AJP27

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NATO STANDARD
AJP-2.7
ALLIED JOINT DOCTRINE FOR

JOINT INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE
AND RECONNAISSANCE
Edition A Version 1
RATIFICATION DRAFT 1
MONTH YEAR
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
ALLIED JOINT PUBLICATION
Published by the
NATO STANDARDIZATION OFFICE (NSO)
© NATO/OTAN
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
NATO STANDARDIZATION OFFICE (NSO)
NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION
[Date]
1. The enclosed Allied Joint Publication AJP-2.7, Edition A, Version 1 ALLIED JOINT
DOCTRINE FOR JOINT INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE,
which has been approved by the nations in the Military Committee Joint Standardization
Board, is promulgated herewith. The agreement of nations to use this publication is
recorded in STANAG 7107.
2. AJP-2.7, Edition A, Version 1 is effective upon receipt and supersedes AJP-2.7 which
shall be destroyed in accordance with the local procedure for the destruction of documents.
3. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used

commercially, adapted, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. With
the exception of commercial sales, this does not apply to member or partner nations, or
NATO commands and bodies.
4. This publication shall be handled in accordance with C-M(2002)60.
Edvardas MAŽEIKIS
Major General, LTUAF
Director, NATO Standardization Office
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RESERVED FOR NATIONAL LETTER OF PROMULGATION
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RECORD OF RESERVATIONS
CHAPTER RECORD OF RESERVATION BY NATIONS
Note: The reservations listed on this page include only those that were recorded at time
of promulgation and may not be complete. Refer to the NATO Standardization Document
Database for the complete list of existing reservations.
III Edition A Version 1

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IV Edition A Version 1
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RECORD OF SPECIFIC RESERVATIONS
[nation] [detail of reservation]
Note: The reservations listed on this page include only those that were recorded at time
of promulgation and may not be complete. Refer to the NATO Standardization Document
Database for the complete list of existing reservations.
V Edition A Version 1
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VI Edition A Version 1
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ALLIED JOINT DOCTRINE FOR

JOINT INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE
MCM-0077- 2000 Military Committee Guidance on the Relationship between

NATO Policy and Military Doctrine
MC 0114 Procedures for Production of NATO Agreed Intelligence
MC 0128 Policy Guidance for NATO Intelligence
NATO Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
MC 0582
(JISR) Concept
AJP-01 Allied Joint Doctrine
AJP-2 Allied Joint Doctrine for Intelligence, Counter-intelligence and
Security
AJP-2.1 Intelligence Procedures
AJP-3 Allied Joint Doctrine for the Conduct of Operations
AJP-3.1 Allied Joint Doctrine for Maritime Operations
AJP-3.2 Allied Joint Doctrine for Land Operations
AJP-3.3 Allied Joint Doctrine for Air Operations
AJP-3.9 Allied Joint Doctrine for Joint Targeting
AJP-5 Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-level planning
AJP-6 Allied Joint Doctrine for Communication and Information Systems
Production, Maintenance and Management of NATOs
AAP-03
Standardization Documents
AAP-06 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions
NATO Glossary of Abbreviations Used in NATO
AAP-15
Documents and Publications
AAP-47 Allied Joint Doctrine Development
COPD Allied Command Operations Comprehensive Operations Planning
Directive
VII Edition A Version 1

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PREFACE
NATO Doctrine is a framework of principles, practices and procedures, which, in accordance

with NATO policy, forms the fundamental principles by which NATO military forces guide their
actions in support of NATO objectives. Doctrine evolves as the political and strategic situation
changes and in the light of new technology, experience and the outcome of operational
analysis at all levels. It is authoritative, but requires judgment in application. A clear
understanding and acceptance of doctrinal principles, practices and procedures, therefore,
are required as a prerequisite for joint Allied operations.
The policy and guidance for this joint publication is derived from the Military Committee’s
NATO Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR) Concept.1 This document
captures the overarching concept that establishes the basis on which NATO and national
assets combine to support NATO. The aim of the concept is to steer the traditional activities
of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) areas into a joint streamlined
synchronization and integration of intelligence and operations.
This publication should be read in conjunction with AJP-2.1, Intelligence Procedures. AJP-2.1
which describes the generic procedures, interdependencies and considerations required to
conduct intelligence operations in support of peacetime and crisis operations.
JISR capabilities and activities need to satisfy the broadening scope of information and
intelligence requirements for planning, preparation, execution of operations, and mission
review by NATO at the strategic, operational and tactical levels and in all phases of operations.
Commanders, staff and operators benefit from sharing information and intelligence derived
from JISR capabilities because it enables informed, timely and accurate decision making.
NATO and Nations bear the responsibility to gather and disseminate data, information and
intelligence to maintain situational awareness. Nations invest individually and collectively in a
wide range of collection capabilities to provide the Alliance with effective joint intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance support. Collection assets include NATO systems,
multinational, national, partner and commercial sensors, platforms and equipment. Nations
may declare use of their JISR capabilities to support NATO defence and operations planning
or to be allocated to NATO-led operations.
The Alliance, therefore, requires agreed upon JISR doctrine and procedures to facilitate the
integration of all available capabilities, ensure their efficient and effective employment and
establish a truly “Joint” ISR capability. JISR capabilities and activities need to be embedded
in a robust architecture consisting of the organizations, processes and systems connecting
the taskers, controllers, collectors, exploiters, analysts, databases, applications, producers
and requesters of data, information and intelligence and operational data in a joint
environment.
1
MC 0582 NATO Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR) Concept
VIII Edition A Version 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Purpose 1-1
1.3 Scope 1-1
1.4 Terminology 1-2
1.5. Related Document 1-3
CHAPTER 2 JISR FUNDAMENTALS

2.2 JISR Core Elements 2-2
2.3 JISR Key Principles 2-4
2.4 JISR Management Staff Functions and Authorities 2-6
CHAPTER 3 JISR PROCESS

3.2 JISR Process 3-1
3.3 JISR Tasking Considerations 3-5
3.4 JISR Results 3-10
3.5 JISR Assessment and Feedback 3-11
CHAPTER 4 OPERATIONAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR JISR

4.2 JISR Planning Considerations 4-1
4.3 JISR Asset Requirements for Operations 4-2
4.4 JISR Personnel and Training Requirements 4-3
4.5 JISR Architecture 4-3
LEXICON
Part I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS LEX-1
Part II - TERMS AND DEFINITIONS B-1
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 - AJP-2.7 within the NATO Allied Joint Doctrine Architecture 1-4
Figure 2.1 - Relationship of the JISR Process to the Intelligence and Operations Cycles 2-2
Figure 2.2 - JISR Key Principles 2-5
Figure 3.1 - The JISR Process 1
Figure 3.2 - Types of Tasking 65
Figure 3.3 - The Deliberate JISR Tasking Process 3-6
Figure 3.4 - The Ad hoc and Dynamic JISR Tasking Process Error! Bookmark not
defined.0
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OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction
1. Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR) is a set of intelligence and
operations capabilities, to synchronize and integrate the planning and operation of all
collection capabilities with the processing, exploitation, and dissemination of the resulting
information in direct support of the planning, preparation and execution of operations. 2
2. To satisfy political and military information and intelligence requirements, JISR

synchronizes collection operations, collection planning and other enabling staff functions for
exploiting joint, multi-source and multidiscipline collection via established operational and
intelligence processes and procedures.
3. JISR supports the full spectrum of NATO operations ranging from combat operations
to humanitarian assistance
1.2 Purpose
1. The purpose of Allied joint publication 2.7 (AJP-2.7) is to establish Allied joint doctrine
to guide commanders, staffs and forces engaged in JISR operations within the NATO alliance.
This publication documents the principles, fundamentals and essential staff procedures
necessary to successfully plan, direct and execute JISR operations that ensure timely and
effective decision making.
2. This publication provides a framework for the coordination and tasking of JISR
capabilities to ensure that JISR results are disseminated with the appropriate classification to
the right person, at the right time, in the right format, in direct support of current and future
operations and the operational planning process. JISR results should be responsive to the
needs of the commander and staffs, with the commander’s priority intelligence requirements
(PIR) 3 serving as the “steering wheel” for JISR operations.4
3. This document provides guidance to commanders and staffs for the effective
management of JISR capabilities within the JISR process, which requires close coordination
between the commander, the intelligence staff, the operations staff and other staff elements
contributing to the JISR effort. Intelligence Requirements Management and Collection
Management (IRM&CM)5 are management staff functions inside the intelligence cycle, which
are crucial to the JISR process providing the rationale and priority for any information or
intelligence requirements. AJP-2.1 Intelligence Procedures provides more detail on IRM and
CM processes. Timely and close coordination between staff elements is needed for the
optimized tasking of JISR assets
2 Allied Joint Publication (AJP)-2(A), (2014). This term and definitions modifies an existing NATO Agreed term
and/or definition and will be processed for NATO Agreed status.
3 AJP-2(A), (2014), Chapter 5.2.4.
4 AJP-3(B), Chapter 4, Section III.
5 AJP-2(A), (2014), Chapter 5.
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1.3 Scope
1. AJP-2.7 is primarily intended for use at the operational level, but is applicable as a
reference at any level of command. This document will assist commanders by supporting their
ability to obtain the necessary information for developing plans and conducting operations.
2. The main objective within the JISR process is to satisfy information and intelligence
requirements with limited JISR capabilities. JISR capabilities may include NATO-owned JISR
capabilities and JISR capabilities owned by the Nations, which can be assigned to NATO
commanders or kept under national control. Therefore, effective coordination and efficient
employment of these capabilities are paramount.
3. To maximize the synchronization and integration of intelligence and operations

