎ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛–
§ï˛Ü˛≈ ≤ÕÓ˚# ÉÉÉ §%l#° §ˆÏÓ˚yÓˆÏÓ˚ •°%ò ï˛yÓ˚y!ê˛ ˛õ°Ü˛•#lñ á%шÏç ˆÊ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ§•z flõ¢≈ ÎyˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏ§ ÎyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
~ÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yÙò¢y
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
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ˆ§yÙy ò_ lyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆë˛yܲy §ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙ
!lÙ≈yî Ê˛Ù≈y !ï˛l ÓyÎ˚ly ~° ÓyÓ˚y®yÓ˚ V˛ÑyˆÏܲ
~•z lyG Ù,ï%˛ƒòu˛ Ü%˛!ÙˆÏÓ˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛yly
ò%ÈüÈ•yˆÏï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ.y
x˛õÓ˚yô =шÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyܲ–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •y!§Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆÓ˚áy S%ÈшÏÎ˚ñ ˆò!¢Ü˛ •yçÓ˚y
Ó‡!òl ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ˆà!SÈ l@¿ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ â%Ù ôÓ˚y ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y°
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆà°yˆÏ§ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yà–
ˆá°ly Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ SÈylyÓ˚
â%ˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ G£Ï%ˆÏôñ
àyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yÙ¢ Ó§hs˝–
!àˆÏ°!SÈ ¢)lƒï˛yñ ˆ¢yܲñ ï˛y˛õÈüüüÈ
ˆ˛õy£Ïƒ ÙÎ˚ly !ê˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚áyly
ï˛Ó%G x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ òy˛õyòy!˛õñ
§%ˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚ÙyÓí˛z!ò–
˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy°ï˛yÓ˚ °â% ˲yÓ˚ñ
Óƒy°Ü˛!lˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòy§#l ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆò!á–
°ÓˆÏDÓ˚ à¶˛Ùyáy ŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢∑ñ
ò%˛õ%Ó˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z àyì˛¸ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
x=l!ï˛ xy°!˛õl •ˆÏÎ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚–
xyÙyÓ˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚
˲yˆÏ.yñ ˆË˛ˆÏ. Ê˛ƒyˆÏ°y e´#í˛¸y¢#° òyà
ˆÌˆÏܲG ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y–
á%l ܲˆÏÓ˚y !≤ÃÎ˚ ˛õyÙ àySÈñ Ó˚•§ƒÜ˛yç°
lyly Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ù!SȈϰ
Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛Ü˛Ù!ܲ ë%˛ˆÏܲ çμy°yG xy=lñ
xyÙÓ˚y áy!° xlˆÏlƒy˛õyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
lÓ˚Ù ˛õ!°ˆÏï˛ çy=ܲ lï%˛l Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ñ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ
˲yˆÏ.yÈÈüüüÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ú
ˆË˛ˆÏ. òyG ˛õ%lç≈ß√
ˆÎl !Ó£Ïyò xyÙ°Ü˛# Ê˛°–
áÓ≈ܲyÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ÈüÈ!ÓŸªy§–
xyòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ
â%l ôÓ˚y ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y°–
§!Ùô àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
!•Ç !ê˛Ç SÈê˛
xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ùyç#˛
1É ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
ܲyÓƒ ~•z
~álG §y!çˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y •Î˚!l
§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîƒ ˛õÓ˚Ù «˛ï˛lyÙ Ü˛!Óï˛y Óyàyl–
˛õ%Ñç§yàˆÏÓ˚ Ê%˛ê˛ˆÏSÈ !•Ùy°Î˚ •Ñyê%˛ x!∑ ç°˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyly ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yàôyl# ˆSȈÏÎ˚ xÓÓ˚&k˛ ã˛yÓ˚!òܲú
ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ !ç˲ ˆâߨy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙyˆÏç Ü˛ï˛ ¢ï˛ ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛ ˛õyï˛yÈüüüÈ
§Ùyç !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚ xy‚y!òï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ü%˛•Ü˛ó
2É xï˛°yhs˝ •Ñyê%˛çˆÏ° ¢∑ ˲yˆÏ§–
x˛õyÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù «˛ˆÏÎ˚SÈ ˆâyí˛¸y¢yˆÏ° xyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚
Ü%˛Î˚y¢y!ê˛G !Ó®%ÓÍ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ çˆÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ú
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˛õyï˛yÓ˚y– ˛õ#ï˛y˲ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚y– ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÙí˛¸ í˛z!çˆÏÎ˚
ܲ# !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏÓÈüÈܲ# !ê˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ lyñ çy!lˆÏlñ ã˛y•zG ly çylˆÏï˛– ÷ô% !ÓŸªy§
ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆ°áy•z xyÙyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÓ˚î#Î˚ ܲyç– ~ xyÙyÓ˚ ôÙ≈˛õy°l#Î˚
Óï˛– ÈüüüÈxyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ Ù)°ï˛ ܲ!Ó !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yà“ñ
í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy ~ÓÇ §Çà#ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ àî§Çà#ï˛
Ó˚ã˛lyˆÏï˛G fl∫ï˛sf Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ çß√ 1934
§yˆÏ° x!Ó˲_´ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈÓyÇ°yÓ˚ á%°ly ˆç°yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏàÓ˚•yê˛
Ù•Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˜Ó˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ– ÓyÓy Ù!ï˛Î˚Ó˚ Ó˚•Ùyl ~ÓÇ Ùy Ù!ï˛!Ó!ÓÓ˚
ˆçƒ¤˛ §hs˝yl xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Óò!°Ó˚
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Èüȧ)ˆÏe ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly˛õÓ≈ ï˛Ìy í˛zˆÏß√£Ïܲy° x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ ‡à!° ~ÓÇ Óô≈Ùyl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏÓ°yÓ˚
!òl=ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyÇ°yÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ÓyÇ°y ¢•Ó˚ÈüÈ@˝ÃyÙ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˲yˆÏà !Ó˲_´
ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ≠ x!˲!çÍ ˛õy° !SÈ°– ÓyÓyÓ˚ S%È!ê˛SÈyê˛yÎ˚ ‡à!° Óô≈Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ ÓyˆÏàÓ˚•yˆÏê˛
~ˆÏ°G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyçàˆÏï˛ à˲#Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓD#Î˚
ç#ÓlôyÓ˚yñ !¢«˛y G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚•z– !ï˛!l ‡à!°ˆÏï˛ !SȈϰl 1935
†þ !î †þ Bþ l §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 1942 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ Ùy§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝– ‡à!°Ó˚ !òl=!°
!SÈ° ˛õÓ˚Ù Ó˚Ùî#Î˚– !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° §•ã˛Ó˚ Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ •zÙyÙÓyí˛¸yâyê˛
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ ≠ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ç#Ólñ §y!•ï˛ƒ G §Çà#ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛Ñyò˛õy°âyê˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ àDyÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏlyñ ˆá°y
ܲÓ˚yñ ÓƒyˆÏu˛° !àç≈yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Î÷ !áfiê˛ G Ùy ˆÙ!Ó˚Ó˚ Ù)!ï˛≈ ˆòáyñ
!ÓË)˛!ï˛Ë)˛£Ïî Ù[˛° ÓyÓyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ◊#Ó˚yÙ˛õ%Ó˚ÈüÈã˛®llàÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó˚!¢ ôˆÏÓ˚ ê˛ylyñ
ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ӈϧ ã%Ñ˛ã%˛í˛¸yÓ˚ Ú˜Ü˛Ó˚#Û !§ˆÏlÙy•ˆÏ° !§ˆÏlÙy ˆòáyñ
Ù•Ó˚Ó˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛y!çÎ˚y !Ù!SȈϰ ˆÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ flø,!ï˛ ‡à!°Ó˚
!òl=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÓyÓy Óò!° •ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§l Óô≈ÙyˆÏl– 1942 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1948 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
çyl%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Óô≈Ùyl˛õÓ≈– ‡à!°ˆÏܲ •yÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÓòly Ë%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Óô≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ •yï˛SÈy!l– Ù•ydy ày¶˛#ñ !çߨy•ñ ç•Ó˚°y°
ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚&ˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïî ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒG âˆÏê˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ âˆÏê˛ xyÓ%° •y!¢ÙÈüÈÓòÓ˚&j#l í˛zÙÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏDñ
≤Ã#!ï˛˛õ)î≈ §¡õܲ≈ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ •y§yl xy!çç%° •Ü˛ G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÓyl
çy•ylyÓ˚y lG!¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ– ˆò¢Ë˛yà ˆò¢ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆ§•z
§¡õܲ≈ x«%˛ß¨ ÌyˆÏܲ– ‡à!° ~ÓÇ Óô≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ólܲy°ˆÏܲ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚
!§!jܲ Ú~ܲ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù# fl∫î≈§ÙÎ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏlÛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
~áyˆÏl ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyӈϕÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ–
ï˛ál ˆlï˛y!ç §%˲y£Ï ˆÓy§ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚yôƒ ˆlï˛y– fl%Ò°
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ– ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ≠ x!˲!çÍ ˆ§l=Æ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÚçÎ˚ !•®Û ӈϰ !ÓòyÎ˚ !lï˛yÙ– xyÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§
Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yí˛≈ ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G !SÈ° x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ˆV˛Ñyܲ–
1946 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2008ó 62 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z !°álܲy°– !mï˛#Î˚ Ù•yÎ%k˛ñ Óô≈Ùyl ¢•Ó˚ ê˛yí˛zl •ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ë˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ã˛yÓ˚ çl !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚
!Ó!ê˛¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°lñ !°àÈüÈÜ˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ˜mÓ˚Ìñ ˆlï˛y!çÓ˚ xyçyòÈü í˛zò‰ˆÏÓyôl# §Çà#ï˛ ày•zï˛ñ xy!Ù !SÈ°yÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z ~ܲçl– ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚&Èü
È!•® ˆÊ˛Ôçñ ˛õMÈ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùß∫hs˝Ó˚ñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ òyDyñ ˆò¢Ë˛yàñ ~Ü%˛ˆÏ¢ Èày¶˛#Ó˚ çl§Ë˛yÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§•z ï˛ál Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÊ˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ñ ܲyàÙy!Ó˚ àîxyˆÏ®y°l §ˆÏ¡ø°lñ ÉÉÉó ~Ü%˛¢ òÊ˛yñ Î%_´Ê˛ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ !Ù!SȈϰ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Óy!•l#ˆÏï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ˆŸ’yàyl
Î%_´Ê˛ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ !ÓçÎ˚ñ ˲y§y!l !ÓçÎ˚ñ ˲y§y!l Ù%!çÓÈüȈlï,˛cñ í˛zl§_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y xyÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓy ~ܲçl Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ü˛ÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
ÉÉÉó ~ ~ܲ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ xyË%˛ƒò!Î˚ܲ âê˛ly≤ÃÓy•– xy!Ù ã˛«%˛Ùyl Ë)˛¢!u˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ïñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~ÈüÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚ ò#«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ~•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲyܲ– §!e´Î˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲ ܲ°Ùl!Ó¢– !òˆÏl !òˆÏl •°%ò •Î˚ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚
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Óyï˛yÓÓ˚îÈüȈlˆÏ•Ó˚&ÈüÈày¶˛#Èüȧ%˲y£Ï ˆÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ò¢≈lñ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õñ Ú76ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ã˛MÈ˛° ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ lyÓ˚yÎ˚î Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ §%l#° àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ
Ùß∫hs˝Ó˚ñ òyDyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ §y«˛# •ˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yÙ §®#˛õl ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ §ÙˆÏÓ˚w ˆ§l=Æñ í˛zͲõ°Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ó§% ≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚
çß√!˲ˆÏê˛ ÓyˆÏàÓ˚•yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˜Óê˛˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ– xyÓ˚ ~ÈüȧÙhflÏ!ܲS%È•z ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏD– ~шÏòÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüȈã˛ï˛ly
xyÙyÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– [§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚– ˆ°áÙy°y–
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏ ï ˛ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ï˛Ñ y Ó˚ ܲ!Óï˛y G àˆÏ “ Ó˚ y çl#!ï˛ G
ç%°y•zÈüȈ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 2015– ˛õ,É 7]
ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ à yˆÏ Ù Ó˚ SÈ y Î˚ y ˛õˆÏ í ˛¸ ñ ܲáˆÏ l y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏ Ó ñ ܲáˆÏ l y
ˆòˆÏ¢ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ≈ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z
!§!jܲ ì˛yܲy !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÇ°y ˲y£Ïy G §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ~Ù~ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y!•ï˛ƒÈüÈ˛õÌ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •l ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ï˛!l
˛õyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó!Ó˚¢yˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yáyÓ˚ Ê˛ç°%° •Ü˛ ܲˆÏ°çñ ÓyˆÏàÓ˚•yê˛ ~ܲܲ G x!mï˛#Î˚–
≤ÃÊ%˛Õ‘ã˛w ܲˆÏ°çñ á%°lyÓ˚ Óç°y° ܲˆÏ°çñ Ü%˛!‹TÎ˚y ܲˆÏ°çñ ì˛yܲy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛y°˛õÓ≈ÈüÈ!Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl
lê˛Ó˚ˆÏí˛Ù ܲˆÏ°çÈüȧ• !Ó!˲ߨ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç¢y!• !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ xyÙ° ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏ_yÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §%ò#â≈ ç#Ól˛õ!Ó˚!ô
G Ü%˛•zl§ •zí˛z!l˲y!§≈!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xôƒy˛õly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– fl%Ò°ç#Ól å1946ä !ÓhflÏ,ï˛– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ñ Ùß∫hs˝Ó˚ñ òyDyñ ˆò¢Ë˛yàñ ˆò¢ï˛ƒyàñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏy!l
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÈüÈà“ ˆ°áy ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ Îy!˛õï˛ ò%/¢y§ˆÏl lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÈüÈ!l˛õ#í˛¸lÈüÈ!lÎ≈yï˛l ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l
ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÓò# §y!•ï˛ƒÓ#ç xy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚G !ܲS%È §Çܲê˛Ü˛y° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ§yôlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈‹T
ï˛y•zÈüÈ•z í˛zò‰àï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§– 1951 §yˆÏ° ˛ṏÏÓ˚áy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙ≈ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# G àîˆÏã˛ï˛l
ì˛yܲyÓ˚ §yÆy!•Ü˛ ˜§!lܲ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ à“ÈüÈܲ!Óï˛y SÈy˛õy •Î˚– ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ fliyÎ˚# Ùyey °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈÎ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚G x!ôܲܲy°Óƒy˛õ# §y!•ï˛ƒ
!§Ü˛ylòyÓ˚ xyÓ% çyÊ˛Ó˚ §¡õy!òï˛ !Óáƒyï˛ §Ùܲy° ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ 1957 ç#ÓˆÏl xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ §Çáƒy ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù•z–
§yˆÏ° à“ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒçàˆÏï˛ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ @˝ÃsiyÓ!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ Ü˛yÓƒ≠ ôÓ° ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙñ !Ó!lo
§¡øylçlܲ x!˲ˆÏ£Ïܲ âˆÏê˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ áyˆÏï˛ñ !˲ߨ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛°yñ ˆ• ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛ƒï˛yñ Ùyl%£Ï ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !Ó«˛ï˛ !òlñ ˆ•ÙˆÏhs˝Ó˚
!˲ߨ ÓÑyˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ SÈÎ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚G x!ôܲܲy°– ˆ§yly°ï˛yñ !lçfl∫ ~•z Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïyñ ܲyˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏ°y ˆÙ•lï˛# ˛õy!áñ
£ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÙÓ˚yçl#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲÇܲyˆÏ° x°ÇܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚yñ ¢ƒyÙ° ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ñ ÙylÓ•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !•Ù G
~ˆÏ§ ã˛Ó˚Ù˛õsi# lܲ¢y° Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛G â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l– !Óò%ƒÍñ Ùl#£ÏyˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏܲñ xyÙyÓ˚ Îï˛ Ó˚_´ˆÏÊ˛Ñyê˛yñ ˆ◊¤˛ ܲ!Óï˛yñ
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù !≤ÃÎ˚ ¢•Ó˚ á%°lyÎ˚ £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ §®#˛õl lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˆÜ˛yÓyÙy°yñ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó!° Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó!°ñ ~•z§Ó
§yÇfl, Ò !ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ ˛õ_l •Î˚ – ~•z §Çàë˛l!ê˛Ó˚ °«˛ƒ º*ƒñ lò#•yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌyñ Ó˚y˲# ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– SÈí˛¸y≠ •RÙy°y–
!SÈ°ÈüüüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛Íܲy°#l x!fli!ï˛¢#° ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈ à“@˝Ãsi≠ Ë%˛!Ù•#l ˆò¢ñ ã˛Ó˚!Óly¢Ü˛y°ñ ÙˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yñ Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ÈüÈxÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛üȧyÙy!çܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ÓMÈ˛lyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ SÈyÎ˚y≤Ãôyl xâyîñ ܲyߨyòy§#ñ ÓyÙyÓï˛≈ñ Ù%!_´°y°
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xÓfliyl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙ•l!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y G ܲÌy xË%˛ƒòÎ˚ñ ܲyˆÏ°y Ü%˛Ω˛#Ó˚ñ •Ç§Ë˛y§#Ó˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ◊¤˛ à“ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
Ó°y– ~•z §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ü%˛¢#°ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SȈϰlÈüüüÈáyˆÏ°ò Ó˚¢#ò =Ó˚&ñ í˛z˛õlƒy§≠ ç°Ó˚y«˛§ñ áÓ˚yòy•ñ ~ܲy_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •*òÎ˚˲fløñ ÓyÓ˚&òˆÏ˛õyí˛¸y
§yôl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ •y§yl xy!çç%° •Ü˛ñ ly!çÙ Ùy•Ù%òñ ˆÙyhflÏy!Ê˛ç%Ó˚ ≤ÕÓ˚– àî§Çà#ï˛≠ Ó˚&o˛õòyÓ°#≠ àîÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àyl– ≤ÃÓ¶˛≠ Ó˚ˆÏÙ¢ã˛w
