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    DBMS Ga 2

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    pushkar.23182016
    The document contains questions and answers related to DBMS (Database Management System). It discusses topics like normalization, characteristics of SQL, storage organization of relations in databases, differences between relational algebra and relational calculus, and types of SQL commands. The answers provide details on how normalization reduces data redundancy and anomalies. It also lists 10 characteristics of SQL and explains storage organizations like table, row, tuple, and degree.

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    DBMS Ga 2

    Uploaded by

    pushkar.23182016
    13 views4 pages
    The document contains questions and answers related to DBMS (Database Management System). It discusses topics like normalization, characteristics of SQL, storage organization of relations in databases, differences between relational algebra and relational calculus, and types of SQL commands. The answers provide details on how normalization reduces data redundancy and anomalies. It also lists 10 characteristics of SQL and explains storage organizations like table, row, tuple, and degree.

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    DBMS GA 2

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    The document contains questions and answers related to DBMS (Database Management System). It discusses topics like normalization, characteristics of SQL, storage organization of relations in databases, differences between relational algebra and relational calculus, and types of SQL commands. The answers provide details on how normalization reduces data redundancy and anomalies. It also lists 10 characteristics of SQL and explains storage organizations like table, row, tuple, and degree.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    13 views4 pages

    DBMS Ga 2

    Uploaded by

    pushkar.23182016
    The document contains questions and answers related to DBMS (Database Management System). It discusses topics like normalization, characteristics of SQL, storage organization of relations in databases, differences between relational algebra and relational calculus, and types of SQL commands. The answers provide details on how normalization reduces data redundancy and anomalies. It also lists 10 characteristics of SQL and explains storage organizations like table, row, tuple, and degree.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Diploma in Computer Science & Engineering

    Subject: DBMS

    DBMS - GA 2

    Max.Marks:05

    Q1) Explain the Normalization in full detail.


    Ans- Normalization is a database design technique that reduces data
    redundancy and eliminates undesirable characteristics like Insertion,
    Update and Deletion Anomalies. Normalization rules divides larger
    tables into smaller tables and links them using relationships. The
    purpose of Normalisation in SQL is to eliminate redundant (repetitive)
    data and ensure data is stored logically.

    Q2) Write the Characteristics of SQL.


    Ans- 1. SQL is oriented specifically around relational databases.

    2. SQL commands can operate on several groups of tables as single


    objects. It also processes any quantity of information, retrieved from
    these tables as a single unit.

    3. SQL allows the use of temporary tables. Temporary tables are used
    for storing intermediate results. They are useful only for the duration
    the program is in execution, and get deleted when the program
    terminates.

    4. SQL is well suited to a client-server environment, where the DBMS


    resides on a server and services the client’s requests.
    5. SQL can execute the queries against the database.

    6. SQL provides flexible transaction management. A transaction is a


    group of SQL statements that succeed or fail as a group. That is if any
    one of the SQL statements fails, the whole transaction is aborted.

    7.SQL allows users to create domains as objects in a schema. The users


    can then declare table columns to be of domains rather than data
    types.

    8. SQL allows one to specify constraints. Constraints are rules for


    restricting the values that can be placed in a table column.

    9. Privileges can be granted or denied using SQL commands. Privileges


    are the rights to perform actions on database objects.

    10. SQL used to create a view, stored procedure, function in a database

    Q3) Write the storage organizations for relations.


    Ans- Storage organise means how data is stored in database.in data
    base data is stored inform of table,which is also known as relation.some
    organisation are known as

    *table

    *row

    *tuple

    *degree

    *cardinality
    Q4) Write the difference between relational algebra &
    relational calculus.
    Ans- Difference between Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

    Relational Algebra:

    Relational Algebra is a procedural language. In Relational Algebra, The


    order is specified in which the operations have to be performed. In
    Relational Algebra, frameworks are created to implement the queries.

    The basic operation included in relational algebra are:

    1. Select (σ)

    2. Project (Π)

    3. Union (U)

    4. Set Difference (-)

    5. Cartesian product (X)

    6. Rename (ρ)

    Q5) Write the Types of SQL commands in detail.


    Ans- Relational Calculus:

    Relational Calculus is the formal query language. It is also known as


    Declarative language. In Relational Calculus, the order is not specified in
    which the operation has to be performed. Relational Calculus means
    what result we have to obtain.
    Relational Calculus has two variations:

    Tuple Relational Calculus (TRC)

    Domain Relational Calculus (DRC)

    Relational Calculus is denoted as:

    { t | P(t) } Where,

    t: the set of tuples

    p: is the condition which is true for the given set of tuples.

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