functions, this document provides guidance on the planning and execution of the JISR process
and how to effectively employ owned, assigned, or supporting JISR capabilities. This
document also includes descriptions of the command and control of JISR assets and how
JISR results contribute to decision making.
4. AJP-2.7 serves as the foundation for other Allied publications as well as evolving
subordinate publications such as the Allied intelligence publication (AIntP-14) JISR
Procedures in Support of NATO Operations.
1.4 Terminology
1. AJP-2.7 uses one set of terms consistently throughout the document and aligns itself
with the terminology from AAP-06 whenever possible.6 In addition to the definition of JISR and
the NATO approved definitions of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, additional
terms are necessary to aid in understanding and implementing the JISR concept. To ensure
consistency in describing JISR operations, processes and capabilities, AJP-2.7 uses the terms
and definitions below:
a. Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR). A set of intelligence

and operations capabilities, to synchronize and integrate the planning and operations
of all collection capabilities with t h e processing, exploitation, and dissemination of
the resulting information in direct support of t h e planning, preparation and execution
of operations.
b. JISR process. A coordination process through which intelligence collection disciplines,
collection capabilities and exploitation activities provide data, information and single
source intelligence7 to address an information or intelligence requirement, in a
deliberate, ad hoc or dynamic time frame in support of operations planning and
execution. The JISR process consists of five steps: Task, Collect, Process, Exploit and
Disseminate, referred to as TCPED.
6 All statements and terminology regarding JISR are not intended to convey any legal connotation or status.
Instead, it should assist NATO commanders and staffs in understanding and describing their operational
environment and planning and executing JISR operations.
7 AJP-2(A), (2014), Chapter 3.7.

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c. JISR architecture. As a part of NATO’s intelligence architecture, NATO’s JISR
architecture consists of the organizations, processes and systems connecting taskers,
controllers, collectors, exploiters, databases, applications, producers and requesters of
data, information and intelligence and operational data in a joint environment. The JISR
architecture facilitates the management of JISR results, enables JISR functions and
supports intelligence and operations functions at all levels. An essential and integral
part of the JISR architecture is the Intelligence System Support Architecture (ISSA)8
consisting of intelligence related networks, applications, databases and metadata,
including their structure, processes, and the required connectivity.
d. JISR asset. An individual, detachment, unit, sensor, or platform, which can be tasked
by respective authorities to achieve JISR results.
e. JISR capability. An asset supported by organizations, personnel, collectors systems,
supporting infrastructure, processing, exploitation and dissemination (PED) processes
and procedures to achieve a designated JISR result.
f. JISR result.9 The outcome of the JISR process disseminated to the requester in the
requested format.
g. JISR task.10 A collection, processing, exploitation and dissemination directive for the
appropriate employment of JISR assets. Depending on the considered JISR asset,
JISR tasks may be refined into specific orders/formats to enable automated or
standardized tasking of JISR assets.
h. ISR request (ISRR). 11 Formal request from the operations staff to initiate ISR
collection, with a specified capability or asset to support prioritized requirements for a
specific mission. The ISRR is intended to deliver a JISR result.
i. Standing intelligence requirement (IR). Standing IRs are developed deliberately
based on the intelligence collection plan (ICP), starting with the PIR development.
j. Emerging IR. Emerging or unanticipated IRs, not included in the ICP, that are likely to
be generated by the commander, intelligence or operational staffs during the
preparation, planning or execution phases of operations or missions.
k. Intelligence cycle. The intelligence cycle is the sequence of activities whereby data
and information is obtained, assembled, converted into intelligence and made available
for users.12
l. Operations cycle. The cycle of the conduct of operations (referred to in this publication
as the operations cycle) includes the phases of operational-level analysis and planning,
which compose the operational design. The operations cycle is completed by execution
and assessment under operational management.13
8 MC 0582/1 (2013), Section 1.

9 This term is only used for this publication and has not been NATO approved.
12 AAP-06 (2015).
13 AJP-5(E) (2013), Section V, 0248 Operational-Level Planning as a Cycle.

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m. Requester.14 An individual, unit or organization with an information or intelligence gap
that is articulated as a collection requirement and submitted to the collection manager
for processing. Requesters could include, but are not limited to, commanders, staff
members and NATO member nations.
n. Collection requirement (CR). A validated information requirement, for which the
requested information is not already available in a repository and therefore requires
collection through JISR asset tasking or will be forwarded as a request to higher or
adjacent commands.
1.5 Related Documents
1. AJP-2.7 is based on the Joint ISR Concept and complements AJP-2, Allied Joint Doctrine
for Intelligence, Counter-Intelligence and Security. As a keystone NATO intelligence
publication, AJP-2 provides overarching doctrine on intelligence and counter-intelligence.
AJP-2.7, as an operational level publication, is focused on the JISR process, describing how
intelligence collection disciplines, collection capabilities (traditional and non-traditional ISR15)
and intelligence exploitation activities can provide data, information or intelligence in support
of operational planning. AJP-2.7 should also be read in conjunction with AJP-2.1 Intelligence
Procedures which describes the generic procedures, interdependencies and considerations
required to conduct intelligence operations in support of NATO.
2. In addition to supporting the intelligence community and intelligence specific activities,
JISR supports the operations and plans communities and their activities, as outlined in the
AJP-3 and AJP-5 series publications. AJP-2.7 has linkages to:
a. MC 0582/1 (2013) Joint ISR Concept, to transfer policy and conceptual thinking into
established doctrine.
b. AJP-2 Series doctrine publications, which describe specific intelligence collection
disciplines.
c. AJP-3(B), The Conduct of Operations, in order to provide coherence with the NATO
approach to operations.
d. AJP-5, Operational-Level Planning, in order to provide coherence with the Operational-
level Planning Process (OLPP).
e. AJP-6, Communication and Information Systems, which provides guidance on
establishing and integrating effective communication and information systems (CIS)
into Allied joint operations.
15 MC 0582/1 (2013), Annex B, 11.

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The position of AJP-2.7 within the Allied joint doctrine architecture and the AJP-2 intelligence
doctrine series is shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 - AJP-2.7 within the NATO Allied Joint Doctrine Architecture

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JISR FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Introduction
1. JISR operations are initiated with a validated CR and aim to satisfy CRs across all
echelons of command in an efficient and timely manner. Toward that end, intelligence and
operations staffs coordinate, synchronize, prioritise and deconflict multidisciplinary JISR
collection capabilities and all associated processing and exploitation capabilities.
2. JISR supports the collection phase of the intelligence cycle,16 and contributes to
fulfilling the collection requirements of commanders and their staff necessary to plan,
execute and assess operations.
3. The JISR process, in addition to supporting joint operations, also provides direct
tailored support to land, maritime, air, space and special operations forces requirements.
JISR results support the production of all-source intelligence, which contributes to advance
planning and crisis response planning processes17 and the execution of operations.
4. The JISR process produces results derived from single-source/single intelligence

collection disciplines that have been exploited to service a CR. The JISR results are then
further processed within the intelligence cycle. The intelligence cycle produces all-source
intelligence products that have been fused and further analysed by intelligence analysts with
information from across all the intelligence collection disciplines and from additional sources.
5. The JISR process supports the intelligence staff and the operations staff with the
respective results to meet the commander’s objectives. Each level of the involved staffs in
the JISR process interacts with the levels above and below, and among units, agencies, and
organizations on the same level. The further up the chain of command, the broader the
perspective and scope of responsibility; the lower, the more specific the function and narrow
the scope. The process demands constant collaboration and communication between
requesters and the intelligence and operations staffs to maximize the efficiency and
effectiveness of available capabilities.
6. Within the priorities set by the commander, JISR provides the framework to
synchronize and integrate intelligence and operations requirements into CRs. This
framework allows JISR capabilities to be effectively integrated within the overall scheme of
manoeuvre.
7. The JISR process is the means through which CRs are satisfied and consists of five
steps: Task, Collect, Process, Exploit and Disseminate. The implementation of these five
steps normally relies on a federated and collective effort from all levels of command, across
components, and possibly supported by national and/or out-of-the-theatre capabilities. The
basic JISR framework and the relationship of the JISR process to the intelligence and
operations cycles through synchronization and integration are depicted in Figure 2.1.
16 AJP-2(A) (2014), Chapter 4. JISR does not replace intelligence activities; rather they are part of the
integrated process of producing intelligence. See AJP-2(A) for a full description of the intelligence cycle.
17 AJP-5(E) (2013), Section III, 0110.

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Figure 2.1 – The Relationship of the JISR Process to the Intelligence and Operations
Cycles
2.2 JISR Core Elements

1. Through the synchronization and integration of intelligence and operations,
commanders and their staff will have the ability to determine priorities, articulate
requirements, and allocate assets to specific commands. These activities will require
commanders and staffs to establish appropriate command and control (C2) relationships,
implement tasking and reporting procedures supported by intelligence and communication
systems architectures, and manage CRs and collection operations.
2. JISR Synchronization.18 The JISR process is strongly interlinked with the direction
and collection stages of the intelligence cycle. The direction and collection stages of the
18
Used only in this publication to introduce the relevance of a permanent dialogue between intelligence and JISR staff elements to ensure
effective and efficient fulfillment of all intelligence and collection requirements.