Ó˚•Ùyl ≤ÃÙ%á– ~ÑÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ï˛ál á%°lyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§lñ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §D ≤çDñ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ°¡∫Ó˚– flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy≠ §yï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó!¢‹T G !Óáƒyï˛ Ùyl%£Ï– §®#˛õlüÈ~Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù Ó!°¤˛ §ò§ƒ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ §%°ï˛yl–
!§!jܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ àylG ˆ°ˆÏálÈÈüüüÈÚï˛Ó˚D ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ
lò#ˆÏï˛ fl∫ˆÏò¢˘l#!°Ùy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ xyܲyˆÏ¢ fl∫ˆÏò¢Û– ܲ!Ó xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆòí˛¸
•yçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– !ï˛!l ò%•z •yçyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲ!Óï˛y !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈÈ~Ùl!ê˛
ò%ÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õeÈüÈ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ˆ°áy ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xÓ¢ƒ ~•z §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ü˛ÙÈüȈÓ!¢ •ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ò%ÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚•z §Ùܲy°#l ܲ!ÓÈüȧy!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
Óƒ!_´cˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàñ ˛õey°y˛õ ~ÓÇ ˆòáyÈüȧy«˛yÍ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áÙy°y ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚
ï˛ÑyÓ˚– £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ•z xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ â!l¤˛ §¡õܲ≈ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ §¡õyòܲ#Î˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy •Î˚–
ܲ!Ó !Ó£%è ˆò ~ÓÇ ¢!_´ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ ܲy°˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚˜ÏÓ!ã˛ˆÏeσ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈl
§¡õܲ≈§)e !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ Ó¶%˛c fl∫yï˛!sfܲñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ܲç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyܲ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆò¢ç ˲y£Ïyàï˛
àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%ñ lˆÏÓ˚¢ =•ñ ˆ≤ÈÏÙw !Ùeñ ï˛yÓ˚y¢B˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà Óy Óƒ!_´àï˛ xyˆÏ°ySÈyÎ˚y ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛–
ÓˆÏ ® ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ñ xˆÏ ° yܲÓ˚ O l òy¢=Æñ x◊&Ü% ˛ ÙyÓ˚ !§Ü˛òyÓ˚ ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲ!Ó !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
x!l°Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ !§Ç•ñ §ï˛#wlyÌ !Ùeñ ˛õ!Óe àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ lyÓ˚yÎ˚î !òܲò¢≈l ÚÓ‡Ùy!eܲï˛yÛ– §yÙy!çܲ òyÎ˚Ók˛ï˛yñ xyô%!lܲï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚¢#!°ï˛
àˆÏDy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ §%˲y£Ï Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ Ó˚yÙ Ó§%ñ §ï˛ƒ!çÍ Ó˚yÎ˚ñ x§#Ù Ü˛yÓƒ!ã˛hs˝yñ â)î≈yÎ˚Ùyl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˜ò!¢Ü˛ G ˜Ó!ŸªÜ˛ ê˛ylyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸lñ
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˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ó ~§Ó !ܲS%È•z ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ܲyÓƒ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ú~•z ˆ§•z çÎ˚ÓyÇ°yÛñ ÚÊ˛çÓ˚y!° ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚Ûñ ÚSÈyÎ˚y≤Ãôyl xâyîÛñ
ã˛!Ó˚e– Î!òG fl∫ï˛sf˲yˆÏÓ ò,!‹T@˝Ãy•ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ Ú°yˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyÙ ˆl•zÛñ ÚÙˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÛñ ÚˆáÑyí˛¸y §ÙyçÛñ Úáï˛ÙÛ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G ¢∑!lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ §)-ï˛y– xÌã˛ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yàˆÏ“Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ ï%˛°ly !ÓÓ˚°– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò%•z!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§
ܲ!Ó§_yˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ìy!¢“#§_yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ç°Ó˚y«˛§ ~ÓÇ áÓ˚yòy• ˆï˛y ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Ùy•z°Ê˛°Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲÓyÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– [ç%°y•zÈüȈ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ ܲÌy– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T §y!•ï˛ƒÈü
2015ñ ˛õ,É2] ȧÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüÈ Úˆ§ylyÓ˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛!Ó§_y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆÙy«˛Ù ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y òÈüÈï˛ Ü˛°Ù ˆ•yܲÈüÈ~ ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy xy˛õlyˆÏܲ çylyÓ ly– ÷ô% Ó°ÏÓÈ üüüÈÈ
xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ òÈüÈï˛ Ü˛°Ù xê%˛ê˛ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛Û– ≤Ã!ï˛«˛î ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚
!lˆÏç•z ӈϰˆÏSÈl xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ܲ!Óï˛y @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ áÓ˚yòy• ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §ÙˆÏÓ˚¢ Ó§%
å2002ä Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ≠
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÈüÈxMÈ˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ fl∫ã˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌy ~•zÙye §yÓ˚ çy!lñ xy!Ù ~ܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧ!à≈ï˛≤Ãyî
˛õy§ˆÏ˛õyê˛≈ÈüÈ!˲§y ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ xy§yÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
≤Ãyî#– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ §Ç§yÓ˚ܲ°eÓy›âyê˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ï˛°yÓ˚ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó%llñ ã˛!Ó˚e!ã˛eîñ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚#!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈
!ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏܲyë˛yÎ˚ ~ܲy¢# §ß¨ƒy§Óy§ ~G ~ܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyôÙ≈ ˆÙˆÏl– ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ lylyl ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ çÓyÓ !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛l ܲ!Óï˛y !°!á⁄ ܲ!Óï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l ~•z x•Ó˚• xy!ï˛≈⁄ Îál !°!á !ï˛!l !lˆÏç•z çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈ üüüÈ
lyñ ï˛álGñ ˆÜ˛l ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚•z ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lŸªy§ @˝Ã•î⁄ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ò%_Ó˚!ê˛
ÉÉÉ ~•z ˲y£Ïy ÓylyˆÏly lÎ˚– §Ó•z ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y– ~•z ÓyÇ°yÓ˚
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y !lˆÏç•z çy!lˆÏl– ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ Ó%!V˛ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÈü§Ç§à≈ xyÙyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl
Óƒy˛õܲ çlç#Ólñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢yñ ܲÌyÓyï˛≈yñ ã˛y°ã˛°l •zï˛ƒy!ò
~ܲ !Ó÷k˛ §ÇàÙ– ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ°áyê˛y•z xhs˝ï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ó˚yÈüÈ˲yˆÏÓ
xy!Ù ÷ô% ¢yòy ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆò!á!lñ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–
ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy– ç#ÓˆÏl ~Ùl !ܲS%È !là)ì˛¸ ˆÓyô xyˆÏSÈñ Îy ÷ô% ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚•z ~§Ó•z ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ xyl%Ó#«˛!îܲ
x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ӈϟ’£Ïîñ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˲y£ÏyÓ˚Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ÈüÈܲáˆÏly ˆŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÈüÈ!Óo*ˆÏ˛õ
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛yÓƒ@˝Ãsi ôÓ° ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛áˆÏlyÈüÈÓy Ùyl!Óܲ Ù!Ù≈ï˛yÎ˚ ç#Óhs˝ñ xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÙyÓ˚
å1969ä ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ܲyÓƒ@˝Ãsi Ó˚y˲#ÈüÈÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !ã˛hs˝y≤ç)ï˛ «%˛Ó˚ôyÓ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õÙyÈüÈ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚
˛õÌ˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Ù)!ï˛≈Ùyl Îï˛ Ó˚_´ÙyLjϧÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï–
G ÓÑyܲÓò° í˛z˛õ°!k˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ [ˆ°áÙy°y]
°«˛Èƒ È!SÈ° xò,¢ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ lyÓ˚#– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏl
§Çà#ï˛Ó˚ã˛lyñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ àî§Çà#ï˛ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚
~ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ çl˛õˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°áƒ G !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲÙ
!§!jܲ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î#Î˚– ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl í˛zl§_Ó˚ Èüȧ_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ùyl%£Ï– ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ fl∫ˆÏò¢ÈüÈfl∫ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%Ó˚!îï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ°á– ÓyÄÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
àîxyˆÏ®y°l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ°ÙˆÏܲ ˆÎl ï˛Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ˛ ˆÓòlyï˛≈ x!˲K˛ï˛y– •*òÎ˚!˛õOˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫˲yÓ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛– ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚
~ܲy_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛ !ï˛!l !SȈϰl ~ܲ xyˆÏ˛õy§•#l ܲ°ÙˆÏÎyk˛y–
ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ í˛z˛õÙyñ Ó˚*˛õܲñ !ã˛eܲ“ñ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ lylyl x°ÇܲyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ àyl=ˆÏ°y ˆÎl ¢∑x«˛Ó˚SÈ®°Î˚ àlàˆÏl
˜l˛õ%îƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏܲ lï%˛l lï%˛l §yˆÏç •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
xy=ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê%˛°!ܲ– x§Çრàî§Çà#ï˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l– ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§yÙˆÏl–
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈÚ!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚_´Ó˚y.y V˛yu˛y GˆÏí˛¸ Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ûñ Úˆ•y ôyl
ܲ!Ó xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ §_y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ àòƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y ly˘ ˆ•y ˛õyê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚y lyÛñ ÚÓyÇ°yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ çμ°hs˝ñ
§_y Óy ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §_y– xÓ¢ƒ !ï˛!l !lˆÏçG á%Ó ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ çyˆÏly !ܲÛñ Ú˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õyály ÓyÓ˚&ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•´ˆÏï˛ çμ°ˆÏSÈÛñ ÚÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
!ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~•z ò%•z §_yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˆl•z– Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ xy=l xyˆÏSÈÛñ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óáƒyï˛
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ܲáˆÏly ï˛ÑyÓ˚ àòƒˆÏܲ ¢y§l ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ܲÌy!¢“# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG àylÈüüüÈÚˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛í˛ ˆÓÎ˚ˆÏlê˛ ˆÓí˛¸yçy°˘˛õyˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏܲ ï˛í˛¸˛õyÎ˚ §Ùܲy°Û–
§Ê˛° xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ ÓyÇ°y˲y£Ïy G §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf !l!Ó˚ˆÏá §yôl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ~ÓÇ à#ï˛ ~•z àyl!ê˛ á%°lyÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù
!ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈl– §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ°G ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yàˆÏ“Ó˚ §Çà#ï˛=Ó˚&ÈüÈܲy°#˛õò òy§ ~ܲy_ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ç#ÓlÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ!ã˛•´ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ù%áhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛ xÓ!fliï˛ fl∫yô#l
àˆÏ“Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e=ˆÏ°y ˆÎl ˆSÈ!lÈüÈ•yï%˛!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ !ܲÇÓy ˛õyÌÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲw ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z àyl ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z ~ܲy!ôܲ ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛
Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏò !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y Ù)!ï˛≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– àˆÏ“Ó˚ ˲y£Ïy ˆÎÙl áy˛õˆÏáy°y •ˆÏÎ˚ Ù%!_´Ü˛yÙ# Óy.y!°ˆÏܲ Ù%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– à#!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚Óy!Ó˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ˆï˛Ù!l ï˛yÓ˚ ò#!Æ G •#Ó˚ܲáˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zIμ°– lyÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòy§Ó˚Ó˚y ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl
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xÓfliylÓ˚ï˛ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ˲yˆÏÓ xy˛õlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ xy°y˛õ ˆl•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ xy˛õlyÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !lÎ≈yï˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l ˆÎl ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù àyl xyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !SÈ°– ÚáÓ˚yòy•Û ~ÓÇ Úç°Ó˚y«˛§Û
lyÈüÈ!°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§çlƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛yl •yï˛!ê˛ ˆàyí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ~ál @˝ÃsiyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õlyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÓyô
ˆòÎ˚– àyl ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ G ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y«˛ƒ xyçG Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲê˛y §%flõ‹T K˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •°– Ú¢!_´ÙylÛ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ïî!ê˛
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛yl •yï˛!ê˛– ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly §ÇܲˆÏê˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏòñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ §•ˆÏç ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!_´Ùyl
!§!jܲ àî§Çà#ï˛ˆÏܲ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àîÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ¢y!Ù° Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáG Î!ò !ӈϢ£Ïî!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ lyÈüÈܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– §!°° ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ ˆ•ÙyD !ÓŸªy§ ≤ÃÙ%á ÓˆÏÓ˚îƒ àî§Çà#ï˛ Ó,Ìy•z xyÙyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly– xy˛õlyÓ˚ ò%ÈüÈáy!l í˛z˛õlƒy§
Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛y G !¢“# xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ àyˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛Î˚§# ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyÙyÓ˚ ~ ܲÌy•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ lï%˛l
§ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî åSÈy˛õy •ˆÏFSÈä xy˛õlyÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÙyˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
~ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛•z •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒË˛y£Ïy
Ó°!SÈ– Îál ÚáÓ˚yòy•Û xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~° ï˛ál Ú≤Ã!ï˛«˛ˆÏîÛ
~ÓÇ àyˆÏlÓ˚ Óyî# ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xy!Ù ˆ°áy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏç !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– Úˆò¢Û ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Ú§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!lçfl∫ï˛yñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹TƒÈ üüüÈ~=ˆÏ°y•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ òyà G !Óò#î≈ ò˛õ≈îÛ !°áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xy!Ù ò%/!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆÎ
ˆàye!lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !òܲ!ã˛•´– ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlˆÏÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˛õˆÏe ≤Ãܲy¢Ùyl lˆÏ˲° ӈϰ•z ~Ùl Ú˲Î˚ÇܲÓ˚Û Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ó˚ã˛ly˜Ï¢°#ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyô%Î≈ ~ÓÇ xyܲ£Ï≈î á%шÏç ˛õyl ܲÌy xyÙyˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆ°áy!ê˛ Úˆò¢Û §¡õyòܲ
˛õyë˛Ü˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ !lŸã˛Î˚•z àí˛¸˛õí˛¸ï˛y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ll– ˆÜ˛llyñ Ù•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly Ó•z!ê˛
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ó˚§yfl∫yòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~°– xy!Ù Î!ò xyˆÏà Ó•z!ê˛ ˆ˛õï˛yÙú
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó≈≤Û!ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– ˆê˛yˆÏ˛õy@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xy˛õlyÓ˚ òá° xllƒ§yôyÓ˚î– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ°áܲ !Ó!¢‹T ܲ!Ó G àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ˘ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲG xy˛õlyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ Ùyl!Óܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xºyhs˝
ÈüÈüüüÈ K˛yl– ˆ§ylyÓ˚ òÈüÈï˛ Ü˛°Ù ˆ•yܲÈüÈ ~ ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy xy˛õlyˆÏܲ çylyÓ
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲˆÏܲ ˆ°áy !Ó!¢‹TçˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ ly– ÷ô% Ó°ÓÈüÈxy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ òÈüÈï˛ Ü˛°Ù xê%˛ê˛ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛–
87ñ xÓ˚!Ó® ˆÓ˚yí˛˘˜l•y!ê˛˘24 ˛õÓ˚àly lÙflÒyÓ˚yˆÏhs˝
Pin 743165 INDIA
§ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
29˘6˘87
14/2 Bhattacharya Para Lane
Howrah-711 104 (W. B.)
