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SQL

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Shweta Saini
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9 views

SQL

Uploaded by

Shweta Saini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Row No. returns a unique no. for each row within partition.

Dense Rank ranks data within partition tied values having the same rank and there's
no ranking gap.
Rank ranks data within partition tied values having the same rank and there's a gap
following ties ranking gap.

1.What is Database?
A database is an organized collection of data, stored and retrieved digitally from
a remote or local computer system

What types of SQL commands (or SQL subsets) do you know?


• Data Definition Language (DDL) – to define and modify the structure of a
database.- CREATE, ALTER TABLE, DROP, TRUNCATE, and ADD COLUMN
• Data Manipulation Language (DML) – to access, manipulate, and modify data in a
database.- UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT
• Data Control Language (DCL) – to control user access to the data in the database
and give or revoke privileges to a specific user or a group of users.-
GRANT
and REVOKE
• Transaction Control Language (TCL) – to control transactions in a database.-
COMMIT, SET TRANSACTION, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT
• Data Query Language (DQL) – to perform queries on the data in a database to
retrieve the necessary information from it.- SELECT

2.What is DBMS?
DBMS stands for Database Management System. DBMS is a system software responsible
for the creation, retrieval, updation, and management of the database

3.What is RDBMS?
RDBMS stores data in the form of a collection of tables, and relations can be
defined between the common fields of these tables. Most modern database management
systems like MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, IBM DB2, and Amazon Redshift are
based on RDBMS.

4.What is the difference between SQL and MySQL?


SQL is a standard language for retrieving and manipulating structured databases. On
the contrary, MySQL is a relational database management system, like SQL Server,
Oracle or IBM DB2, that is used to manage SQL databases.

5. What are Tables and Fields?


A table is an organized collection of data stored in the form of rows and columns.
Columns can be categorized as vertical and rows as horizontal.

6. What are Constraints in SQL?


Constraints are used to specify the rules concerning data in the table. It can be
applied for single or multiple fields in an SQL table during the creation of the
table or after creating using the ALTER TABLE command. The constraints are:
• NOT NULL - Restricts NULL value from being inserted into a column.
• CHECK - Verifies that all values in a field satisfy a condition.
• DEFAULT - Automatically assigns a default value if no value has been specified
for the field.
• UNIQUE - Ensures unique values to be inserted into the field.
• INDEX - Indexes a field providing faster retrieval of records.
• PRIMARY KEY - Uniquely identifies each record in a table.
• FOREIGN KEY - Ensures referential integrity for a record in another table.

7. What is a Foreign Key?


A FOREIGN KEY comprises of single or collection of fields in a table that
essentially refers to the PRIMARY KEY in another table. Foreign key constraint
ensures referential integrity in the relation between two tables.

8. What is an Index? Explain its different types.


A database index is a data structure that provides a quick lookup of data in a
column or columns of a table. It enhances the speed of operations accessing data
from a database table at the cost of additional writes and memory to maintain the
index data structure.
CREATE INDEX index_name /* Create Index */
ON table_name (column_1, column_2);
DROP INDEX index_name; /* Drop Index */

• Unique and Non-Unique Index:


Unique indexes are indexes that help maintain data integrity by ensuring that no
two rows of data in a table have identical key values.
Non-unique indexes, on the other hand, are not used to enforce constraints on the
tables with which they are associated. Instead, non-unique indexes are used solely
to improve query performance by maintaining a sorted order of data values that are
used frequently.

• Clustered and Non-Clustered Index:


• Clustered index modifies the way records are stored in a database based on the
indexed column. A non-clustered index creates a separate entity within the table
which references the original table.
• Clustered index is used for easy and speedy retrieval of data from the database,
whereas, fetching records from the non-clustered index is relatively slower.
• In SQL, a table can have a single clustered index whereas it can have multiple
non-clustered indexes.

9. What is Data Integrity?


Data Integrity is the assurance of accuracy and consistency of data over its entire
life-cycle and is a critical aspect of the design, implementation, and usage of any
system which stores, processes, or retrieves data

10. What is Cursor? How to use a Cursor?


A database cursor is a control structure that allows for the traversal of records
in a database. Cursors, in addition, facilitates processing after traversal, such
as retrieval, addition, and deletion of database records

11. What are Entities and Relationships?


Entity: An entity can be a real-world object, either tangible or intangible, that
can be easily identifiable. For example, in a college database, students,
professors, workers, departments, and projects can be referred to as entities. Each
entity has some associated properties that provide it an identity.
Relationships: Relations or links between entities that have something to do with
each other. For example - The employee's table in a company's database can be
associated with the salary table in the same database

12. What is Normalization?


Normalization represents the way of organizing structured data in the database
efficiently. It includes the creation of tables, establishing relationships between
them, and defining rules for those relationships.

13. What is Denormalization?


Denormalization is the inverse process of normalization, where the normalized
schema is converted into a schema that has redundant information. The performance
is improved by using redundancy and keeping the redundant data consistent

14. What is the difference between DROP and TRUNCATE statements?


If a table is dropped, all things associated with the tables are dropped as well.
This includes - the relationships defined on the table with other tables, the
integrity checks and constraints, access privileges and other grants that the table
has. However, if a table is truncated, none of the above problems exist and the
table retains its original structure.

The DELETE command deletes only the rows from the table based on the condition
given in the where clause or deletes all the rows from the table if no condition is
specified. But it does not free the space containing the table.

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