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intelligence cycle initiate and provide guidance to the tasking step of the JISR process. At
the end of the process, the dissemination step feeds the JISR results into the intelligence
processing stage of the intelligence cycle for further analysis. Therefore, a permanent
dialogue needs to be established between the IRM&CM function inside the intelligence staff
inside and with the organizations who own the JISR capabilities. This coordination is to
guarantee that the intelligence cycle and JISR process are fully synchronized to efficiently
satisfy information and intelligence requirements by making optimal use of JISR capabilities.
3. JISR synchronization begins after validating and prioritizing IRs and confirming
intelligence gaps through Intelligence Requirements Management (IRM). JISR
synchronization identifies the best means of collection, based on time, location, availability
and the type of information required to satisfy information or intelligence requirements
concerning the joint operating environment.
4. Within the Collection Management (CM) function, JISR synchronization occurs at

every level and evaluates available JISR assets to determine gaps in the availability of JISR
assets or capabilities. CM elements synchronize all activities to assign CRs to appropriate
assets, controlled by the organization to satisfy the CR
5. JISR synchronization ensures the commander’s requirements drive JISR planning

and execution activities and that JISR reporting responds in time to influence decisions and
operations.
6. JISR Integration.19 JISR integration describes the close coordination between CM

and the operations staff which is required to ensure the effective and efficient planning and
execution of JISR operations. The collection operations management (COM) authority is to
integrate the collection operations into the overall operations plan (OPLAN). The subsequent
JISR results contribute to the operations cycle as well.
7. During the tasking step of the JISR process, the operations staff, responsible for
tasking and controlling JISR assets, integrates the JISR tasks developed by the CM into
mission planning. This enables the actual execution of collection, reconnaissance and
surveillance missions and their seamless integration within the overall joint operations.
Moreover, JISR mission integration is not limited to deliberate planning aspects and
becomes even more demanding when satisfying emerging CRs through ad hoc or dynamic
collection operations, when missions are already underway.
8. Through the coordinated and deliberate efforts of the IRM&CM elements and the
operations staff, JISR is integrated into the operational process to ensure that the JISR
assets have the required capabilities to satisfy the assigned CR. JISR integration provides
commanders a flexible means to maintain up to real-time situational awareness (SA) and
decision advantage in a dynamic environment.
9. JISR is a multidisciplinary20 approach comprised of four distinct elements.
10. Joint. The “J” in the term “JISR” stands for “Joint,” which describes the activities,
operations and organizations in which elements of at least two services participate.
19
Used in this publication to introduce the relevance of a permanent dialogue between operations and intelligence staff elements
supporting the JISR process to ensure effective and efficient mission tasking and control of JISR capabilities in space, time and purpose.
20 AJP-2(A) (2015), Chapter 3.9.

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Components and services operate in a joint environment for greater effectiveness and
efficiencies by integrating available ISR capabilities.
11. Intelligence The “I” in the term “JISR” stands for “intelligence” and refers to all
intelligence collection disciplines or collection capabilities/assets and the results these
disciplines/capabilities/assets can deliver to the commander and/or staff elements.
Intelligence collection disciplines include:
a. Acoustic Intelligence (ACINT) results include the collection and exploitation

of acoustic signals or emissions.
b. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) results are based on information which is

collected and provided by human sources.
c. Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) results are based on the collection, processing

and exploitation of image sequences.
d. Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) results are based on

the collection of scientific and technical information in order to obtain
distinctive and differentiating features.
e. Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) results are based on openly available or

restricted access information.
f. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) delivers results by collecting and exploiting

electromagnetic signals or emanations. The main subcategories of SIGINT are
communications intelligence and electronic intelligence.
12. Surveillance. The “S” in the term “JISR” stands for “surveillance”. Surveillance is
defined as the systematic observation of aerospace, surface or subsurface areas, places,
persons or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means. Surveillance is
designed to provide Indications and Warning (I&W) of adversary initiative and threats and
to detect changes in adversary activities. It can provide early warning of activity over a wide
area, or can focus upon a particular location, facility, activity or actor within the operating
environment.
13. Reconnaissance. The “R” in the term “JISR” stands for “reconnaissance”.
Reconnaissance is defined as a mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other
detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an adversary or
potential adversary, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or
geographic characteristics of a particular area.21 It is a focused method of collecting
information about specific locations, facilities or people. Reconnaissance tasks are not
confined by specific reconnaissance units, but may be undertaken by other force elements
in the course of their duties. Reconnaissance enables the collection of specific information
within the joint operations area, against known and potential adversaries and non-aligned
actors in support of current and future operations. Reconnaissance must be focused in time
and space to answer specific requirements. It collects results through visual observation or
21
This term and definition modifies an existing NATO Agreed term and/or definition and will be processed for
NATO Agreed status.

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other detection methods, to provide specific information to the requester.
2.3 JISR Key Principles

1. Harmonization intelligence and operations functions are essential to maximize the
efficiency and effectiveness of the employment of JISR capabilities. JISR operates in
accordance with six key principles that are appropriate at all levels across the full range of
NATO operations to ensure effectiveness.
Figure 2.2 - JISR Key Principles
2. Centralised Direction; Decentralised Execution. The JISR process encompasses

the principle of centralised direction with decentralised execution. JISR activities must be
command-led and centrally coordinated to set the conditions for mission success, while
allowing for delegation of JISR planning and execution at lower levels when necessary or
appropriate. Commanders should set priorities and direct the JISR effort to meet operational
requirements and to integrate intelligence with operations planning.
3. Responsive. JISR capabilities must be responsive, timely and flexible to satisfy the
needs of the requester. The JISR process must dynamically respond to evolving situations,
new information and revised requirements at all times. The right mix and numbers of JISR
capabilities with associated PED resources will provide the commander with the agility to
respond effectively. This can be achieved through layering of assets and cross-cueing
between assets of differing capabilities. JISR results should be delivered at the right time as
specified in the CR. The collected data, information or intelligence will be of limited or no
value if it is not available when needed. The JISR process should be responsive across the
joint operations area (JOA) to requests and tasks from all levels of command. JISR assets
typically tasked at the component command level must be able to integrate with and provide
direct support to tactical units. Conversely, tactical units and assets may be required to
support operational and strategic requirements.

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4. Shared. JISR planning and results should be available and accessible to those who
require it on a responsibility-to-share basis in accordance with NATO information exchange
and information security procedures. JISR is to be embedded in an enterprise architecture
with systems connecting taskers, controllers, collectors, exploiters, analysts, databases,
applications, producers and requesters. Based on the responsibility-to-share principle,
interoperable mechanisms are required to allow timely and seamless sharing to increase
transparency across NATO.
5. Sustainable. JISR capabilities need to be sustainable to meet mission requirements.

Persistent and survivable JISR capabilities are required to satisfy the information
requirements of commanders and their staff in the planning and execution of operations. In
the event an asset is destroyed, disabled, or becomes unavailable, commanders need to
consider how to compensate for the loss of JISR capabilities. In addition, commanders need
to consider how to resource and sustain continuous PED operations across multiple
intelligence collection disciplines.
6. Reliable. In order to give commanders and their staff confidence in JISR results,
JISR capabilities need to provide measures of credibility and probability on the collected
data and information. PED elements will need to provide timely results contributing to
accurate situational awareness and understanding allowing commanders to maintain the
decision-advantage.
7. Accurate. JISR results must answer the information requirements in the most
accurate way possible. Therefore, accuracy needs to be maintained continuously
throughout every step of the JISR process, from tasking through collection, processing,
exploitation and dissemination. This is to ensure the provision of objective, clear, unbiased
and undistorted JISR results for subsequent multi and all-source intelligence analysis, as
well as to prevent reliance on single-source confirmation or circular reporting.
2.4 JISR Management Staff Functions and Authorities

1. The direction and management of the JISR process involve several related staff
functions. These essential staff functions ensure JISR tasks are focused on the
commander’s intelligence and operations priorities. The main objective is the timely
harmonization of the working procedures between the intelligence and operations staffs
through an adapted battle rhythm or planning cycles. These staffs play an instrumental role
ensuring JISR tasks are integrated in time and space into ongoing operations. Management
staff functions are described below. For a more in-depth understanding of the complexities
of the IRM&CM management functions refer to AJP-2.1 Intelligence Procedures.
a. IRM&CM22
(1) IRM&CM coordination is critical to ensure intelligence and information
requirements are satisfied. The term “IRM&CM” combines two distinct
functions in one term. Depending on the headquarters’ command
echelon, intelligence staff resources, and standard operating
procedures, IRM&CM can be conducted by establishing separate IRM
and CM functions or by combining the two functions into a single
22 AJP-2(A) (2014), Chapter 5.