INDIA
8.4.89
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲñ !≤ÃÎ˚ÓˆÏÓ˚£Ï%ñ
~ܲê˛y xlyfl∫y!òï˛ ï,˛!Æ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy˛õlyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓòyÎ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏl •°ñ §ÓáyˆÏl•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyd#Î˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏSÈlñ fliy!lܲ §#Ùy ˆ§áyˆÏl !lÓ˚Ì≈ܲ– xy˛õ!l ܲ!Ó G ܲÌyܲyÓ˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ áƒy!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝•z ç#Ól ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ lyñ xÎy!ã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ§ Ó‡
Ó§hs˝– Ó‡ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó§hs˝Ó• •ˆÏÎ˚ xy§%ܲ ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛ §Ω˛yÓly–
xy˛õlyÓ˚ à“ÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§ G ܲ!Óï˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈñ ¢GÜ˛ï˛ G§Ùyl
!ë˛Ü˛•z ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚxyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jܲ ˆÎ x!Ùï˛ ˆï˛ç ~ÓÇ
§y•ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ç#ÓlÈüÈôyÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°áƒ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y âê˛ly–Û ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xy!Ù xyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ˆï˛ç G §y•ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏSÈ
xhs˝•#l ˆ≤ÃÙ–
47
í˛z˛õo&ï˛ñ xӈϕ!°ï˛ñ ô)§Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï=!° xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG xÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚ GôyˆÏÓ˚
xyï˛Æ flõˆÏ¢≈ ˛õB˛ÈüÈ ¢Îƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lï%˛l x!hflψÏcÓ˚ í˛yܲyí˛y!ܲ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ lyÙ ôˆÏÓ˚
§¶˛yˆÏl– §yÌ≈ܲ ˆ•yܲñ Ê˛°Óyl ˆ•yܲñ xlyàï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚y ˆÎl x§%fli }ï%˛Ó˚ ˆày°y˛õˆÏï˛yí˛¸y
§Ó≈ˆÏï˛y˲o Óyï˛≈y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyl%ܲ xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆ°áy– ~ܲáy!l ˛õyë˛yˆÏFSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ Óy§yÎ˚
SÈ!Ó ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°yÙ– ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ò°yÙ ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ !lò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ˆê˛!ӈϰ Ó§ˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •Î˚
≤Ã#!ï˛ G ÷ˆÏ˲FSÈy Ó˚•z°– •z!ï˛ xy!Ù í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÓ ~«%˛!l
÷˲yÌ≈# xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òÑyí˛¸!Ó•#l ¢)lƒï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈lyˆÏ¢
x!§ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ܲ# •° ~⁄
Ü%˛Î˚y¢y xyÙyÎ˚ !àˆÏ° ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ
§ÙÎ˚ ã)˛!î≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ x!fliܲÇܲy°
ܲˆÏ‹TÓ˚ òhflÏyly @˝Ãy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏFSÈ
xlÓlï˛ Ù%[%˛Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸y
2
Óyï˛y§ú ò)ï˛ xyÙyÓ˚
xyˆÏSÈ ~•z Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛yÌyGó Ù,!_ܲy°@¿ñ ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ çy!lñ
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Ÿªy§ !lˆÏFSÈy xK˛yˆÏï˛– ly !ܲ
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !l/§DÓyˆÏ§⁄ ~•z !ÓŸª lŸªÓ˚ ôyÙñ
Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z °#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛ÙÓ˚&ôÁ!l ÷ˆÏl ˆÓшÏã˛ GˆÏë˛
Ó˚yçˆÏày«%˛Ó˚ñ §%ˆÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòy°yÎ˚ Ê˛îy– hflÏ!Ω˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
l,ï˛ƒ˛õÓ˚y lê˛# ˆòÓòy§#– Ó˚϶…˛˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏ¶…˛ !Óò%ƒÍ!V˛!°Ü˛
xyÓ%ÓܲÓ˚ !§!jˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y S%ȈÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚– •yÓ˚yˆÏly Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ xyò° ˆáÑyˆÏç ï˛ß¨ ï˛ß¨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
48
Ùl%Ó˚ ¢y§l •ˆÏï˛ ~•z Ü)˛ê˛ «˛ï˛ ˛õ%!‹TÙyl xy!ÙG ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲyˆÏ°y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ü%˛Ü˛!Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆ≤Ã!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ •*òΈÏsf– ≤Ã!ï˛ çˆÏß√ ~•z òˆÏ• fl¨yl– ˙Ÿª!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ≤Ãçll ã˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òï˛yÙ
=Ó˚&Ùsf ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !Óflø,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ 5
í˛zͧˆÏÓ Ó%ܲ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ °%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ S%ÈшÏí˛¸!SÈ •y•yܲyÓ˚– ˆÓ•y°yÓyòl
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ñ !ÓÓy•ñ ˆÙôyñ ≤Ãçll Ù)°ƒy!Î˚ï˛ §Óñ ˆÓ•y°yˆÏï˛ fl∫î≈ã˛y˛õy çμˆÏ°
ˆ§•z òˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚G Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l hflÏÓ ˆÓ•y°yÓ˚ ܲlܲˆÏl SÈí˛¸ Óy!ï˛âÓ˚ ˆçμˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚
§Ó˚Ó §¡±!ï˛– •yÎ˚ú ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ï%˛°yò[˛ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ §Ù%ˆÏo ¢yÙyòyˆÏl
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Ùy!Ó˚ˆÏòyˆÏ£Ï Ó˚&•zˆÏ˛õyly áyÎ˚ ã%˛ˆÏlyÙyˆÏSÈ– xyܲy¢≤Ãò#˛õ
!ôܲ !ôܲ ˆ•l ˜òˆÏlƒú Óy§ly !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zÓ˚&hflψÏΩ˛– ˆÎÙl ˆÙyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ àˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚
¢,DyÓ˚ÈüÈË,˛DyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏ° ˛õ%Ó˚#£Ï ˛õ%шÏçÓ˚ ܲ#ê˛ òˆÏΩ˛– ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛Ùl Ì%ï˛!lÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲy
ܲ!ÓÓ˚y çy@˝Ãï˛ ˛õy˛õ#ñ •zï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ[˛ òˆÏ?˛ ÙˆÏÓ˚– ¢ƒyˆÏ¡õlÓyí˛zlÓ˚.y í˛z_y° ˆÓ•y°y
!Ófl∫yò ≤ÃîÎ˚!ÓˆÏ£Ï §%Ó˚á%!l– Óò Ó˚_´ V˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚
º*îܲyˆÏ° çll#Ó˚ çÓ˚yÎ˚%Ó˚ Ó˚§yÎ˚lÓ˚§ñ ô)§Ó˚ ˛õ¢!Ù ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îˆÏܲ
ï%˛!Ù ˆÓ˚î% ˆÓ˚î% ˲flø#Ë)˛ï˛ çμˆÏ°y !lˆÏç !lˆÏç
4 í˛yly ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚
ÓlÓy§ly @˝Ã#Óy ÓÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚
xy•y Ó,«˛ÓÓ˚ xy!Ù çy!l ܲ°ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ x!Óܲ° SȈÏí˛¸Ó˚•z ÙˆÏï˛y
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ùl xˆÏÜœ˛ˆÏ¢ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛Ñy˛õy ܲÑy˛õy ܲlܲˆÏl ê˛yˆÏl
!¢Ü˛í˛¸ ã˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ òyG ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ Óyçy•z
Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ~ï˛ Óƒï˛ƒÎ˚ G ˆòˆÏÓÈüÈòylˆÏÓ ê˛ylyê˛y!l
ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãï%˛° ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛y xy˛õl ≤çyˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚!¢ˆÏ“ !Ó˲yçl ˆl•z
ˆ• çê˛yã˛#Ó˚ÓÕÒ° Ó,k˛ §hs˝
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSȈÏò G ˆË˛ˆÏò ï%˛!Ù !¢!¢Ó˚ !lˆÏ£Ïܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
xyÙÓ˚y e´ˆÏÙ•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyÎ˚%«˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚
e´Ùyàï˛ â)î≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆòyˆÏ£Ï x!«˛Ó˚ ˛õê˛° Ù)ô≈y
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ®
!˲!_º‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y xy!òÙ xyô%!lܲ
ˆÜ˛Ùl ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ àyÈüÈÙyáyÙy!á
ˆÜ˛Ùl §Ù%o •ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !Ó®% !Ó®% ç#Ól ã%˛¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~ƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !áߨ xyÙÓ˚y e´!lܲ ܲ#ê˛
!ÓK˛y˛õl SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙÔ!°ˆÏܲ !ÓlƒhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ !môy ˛õy•z
ˆ• ¢ƒyÙ° ˜ÓÙyˆÏeÎ˚
Ù° Ù)e !˛õ_ Ü˛Ê˛ xy!ò xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çy!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Î!ò xB˛l ≠ x!˲!çÍ ˛õy°
49
ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_ ≠ !˲ߨ fl∫Ó˚ñ !˲ߨ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ôÙ≈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x!ôxydyñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G §ÙyçÈÈüüüȧÓ≈ydܲ í˛zÍܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ܲÌy
ï˛Ùy°ˆÏ¢áÓ˚ ˆò ӈϰ– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛y•z ܲ!Ó Ó˚D°y° ӈϮy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ܲ!Óï˛y
~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ôÙ≈!ӈϢ£Ï– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ܲ!Óï˛y ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §•yÎ˚–
ˆ§ Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ Ùsf ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y xÌ≈ Îy ÙlˆÏܲ eyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ÙlˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚÷k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚G xÌ≈ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ Ùsfîyñ Ó˚•§ƒñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ñ
!Óã˛yÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˆÜ˛l Ùsf lÎ˚⁄Û
xï˛~Ó xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyÓ˚!SÈñ ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ òˆÏ_Ó˚
!ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ~ܲyhs˝ !lçfl∫ çàÍ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl ܲ!Ó
!°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
Ú~ܲ ˆÎy!l˛õp ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ
ˆÎy!l˛õˆÏpÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ àÙlñ
hflÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ hflÏlyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ òyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Óy!ܲ
ï˛sfÓ˚Ùî#Ó˚ çâˆÏl ôÓ˚y xÙ,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛l
ܲÓ˚yD%ˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ç˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ–Û
åxy!Ù ˆí˛y!¡∫ñ xy!Ù•z !§k˛yä
!ܲÇÓy
!Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_– ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ≠ Ü,˛£è!çÍ ˆ§l=Æ Ú=Ó˚&˛õb# àÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àÙl ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_ ~ܲ !˲ߨ fl∫Ó˚ñ !˲ߨ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î– ï˛Ó%ñ Óy°ƒ§!áñ ï%˛•z
!e˛õ%Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyK˛ Ù•ˆÏ° !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫!hflÏÓ˚ !lŸªy§– ˆçˆÏl ˆà!° Ó˚*ì˛¸
ï˛Ü˛≈ÈüÈ!Óï˛ˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ |ˆÏôÁÏ≈ K˛ylÈüÈà˲#Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ ¢#ï˛° xy◊Î˚ÈüÈ ≤Ã◊Î˚– fl<°ˆÏlÓ˚ òyàÛ
!lçfl∫ !¢“ÈüÈ˲y£Ïy ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeσ ˲Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y– !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
åàÙlä
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !l¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y lyÈüÈܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !ï˛!l ~ܲçl !Óáƒyï˛ !ã˛eܲÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ïï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ÈüÈÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õòñ ï˛sf˲y£Ïy !وϰ!وϢ ~ܲyܲyÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y §yôyÓ˚î ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ x!ï˛ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy˛õeñ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛l xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%ÈÉÉÉ–
xyˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– xyÙÓ˚y ï˛y•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Úxy!Ù ˆí˛y!¡∫ñ xy!Ù•z !§k˛yÛ
ôÙ≈ÈüÈò¢≈lÈüxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÈüȧy!•ï˛ƒÈüÈ≤ÃÓ¶˛ÈüȈÎyàÈüÈï˛sfÈüÈ!ã˛eܲ°yÈüȧÇà#ï˛
ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ Ùyï,˛ˆÏÎy!lˆÏ˲ˆÏòÓ˚ Îsfîy§yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤ÃÙˆÏÎy!l
•zï˛ƒy!ò §,çˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e !òàhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚
Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !òÓƒˆÏÎy!lÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Îyey–
ÎyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§–
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Ÿ’#°ÈüÈxŸ’#° !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ flõ‹T ~ÓÇ !l˲≈#ܲ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î
ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰlñ Ùsf– Ùsf ˆÜ˛l⁄ !ï˛!l ÚܲyÓƒÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Ÿ’#°ÈüÈxŸ’#° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y Ó‡ã˛!ã˛≈ï˛ G xÙ#ÙyÇ!§ï˛–
ӈϰlñ Ùsf ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y xÌ≈È üüüÈÈÎy ÙlˆÏܲ eyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ÙlˆÏܲ Ÿ’#°ÈüÈxŸ’#ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇK˛y ˆl•z– ¢∑ !lˆÏç ܲáˆÏly Ÿ’#°G
˛õ!Ó˚÷k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•zú ~•z ܲ!Ó xï˛#ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏll lÎ˚ñ xŸ’#°G lÎ˚– ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ó Óy ˆ°áܲ Óyï˛≈y!ê˛ Ü˛#
xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ Ó#çÙsf– ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ú•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ xy.%°ÈüÈ•z !òˆÏï˛ ã˛ylÈüüüÈï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ Ÿ’#°ÈüÈxŸ’#° !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ– hflÏlˆÏܲ
lyÓ˚#ñ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸yê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy=l G ˆ≤Ã!Ùܲ–˘ ~ܲ ˆÎy!l˛õp ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ƒyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y S%ˆÏí˛¸ ÙyÓ˚y Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÈüüüÈÚòÑyï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã%Ñ˛!ã˛ !SÈшÏí˛¸
xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÎy!l˛õˆÏpÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ àÙlÛ !ܲÇÓy Ú=Ó˚&˛õb# àÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy°ê˛yÛ !ã˛eܲ“!ê˛ §y°Ë˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ òy!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛ñ
˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚˘ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àÙl ÌyˆÏܲ lyÛ– ÌÓ˚ ÌÓ˚ ê˛y•zÙ ~u˛ ˆflõ§ñ xy§ˆÏ° §,!‹TˆÏܲ xy!Ù Ù•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛
ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ñ ܲ!Óï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏÓl §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ¢)lƒï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛yÎ˚ fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%V˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙ Ü˛“ly≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚
à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙ xy˛õ!l !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚îˆÏܲñ !Ó!ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲú
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yˆÏܲ ÚÙsfÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•#– xy˛õlyÓ˚ !ܲ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ lyñ Ùyï,˛ï˛y!sfܲï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õï,˛ï˛ˆÏsf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï˛õ«˛•z
~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ôÙ≈#Î˚ ˆV˛Ñyܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ⁄Û í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ó ÓˆÏ°!SȈϰlÈüüü ˆÎÔl!Ó÷!k˛Ó˚ Ó¶˛ˆÏl §ÙyçˆÏܲ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– x!ôܲyÇ¢
ÈÚôÙ≈#Î˚ ˆV˛Ñyܲ ÌyܲˆÏ° ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ˆÜ˛lly ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏç åˆÜ˛ÔÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆày¤˛#ä ï˛ál Ÿ’#°ÈüÈxŸ’#ˆÏ°Ó˚ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy!ê˛
50
≤ÃîÎ˚l •Î˚– ~ê˛y Óƒ!_´˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙhflψÏÓ˚– ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï˛õ«˛•z xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚y ã˛Ñyòê˛y
ˆÎÔlï˛yˆÏܲ ˆã˛y!°ˆÏܲ !˛õˆÏSÈ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˛õˆÏîƒ Óy !l!£Ïk˛ í˛zˆ_Ï çlyÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!á
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyܲyˆÏ°•z ~ÈüÈ!ӣψÏÎ˚ ÷!ã˛ÓyÎ˚%@˝ÃhflÏï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ÈüÈG ˆÎ «˛Î˚ xyˆÏSÈ x«˛Î˚
!SÈ° ly–Û
~ܲ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°–
ï˛y•z ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_ÈüÈÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲê%˛ §ÙÎ˚
ˆÎÔlyˆÏD ܲyï%˛≈ç ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆÎÈüÈlyÓ˚#!ê˛
!lˆÏÎ˚– ~ܲê%˛ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zÑ!ܲ !òˆÏÎ˚– lyÈüÈ•ˆÏ° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~Ùl ˛õ.‰!_´Ó˚ ܲyÓƒÈüȈã˛ï˛lyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲ!Ó ÓˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ xy!°Dl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆà° ÷ô% ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ!SÈ xy!Ù