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element.
(2) IRM&CM functions synchronize the JISR process with the intelligence
cycle. IRM&CM elements ensure that information and intelligence
requirements are properly articulated and answered and that all
available collection capabilities and assets are focused and prioritized.
The IRM&CM function is a component of the intelligence staff within
each organization’s headquarters.
b. Intelligence Requirement Management (IRM)

(1) IRM is a management function which validates, refines and prioritizes
intelligence requirements. The IRM element determines if these
requirements can be answered by already existing products/results that
are available. Finally, the IRM element ensures the quality control of the
processed outputs and oversees dissemination of the products or results.
IRM occurs at all levels and is an integral function within the direction
stage of the intelligence cycle.
(2) IRM plans for the satisfaction of standing and emerging intelligence
IRs as well as requests for information (RFIs)23 from higher, lower and
adjacent levels. During the operational planning phase, the IRM
element develops the ICP24 based on the commander’s PIRs. The
ICP is the typical planning tool to assist in producing, completing and
monitoring intelligence requirements. The IRM element uses the ICP
to integrate standing and emerging intelligence requirements for a
given headquarters and indicates how each requirement is to be
satisfied (e.g. identifying organizations, services, commands, or JISR
assets or intelligence disciplines). The ICP serves as a basis for the
deliberate planning, tasking and requesting of collection activities
using available assets or requesting information from various
sources.
(3) Once the IR is received, the IRM element validates and prioritizes them
and determines whether the information to answer them is already
available or if further action must to be taken, including collection.
Available results to the RFI will be disseminated directly to the requester
by the IRM staff. An analytical review by the intelligence staff’s analysts
might be requested prior to disseminating available results. IRs, which
cannot be satisfied by available information or intelligence, can be
passed on to the CM element or further processed as an RFI to IRM staff
in higher, lower or adjacent formations.
c. Collection Management (CM)

(1) CM is a management staff function converting intelligence requirements
and RFIs into CRs. The CM process then prioritizes these CRs and then
23 A RFI is used when a commander does not have sufficient dedicated collection capability, or the intelligence
staff are unable to answer a question through retrieval from existing data, intelligence, research or other
means.
24 AJP-2(A) (2014), Chapter 5.3.

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tasks, requests or coordinates requirements with appropriate collection
capabilities, assets or commands and then monitors the results –re-
tasking as required. This process must take into consideration the
availability of assets, sensor coverage, environmental conditions and
communications capabilities to make the best use of the collection
capabilities.
(2) CM supports IRM in satisfying the intelligence and operations staff’s CRs.
These CRs are derived from the ICP (standing or emerging) or have
emerged through RFIs. CM encompasses activities related to the
execution and coordination of the five step JISR process, the coordination
of CM execution between headquarters and other organizations and the
assessment of the CM function. Within the CM function, the CRM and
COM authorities to collect, request and execute the JISR process are
established by the collection management authority (CMA).25
d. Collection Management Authority (CMA)

(1) CMA constitutes the authority to develop, establish, validate and
prioritize collection requirements, establish JISR asset tasking
guidance, develop and execute collection, exploitation and
dissemination plans and strategies.
(2) CMA encompasses several aspects, notably the development of

collection policies addressing resource management issues related to
the employment of organic JISR capabilities, as well as those assigned
by nations to support a particular headquarters’ mission. The CMA will
allocate the appropriate JISR sensor capability of dedicated (owned)
traditional and non-traditional assets as well as request non-dedicated
JISR assets26 placed under NATO commanders’ Operational Control
(OPCON) to conduct optimised collection activity, satisfy mission
objectives and the commander’s requirements. As required, the CMA
will coordinate the operations of JISR capabilities kept under National
OPCON. Conducting CMA requires an understanding of JISR asset
availability, capabilities and tasking authority to optimize the use of all
available collection assets. When collection gaps are identified
regarding the availability of JISR assets or capabilities, a formal
request at the appropriate CMA level will be disseminated to the
nations to provide additional JISR resources.
(3) CMA will be assigned by the higher authority (i.e. SACEUR) to a CM

element at the different levels of command to implement CM and the
JISR process through the CRM and COM authorities.
(4) CMA must work in coordination with subject matter experts and liaison
officers (LOs). LOs are responsible for bringing knowledge of their
component’s JISR capabilities to the joint operating environment. LOs
must work with the CM element with CRM and COM authorities to
25 For more information on IRM refer to AJP-2.1

26 AJP-2(A) (2014), Chapter 5.3.6

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ensure the smooth coordination, planning, and management of JISR
operations. LOs are assigned to host organizations and work
according to the given battle rhythm.
e. Collection Requirements Management (CRM)

(1) CRM is a management staff function with the authority to develop,
prioritize and control collection, processing, exploitation and reporting
of CRs. CRM implements the tasking step of the JISR process and
aims at answering how best to satisfy CRs employing available JISR
capabilities. The CMA may delegate CRM authorities to a subordinate
operational level.
(2) CRM starts once CRs are validated. CRM core activities encompass
the prioritization of CRs, the development of related JISR tasks, and
the distribution of JISR tasks to JISR capabilities whether dedicated or
assigned to NATO commanders or kept under national control. The
JISR task will be given to the appropriate theatre assets over which
the CM element has authority. If the JISR task cannot be fulfilled by
dedicated assets, the CM staff will generate a tasking request to be
included in the Collection Requirement List (CRL). All tasking requests
will be coordinated through the Joint Collection Management Board 27
(JCMB).28
(3) CRM encompasses the deliberated planning effort, which manages

the cooperative development of the Collection Task List (CTL) based
on the CRL, and also supports the development of specific collection,
exploitation and dissemination directives matching emerging CRs.
(4) CRM especially ensures the synchronization of deliberate, ad hoc and

dynamic JISR tasking and therefore guarantees the coherence of the
overall collection, exploitation and dissemination effort.
(5) In specific NATO operations, the Joint Task Force (JTF) commander
will appoint a Theatre Collection Manager (TCM)29 who executes CRM
as a collective and joint function for a given operation and who is
supported by subordinate tactical commands.
(6) At the operational level, CRM principally consists of the management

of collective activities related to the consolidation and prioritization of
CRs passed to the operational level and to the development and
allocation of ISR assets to the federated JISR capabilities retained
collectively by headquarters and organizations participating in a given
operation. CRM usually ends at the operational level with the approval
of the CTL by the JCMB or with the tasking of subordinate commands
27 AJP-2.1 FD (2015), Joint Collection Management Board (JCMB).

28 In this publication, the JCMB, established at the operational level, will be used as an example. A collection
management board or this coordination process should be established on each level of command.
29 The Theatre Collection Manager (TCM) is responsible for CRM regarding JISR activities conducted at the
operational level for a given operation.

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when managing ad hoc/dynamic JISR operations.
(7) At the service/component command level, CRM supports the

established their own ISR process as well as the theatre level JISR
process (support to joint coordination management (JCM) working
groups and boards, exchange of the CRL and a synchronization
matrix), and the development of JISR tasks for owned and assigned
JISR assets. CRM authority also encompasses the refinement of the
JISR tasks prior to mission integration.
f. Collection Operations Management (COM)
(1) COM is a management staff function to integrate the collection

operations into the overall OPLAN and has the authority to direct,
schedule, prioritize and control specific collection operations and
associated processing, exploitation and information reporting
resources. COM authority is usually held at the appropriate command
level which executes operational control (OPCON) over dedicated or
assigned JISR assets. National JISR capabilities placed under a
commander’s OPCON will be tasked by the respective collection
requirements management staff. When OPCON is retained by the
Nations, the collection and exploitation directives, specified in the CTL,
are sent as requests by the TCM.
(2) Based on the JISR tasks, COM starts with mission integration where
the approved CTL/ad hoc/dynamic JISR tasks are integrated with the
operations staff into operations and missions planning. It results in
developing strategies for collection and then issuing precise mission
orders by the operations staff to assigned JISR assets. The key tasks
of the COM authority involves managing the collection operation;
performing the processing and exploitation of collected data,
information and single source intelligence, and disseminating JISR
results. The monitoring of planned activities is essentially conducted
at each level of command. Similar to CRM, COM is performed at
different levels of command and requires coordination at a higher level
(e.g. at the operational level by the TCM for a given NATO operation),
particularly for handling dynamic situations that may necessitate the
reallocation of JISR assets.

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JISR PROCESS
3.1 Introduction
1. The JISR process is a framework through which a single CR is satisfied by a JISR
asset and consists of five steps: Task, Collect, Process, Exploit and Disseminate
(TCPED). These steps apply at all levels of command, across components, for any type of
mission and in all operating environments.
2. The JISR process provides commanders and their staff with specific data, information
and results to address a CR. The JISR process supports both current operational needs
and, ultimately, the production of both multi-source and all-source intelligence.30
3. In order to provide timely, relevant, and accurate results to all levels of command,
JISR operations require coordination, de-confliction, and prioritization through JISR
synchronization31 and integration activities to ensure the most effective and efficient use of
capabilities. Within the JISR process, JISR synchronization activities require CM element
and intelligence staff coordination while integration activities require CM element and
operations staff coordination.
3.2 JISR Process

1. The JISR process provides the framework for JISR tasking, operational execution, and
the result in reporting to satisfy CRs. The JISR process consists of five sequential steps.
The JISR Process
Figure 3.1 – The JISR Process
a. Step 1 - Task
2 Once ISR capabilities and assets are made available to the commander,32 the first step
of the JISR process is tasking, which is conducted by the CM element through the CRM and
COM authority and with the clear articulation of CRs based on the commander’s validated
intelligence and operational priorities. When articulating CRs, requesters should consider
the following:
30 AJP-2(A) (2014) Chapter 3.7,

31 AJP-2.1 FD (2015) 3.10.
32 JISR assets under OPCON by the respective level of command that conducts the JISR process and is able
to task the assigned asset. It forms an integral part of a military organization and is listed in the unit’s order of
battle.

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(a) Support to operations. Describe how the required information
supports current or future operations and the impact if the
information is not obtained. This assists the IRM function with
the validation and prioritization of the requirement. CRs should
request a JISR result that is needed and not specify a particular
asset.
(b) Classification. Identify the desired level of classification for the
results. This potentially impacts not only the collection and the
dissemination of the result but also the contents, the level of
details and accuracy of the result.
(c) Releasibility. Identify nations, group of nations and entities
concerned and/or allowed to obtain the information.
(d) Time. Identify the time when the result is required. The IRM
element uses this part of the requirement to assess if, or to what
degree, the requirement can be satisfied.
(e) Type of result and format. Describe the type and the format of
the result when applicable, and the preferred means of
dissemination.
(f) Periodicity. Identify and formulate how often the collection and
exploitation is to occur.
(g) Communications. Include accurate contact information. This
data is important for the IRM and CM elements and the tasked
JISR asset or JISR capability in order to maintain contact with
the requester throughout the JISR process.
3. JISR tasking is the initial step of the JISR process. It is initiated with the clear articulation
of CRs and consists of developing collection, exploitation and dissemination
guidance/directives/orders to coordinate and control JISR operations and assets. JISR
tasking is to be coordinated among all levels of command in order to enable mutual support
between services/component commands and to make the most efficient use of available
collection and exploitation capabilities. JISR tasking encompasses deliberate planning
aspects as well as ad hoc or dynamic tasking of emerging CRs. JISR tasking is planned
through CRM and its outputs are executed through COM.
4. Through mission integration, JISR tasking includes converting JISR tasks into orders and
passing these orders to the JISR capabilities placed under NATO commanders’ OPCON.
Each order should contain direction and guidance for processing, exploitation, and
dissemination of the collected data and information to enable the successful
accomplishment of the mission.
5. Because of limited availability of JISR assets, tasking should only occur when the
requested information is not readily available in any data/information repository. When
selecting the appropriate JISR asset to meet a CR, the CM element should consider the
following:

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(a) Suitability. Assets that are tasked to support JISR operations
must be capable of completing the task and disseminating the
results in the requested manner. There will be occasions when
more than one asset is capable of carrying out a JISR task.
Careful consideration must be given to the attributes of
competing assets to ensure that the most appropriate mix of
assets is chosen. One key attribute for consideration is ability of
the JISR asset to meet timing factors associated with meeting
the requirement. JISR timing considerations could be associated
for example with flight profiles, ground reconnaissance missions,
maritime mission profiles, information download
capacity/capabilities or other key considerations. In addition to
tasking NATO-owned JISR assets, the feasibility of using non-
dedicated JISR assets as well as requesting Nations-owned
assets should be considered, so that all available capabilities are
efficiently employed to support the commander’s intelligence
and operational requirements.
(b) Risk. JISR asset capabilities must be adequately protected

whilst still being able to gather the required information. Failure
to protect such capabilities may result in the loss or compromise
of the asset. There will often be an element of political and/or
military risk involved in the employment of a particular asset. Any
such risk must be weighed against the value of the information
sought.
(c) Operational Environment. The nature of the operational

environment (weather, electro-magnetic, terrain, and political
constraints) must be taken into consideration.
(d) Corroboration. Where required, reasonable, or useful, more

than one JISR asset or capability should be used to collect
against the same CR preferably operating different collection
methodologies to provide multiple JISR results from
independent JISR assets or capabilities for confirmation to
intelligence analysts. Using more than one asset increases the
level of confidence in the results and helps guard against
deception.
b. Step 2 – Collect
(1) This step in the JISR process consists of the actual gathering of data
and information by JISR capabilities and assets. Collection
encompasses the detailed scheduling of JISR tasks to available JISR
assets and the execution of those tasks by JISR capabilities.
(2) JISR assets collect the requested data and information and make
it available for further processing. The CM element needs to consider
all intelligence collection disciplines, JISR capabilities and assets to
satisfy a valid CR.

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c. Step 3 – Process
(1) This step in the JISR process is the conversion of collected data and
information into appropriate readable or useable formats that enable
further exploitation, storage or dissemination.
(2) Advances in technology continue to change the way data and

information can be processed. Some JISR assets have a near real-
time (NRT) data processing capability that can rapidly convert collected
data into exploitable information. In other circumstances, the
conversion of the collected data is accomplished manually or is
computer-assisted. It is important to align processing capacity and
timing factors based on the volume of collected data, information and
the time frame specified to meet the requirement. When collected data
and information exceed a command’s internal capacity to process,
contingencies should be made in advance to share collected data and
information with external processing capabilities
d. Step 4 – Exploit
(1) Within this step of the JISR process, processed data and information is
further exploited. The time required to conduct exploitation varies
depending on the characteristics of the collection assets. Some JISR
assets accomplish processing and exploitation automatically and
nearly simultaneously with the collection, while other collection assets
may require substantially more time.
(2) There can exist different levels of exploitation for each JISR capability
or asset.The levels range from rapid and preliminary assessment of
collected JISR data or information up to more time consuming in-depth
assessment via reach-back capabilities. The different levels of
exploitation are dependent on the specifications and characteristics of
the JISR capability or asset and its supporting organization and
personnel (near sensor, in-theatre, in reach-back).
(3) The initial level of exploitation is the rapid and preliminary assessment
of collected JISR data or information and forwarding the results
immediately to the commander and/or requester, often in NRT, in
support of current operations. This type of exploitation is usually
conducted by the sensor operator or exploiter associated with the
sensor system or collection capability, but can also be undertaken by
other exploiters having NRT access to collected sensor data. The
exploited data and information are transmitted for further exploitation
within the JISR process and/or the intelligence cycle.

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(4) Further exploitation within the JISR process involves a more detailed
evaluation of collected data and information in accordance with
exploitation tasking that support commanders and staffs during current
operations or intelligence production. Capabilities are typically provided
by the exploitation elements associated with the JISR assets or
capability, but these capabilities may also be located at a reach-back
exploitation facility. The result can be disseminated directly to the
commander, the intelligence community for further processing within
the intelligence cycle’s processing phase and/or to the requester as a
JISR result, or forwarded to the next level of exploitation.
(5) A more in-depth assessment involves using data and information from
multiple JISR assets inside a specific intelligence collection discipline
or JISR capability combined with archived information. This level of
exploitation often requires tools, processing power, and/or additional
specific expertise. It can be time consuming and may be conducted in
the JOA or via reach-back capabilities.
e. Step 5 – Disseminate
(1) The dissemination step within the JISR process involves the timely
provision of JISR results to those who need it, in the requested format,
and through the communication means as specified by the JISR task.
Effective dissemination management is needed to ensure requesters
have access to the disseminated JISR results that are posted,
published, or transmitted.
(2) In addition to providing an answer to a specific request, JISR results

should be systematically shared to support intelligence development
and to improve overall SA of commanders and staffs. Dissemination is
to be executed in accordance with classification and releasibility
guidance and procedures.
3.3 JISR Tasking Considerations

1. In an increasingly complex and dynamic environment, JISR tasking will not only
require deliberate, planned activity but will also be required to support ad hoc and
dynamic requests. Support of an ongoing operation may require immediate changes
to already issued tasking orders or rapid reallocation of a JISR asset that is already
collecting to support an evolving tactical situation. The reassignment of collection
assets requires careful consideration
2. JISR tasking can be deliberate, ad hoc, or dynamic. Relative to planning and mission
execution times, the three types of tasking are depicted in Figure 3.2.

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Types of Tasking
Figure 3.2 - Types of Tasking
3. Deliberate tasking occurs during the standard mission planning process and is
concluded with an approved CTL and the mission order finalisation by the
operations staff. Ad hoc tasking is the process for integrating emerging and urgent
CRs in an already released CTL and prior to mission execution. Dynamic tasking
allows the integration of emerging CRs requiring immediate satisfaction into current
collection operations.
4. Deliberate JISR tasking is the typical mechanism to develop, coordinate and

assign JISR tasks to JISR assets. It guarantees sufficient time for mission
integration, mission planning, mission tasking and mission preparation. Deliberate
JISR tasking can be accomplished directly for the dedicated JISR assets. It occurs
also when there is sufficient lead-time for CRs to be incorporated into a CRL and
finally in a CTL which is approved at the JCMB. Within the deliberate JISR tasking
process there is sufficient time for the TCM to issue JISR tasks from the approved
CTL and for mission tasking to JISR assets and when the Nations provide tactical
control of ISR assets to the commander. This occurs when the development of CRs
and JISR tasks are synchronized with other relevant staff rhythms and integrated
for mission tasking. Deliberate tasking involves all related functions of IRM&CM as
depicted in figure 3.3.