§y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ïò,ˆÏ¢ƒ Î%Ó!ï˛!ê˛ ç#Ól SÈyí˛¸y xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆŸ’yàyl ˆl•zñ
•ë˛yÍ Óœyí˛zˆÏçÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ •yï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝Ó≈y§ SÈyí˛¸y
à!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyl° ~ܲˆÏàyê˛y xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õï˛yܲy ˆl•z–
hflÏl ~ÓÇ òÑyï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã%Ñ˛!ã˛ !SÈшÏí˛¸ Ùy°ê˛y
Ù•yܲy¢ çÇ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z
2É
ÌÓ˚ÈüÈÌÓ˚ ê˛y•zÙ ~u˛ ˆflõ§ ~lܲyí˛zrê˛yÓ˚–
˲yˆÏï˛Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ç Ê˛§≈y–
åˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÌyÓyï˛≈yä
~•zçlƒ•z ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙÈüüüÈ °t˛ˆÏl ˆÓ˚yj%Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!á– ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ܲyê˛
ÚÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ܲ!Ó !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_ ~ܲ !˲ߨ fl∫Ó˚ñ !˲ߨ •ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yj%Ó˚ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!_ˆÏÓ˚ ˲yï˛ áy•z–
í˛zFã˛yÓ˚îÛ– ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ Îï˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ï˛ !ï˛!l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yˆÏï˛Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ç Ê˛§≈y– x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚G
ˆÙ°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl ˛õyáy– !ï˛!l xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z ~ܲ !ÓfløÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˲yï˛ !áˆÏò ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚–
ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ §ˆÏ¡∫yôl ܲ!Ó˚ Ú§hs˝Ü˛!ÓÛ–
!Ù°l˛õ![˛ï˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˲yï˛ ÙyˆÏl ˲_´–
ˆ°áܲ ܲ!Ó G !lÓ¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
˲_´ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲_´ñ ˲_ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yï˛– ï%˛!Ù
ܲyÓ˚ ˲_´ ˲y•z⁄
!Ù°lܲy!hs˝ òˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y
ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏܲ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏܲ
1É áyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢
ò¢≈l G !ò¢y K˛yl#Ó˚ lyÙ !˲«%˛– !˲«˛yÓ˚
xyÙyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyܲ≈§Óyò ˆl•z lyÙ Ùyô%ܲÓ˚#– ˛õÓ˚yߨˆÏ˲yç#Ó˚
xyÙyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ày¶˛#Óyò ˆl•z
lyÙ Ù•yÓ˚yç– xߨ í˛zͲõyòˆÏܲÓ˚
xyÙyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈l ˆl•z
lyÙ ã˛y£Ïy– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
xyÙyÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ò¢y ˆl•z
˛õyܲfli°#Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ
ˆÓ!ò¢yÓ˚ ˆl¢y ~ܲê˛y•z
•*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ l#ˆÏã˛ xߨy¢Î˚– ~áyˆÏlG
Îál ˆÎ ÌyˆÏܲ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢
xyˆÏSÈ ~ܲê˛y °t˛l– ï˛yÈüȈï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ô!Ó˚ ÙsiˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£Ï
Ó!°ñ lyG ˆ°!°• !ç•¥yÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yç ˲yï˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ã˛y•z– ˆ§•z
~•z !Ó£Ï Ùô% ܲˆÏÓ˚ òyG– °t˛l çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ !°!áñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yú
xyçܲy° Ùô%ˆÏÙ• ~ܲê˛y ˛õy!ç x§%áñ ˲y xÌ≈yÍ Ë˛yï˛– °
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ˆày° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ °Óî– Óy
ܲyly ô!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xÌ≈yÍ Óy!í˛¸– §y
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛y ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ àˆÏ° V˛lyÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ §yÓ˚yê˛y ç#Ól–
51
3É 4É
ܲ!Óï˛y˛õMÈ˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÑyã˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÙŸªÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛!Óï˛y
ã˛[˛#òy§ñ Ùy•zˆÏܲ°ñ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌñ ç#Ólyl® ~ܲÉ
~ÓÇ fl∫≤¿ ly!ܲ ˛õ%Ó&˚ ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ˆòy£Ï– lyÓ˚#G çyˆÏl ly §ÙƒÜ˛ñ hflˆÏ lÏ Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl àç≈l–
ÙyܲˆÏ§Ï≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ˆï˛y !lSÈܲ ˆ◊!îñ
xflõ‹T≤çyò àyD%!° Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ flf#!°D ˆl•z– ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yñ
ܲ!Óï˛y˛õMÈ˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÑyã˛ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÙŸªÓ˚=!° ï%˛!Ù•z ˛õ%Ñ!çñ xy!Ù Ü˛ƒy!˛õê˛y°òy§–
ÙylˆÏ° ¢ÇܲÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ •yÓ˚y•z Î!òñ Ùy•z!Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z §Ó≈•yÓ˚y •Óú
lyÈüÈÙylˆÏ° í˛Ó˚ÇܲÓ˚ ~Ùl!ܲS%È lÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚G
!ï˛l ò#˛õB˛Ó˚ xï˛#Ó ◊#K˛yl ò%•zÉ
˜¢ˆÏ°ŸªÓ˚ !ï˛l !ÓôÓyˆÏܲ à˲≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòá!SÈ°yÙñ ˆ°!ll G ày¶˛#
!ÓSÈylyÎ˚ ˛õ%îƒÓyl– lyàÓ˚ˆÏòy°y ã˛í˛¸ˆÏSÈl– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆ°!ll
!ï˛l˛ õ•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó° ˆòáyˆÏÓl ܲÌy !SÈ°ñ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏFSÈl ˛õy!áGí˛¸y ˛õˆÏÌñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚
ày¶˛# ˆlˆÏÙ xy§ˆÏSÈl ô)°yáˆÏ[˛– ~ܲÓyÓ˚
ܲÌy Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ lyÈüȈ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §%l#° ˛õòƒÜ˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yÙô%l ˆï˛y ~ܲÓyÓ˚ •zrê˛yÓ˚lƒy¢ly°– •ë˛yÍ fl∫≤¿ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ï˛ál xyl®ÓyçyÓ˚ú
ˆê˛ˆÏܲyÙyÌyÎ˚ •yï˛ Ó%!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆò!á
!ï˛l ¢yòy Ó%!í˛¸ §yˆÏÓܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛!¢÷Ó˚y ˲ˆÏÎ˚ !•§% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚!l ˆï˛y⁄
ܲÌy Ó°!SÈ°⁄ xy§ˆÏ° í˛zFã˛ã˛y˛õ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ l%lܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚
¢C ˆây£Ï ÷ˆÏl!SȈϰlñ ¢yòy !ï˛l Ó%!í˛¸ xyÙyÓ˚ ôÙ≈ï˛y°% ˆâˆÏÙ §ˆÏÓ˚yÓÓ˚ú
ܲ# ܲÌy Ó°!SÈ°⁄
5É ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùsfܲ!Óï˛y
!Ê˛í˛y ܲy•ˆÏ°yú !§°!˲Î˚y ≤’yÌ ~ÓÇ
xyÙyÓ˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ lyÙñ •!Ó˚
˛õyˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyú xyÙyÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ lyÙñ ÙòlˆÏÙy•l
ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õy!á !SÈ° lyñ xÌã˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyܲyÓ˚ lyÙñ ܲyly•z°y°
≤Ã!ï˛!òl ~ܲê˛y !í˛Ù !lˆÏç•z Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye !˛õ!§Ó˚ lyÙñ
Ó˚yôy–
Ü%˛§%Ù ˆòáyÎ˚– Ü%˛§%ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl•z flõ¢≈ òyG xy!Ù !Ù°lܲy!hs˝ ò_ñ ÷ô% ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
ˆ§áyˆÏl•z !ܲ!ã˛Ó˚!Ù!ã˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏë˛ x§ÇყÇáƒÜ˛ áÑyã˛y– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y G ˆ≤Ã!Ùܲ–
~˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !í˛Ùñ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl Ü%˛§%Ùñ xyÙyÓ˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zñ ÓyÓy G ܲyܲy
xyÙyˆÏܲ ÚÓyÓyÛ ÓˆÏ° í˛yܲˆÏï˛l
≤Ã!ï˛!òl flõ¢≈ xyÓ˚ !ܲ!ã˛Ó˚!Ù!ã˛Ó˚ áÑyã˛y–
!˛õ!§ í˛yܲˆÏï˛l lyñ ~ܲê˛y ÓÑy!¢Ó˚ çlƒ
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆSȈϰ=!° ˆÎ!òl ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ Ù%á °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y áÑyã˛y á%ˆÏ° òyGñ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏò!SÈ°yÙ
!ï˛!l ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ °%ܲyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ã%˛Ù%
˛õy!á ˆl•zú
Ì%ï%˛ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ÑˆÏê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl
xyÓ•Ùyl ˛õy!áˆÏã˛ï˛ly ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÙyÓ˚ àyˆÏ°ñ !ܲv xy!Ù á%Ó ˆÓˆÏç í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°yÙ
•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÎlÉÉÉ ˆ§•z ÓyçlyÓ˚ xyçG ~ܲê˛y•z lyÙ
ÚÓ˚yôyÓ˚Ùî ò_Û–
52
˜Ó!ã˛eƒ– Ó˚y!¢Î˚ylÓ˚y ~ál xyÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ ¢y§l ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ
îy !¥ îûy ly !ܲv ~•z xyò¢≈!ê˛ ~ál xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ó ˆò¢ ~ܲ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ !ܲv
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xlƒˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛y Îy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
!Ù°yl Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ– ˆ§•zçlƒ•z ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ xyˆÏê˛≈Ó˚ åˆ˛õ•z!rê˛Çñ
lˆÏ˲°ñ !Ùí˛z!çܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò •zï˛ƒy!òä •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •Î˚
˲y£Ïyhs˝Ó˚ ≠ xy!¢§ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
ˆÎl ~ܲê˛y !Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚§ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆl¢l ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•yˆÏï˛ ˆÓê˛lê˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛y!lܲ !Ùí˛z!çˆÏܲÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ Ê˛yˆÏ™ñ
ï˛y í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ •zê˛y!°ˆÏï˛ñ ˆlòyÓ˚°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ !àˆÏÎ˚
!ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ñ ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ åBachä •yˆÏï˛– x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛
lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~° Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ Î%àñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
~° Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl lˆÏ˲°ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ flÒƒy!u˛ˆÏl!˲Î˚l ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
Ìyܲ°– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ xyˆÏê˛≈Ó˚ à!ï˛¢#°ï˛y G §%ò#â≈ ç#Ól ~•z§Ó çy!ï˛Ó˚
x!hflÏc SÈyí˛¸y ˲yÓy x§Ω˛Ó !SÈ°ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y àˆÏí˛¸
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ ~ܲ x!l/ˆÏ¢£Ï ˲y[˛yÓ˚–
xy!Ù xy•z§°ƒyˆÏu˛˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲y!Ó– myò¢ G eˆÏÎ˚yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛
!ӈϢ£Ï Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ !Ù°yl Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚y GáyˆÏl §•flÀ §•flÀ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ §,!‹T •°ó §yày=!°–
ˆ§ÈüȧÙÎ˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ Óy •zLjÏÓ˚ç ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ xÙl
!Ó◊&ï˛ ˆ°áܲ !Ù°yl Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚y !ܲS%È!òl xyˆÏà ≤ÃÎ˚yï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
çß√ ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏfl‘y˲y!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ó !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ܲ!Óï˛yñ í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ Ó˚Ùƒ Ó˚ã˛ly G
àòƒ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓyÓ˚ •° •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝yí˛zˆÏoܲܲyÓ˚# ˆ°áyó ˆã˛Ü˛ G Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚– !ï˛!l Ù•Í §y!•ï˛ƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •° ï˛yÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù m#˛õ˛õ%ˆÏO Îy xyçG ˆ°yܲ!ÓÓ˚°–
1980ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ•z ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x§ÇˆÏ¢yôl#Î˚ x§yÙƒ
Ü˛Ù Ü˛Ìy lÎ˚ ˆÎ §%ò)Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲçl ˆ°áܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏl fliyl ˛õyˆÏFSÈl– ~ÓÇ ~Ùl âê˛ˆÏ° ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛
Ú!Ùí˛z!láÛ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyd§Ù˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚
§yÙylƒ ˆ°áܲ ll– ~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚yñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ñ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ G §%˛õyë˛ƒ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– !ܲv xyÓ˚G §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ 1938 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
~•z ˆ°áy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓDyl%Óyò ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚°yÙ– ˆ•Ùhs˝ ܲyˆÏ°ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ó,•Í ˆl¢lÈüüüÈçyÙ≈y!lñ •zê˛y!°ñ
Ê˛y™ G ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !ÓˆÏê˛lÈÈüüüÈÈ~Ó˚y §Óy•z !وϰ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˲yàƒ
«%˛oï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•_Ù ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ •Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
xy°yòy ~ܲ!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚ ò%ÈüÈçl ˆã˛Ü˛ Ü)˛ê˛l#!ï˛K˛ §yÓ˚y Ó˚y!_Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
~ܲçl •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ñ !ï˛!l çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò# Óy ܲ§ˆÏÙy˛õ!°ê˛lñ ܲÓ˚!SȈϰló ˆË˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%ò#â≈ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
!fliï%˛ Óy í˛zò‰Óy›ñ Îy•z ˆ•ylÈüÈly ˆÜ˛lñ !ï˛!l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÎyGÎ˚y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Üœ˛yhs˝ñ !ÓôÁhflÏñ •y•zÈüÈï%˛°ˆÏï˛ÈüÈÌyܲy
§¡õܲ≈ myÓ˚y à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ xl%ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •ló xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ ˆã˛¡∫yÓ˚ˆÏ°l G òy°y!òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ åChamberlain and Daladierä
ˆÌˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ù§ƒy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ç!ê˛°ñ xˆÏlܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yly!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl–
àΩ˛#Ó˚ñ !ܲv ˆÎ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆòáy ˆ•yܲÈüÈly ˆÜ˛lñ ~!ê˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏfl‘y˲y!ܲÎ˚y §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆã˛¡∫yÓ˚ˆÏ°l ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ Ú§%ò)ˆÏÓ˚
xlƒÓ˚Ü˛Ù– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈‹T !òܲ≠ Ó,•Í xÓ!fliï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ñ ÎyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È•z çy!l lyÛÈüüüȈ§•z
ˆl¢l=!°Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ «%˛o ˆl¢l=!°G xyˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ Ü%˛áƒyï˛ Ü˛Ìy=!° !SÈ° xï˛ƒhs˝ §!ë˛Ü˛– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ xyˆÏSÈ
ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ=!° !Óàï˛ ò%ˆÏ¢y ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,•Í ˆò¢§Ù)• G xlƒ!òˆÏܲ «%˛o ˆò¢§Ù)•ó xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˆò¢ ÎyÓ˚y
ÙˆÏï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆê˛!ӈϰ ӈϧ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˆò¢ ÎyÓ˚y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zò‰!Ó@¿
xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ Ù•Í Ù)°ƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Îál Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl çàÍ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛o ˆò¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ§Çáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y çy!ï˛=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
!lˆÏçÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈ°ñ ˆ§ÈüȧوÏÎ˚ xy!Ù ~•z˲yˆÏÓ çy!ï˛=!° ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ çlƒ x!hflÏc
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ xy•z!í˛Î˚y°!ê˛ˆÏܲ §)ey!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚≠ «%˛oï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•_Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫ï˛/!§k˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ lÎ˚≠ ï˛y §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ~ܲê˛y ≤ß¿!ã˛•´ñ ~ܲê˛y
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Óy!çˆÏá°yñ ~ܲê˛y !Ó˚flÒó ˆÎ •z!ï˛•y§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,•_Ó˚ñ Îy !ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ï˛ƒ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ @˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly Óy ~Ùlܲ# °«˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ù)° ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢“ˆÏܲ fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
!ÓÓ˚ & ˆÏ k ˛ °ˆÏ í ˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ – [ í˛z • z ˆ Ï ê ˛y”˛ àÙÓ yí˛z í ˛z § ‰ ç å Witold ˛õyˆÏÓ˚≠ •Î˚ çy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ å~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ «%˛o ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ä
Gombrowiczä ӈϰˆÏSÈl≠ ÚˆÎl •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛yã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚•z xÌÓy ~Ó˚ !¢“#Î˚ x!ï˛ÈüÈçyï˛#Î˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ åÓ,•Í ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ä– xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙÓ˚y xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–Û] §%Ó˚ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z Ó,•Í ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆò!áó ˆÜ˛yl ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ xÓ˚°ƒyˆÏu˛y