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Figure 3.3 - The Deliberate JISR Tasking Process
a. The deliberate JISR tasking process begins with validated CRs articulated by
the CM element, based on the ICP, as the main planning tool, with standing
IRs, emerging IRs, RFIs and ISR requests. If the IRM element has confirmed
that the information/intelligence is not available, a CR can be developed. The
CM element would then convert the IR into a CR. Deliberate tasking ends with
the CTL release after approval at the JCMB
b. With the decision to collect, the CM element, who has the CRM authority,
has to determine, if the ISR assets assigned at considered level of command
can fulfill the CRs. If CRs cannot be satisfied by available ISR assets, the CM
element must request collection support from higher and/or adjacent
commands and organizations. In the event JISR assets are available at the
considered level of command, JISR tasks are developed and integrated
directly into mission planning for collection mission tasking.
c. If the sufficient NATO- owned assets are not available and CRs cannot be fulfilled at a
given level of command, Nations-owned assets will be requested by including the CRs
into the CRL. CRs requiring operational level management are consolidated and

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prioritized into a draft CTL with synchronized collection taskings for D+1, D+2 and D+3
which is discussed at the JCMB. As part of the CTL development, CM elements from
the operational and service / component levels identify the appropriate JISR asset likely
to achieve the CR. After coordination, the CM element assigns the CR and related JISR
task to a servicing component command. The final CTL is then approved by the TCM
at the JCMB and is the basis for mission integration and developing subsequent tasking
orders to subordinates commands, collection capabilities and JISR assets
d. The CTL is the authoritative collection management document for the theatre. The CTL
is consistent with the joint forces commander’s overall mission priorities, the theatre
collection priorities and provides a list of approved and prioritized JISR CRs, JISR tasks
and as required dynamic re-tasking priorities. The CRs are developed for specific
intelligence collection disciplines (e.g. IMINT, HUMINT, MASINT, OSINT and SIGINT)
as well as collection capabilities/assets. The CTL specifies which intelligence collection
discipline or collection capabilities/assets should be used to collect to assist CM staff
with allocating resources to JISR tasks. The CTL may be published and disseminated
daily in accordance with the operation and/or exercise battle rhythm.
e. Collection decisions demand prioritized requirements due to time constraints and the
finite number of collection, processing, and exploitation capabilities available. This
ensures that limited assets and/or resources are directed against the most critical
requirements.
f. As JISR operations must be coordinated between the different service components and
intelligence and operations staffs, a JCMB is established for this purpose and consists
of the respective intelligence and operations staff members. The JCMB, led by the TCM,
produces and approves the CTL, resolves potential areas of conflict and assigns
execution responsibilities to deconflict and synchronize collection activities. The JCMB
issues priority guidance across the service components to ensure that the overall JISR
effort is coordinated, prioritized, appropriately balanced, and focused on the
commander’s objectives.
g. Based on COM authority, JISR tasks are coordinated with the operations staff for
mission integration, the issuance of orders to the ISR asset for execution of the
collection mission and to ensure the collected data or information will be processed,
exploited, and disseminated. The CM element needs to develop good working
relationships with the originating requester to clearly understand the requirement to
avoid any negative or delaying impacts on execution. The staff must determine the
appropriate method of collection. For example, if IMINT is the appropriate capability to
answer the requirement, the CR must be tailored for imagery collection. Likewise,
SIGINT CRs must be tailored for the appropriate sensors. Additional information may
be required from the requester in order to develop the CR to optimize collection and
maximizing the chances of a successful first time collect.
h. The TCM, or CMA at other levels of command, requires visibility on all validated CRs
generated by subordinate formations and units, to at least two levels below. Although
subordinate formations and units may be able to fulfill their own requirements with their
dedicated ISR assets, they must forward their declared CRs up the chain of command
so that the higher headquarters can coordinate and optimize the use of all available ISR

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assets and ensure that any unintentionally redundant collection requirements are de-
conflicted.
i. CM element also develops synchronized planning for the PED of the collected data or
information. The CTL and the associated PED plan provides details of the tasks to be
assigned to dedicated and subordinate JISR collection and production units to meet the
CRs. The plan must include details indicating where and how JISR results are to be
conveyed to the requestor, including any release caveats. Contact information for the
requestor and probable JISR collection and production units are also included in the
plan. This plan should specify how JISR assets and capabilities amongst the coalition
are best utilized where collected JISR data or information from one JISR asset and
capability can be appropriately exploited using the PED resources from another JISR
asset and capability either NATO-owned or Nations-owned. Generally, the CRM
authority transitions to the COM authority when the CTL and the associated PED
tasking are passed for mission integration and coordination with ongoing and planned
missions and operations.
j. COM authority starts with mission integration, which corresponds to the timely
collaboration of the intelligence-operations staffs to identify, plan and task ISR assets
achieving the CRs and related JISR tasks. This is where the operations staff integrates
the JISR tasks into mission planning,33 taking in consideration other tactical activities,
in particular addressing air, ground, or maritime battle space management, as well as
force protection aspects associated with the execution details of the JISR task. This
encompasses at the service component levels, mission planning (future plans), mission
tasking (future operations and orders) and the preparation of the mission at the unit
level.
k. Once tasked, mission planning is conducted. JISR capabilities/assets and tasked

subordinate commands must work with the requestors/tasker to understand the
requirement and its justification. Once collection has occurred, the information is
processed, exploited and disseminated. These steps must be taken in consideration
during the requirement development phase, because they may affect the ability to
deliver the product to the requester in the required time.
l. The CM element, with the COM authority, manages the different needs of the
subordinate commands, JISR capabilities and assets, completes the tasking step,
conducts the collection step and manages the process, exploit and dissemination steps.
In addition, the CM element also maintains SA on JISR missions being performed and
responds to dynamically changing situations that may necessitate reallocating JISR
assets. Each order must therefore contain detailed instructions sufficient to enable the
successful accomplishment of the mission.
m. The key responsibilities within the COM authority are to manage the operation of JISR
assets across the CPED steps. In addition, the CM staff will assess to what extent JISR
assets have satisfied the CRs. This assessment is accomplished through a combination
of measures of performance (MOP)34 and measures of effectiveness (MOE)35 to
33 Integration of JISR operations into the overall OPLAN.

34 AJP-2 (A) (2014). Chapter 2.9.
35 AJP-2 (A) (2014). Chapter 2.9.

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provide sufficient feedback for follow-on actions e.g. completion of a JISR task or re-
tasking. The CM staff also tracks the status of planned and ongoing JISR collection
operations and results.
n. In deployed NATO missions, JISR operations conducted by the different service

components need to be coordinated at the theatre or joint force level. To this purpose,
the joint force headquarters (JFHQ) TCM and single service command (SSC) collection
managers will usually be vested with the appropriate portion of CMA to collectively
implement the JISR process.
5. Ad hoc JISR tasking. Ad hoc tasking occurs when urgent CRs emerge and there is
still time to adjust an already issued order prior to scheduled execution. CM staff must
quickly validate and prioritize ad hoc requirements to determine which original JISR task
can be cancelled or modified with the least negative affect and then determine how to satisfy
the affected requirements at a later stage. As changes are made to deliberate and planned
tasking, the JISR original requesters must be notified of any modifications or cancellations
due to ad hoc priorities. In addition, modifications to deliberate and planned tasking will
result in the re-prioritization of PED resources.
6. The ad hoc tasking process is to be managed by the CM element holding CRM

authority as they will have a greater perspective on the wider impact to the CTL and the
most efficient way to collect the information. However, if timeliness is an issue, it is likely
that the CM element holding COM authority will process the ad hoc tasking with the
awareness that their available assets might not be the most efficient means of collection.
7. Dynamic JISR tasking. Dynamic tasking occurs when the importance and urgency
of an emerging CR demands immediate attention and redirection of an already collecting
JISR asset. After expeditiously validating the request, a dynamic JISR task is developed by
the IRM&CM staff and next integrated and managed by the COM staff controlling the JISR
assets. Together with the IRM&CM staff, the COM staff will decide which asset and
collection task will be redirected to satisfy the dynamic request. The IRM&CM staff will later
assess the implications of the redirection and determine how to best satisfy the requirements
that were impacted by the tasking. As with ad hoc tasking, dynamic tasking will also result
in the re-prioritization of PED resources.

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Figure 3.4 - The Ad hoc and Dynamic JISR Tasking Process
8. Requesters submit ad hoc and dynamic tasking requests after the deliberate tasking
process has occurred, in an emerging or changing situation and when the CTL is already
produced and endorsed in the JCMB. The ad hoc and dynamic types of requests are
validated and processed by the IRM element, given a higher priority and immediately
forwarded directly to CM element, where the CRs are categorized as either ad hoc or
dynamic taskings. Figure 3.4 illustrates the ad hoc and dynamic JISR tasking process
9. When assets are available and can fulfill the prioritized CR, the ISR task will be
developed by the CM element with CRM authority and forwarded directly to the operations
staff to integrate it into mission planning or integrate it into already prepared and ongoing
missions. For ad hoc JISR tasking, this is accomplished while the operation is being
planned, but has not yet been executed. For dynamic JISR tasking, this is accomplished
once the mission is executed, but with sufficient time to be integrated into the mission as an
additional task.
3.4 JISR Results

1. A JISR result is the outcome of the overall JISR process. They are disseminated in

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the requested and appropriate format. JISR results can consist of various forms including,
but are not limited to, real-time or NRT data links directly from a collection platform to
requesters; broadcast transmissions from a collection platform to multiple agencies; or
standard reporting procedures. JISR results are also instrumental in building the common
operational picture (COP). Reports can be provided by all JISR capabilities. Reports can be
verbal, textual, or visual and can be transmitted physically or electronically. Standard
formats for reporting JISR results include:
a. Verbal reports. Personnel verbally communicate what they have seen

through visual observation, by screening imagery, or through the exploitation
of collected and processed data.
b. Textual reports. Personnel prepare written reports that are normally

structured or formatted in accordance with NATO reporting standards and
formats. Using pre-determined formats and templates enables users to quickly
extract only the information requested or required.
c. Visual reports. Typically transmitted together with textual reports, visual

reports may be automatically produced by the sensor, by supporting computer
systems, or by personnel.
(1) Data-Linked or Networked NRT Data. Some JISR assets can

continuously distribute data via data-links or networks that
automatically update linked systems and databases.
(2) Data Analytics. Data analytical techniques may be able to

automatically generate JISR results.
3.5 JISR Assessment and Feedback

1. To assess and optimize the JISR process, the CM element is to implement
mechanisms to monitor CRs’ achievement at the different stages of the JISR process and
to receive requesters’ feedback on requirements’ satisfaction once the JISR result has been
delivered. Timely assessments and feedback measure overall performance and
effectiveness allowing JISR personnel to validate or consider ways to improve and adjust
the JISR architecture, process, and operations. This enables commanders and staffs to
address the effectiveness of JISR capabilities in support of operations and missions.

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OPERATIONAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

FOR JISR
4.1 Introduction
1. JISR planning is an integral part of the operations planning process (OPP) and must
be included at the onset of all planning activities. NATO missions often require a wide range
of JISR capabilities to obtain optimal JISR results to support operations and missions. This
necessitates having the capabilities, assets, skills, connectivity, tools, and interoperability to
meet information and operational requirements, ensuring a federation of networked-enabled
capabilities and collaborative processes. Having the right capabilities and number of assets
coupled with a comprehensive JISR architecture will provide the commander with the agility
to respond to a constantly evolving environment.
4.2 JISR Planning Considerations

1. Ensuring the commander’s access to the right set of JISR capabilities before and
during mission execution is as vital as providing data, information, JISR results and
intelligence during operations planning. Thus, it is essential to develop the necessary JISR
strategies, operational design, tasks, plans, capabilities, and architecture required for
mission execution during operations planning. These requirements will feed directly into the
operations plans and detailed annexes, as well as the combined joint statement of
requirements (CJSOR)36 and the force generation task list.
2. JISR planning is collaborative and occurs simultaneously across all levels of

command to synchronize missions, tasks and capabilities. Understanding the operational
environment, the assigned mission and the array of JISR capabilities facilitates effective
coordination among all elements.
3. NATO’s adversaries will likely implement measures aimed at denying and defeating
NATO JISR capabilities. Commanders should take into account during the planning process
that NATO’s JISR sources, methods, activities, and capabilities should be protected with
effective operational security practices, information security measures, and robust counter-
intelligence.
4. When NATO becomes involved in any type of operation, staffs at all levels of
command need to define, develop and articulate the requirements for JISR assets and
capabilities, C2, personnel and the CIS required for data exchange.
4.3 JISR Asset Requirements for Operations

1. Commanders require the right mix of capabilities and assets to respond effectively to
36 The CJSOR is the document/tool that contains the (generic) forces requirements of a commander for a
specific operation. The CJSOR, including preliminary deployment information, must be developed in parallel
with the operational CONOPS. For further information refer to the ACO Comprehensive Operations Planning
Directive (COPD) V2.0, (2013).

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changing situations. Because JISR assets have specific and unique capabilities with no
single asset able to cover all CRs, commanders and staffs require a realistic appraisal of
JISR collection and PED capabilities as well as an awareness of their limitations.
2. For any operation, there will be a finite number of traditional intelligence collection
and traditional reconnaissance and surveillance assets, but there are many more potential
non-traditional JISR assets that could be used to fulfil the requirements. Non-traditional JISR
assets are not assigned to a specific JISR task, but can contribute to the intelligence picture
as part of their routine operation. Commanders and staffs need to consider asset availability
in the early stages of planning operations.
3. JISR aims for the integration and harmonization of NATO and national collection
assets at all levels. The data and information collected from one asset may be
complemented by outputs from other types of assets and other results or products to satisfy
information and intelligence requirements. JISR collection capabilities and assets can
operate in all domains and can be characterized as:
a. airborne collection and sensing capabilities,
b. land-based collection and sensing capabilities,
c. maritime collection and sensing capabilities,
d. space-based collection and sensing capabilities,
e. cyberspace collection capabilities,
f. environmental survey and reconnaissance capabilities or
g. non-traditional ISR (NTISR) resources.
4. Commanders need to understand that their requirements will likely exceed the
availability of JISR assets. Consequently, there is a need to prioritize the requirements
based on mission objectives to optimize the use of available capabilities. Commanders must
also weigh JISR capabilities and limitations and especially the time the information is of
value against the mission objectives.
5. During the OPP of a NATO operation, the IRM element develops and maintains
operation-specific PIRs, specific intelligence requirements (SIRs) and essential elements of
information (EEIs)37 as the core elements of the ICP at all levels of command. The CM
element then prioritizes, coordinates determines the scope and quantity of CRs expected
for the operation. This estimate is used to identify the collection, processing and exploitation
capabilities required to support the commander during the operation.
6. JISR requirements contribute to the overall theatre CJSOR and force generation
process. In response to the CJSOR, participating Nations may decide to provide JISR
collection and/or PED capabilities to NATO operations while defining context, constraints
and restrictions for their employment. The commander, with delegated COM authority, is
usually given OPCON over the provided capabilities.
37 For more information on PIRs, SIRs, and EEIs refer to AJP-2 and AJP-2.1.

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7. Nations may support the operation with information or intelligence results or products
rather than providing their own collection and exploitation capabilities. In this event, Nations
retain direction and control of the assets used to provide this information or intelligence
including their integration in the area of operations and the necessary coordination with
NATO forces. This requires an established liaison between theatre commands and national
organizations.
4.4 JISR Personnel and Training Requirements

1. Personnel assigned to a NATO command or operational level headquarters must
have the required core competencies (knowledge, skills and experience) identified in their
assigned position descriptions. Because intelligence and JISR-related positions are
essential to mission success, having appropriately trained and qualified personnel is of the
utmost importance.
2. To enhance capabilities and perform JISR-related activities within NATO, personnel

require knowledge of management staff functions; specific staff processes; and specialized
training on systems, tools and procedures designed for the JISR process across all staff
functions in NATO commands. Crisis establishment personnel requirements, including the
use of augmentees, need to be planned well in advance to ensure identified personnel will
be fully trained and exercised.
3. JISR education and training opportunities should be:
a. Integrated. Realistic training must be developed and integrated into broader

NATO training and exercises to ensure the effective contribution and integration of
JISR processes to NATO operations. The JISR training curriculum must enable JISR
personnel to sufficiently replicate actual conditions encountered across the full
spectrum of NATO operations.
b. Performance–Oriented. Extensive practical application in support of real-

world intelligence and operational requirements (e.g. in support of actual contingency
planning) is key to obtaining well-trained JISR personnel and units. Training must
cover the full range of JISR processes employing a blend of traditional classroom
instruction, communication and information systems (CIS) training and practical
application.
c. Relevant. JISR education and training opportunities must keep pace with
changes that occur in doctrine, organization, equipment and current operational
needs.
d. Shared. JISR education and training opportunities are a shared responsibility

within NATO. While education and training remain predominantly a national
responsibility, the specialized nature of JISR education and training, as well as
increasing interoperability demands, may require the combined effort of Nations,
multinational centres and NATO as a whole.

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4.5 JISR Architecture
1. JISR architecture as part of the intelligence architecture consists of the systems
connecting taskers, controllers, collectors, exploiters, databases, applications, and
requesters of data, information and results as well as operational data in a joint environment.
This architecture facilitates the management of JISR results, enables the JISR process
including COM and CRM authorities and supports the harmonization of intelligence and
operations functions at all levels. The JISR architecture is an essential part of the overall
operational architecture. The JISR architecture must be integrated with command and
control, intelligence and operational capabilities and comply with national and NATO legal
restraints and security protocols.
2. The design, establishment and management of JISR architectures for all NATO
operations are based on the following principles and criteria:
a. Flexible. The JISR architecture will be:
(1) established, practiced, evaluated and designed to be capable of rapid

transition to operations and
(2) capable of rapid reconfiguration to meet changing information needs

throughout the operation.
b. Mission Tailored. The JISR architecture will be designed to support the

planning and conduct of operations at all levels for a given operation.
c. Interconnected/Discoverable. The JISR architecture will connect Nations to

networks allowing Nations to draw on shared information and intelligence including
raw and/or processed data originating from both NATO and nationally-owned
capabilities. The availability of JISR results shared via common agreed-upon
networks and data portals will give requesters across the operation the ability to
access both current and historical JISR results.
d. Compatible. The JISR architecture will be compatible with both current and
future technical constraints and standards, notably for sufficient network connectivity
and appropriate broadband links.
e. Centralized Control. The operational-level headquarters will normally direct

the overall JISR effort through their delegated CRM and COM authority.
3. An effective architecture must enable the best possible support to ensure adequate
and timely decision making. Therefore, the architecture must allow JISR resources to be
managed and employed in a collaborative manner. This requires federated relationships
using networked capabilities and collaborative processes to effectively support operations
and fulfil commanders’ requirements by ensuring persistence and agility under changing
conditions.
4. Network-enabled JISR is characterized by hardware and software that can support

the steps of the JISR process to include tasking, collection, processing, exploitation and

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dissemination of results, to and from all JISR contributors and requesters. The JISR
architecture needs to be designed to reflect communication networks and services available
which have a particular focus on bandwidths, stability and quality to share data within a
theatre (including headquarters, commands, units and requesters of JISR results) and
beyond the theatre with reach-back locations in NATO and the Nations. This is crucial to
sharing JISR results in NRT facilitating rapid decision making and dynamic tasking and
allowing timely cueing, cross-cueing and enabling reach-back support including access to
archives.
5. In addition, effective JISR requires the capability to store, share and archive JISR
results in compliance with technical and operational standards based on NATO-accepted
formats and procedures. Information Exchange Requirements (IERs)38 for national units and
systems, IER interfaces and standards must be addressed early in the planning process.
6. JISR activities are normally conducted on Alliance-common classified networks.