ˆ˛õy°ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ flõƒy!lÎ˚yí˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy §Ùyl §Ùyl– !ܲv ˆflõl !í˛ °ƒyˆÏ§y åOrlando di Lassoä Óy Óyá åBachä ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛l
~ܲê˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ¢!_´ ÎyÓ˚ x!hflÏc ܲáˆÏly•z §ÇܲˆÏê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!l !ܲv ï˛y àyˆÏlÓ˚ §yôܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– !ܲv
ˆ˛õy°Ó˚y çyˆÏlñ lyÈüÈÌyܲyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ܲ#– Ó˚y‹T… •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲê˛y lˆÏ˲° ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛•z ˆ°áy •Î˚ñ ˆ§çlƒ
¢ï˛y∑# Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚•z ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly •Î˚ «%˛oñ çyï˛#Î˚
°y•zl!ê˛•z •°ñ Úˆ˛õy°ƒyu˛˛ ~álG !l!Ÿã˛•´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!lÛ ~ÓÇ ˆç§ÈüÈ° ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ~Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ~ܲܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
!Ù°§‰çÈüÈˆÜ˛ åCzeslaw Milosz ä ˆ°áy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá!l xyÓ˚ xy!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyÜ˛Ó ˆÎ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y x˛õ)Ó˚î#Î˚
àÙÓyí˛zí˛z§‰ç ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y °∂ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl•z
«˛!ï˛– ܲyÓ˚îñ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ÷ô% lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚•z •z!ï˛•y§ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ñ
ˆÜ˛yl flõƒy!lÎ˚yˆÏí˛≈Ó˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ xy§ï˛ ly≠ ÚÎ!ò xyàyÙ# ~ܲˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòáÓ ˆÎ °ˆÏÓ˚™ fiê˛yl≈ åLaurence Sterneä ï˛yÓ˚
ÓyˆÏò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲÛÉÉÉ
≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y ˆòl Ó˚yˆÏӈϰ•z§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ åRabeleisä í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ !òˆÏòˆÏÓ˚y
ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲ xy•z§°ƒyu˛#Î˚ §yày=!° ˆ°áy •° •zÇÓ˚y!çˆÏï˛≠
åDiderotä Îyey ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l fiê˛yl≈ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ê˛!”˛Ç åFieldingä
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ê˛Δ§ê˛yl Óy í˛l
x!ÓÓ˚yÙ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl §yˆÏ˲≈!rê˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ åCervantesä
Ü%˛•zˆÏ:yê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛≠ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï l®lcy!_ܲ ã˛!Ó˚eñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âê˛ly G ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòy°yã˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ §ÓÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ !Ê˛!”˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z hflÏÑyòy° åStendhalä !lˆÏçÓ˚
xÓï˛yÓ˚ly •ï˛ó ˆ°yˆÏܲ ï˛Ü˛≈ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ G=ˆÏ°y ≤ÃÌÙ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ù•ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ çˆÏÎ˚§ åJoyceä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Êœ˛ˆÏÓÎ˚Ó˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚
lˆÏ˲° ly!ܲ ï˛y ly– xy!Ù Ó°!SÈ ly §yày=ˆÏ°y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ üüüÈÓ‡ åFlaubertä ˙!ï˛•ƒ ã˛°ˆÏSÈñ •yÓ˚Ùyl Óã˛ åHerman Brochä
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ xÓˆÏ • °yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§=!°ˆÏ Ü ˛ ~ál •z í ˛z ˆ Ï Ó ˚ y ˛õ#Î˚ ˆÎ lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ l®lï˛_¥ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ˆ§ ˆÜ˛Ó°
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚=!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ã˛°ˆÏSÈüüüÈÈ!ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y Ú˛õ%Ñ!ÌÛÈüÈˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ çˆÏÎ˚§ˆÏܲ Ê˛y°yÊ˛y°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÊ˛Ü˛yÈüÈ•z åKafkaä ày!§≈Î˚y ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛ˆÏçÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚ Ó•Ùyl §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– åGarcia Marquezä §yÙˆÏl ˆ§•z §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ myÓ˚ á%ˆÏ° ˆòl
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ê˛Ó˚y!§Ó˚y çy!ï˛ G Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ê˛yï˛ ˆÓyˆÏV˛ lyñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ˙!ï˛•ƒ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úxlƒ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚Û !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
xy!Ù Ó‡ÓyÓ˚•z ÷ˆÏl!SÈ Ü˛yÊ˛Ü˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲçl ˆã˛Ü˛ ˆ°áܲ Ó°y •Î˚– xy!Ù ~ál•z Îy Ó°°yÙ ï˛y ≤ÃÌ٠ӈϰ!SȈϰl àƒÎ˚ˆÏê˛≠ ÚxyçˆÏܲÓ˚
xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ ~ܲ ˆÓyܲyˆÏÙy– Î!òG xÓ¢ƒ•z 1918 ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l lï%˛l !òˆÏl çyï˛#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙyˆÏl ˆl•zñ xyÙÓ˚y !ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
à!ë˛ï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏfl‘y˲y!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ !ï˛!l ÷ô%Ùye çyÙ≈yl Î%ˆÏà ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚!SÈñ ~ÓÇ ~ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲï˛≈Óƒ ~•z
˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛•z !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~ܲçl çyÙ≈yl ˆ°áܲÈüÈ•z ÙˆÏl ܲyçˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–Û ~•z!ê˛ •°ñ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ àƒÎ˚ˆÏê˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– !ܲv ~ܲ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈Ó˚ çlƒ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲ !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏÙrê˛– xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛fiê˛yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ ˛õy•z≠ Ú!ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z
Ó•z=ˆÏ°y !°áˆÏ°l ˆã˛Ü˛ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚– xyç ˆÜ˛ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ˛õí˛¸ï˛⁄ Ü%˛!í˛¸ çyï˛#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çày!áã%˛!í˛¸ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆòáyˆÏly
ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ x§Ω˛Ó ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ çyÙ≈yl ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓú ˆÎlñ ~ •° §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó‡Óã˛lúÛ
§ˆÏD !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z Ùƒy: Óí˛ åMax Brodä ܲyÊ˛Ü˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ x!˛õã˛ Ó˚yˆÏӈϰ•z§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ܲçl Ó˚y!¢Î˚ylñ Óyá!ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y
§«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yÎ˚ú Î!ò ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ló ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏӈϰ•z§ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y
≤ÃyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ §¡õyòܲ í˛z_´ ܲy“!lܲ ˆã˛Ü˛ÈüÈܲyÊ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó•z=ˆÏ°y xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ òhflψÏÎ˚˲!flÒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚°ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆã˛Ü˛ lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yôƒ !SÈ° ly ˆ§•z ÎÑyˆÏܲ ˆÓyˆÏV˛l ~ܲçl Ê˛Ó˚y!§ñ !çò åGideäó ˆï˛Ùl•z •zӈϧlˆÏܲ
Ú§%ò)Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚Ûñ ÎyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ÚxyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È•z çy!l lyÛ í˛z_´ x!Ùï˛ÓƒÎ˚# ˆÓyˆÏV˛l ~ܲçl xy•z!Ó˚¢Ùƒylñ ¢ åShawäó çˆÏÎ˚§ˆÏܲ ~ܲçl
ˆê˛:=!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚– !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚&lñ x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚ylñ Óá– ˆ§•z Ù•Í í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ≤Ãçß√ÈüüüȈ•!ÙÇGˆÏÎ˚ñ
ܲyÊ˛Ü˛y Î!ò ˆã˛Ü˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z !ã˛lï˛ ly– Ê˛Ü˛lyÓ˚ åFaulkneräñ í˛§ ˛õƒyˆÏ§y§ åDos Passosä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
àÙÓyí˛zí˛z§ç ‰ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÚˆÊ˛Ó˚í˛y•zí˛% Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Û åÚFerdydurkeÛä ˆ˛õy!°¢ !ÓŸªçl#l =Ó˚&c §Ó≈§ÙˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l Ê˛Ó˚y!§Ó˚y– åÊ˛Ü˛lyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° 1937 §ˆÏl– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏlˆÏÓ˚y ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1946ÈüÈ~ ˆ°ˆÏál ≠
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Îï˛«˛îÈüÈly ~ܲçl Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ˛õyÓ!°¢yÓ˚ ÚÊ˛yˆÏ™ xy!Ù ~ܲê˛y §y!•ï˛ƒ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ flÀ‹Ty–Ûä ~•z !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î
~!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l G Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó!«˛Æ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù lÎ˚ó lyñ ~=!°•z !lÎ˚Ù– ˆË˛Ôà!°Ü˛
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ò)Ó˚c xӈϰyܲlܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ fliyl#Î˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ G•z §#ÙyÈüÈSÈyí˛¸yˆÏly ~°yܲyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ï˛#Ì≈ˆÏòÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó,•Í ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ~•z §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyà ˆòˆÏÓñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
•° ˆ§•z ~ܲÙye Ó˚yhflÏy Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ l®lï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˲ylÙyeñ x◊ˆÏk˛Î˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z «%˛o
Ù)°ƒˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈxÌ≈yÍñ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï lˆÏ˲°!ê˛ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà çy!ï˛=!° ~Ùl xÓfliyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflÏc•z !Ó˛õߨñ ï˛yÓ˚y
xˆÏòáy x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ˆÎ !òܲ=!°ˆÏܲ §%flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ÙˆÏly˲yÓˆÏܲ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zFã˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ S%ÈшÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ȈÏܲ– ܲyÊ˛Ü˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Úí˛y•z!Ó˚ÛˆÏï˛ ~ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ÚÓ,•ÍÛ §y!•ï˛ƒñ
~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl !ܲ ~•z òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ xy!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!FSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe çyÙ≈yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l •z!í˛§ G ˆã˛Ü˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ï%˛°ly
lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!ò ˲y£Ïy lyÈüÈ ˆçˆÏlG ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl≠ !ï˛!l ӈϰlñ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o çy!ï˛Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
xyˆÏK˛ñ xy!Ù !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛y•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– !çò Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl çylˆÏï˛l lyñ !Ó˛õ%° ◊k˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y Ú¢e&ï˛y˛õ)î≈ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚
Óyl≈yí˛≈ ¢ lÓ˚GˆÏÎ˚!çÎ˚yl çylˆÏï˛l lyñ §yˆÏe≈ xy!ò ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ í˛§ í˛z˛õÓ˚Û òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ àÓ≈ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y!•ï˛ƒ
˛õƒyˆÏ§y§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l!l– Î!ò àÙÓ yí˛zí˛z§‰ç G í˛ƒy!lˆÏ°y !ܲ§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛ï˛ê˛y Ú§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Û lÎ˚ñ Îï˛ê˛y !ܲly ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚Ûñ
ådanilo Kisä Ó•z=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÷ô%Ùye ˆ§•z §Ó ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §y!•ï˛ƒ G çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z x!˲flÀÓî Ú§y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ §yÓ˚y
!l˲≈Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˆ˛õy!°§ G §yˆÏÓy≈ÈüȈe´yÎ˚y!¢Î˚yl çyˆÏlñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ï˛y Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
~=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l®lï˛y!_¥Ü˛ lï%˛lc !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ï˛ ly– ˆŸ’yàyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲyd •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛–Û ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÊ˛Ü˛y ~•z
åxyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÊ˛§Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# Ó°y •ˆÏÓ⁄ xï˛ƒyŸã˛Î≈ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ xyˆÏ§l≠ ÚÓ,•Í §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Îy l#ã%˛ hflψÏÓ˚ âê˛ˆÏï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛y !ܲ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ lˆÏ˲°ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Îy ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xÓlÙl âê˛yÎ˚ lyñ ~áyˆÏl
!ÓŸªÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚y⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xy¢y ˆl•z– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲó Îy GáyˆÏl §yÙylƒ Åͧ%ܲƒ §,!‹T
~:˛õyê˛≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y á%Ó ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy !ܲS%È•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~áyˆÏl ï˛y ç#ÓlÈüÈÙ,ï%˛ƒ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù !ܲS%ȈÏï˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚
˛õí˛¸ylÈüÈly ˆÜ˛lñ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ G•z «%˛oñ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲlˆÏê˛:ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ly–Û
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– G!ê˛Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ñ Ó˚&!ã˛ G Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚Èüȧӕz ïÑ˛yÓ˚y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˆ¢£Ï ¢∑=!° xyÙyˆÏܲ ܲˆÏ¡õyçyÓ˚ ˆÓ!í»˛ã˛ ˆfløê˛ylyÈüÈÓ˚
!ÓˆÏò!¢ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚=!°ˆÏï˛•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢“ܲÙ≈ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y åBedrich Smetanaä å1864 ˆï˛ ≤ÃyˆÏà åPragueä ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚–ä ܲÓ˚yä ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z °y•zl=!°
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ xyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ï˛yÓyò !SÈ° Úxyl® ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ xyl® ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ §Ó≈@˝Ãy§# òÑyí˛¸Ü˛yܲñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ çlƒ
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÚxyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ï˛yÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÇK˛y ˆòÓ⁄ Ó,•Í ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ˆË˛yˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zͧÓ≠ á%Ó !¢à!à!Ó˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y åxÌÓy xfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ä– í˛zͧà≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲçl !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ–Û Ü˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl
ò%ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ï˛yÓyò xyˆÏSÈ≠ Ó,•Í çy!ï˛ G «%˛o çy!ï˛Ó˚– Ó,•Í Ù•Í §%Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y Ó˚_´y_´ Ù)á≈y!Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°⁄ ~
çy!ï˛=!° àƒÎ˚ˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ï˛ƒÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ºy!hs˝⁄ lyñ G xç%•yï˛ ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ ~ê˛y Îál !ï˛!l
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ~ï˛•z í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆÎ xlƒÓ˚y ܲ# Óylyl ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓSÈÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ï˛ál ÚˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲçl
!°áˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆòáyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ܲy!ç!ÙˆÏÎ˚§≈ Óy!u˛§ åKazimiers !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ÈGÈüÈÓy ܲ# ˆÓyV˛yï˛⁄ ~Ùl ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆÎ
Brandysä ï˛yÓ˚ 1985ÈüÈ87ÈüÈÓ˚ Ú˛õƒy!Ó˚ ˆlyê˛Ó%ˆÏÜ˛Û ÓˆÏ°l ˆÎ ܲÙyˆÏu˛yÈüÈÓƒyˆÏu˛ ˆÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §•ÈüÈlyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ÿªy§ly°# !SÈшÏí˛¸
ˆ˛õy!°§ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ly≠ ~•z Ú!ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly
K˛yl xˆÏlܲ ܲÙó !ܲv ˆ§ ˆ§ê˛y ˛õ%!£ÏˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ~ܲ ˆã˛Ü˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ãyà åPragueä ˆSȈÏí˛¸
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !ÓŸªÈüÈ!ÓÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙÈüȈÓ!¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó !òܲ=!°ñ §Ó !˲ˆÏÎ˚lyˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ¢yhs˝!¢‹T ç#Ól ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ˆÎÙl!ê˛ !ܲly
§Ω˛yÓly G ò¢y=!° ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲyÊ˛Ü˛y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚÎy xlƒ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ §yÙylƒ Åͧ%ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
«%˛o çy!ï˛Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤çˆÏDÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ~áyˆÏl ï˛y ç#ÓlÈüÈÙÓ˚î °í˛¸y•zˆÏï˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–Û
~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî≠ ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ á%Ó í˛zFã˛ ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲçl !¢“#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚≤ÃÓîï˛y
ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ «%˛oÈ ≤çˆÏDÓ˚ §sfy§Èñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ÙyˆÏlê˛yˆÏܲ•z
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyÌyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ xàÙƒñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓòˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ lyÈüÈܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚–
xyò¢≈ ÓyhflÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xy!Ù Ü˛ˆÏ¡õyçyÓ˚ !˲ˆÏ™rê˛ !í˛!u˛ÈüÈÓ˚ åVincent d–Indyä !ܲS%È
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎyà ˆl•z– «%˛o çy!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆ°Ü˛ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly !Ù!ÙG@˝ÃyÊ˛‰í˛ ܲ!˛õ ˆòá!SÈ Îy !ï˛!l ˛õƒy!Ó˚Ó˚
ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ ÷ô%Ùye í˛z_´ çyÎ˚ày!ê˛Ó˚•z ˆ°yܲ– ˆ§ Î!ò ˆflÒy°y ܲƒylˆÏê˛yÓ˚yÙÈüÈ~ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰló !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙyˆÏô≈ ~áyˆÏl
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Ê˛Ó˚y!§ §%Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ãçß√ ≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ fliyˆÏl xyˆÏSÈ !í˛ à°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Î%k˛ÈüÈflø,!ï˛– Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl Ü)˛ê˛l#!ï˛Ü˛
ˆfløê˛yly G ˆË˛yÓ˚yܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ åDvorakä !ܲS%È í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Óy ~ܲçl ˜§lƒ ~Ùl ܲy[˛ âê˛yï˛ ly– !ܲv Îy ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z í˛zò‰ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
ˆfløê˛ylyÈüÈÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ê˛‰§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ܲyÓ˚î ï˛y •° Ù•_Ù Ùyfiê˛yÓ˚!˛õ§=!°Ó˚ fliyl •° xyÓ˚G l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
çylyˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye Ó_´Óƒñ Îy §yï˛ §yï˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ lylyl !òˆÏܲ– Ó˚yˆÏӈϰ•zç ~° ˆã˛yˆÏjyï˛Ù fliyˆÏlÓ˚yˆÏӈϰ•zç !ܲly !í˛ à°ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ÓÎ˚yˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ≠ ~•z ÚˆÊ˛yܲÈüÈfiê˛y•z°Û !Ùí˛z!çܲ í˛zò‰Ó%k˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ú xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà° ~ܲçl !Óáƒyï˛ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ≤ÈÏÊ˛§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Úçyï˛#Î˚ §Çà#ï˛ G l,ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y–Û xyÓ˚ !ܲFS%È lÎ˚⁄ lyñ xyÓ˚ ܲÌyñ !Î!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚Ó˚ñ
!ܲS%È•z lÎ˚– xlÌ≈ܲ ›!ï˛ G Ë%˛° Óƒyáƒy– xlÌ≈ܲ ›!ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •zï˛y!°Î˚ylˆÏòÓ˚ òyˆÏhs˝ Óy ~шÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ˆl•z– ܲ“ly
ˆ°yÜ˛È§Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•zñ ˆ•í˛‰l åHaydnäñ ܲÓ˚&l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏӈϰ•zç ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛yÓ˚ ÙÎ≈yòy
¢!˛õl åChopinäñ !°çê˛‰ åLisztäñ ÓyÙ‰§ÈüÈ~ åBrahmsäó Ë%˛° ˛õyl lyú Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó Ù•yl í˛z˛õlƒy§Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Óƒyáƒy ܲyÓ˚î ˆfløê˛ylyÈüÈÓ˚ ê%˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ê˛‰§ xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲyhs˝ ˆã˛yˆÏá !ï˛!lñ §yÓ˚ˆÏ˲ˆÏrê˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ åCervantesä §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ §¡õ)î≈
Óƒ!_´àï˛ !Ùí˛z!çܲy° fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚y!_´ñ Îy ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ê˛Δy!çܲ xÓfliyÎ˚ !¢“ñ !ÓŸªÈüÈ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y–
ˆ§ÈüȧÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏ¡õyçyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ◊Óî¢!_´ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~ÓÇ ~•z xyÓ˚ Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ àÓ≈ x‹Tyò¢ G í˛zl!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏê˛ê˛‰=!° •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ Ú~ܲçl Ó!ôÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ÙyÌyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# •y°⁄ Úòƒ ˆÓ˚í˛ ~u˛ òƒ ÓœƒyÜ˛Û ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ G•z !°ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Gë˛y §%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â)!î≈–Û Óy•z¢ï˛Ù fliyˆÏló ÚÙyòyÙ ˆÓy˲y!Ó˚Û •° ˛õÑ!ã˛¢ó Úòƒ !•í˛zÙƒyl ܲˆÏÙ!í˛Û
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˲ˆÏ™rê˛ !í˛ÈüÈ!u˛˛ ~ï˛áy!l Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°l⁄ á%Ó ÷ô%Ùye ˆã˛Ô!e¢ å~ !ܲ §Ω˛Ó⁄ Úòƒ !•í˛zÙƒyl ܲˆÏÙ!í˛Û ÎyˆÏܲ SÈyí˛¸y
§Ω˛Óï˛ !ï˛!l G•z ܲyç=!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SȈϰl ly ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˲yÓy•z ÎyÎ˚ lyúäó Úˆí˛OyÓ˚y§ !°Î˚y•z§ÑÛ ˛õMÈ˛y¢ó
Îy ÷ˆÏl!SȈϰl ï˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xy§ˆÏ° ÚˆÓÔ˲yí˛≈ ~u˛˛ ˆ˛õÜ%˛ˆÏã˛Û åÚBouvard and PecuchetÛä ~°
í˛z_´ ò%•z ܲˆÏ¡õyçyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆã˛Ü˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ≠ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏì˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ô%ÑܲˆÏï˛ ô%ÑܲˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï– xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ùyfiê˛yÓ˚!˛õ§
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛yÎ˚òy ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒñ !Ùí˛z!çˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°yܲ§%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ G•z ~ܲˆÏ¢yÈüÈÓ˚ !°ˆÏfiê˛ xyˆÏ§•z!l≠ Úòƒ ã˛yê˛≈yÓ˚•yí˛zç xÓ ˛õyÙ≈yÛó
xy˲y§ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ çˆÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Úˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛y° ~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢lÛó Úçƒy!ܲ òƒ ˆÊ˛ê˛y!°fiê˛Û å~ܲÌy §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ
ˆ§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õï˛yܲyÎ˚ í˛zÍܲ#î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ |ˆÏôÁ≈G ÷ô%Ùye !ÓŸªÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó,•Í ≤çˆÏDüÈ•z ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ xï%˛°l#Î˚ Ù•c
í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ Îy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ •Î˚ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓä–
!Ól#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ åÓy ¢e&˲yÓy˛õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ä @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# òÑyí˛¸y°⁄ ≤Ã&hflÏÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú•zl §yã˛≈
ÓˆÏí˛¸y çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ xyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ï˛yÓyò xÓ °fiê˛ ê˛y•zÙÛ •° §ÆÙ– ܲyÙ%ÈüÈÓ˚ Úòƒ ˆfiê˛ΔOyÓ˚Û Óy•z¢ï˛Ù fliyˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲÓ˚°– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚⁄ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ܲFS%È lyñ ÎyˆÏܲ
xyÓ˚ Ó,•Í çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ xyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# Ó°y
xyô%!lܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ܲS%È•z lyñ xyÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ⁄ §ÇK˛y ~ܲ•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ≠ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤çˆÏD !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚
!ܲFS%È!ê˛ ly– ˆÎl xyô%!lܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ !Ó˛õ%° ≤Ã˲yÓ
x«˛Ùï˛y åÓy ˆòáˆÏï˛ ly ã˛yGÎ˚yä– Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ àï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#!ê˛
ӈϰ !ܲS%È âˆÏê˛•z!lú ˆÎl ~ˆÏ˛õy!°ˆÏlÓ˚ åApollinaireä å~•z
ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ˛õƒy!Ó˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàç ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ çl Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#Ó˚
§y¡øy!lܲ !°fiê˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ˆl•zä •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y
Ùï˛yÙï˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°≠ çyl≈y!°fiê˛ñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ñ §Ùyçï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ
≤Ãçß√ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l•z!lú
≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ G !ܲS%È ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏܲ•z !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ e´Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ò¢!ê˛ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG xyŸã˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ≠ G•z !°ˆÏfiê˛ ˆÓˆÏÜ˛ê˛ G
lyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !ï˛!Ó˚¢!ê˛ !°fiê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyàç!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏ¢y xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏlfl%Ò åBeckett and Ionescoä ˆl•z– àï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚
Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y¡øy!lܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ÓylyÎ˚– Î!òG ≤ß¿ê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lylyl Ü˛ï˛ çl lyê˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÙl «˛Ùï˛yñ xÙl ≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ܲçl⁄
ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ !SÈ° åÚxyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ Ê˛y™ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl Ó•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ò%ÈüÈçl⁄ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆl•z– ~•z ~ܲê˛y flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î≠ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛
ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏfl‘y˲y!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%!_´ Gï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yÓ ç%ˆÏí˛¸
ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ⁄Ûäñ ï˛yG í˛z_Ó˚˛õe!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚
xyˆÏSÈ !°ê˛° !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌñ Îy ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° åí˛z!l¢ˆÏ¢yä £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ~!°ê˛Ó˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl
ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl•z xy!Ù ≤ÃÌÙ xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏlfl%ÒÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ˆò!áñ
Ó•zˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~ÓÇ ï˛y x!ÓfløÓ˚î#Î˚ó ܲ“lyÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚îñ x◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ ˆÙçyˆÏçÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !˲QÓ˚ ‡ˆÏàyÈüÈÓ˚ Úˆ° !وϧˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ°Û– !ÓˆÏò!¢ ~ܲ í˛zFS¥Èy§– xy!Ù ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ӈϰ Ìy!ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏàÈÓ˚ Ó§hs˝ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ˆ°áܲˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ xyŸã˛Î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ 1968ÈüÈÓ˚ xyê˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ Óy°%ˆÏfiê˛Δí˛ÈüÈ~ xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏlfl%ÒÓ˚ !°ê˛°
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly lyÈüÈܲÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ˆ§ •ë˛yÍ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ–
ˆ§ ˆÎ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yà#ñ Ê˛Ó˚y!§Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~ܲyò¢
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xy!Ù ˆÎ §y¡øy!lܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ܲÓ˚!SÈ
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ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl ܲÙñ xyÓ˚ Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl ˆÎ l®lï˛_¥ˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z– ˆã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ü˛Ù Ù)°ƒ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl ˆÓ!¢ñ §¡õܲ≈•z !SÈ° lyñ ï˛y !SÈ° x!ï˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆò¢ñ xlƒ çàï˛– ÷ô%Ùye
˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ°yˆÏܲ Îál Úˆ° !وϧˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ°ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆË˛yê˛ !ò°ñ ˆ˛õy°Ó˚y Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §¡∫!¶˛ï˛ !SÈ°ÈüüüȈΠ§¡∫¶˛ !SÈ°
ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y Ó•zê˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚!lñ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ Ù,ï%˛ƒ˛õî °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚–
Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ !Ó¢y° §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ó˚D ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– ï˛y !ܲv xyÙyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òyÙ !SÈ° ly≠ !ÓŸª •z!ï˛•y§!ÓòƒyÎ˚
xÓ¢ƒ•z §!ë˛Ü˛ñ !ܲv ˆ§ê˛y ÷ô% ~•zê%˛Ü%˛•z ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ l®lï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Úfl‘y!˲ܲ çàï˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyܲy˛õy!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆàˆÏí˛¸ ӈϧ!SÈ°– xy!Ù
≤Ã!ï˛ xӈϕ°y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ê˛yˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– §%!Óáƒyï˛ Ú!≤’ˆÎÏ í˚ ˛Û åÚPleiadeÛä !§!Ó˚ˆç Ï Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ á[˛ á%ˆ°
Ï Ó§°yÙ≠
Ê˛y™ ÷Ó˚& Ê˛Ó˚y!§ˆÏòÓ˚•z ˆò¢ lÎ˚ó ~ ~Ùl•z ~ܲê˛y ˆò¢ ÎyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆòá°yÙ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆã˛Ü˛ ôÙ≈ÈüÈ≤ÃÓ_´y åtheologianä çl •y§ÈüÈˆÜ˛
xlƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ G ˆ≤Ãyͧy• ˛õyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ~•z •zLjÏÓ˚ç çl GÎ˚y•z!Üœ˛Ê˛ å•y§ ÎyÓ˚ !¢£Ïƒ !SÈ°ä G çyÙ≈yl Ùy!ê˛≈l
l®lï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ òy¢≈!lܲ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ~ܲçl !ÓˆÏò!¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ °%ÌyÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ å!Î!l •y§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ G ˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ# ӈϰ ÙylˆÏï˛lä
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛y xyÓ˚ ÷ôÓ˚yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ
≤ÃÙyî •°≠ ~•z Ù)°ƒ=!°ˆÏܲ «%˛o ≤çˆÏD ˲yÓy ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ~Ùlܲ# ~ê˛y ly– •yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ñ ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y •y§≠ ܲ™ê˛y™ÈüÈ~ ˆfiê˛ˆÏܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ
Î!ò ~ܲê˛y ÓˆÏí˛¸y çy!ï˛Ó˚ à!Ó≈ï˛ «%˛o ≤çˆÏDÈ G •Î˚– !ï˛!l !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ~ál •z˲yl òƒ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD lÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lòyÓ˚&î
˛õ%ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ !ã˛Ó˚Îsfîy ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ •z˲yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ï˛!l ܲáˆÏly•z ~ܲê˛y
í˛z!l¢ˆÏ¢y £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ xy!Ù !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò¢ SÈy!í˛¸ G Ê˛yˆÏ™ ÓyܲƒG !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ly–
Îy•zó xyÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl xy!Ù xyŸã˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ xy!Ù ~ܲçl !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ü˛≈ ˆçï˛y ÎyÎ˚ ly– í˛z!l¢ˆÏ¢y
Ú˛õ)Ó≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ í˛zò‰Óy›Û– ~ ܲÌy xÓ¢ƒ•z !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ˆÏòÓ˚ §_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲñ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù%áӈ϶˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆò¢ !SÈ° •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ– xy!Ù ï˛!í˛¸â!í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •°ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ܲçl fl‘y!˲ܲ
çˆÏl çˆÏl ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ°ˆÏà ˆà°yÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆflõ¢y!°‹T ܲï,˛≈ܲñ !Îl xyÙyˆÏܲ òhflψÏÎ˚˲!flÒñ ˆàyˆÏày°ñ Ó%!llñ
flÒƒyu˛y°ê˛y ܲ#≠ ˆã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏŸ’y˲y!ܲÎ˚y çyï˛#Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ ˛õyˆÏhflÏÓ˚lyܲñ ÙyˆÏ®°hflÏyÙ G xlƒ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl !ÓˆÏoy•#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÷ô%Ùye xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y lÎ˚ñ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ !ã˛Ó˚fliyÎ˚# ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰl å~•z ï%˛°ly !SÈ° xÓ¢ƒ ≤âǧy§)ã˛Ü˛ñ
xlƒ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚yó ˆÎ çàï˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° ˆ§ÈüȧوÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÙyÓ˚ Ù® ã˛yÎ˚!lä– xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛z_´ Ù•Í
ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy•zçy!rê˛Î˚yÙ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ §%ò)Ó˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚ylˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓˆÏm£Ï xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yG lÎ˚È üüüÈÈí˛z°ˆÏê˛ñ xy!Ù
~ܲyhs˝ !lçfl∫ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ•z ◊k˛y ܲ!Ó˚È üüüÈÈ!ܲv GˆÏòÓ˚ §y•ã˛ˆÏÎ≈ xy!Ù xlƒ
ôyÓ˚îyñ ~Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ôÙ≈ åxˆÏÌy≈í˛:äñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óî≈Ùy°y å!@˝Ãܲ x«˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛yÙ– xy!Ù ~álG fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ G•z ˆ°áy!ê˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y !§!Ó˚!°Ü˛äñ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lçÙÈüÈG– åˆÜ˛í˛z xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˆÎ xq$ï˛ ˆe´yˆÏôÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ó xÙl ~ܲê˛y ≤çˆÏD
çyˆÏl lyñ Óy ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛G çylˆÏÓ ly Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ SÈyí˛¸y Ùôƒ xyÙyˆÏܲ ~ˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y Îy xyÙyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lçÙ ˆÜ˛Ùl •ï˛ñ !ܲv ~ ܲÌy Ó°y•z ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎl xyÙyˆÏܲ !lÓ≈y§l ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
xyÙÓ˚y Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˆï˛Ùlê˛y •ï˛ ly–ä Ùôƒ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ù í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚°yÙ ˆÎ xy!Ù ~ˆÏ§!SÈ ÚÓ‡ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤çD G çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ «%˛o ≤çˆÏDÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl
~ܲ ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲÛñ ÎyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ÚxyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È•z çy!l ly–Û xyÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙôƒÓï˛≈# ôy˛õ ˲yÓy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚≠ ôÓ˚&lñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛Ìy§)e– §%•ˆz íÏ ˛l G !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏlñ ~•z ôy˛õ!ê˛ •° flÒƒy!u˛ˆÏl!˲Î˚y–
!ܲv Ë)˛ˆÏày° §¡∫ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ܲS%È•z çylï˛ ly≠ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆòáï˛ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ°!¡∫Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛ •° °ƒy!ê˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy– xyÓ˚ •yˆÏD!Ó˚ G
Úܲ!Ùí˛zly•zç‰í˛Û •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ !ܲv ˆòáï˛ ly ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú@˝Ãy§ ܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ çlƒ⁄ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xy!Ù G•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–Û xy•yñ ˆã˛Ü˛Ó˚y !ܲ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z Ó˚y!¢Î˚ylˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z Úfl‘y!˲ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°áyÎ˚
çàï˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÇ¢ lÎ˚⁄ xy!Ù Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚°yÙ ˆÎ fl‘y!˲ܲ çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ≠ Ú!ܲí˛lƒy˛õí˛‰ ≤Ãï˛#ã˛ƒñ xÌÓy Ùôƒ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Î!òG ~ܲê˛y ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ˙ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈñ !ܲv fl‘y˲˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛–Û
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆl•zñ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy°ñ ˆfl‘y˲yܲñ ˆe´yÎ˚yê˛ Óy ˆfl‘y˲ylˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ≠ ˆ§ê˛y ܲ#⁄ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y G çyÙ≈y!lñ ~•z ò%•z ¢!_´Ó˚
å~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z •yDy!Ó˚Î˚ylˆÏòÓ˚Gñ Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z fl‘y˲ lÎ˚ä ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy §Ó «%˛o çy!ï˛=!°Ó˚ §Ù!‹T≠ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §%ò)Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó§#Ùy–
ÙˆÏï˛y ˆã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G •z!ï˛•y§ •° ~ܲyhs˝•z ˛õyŸã˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§≠ à!Ìܲñ !ë˛Ü˛ xyˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl çy!ï˛=!°ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ôÓ˚!SÈ⁄ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏl§Ñy§ñ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲñ çyÙ≈ylˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡õܲ≈ó !Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈¢ˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ Óy!Œê˛Ü˛ ˆò¢ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄ xyÓ˚ Ó˚&Ùy!lÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚yñ ˆÎ!ê˛
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xˆÏÌy≈í˛: ã˛yã˛≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓÑyôyñ xyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓÑyôy ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÎ˚yÙܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚yG ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ
ˆÓ˚yÙy™ ˲y£Ïy !òˆÏÎ˚⁄ Óy ôÓ˚&lñ x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚yñ ˆÎ!ê˛ Ó‡!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚yl xy•zˆÏí˛l!ê˛!ê˛ G xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó,•Í çyÙ≈yl xy•zˆÏí˛l!ê˛!ê˛Ó˚
~lˆÏ§ÙÓ°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •°ó ï˛yÓ˚y çylï˛ ˆÎ çyÙ≈yl
x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚yl ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏE˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çyÙ≈yl xl%£ÏˆÏD !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ xy•zˆÏí˛l!ê˛!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó°#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚•zÈüÈÓy
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ÙôƒÈüÈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ӈ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !áã%˛!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y •z‡!òÓyòˆÏܲ åZionismä lyÈüÈí˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ
Ó˚y!ç •ˆÏÓ ly åxy!ÙG •ï˛yÙ lyñ Î!ò xy!Ù ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçl •ï˛yÙä– ˆÎ!ê˛G Ùôƒ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚yG !Ù!◊ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
xyÓ˚ñ ܲÌy •°ñ ~•z§Ó çy!ï˛=!° !ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î @˝Ã&˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ã˛yÎ˚!lñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•z •zFSÈy !SÈ°ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y çy!ï˛
!òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ G ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# •zFSÈy ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ lyñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚⁄ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù Ù)° §Ù§ƒyñ «%˛o
ly– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl !SÈ°ñ çy!ï˛§_¥yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyñ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ~ï˛ flõ‹Tñ ~ï˛ ï˛#«¯˛ G ~ï˛
•y˛õ‰§‰Óyà≈ §y¡Àyçƒñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– çyçμ°ƒÙyl í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚!l–
~•z§Ó Ùhs˝Óƒ•z ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ~ܲ xy˛õyï˛ xÓfliyˆÏl !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ •y˛õ‰§‰Óyà≈ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚
ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~Ó˚ V˛y˛õ§y G x!lˆÏî≈Î˚ xÓfliylñ !ܲv ôÁLjϧÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙyÌy ï%˛°° xˆÏlܲ=!° fl∫yô#l ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ !ï˛!Ó˚¢
~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚G ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ܲÌy !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚y ÓyˆÏò xyÓ˚ §Ó ܲ!ê˛•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°
G !ã˛Ó˚fliyÎ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §#Ùyhs˝ ˆÓ˚áy ê˛yly x§Ω˛Ó⁄ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl ≤ÃyôyˆÏlƒÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl≠ ~Ùlê˛y ˆàyê˛y ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã
x§Ω˛Óú G•z §Ü˛° çy!ï˛=!° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ G •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!lú ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚
§#ÙyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˲yˆÏàƒÓ˚ !lÎ˚sÜf ˛ !SÈ° ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl•z •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y °¡∫y •z!ï˛•y§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •°≠ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ó˚_´y_´
!lÙ≈yï˛y !SÈ° lyñ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy°•z !SÈ° ~Ó˚ °«˛ƒÓ›– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ !SÈ° •yˆÏD!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛˛ñ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# G ¢!_´¢y°#– xyÙyÓ˚
x!lFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚yˆÏô≈ ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ ~•z fl∫î≈ÙÎ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚
x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ lÎ˚ Óy ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒG lyñ !ܲv ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤âǧl#Î˚ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È •Î˚!ló ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒñ ~ܲ•z ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y ≤ÃyˆÏã˛ƒÓ˚ §y¡Àyçƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ù%ˆÏSÈ ˆòÎ˚ñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ xÓ˚yçܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°
çlƒ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó lyly §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ lylyl Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÈüÈܲÑyê˛y ˛õ%шÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚–
ˆ§§Ó §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §#Ùyhs˝ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z !fliÓ˚ !SÈ° lyñ e´Ùyàï˛•z Óò° xyô%!lܲï˛yÓyò# !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó§ò,¢ ˛õÌ=!°
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚=!° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xy°yòy
ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õˆÏܲ Ú!ÙˆÏR°•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õyÛˆÏï˛ åÚmitteleuropaÛñ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˛õí˛¸ y ˆÏ Ó ÓˆÏ ° xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ •Î˚ lyó ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ Ó ˚
!ÙˆÏR° çyÙ≈yl ¢∑ñ ÙyˆÏl ÚÙôƒÙÛä ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly åxy!Ù !¢«˛y≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y=!°ˆÏï˛ •z˲yl òƒ ˆê˛!Ó˚Ó‰° G çl •y§ ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ fl‘y!˲ܲ
ܲáˆÏly•z G•z ê˛yÙ≈!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ lyäñ ~ˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ò#â≈Ÿªy§ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ– §!ï˛ƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# xy!ÙG !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl
~Ùlܲ# xÈüÈçyÙ≈yl ˲y£Ïy=!°ˆÏï˛Gó ӈϰ ˆ§•z ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy myÓ˚y ~ï˛ ï˛#Ó˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛yÙñ
!˲ˆÏÎ˚lyÎ˚ çyl°y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá– ~!ê˛ Ó‡ˆÏܲ!wܲ ~ÓÇ Î!ò GÎ˚yÓ˚¢ñ Î!òÈüÈly xy!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ lyê˛ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ í˛zͲõ#!í˛¸ï˛
Ó%í˛yˆÏ˛õfiê˛ Óy çyˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏÓÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !˲ߨÓ˚Ü˛Ù °yàˆÏÓ– •ï˛yÙ⁄ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z ly– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ü˛Ìy xyˆÏSÈ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏl
!ܲv ˆÎ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆòáy ˆ•yܲÈüÈly ˆÜ˛lñ ~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î •z!ï˛•y§ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ §ÙÎ˚ÙˆÏï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z!òï˛
í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§≠ ˆã˛Ü˛ çyl°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!Ù ˆò!á ÙôƒÈüÈã˛ï%˛ò≈¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ•z ÙôƒÈüÈ•íz ˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •°ñ xÙ!l •zÎy˚ Œê˛yÓ˚ åYaltaä
≤ÃyˆÏà ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ó ˛õMÈ˛ò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆò!á !Ù̃y ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°ó •zÎ˚yŒê˛yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ï˛lçl Î%k˛çÎ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛
‡§y•zê˛ !Ó≤’Óñ Îy !Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈¢ˆÏlÓ˚ xy˲y§ ÓˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏló §Æò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ã%˛!_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ G ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ §#Ùyhs˝ˆÏܲ Ó‡
ˆò!á •y˛õ‰§‰Óyà≈ §y¡Àyçƒñ Îy ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÓyˆÏ•!ÙÎ˚yñ §•flÀ !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ˆÏÙ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚–
•yDy!Ó˚ñ x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ó xy!Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ò%•z ¢ï˛y∑#Óƒy˛õ# xlƒ ~ܲê˛y Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚G ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
ˆ§•z Î%k˛=!° ˆÎ=!° ≤Ãï˛#ã˛ƒˆÏܲ ï%˛!ܲ≈ xye´Ùî ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó xyˆÏ§ñ xÓ¢ƒ ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎyà !SÈ° lyó
xy!Ù ˆò!á ܲyí˛zrê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ!Ó˚Ê˛Ó˚ˆÏÙ¢lñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲ ~ê˛y âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál Îál xy!Ù ÚlˆÏ˲°Ûñ Úxyô%!lܲ !¢“Û G Úxyô%!lܲ
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ê%˛°=!°ñ Îy ~•z !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xMÈ˛°ˆÏܲñ ~Ùlܲ# Óy!Œê˛Ü˛ ˆò¢=!° lˆÏ˲°Û~•z§Ó ê˛yÙ≈=!° ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ xyÓ˚
xÓ!ôñ fliy˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §ÙÓ˚*˛õï˛y òyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆòá°yÙ ~•z=!° xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
|l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆò¢ˆÏ≤ÃÙ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ xlƒÓ˚Ü˛Ù ÙyˆÏl ÓˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏl– ~ê˛y ÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!Ù° !SÈ° lyó ~ê˛y !SÈ°
ï%˛°° ÎyÓ˚y çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù◊î ã˛y•zï˛ ly– ~Ùlܲ# x!fiê˛ΔÎ˚ylÓ˚yGñ x!ï˛ !Ól¡À ˲yˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ xy°yòy
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˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl !ܲv ~Ó˚y §Óy•z í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~!rê˛!°!Ó˚ܲy° ܲ!Óï˛y
ˆË˛ˆÏ§ í˛z벰ñ ~ܲ o&ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° !Ó¢y° ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ñ ӈϰ–
ˆÎl G•z ò%!ê˛ •° ò)!ê˛ §ò,¢ÈüÈ!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– Ê˛yˆÏ™ ~•z=!° ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy !Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛ G •zï˛Ó˚ï˛y
!àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°≠ Üœ˛y!§!§çÙñ Ó˚ƒy¢yly°•zçÙñ !°ˆÏÓÓ˚ê˛y•zl !flõ!Ó˚ê˛ ~ÓÇ åKitsch and Vulgarity— kitsch = !l¡¨ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly !ܲv
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ~° Ù•yl í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°Ó˚ Î%à– Ùôƒ !Óo*˛õ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ä
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ≠ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zFS¥Èy§˛õ)î≈ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ Ú!Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl !Ùí˛z!lˆÏá çß√@˝Ã•î
|l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏ ï ˛ñ !ÓˆÏ í ˛Ó˚ ! ÙˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚ È ü È ~ Ó˚ å Biedermier ä ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ~!ê˛ !SÈ° Ù•yl ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!Ù‹T ï˛°y!lê˛y– !ܲv
l#!ï˛Óyà#¢ xy•z!í˛!°Ü˛•zçÙñ ˆ§•z Ù•yl ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ ܲ!Óï˛yñ ~ÓÇ Óã˛ñ !Î!l ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛!§çÙ G !Ü˛ê˛‰ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó≤Ãï˛#˛õ
•yˆÏï˛ ˆàyly ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§– ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢!_´ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ !ï˛!l •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ˆÏ§
!SÈ° ~Ó˚ !Ùí˛z!çˆÏܲñ Îy ˆ•ˆÏí˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢yˆÏÎ˚lÓyà≈ñ !°ç‰ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ!SȈϰló ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛ •° |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃyôylƒÜ˛yÓ˚#
ÓyÓ˚ê˛Ü˛ åHaydn– Schoenberg– Liszt– Bartokä xÓ!ô fiê˛y•z° åçyÙ≈y!l G ÙôƒÈüÈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õäó Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ çl ˆ°áܲ•z ~Ó˚
ò%ÈüÈ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ùí˛z!çˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãôyl ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !SȈϰlñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yG •ˆÏ°l Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù– ˆÎ§Ó Ùyl%£Ï !Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xydfli ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ó ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ~Ó˚ !Ùí˛z!çˆÏܲÓ˚ à!Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ §•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ˚_´
l#ˆÏã˛ ê˛°Ù° ܲÓ˚!SÈ°– •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙyÎ˚yÓ# ˛õò≈y ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yLjϢ ˆÎ Úxyô%!lܲ !¢“Û lyˆÏÙ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ §òy ã˛MÈ˛° •*òÎ˚ˆÏܲ xˆÏ¢y˲l˲yˆÏÓ í˛zß√%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl
!Ó•¥°Ü˛Ó˚y ~ܲ â)!î≈Óyï˛ƒy §,!‹T •°ñ ˆ§ê˛y ܲ#⁄ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ l®lï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ùí˛z!ç° ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ Ú§%àˆÏ¶˛ ˆã˛yÓyˆÏly ˛õÑyí˛zÓ˚&!ê˛Ûñ ï˛y ˆòˆÏá–
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !ÓˆÏoy•ó ˆ§ ˆï˛y !ë˛Ü˛•z xyˆÏSÈñ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ !Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛ Ó‡!òl xyˆÏà•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !lá%Ñï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛
ܲÌyê˛y Ó°yÓ˚ ˆÎ xï˛#ï˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !SÈ° ly– Ê˛yˆÏ™ xyô%!lܲ !¢“ñ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáy •ï˛ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ l®lï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ÓòÙy•z!¢
ÎyÈüüüÈÓ˚ƒy¢yly°•zçÙ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ ˙!ï˛•ƒÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ !Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚°•zçÙÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–
lƒyã˛yÓ˚y°•zçÙÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ÈüüüÈï˛y ˆÓyòˆÏ°Î˚Ó˚ G !Ó˚ÙyÓÈüÈÓ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆÊ˛°y xy!Ù ~Ùl §ˆÏ®• ܲ!Ó˚ ly ˆÎ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ xyô%!lܲÓ˚y ˲yÓy°%ï˛y G
!°!Ó˚ܲy° !ÓˆÏoy•ˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°°– ~ ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ó°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e âê˛y˛õê˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyd§Ù˛õ≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓó !ܲv í˛z_´ !Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
á%шÏç ˆ˛õ° ˆ˛õ•z!rê˛ÇÈüÈ~ñ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ñ Îy !SÈ° ~Ó˚ ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ lyÈüÈ•GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !lòyÓ˚&î
ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆ«˛e– ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˆÎl x!˲¢Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚•z° !Óܲ£Ï≈îG xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ly– ï˛y•z §ˆÏÓÙye 1960 §yˆÏ°ñ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛
å!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%Ó˚!Ó˚Î˚y!°fiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeäó ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˲yÓy •° í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ Ê˛yˆÏ™ Ú!Ü˛ê˛‰ã˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛
xÈüÈÎ%ˆÏày˛õˆÏÎyà#ñ Îy !ܲly ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ùôƒ •°ó ï˛Ìy!˛õ 1966ÈüÈˆï˛ ÓˆÏã˛Ó˚ xl%Óyò Óy 1972ÈüÈ~ •yߨy xyˆÏÓ˚l‰í˛ñ
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ xÓfliy xlƒÓ˚Ü˛Ù !SÈ°≠ ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛zFS¥Èy§˛õ)î≈ñ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ñ ò%ÈüÈçˆÏl•z G•z ¢∑!ê˛ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ÓòˆÏ° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
˲yÓ≤ÃÓî !Ùí˛z!çܲy° ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛yã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ç!lÎ˚y§ Ú!l¡¨ÙyˆÏl !¢“Û ¢∑!ê˛ó ~ˆÏï˛ xÓ¢ƒ ~Ó˚ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ Îy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°ó í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ !ӈϟ’£Ïî !SÈ° ï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyˆÏSÈ §yÓ˚°ƒñ !Óo*˛õ– xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl xyˆÏ§ xyÙyÓ˚ x!˲Óy§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §Æy•=!°Ó˚
xyÙyÓ˚ Ù•yl ≤’y•zÈüÈxƒyí˛Ó˚y ܲÌy– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ hflÏy!°lÓyò •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z §Ó≈çl§¡ø!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !l!®ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
[ Pleiades— ≤’y•zÈüÈxƒyí˛ •° ˜òï˛ƒ xyê˛‰°ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÅÓ˚ˆÏ§ G !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ°yˆÏܲ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤’y•zxy!lÓ˚ àˆÏ˲≈ çyï˛ §ÆܲlƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ å~Ó˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §Æï˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲ# ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ó ï˛yÓ˚y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°
Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚äÈüȧǧò •zÇ!°¢ÈüȈÓD!° x!˲ôyl] ˆÎ xy!Ù ~ܲ ÙÎ≈yòyÙÎ˚ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yÎ˚ xyFSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ– xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
ܲyÊ˛Ü˛yñ !Ùí˛z!ç°ñ Óã˛ñ àÙÓyí˛zí˛z•zç ~Ó˚y !ܲ ~ܲê˛y @˝Ã&ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ xy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õƒy!Ó˚Óy§# Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ§!SÈ°yÙñ
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛y !ܲ ~ܲê˛y xyˆÏ®y°l⁄ lyó ï˛yÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z ~ܲܲ– !Î!l xyÙyˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~ !SÈ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
xy!Ù ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ Ìy!ܲ ÚÙôƒÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ù!ê˛Ç xyÓ˚ xy!Ù ÷lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FSÈ°yÙ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
≤’y•zÈüÈxƒyí˛àîñÛ ~ÓÇ ~G !ë˛Ü˛ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ܲÌy ã˛°ˆÏSÈó !lÎ≈yï˛lñ =°yàñ Ù%!_´ñ ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ≈y§lñ
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ¢)lƒfliylñ xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚– §y•§ñ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyòñ §Ó≈@˝Ãy§# ܲï≈,˛cÓyòñ ˛õ%!°!¢ Ó˚yç– !Ü˛ê˛‰ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~•z §Ó
~•zçlƒ xyÓ˚G °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ GˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z =Ó˚&àΩ˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃFSÈyÎ˚y=!°ˆÏܲ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çlƒ xy!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ °yà°yÙ
Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ~ܲ•z Ó ˚ Ü ˛Ù l®lï˛y!_¥ Ü ˛ !òܲ!ã˛•´≠ ï˛yÓ˚ y §Ü˛ˆÏ ° •z ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xl%§,ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~˛õyê˛≈ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ ˛õ%!°¢ Ùy•zˆÏe´yˆÏÊ˛yl
Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ÈüÈܲ!Óï˛yܲyÓ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ G lï%˛lˆÏc ÙˆÏçˆÏSÈó ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆôÑyܲy !òˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏá!SÈ– xy!Ù G xyÙyÓ˚
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~ܲ Ó¶%˛ ~˛õyê˛≈ˆÏÙ^˝ê˛ G §ˆÏD §ˆÏD lyÙG xò°ÈüÈÓò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛!°ó ò%ÈüÈ˲yˆÏà !Ó˲_´ !SÈ° §lyï˛l# G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lܲyÙ#– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó¶%˛!ê˛ñ ˆÎ !SÈ° ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Óyç xyÓ˚ Ùy•zˆÏe´yˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ o&ï˛ ÓòˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ≠ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy§#lñ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È òyÓ˚&î ܲyç xyÙyÓ˚ fiê%˛!í˛ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏï˛ xã˛° xlì˛¸ xÓfliyÎ˚ ç#Ól ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ál ˆ§ •ë˛yÍ ˆòá° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
~ˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– Î!ò ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚àÓ˚ˆÏà ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ܲy!•!lˆÏï˛ ï˛°yÎ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ã˛°Ùyl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈó Îy !SÈ° !fliÓ˚ñ ï˛y ~ál ã˛°ˆÏSÈú
!ÓˆÏFSÈòê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ çÙçÙyê˛ !§lñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ ˆò¢ï˛ƒyà ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z §ÙÎ˚ xÓfliy ~Ùl òÑyí˛¸y° !fli!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ Ìyܲy Îy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ òyÓ˚&î ܲyç ܲÓ˚°ó ~ܲ!òl ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ~ˆÏ§ ˆòˆÏá ~˛õyê˛≈ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÌyܲyG ï˛y•zú ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl òÑyí˛¸y° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°yܲ ~ܲ•z
ï˛y°y ˆòGÎ˚y xyÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ lyÙ òÓ˚çy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zôyGó ï˛ál xy!Ù §ˆÏD à!ï˛¢#°ï˛y G !fliï˛yÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ñ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛
˛õƒy!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y x!˲l®l ܲyí˛≈ ˛õyë˛y!FSÈñ ~Ùl §yï˛ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD Ó˚«˛î¢#° G !ÓˆÏoy•#ú
çl ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ù Ü˛áˆÏly•z ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆò!á!l– Îál §yï≈˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ ò°Ó° ܲyÙ%ˆÏܲ ~ܲçl ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ӈϰ
§yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÙyò ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §!òFSÈy xyÙyÓ˚ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ál ܲyÙ% ˆ§•z§Ó ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆ§•z !Óáƒyï˛
!SÈ° lyñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ Ù%áÙ[˛° e´Ù¢ ܲyˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ~° xyÓ˚ ~Ùl fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!_´!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ÚÎyÓ˚y •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ü˛ê˛ ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–Û
ܲyÙ% §!ë˛Ü˛ !SȈϰlñ !ܲv !ï˛!l çylˆÏï˛l ly ˆÎ G•z òy!Ù ¢Ü˛ê˛!ê˛Ó˚
ܲÌy Ó°Ï° ˆÎl !àˆÏ°y!ê˛l ˆÓœí˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xy§ˆÏSÈñ Úxy!Ù ~ˆÏï˛ ÙçyÓ˚
ï˛°yÎ˚ ã˛yܲy °yàyˆÏly !SÈ°ñ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~ê˛yˆÏܲ
!ܲS%È ˆòá!SÈ ly–Û
ˆë˛°ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ÈüüüȈ§•z xyô%!lܲ í˛zÑã%˛ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ SÈye#!ê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y Ó¶%˛c˛õ)î≈ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚•z°yÙ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl•z Ó¶%˛ Ùy G ÓyÓyñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•zñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§•z §òƒ çß√yˆÏly ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•°yÙ ly– xyÙyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÌÙ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î xy!ò lylyl ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •GÎ˚yñ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ylyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
ÙˆÏôƒ xçyly ï˛Ê˛yï˛ê˛y ˆÜ˛yláyˆÏl– Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyGÎ˚yó xyÓ˚ !SÈ° ˆ§•z§Ó Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y Îál ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ï˛y •° ò%!ê˛ l®lï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓó !Ü˛ê˛‰ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~°y!ç≈ܲ ~ܲçl ˆë˛°!SÈ° ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§Ù%á!ê˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Çâyï˛ ˆÓˆÏô ˆà° •zï˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~°y!ç≈ܲ ~ܲçl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y çylï˛ ˆÎñ !Î!l xyô%!lܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyl!®ï˛ñ
§yˆÏÌ– !ï˛!l•z §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyô%!lܲ–
xyô%!lܲï˛y!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyô%!lܲï˛y ~•z §ÙÎ˚ˆÏï˛•z !Ó˚ÙÓÈüÈÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚# ~•z xyŸã˛Î≈ !ç!l§!ê˛
Ú~ܲçlˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z xyô%!lܲ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÛñ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl xyÌ≈yÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l≠ xyˆÏçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏl ~ܲÙye xyô%!lܲï˛y•z •°
!Ó˚ÙÓ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ £Ïyê˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ àyÙÓyí˛zí˛z•zç !ܲv xï˛ê˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ xyô%!lܲï˛yÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyô%!lܲï˛y–
(Die Weltliteratur—How we read one another By Milan
!SȈϰl ly– ÚÊ˛yÓ˚í˛y•zí%˛Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ÛˆÏï˛ ˆÎÔÓl!§_´ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢y§l Kundera / The New Yorker, January 1, 2007ä
ܲÓ˚ï˛ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ñ ~ܲçl Úxyô%!lܲ •y•zÈüÈfl%Ò° ˆÙˆÏÎ˚–Û ˆ§ xl%Óyòܲ àòƒÜ˛yÓ˚ G §Ùyç!ã˛hs˝Ü˛
ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyà°ó ˆ§ ô&˛õò# ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ â,îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ó Îál
~ܲçl ˲oˆÏ°yܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆòáy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆ§ ÚˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ܲˆÏÙ
ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ í˛yl •yï˛ G òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y !ã˛Ó˚&!l ôˆÏÓ˚ §¡õyòܲÙ[˛°#
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !lï˛yhs˝ ˆ•°yˆÏÊ˛°yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÓyÙ •yï˛!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–Û xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ùyç#ñ ÷˲B˛Ó˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#ñ ˆàÔï˛Ù ˆ§lñ Ù,ß√Î˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÈüÈG xyô%!lܲyó !ï˛!l Ú§òƒ çß√yˆÏly ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛îÛ
§¡õyòly §•ˆÏÎyà#
lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Ù!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ï˛!l Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ylyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
~ÓÇ !ï˛!l !§!˲° !°Óy!ê˛≈Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏ®y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ló Úˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ xy!¢§ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ !ÓË)˛!ï˛Ë)˛£Ïî Ù[˛°ñ ï˛Ùy°ˆÏ¢áÓ˚ ˆò
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ê˛Î˚ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛ Îyl xyÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ùl ˲yl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎl !¢“ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
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