When working with partner nations in a NATO operation, JISR activities will need to be
conducted on the agreed mission-common classified network. Although there may be NATO
and national caveats precluding the sharing of some information at the mission-common
level, architectures, systems and processes must be interoperable between NATO, NATO
Nations and partner nations. Operational planning should consider the currently available
systems implemented in NATO and their respective capabilities and limitations and the
resulting operational orders should reflect these considerations.
7. There must be close communication between intelligence staffs and operations staffs
at the initial stage of the OPP to ensure the JISR architecture is sufficient and optimally
located to enable access to services, applications and databases.
8. Each JISR capability or asset should be fully integrated into the JISR architecture.
JISR assets must have the ability to be responsive to every level of joint C2 (tactical,
operational and strategic) and contribute to the satisfaction of information requirements
ranging from those of tactical commanders to strategic objectives. Assigned PED
capabilities (NATO or national) must be enabled to process and exploit data from theatre
JISR assets and share the results with intelligence elements and requesters at any level to
allow for fusion and support decision-making processes.
9. The respective portions of the OPLAN and concept of operations (CONOPS) will
describe the JISR architecture and the CIS structure necessary for JISR operations. It will
also explain interoperability between JISR-related data sources and the tools used by the
relevant commanders, staffs, units and assets. The architecture will be heavily influenced
by IERs across the operation and between NATO and national headquarters, units and JISR
assets. Defining the JISR architecture in the appropriate planning documents will ensure
visibility within the operations, planning and communications communities and will help
identify and address potential shortfalls. JISR architecture will, at a minimum, include the
following criteria:
38 IERs define the need for information exchange between two parties that support a given process. IERs are
pivotal inputs to the CIS planning process ensuring that all relevant C2 services required in support of the
mission are identified, and adequate planning and provision of C2 services can be achieved. For more
information, refer to AJP-6 (2011) Communication and Information Systems.

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a. Geographical location and characteristics of JISR systems and networks.
b. Asset capabilities, limitations and quantities to include processing, exploitation

and dissemination requirements.
c. Functional services, bandwidth, connectivity, databases and other CIS

support requirements at all levels of commands.
d. Applicable/available Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), Standard

Operating Instructions (SOIs) and reporting directives including report templates.
e. Information security and information management provisions.
f. Dissemination of JISR NRT inputs, raw JISR data, information and JISR
results.
10. Although the basic concept of the JISR architecture is represented in the OPLAN or
CONOPS, further refinement of the architecture will continue for the duration of the
operation.

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LEXICON
PART I – ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAP allied administrative publication

AJP allied joint publication
C2 command and control
CIS communication and information systems
CJSOR combined joint statement of requirements
CM collection management
CMA collection management authority
COM collection operations management
CONOPS concept of operations
COP common operational picture
COPD comprehensive operational planning directive
CR collection requirement
CRL collection requirements list
CRM collection requirements management
CTL collection task list
EEI essential elements of information
ICP intelligence collection plan
IER information exchange requirement
IR intelligence requirement
IRM intelligence requirements management
IRM&CM intelligence requirements management and collection management
ISR intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
ISRR intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance request
JCMB joint collection management board
JISR joint intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
JOA joint operations area
LO liaison officer
LEX-1 Edition A Version 1

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
MC military committee
MOE measures of effectiveness
MOP measures of performance
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NRT near real-time
NTISR non-traditional intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
OPCON operational control
OPLAN operation plan
OPP operations planning process
PED processing, exploitation and dissemination
PIR priority intelligence requirement
RFI request for information
SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe
TCM theatre collection manager
TCPED task, collect, process, exploit, disseminate

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PART II - TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
actor
A person or organization, including state and non-state entities, within the international
system with the capability or desire to influence others in pursuit of its interest and
objectives.
[This term is a new term and definition and will be processed for NATO Agreed status]
analysis
In intelligence usage, a step in the processing phase of the intelligence cycle in which
information is subjected to review in order to identify significant facts for subsequent
interpretation.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
assigned
To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively
permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel
for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
assigned asset
JISR assets that are under OPCON by the respective level of command, which conducts
the JISR process and is able to task the organic asset. These assets form an integral part
of a military organization and are listed in the unit’s order of battle.
[This term and definition are only applicable in this publication]
collection management
In intelligence usage, the process of converting intelligence requirements into collection
requirements, establishing, tasking or coordinating with appropriate collection sources or
agencies, monitoring results and re- tasking, as required.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
collection management authority

The authority to establish, validate and prioritize collection requirements, establish JISR
asset tasking direction and guidance and develop collection plans.
collection operations management

The authoritative direction, scheduling and control of specific collection operations and
associated processing, exploitation, asset management and reporting resources.
collection requirement
A validated information requirement, for which the requested information is not already

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
available in a repository and therefore requires collection through JISR asset tasking or will
be forwarded as a request to higher or adjacent commands.
collection requirement management

CRM is a function that receives all collection requirements and JISR Requests and then
consolidates and prioritizes those requirements to produce the draft CTL as basis for all
established collection management boards (e.g. JCMB).
Not NATO Agreed
element
Personnel of the intelligence staff, responsible for conducting specific JISR related activities
and functions.
Not NATO Agreed
information
Unprocessed data of every description, which may be used in the production of intelligence.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
integration
In intelligence usage, a step in the processing phase of the Intelligence cycle whereby
analysed information and/or Intelligence is selected and combined into a pattern in the
course of the production of further intelligence.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
intelligence
The product resulting from the directed collection and processing of information regarding
the environment and the capabilities and intentions of actors, in order to identify threats and
offer opportunities for exploitation by decision-makers.
[AJP-2, 2015]
NATO Agreed
intelligence collection plan

The ICP is a detailed breakdown of how each intelligence requirement is to be satisfied.
Normally in matrix or table form, it indicates by which means an intelligence requirement
can be best satisfied, the frequency of coverage required and the type of product expected.
It will indicate the general level of detail required and will list the organizations, agencies or
assets best suited to the task.
[AJP-2]
NATO Agreed
intelligence cycle
The sequence of activities whereby information is obtained, assembled, converted into
intelligence and made available to users. This sequence comprises the following four
phases:

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a. Direction - Determination of intelligence requirements, planning the collection effort,
issuance of orders and requests to collection agencies and maintenance of a continuous
check on the productivity of such agencies.
b. Collection - The exploitation of sources by collection agencies and the delivery of the
information obtained to the appropriate processing unit for use in the production of
intelligence.
c. Processing - The conversion of information into intelligence through collation, evaluation,
analysis, integration and interpretation.
d. Dissemination - The timely conveyance of intelligence, in an appropriate form and by any
suitable means, to those who need it.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
intelligence requirements
Intelligence requirements provide the rationale and priority for any intelligence activity as
well as providing the detail to allow the intelligence staff to answer the requirement in the
most effective manner. Intelligence requirements should cover the broad scope of
information on the political, military, economic, social, infrastructural and informational
(PMESII) spectrum. The military spectrum will be covered by the commander’s critical
information requirement (CCIRs). Military types of intelligence requirements are: priority
information requirements (PIR), specific intelligence requirement (SIR), essential elements
of information (EEI).
[AJP-2]
intelligence requirements management

The complex management function which validates and prioritizes incoming intelligence
requirements, coordinates the collection of associated information, quality controls
processed outputs, and oversees dissemination of intelligence product.
[AJP-2.1]
Intelligence requirements management and collection management

IRM&CM is the combination of Intelligence requirements management and collection
management , which provides a set of integrated management processes and services to
satisfy the intelligence requirements, by making best use of the available collection
capabilities.
[AJP-2.1]
intelligence staff
Those personnel who are involved in the direction, collection, production and dissemination
of intelligence through the conduct of the intelligence process.
[AJP-2]
joint
Adjective used to describe activities, operations and organizations in which elements of at
least two services participate.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
joint intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance

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JISR is an integrated intelligence and operations set of capabilities, which synchronizes and
integrates the planning and operations of all collection capabilities with processing,
exploitation, and dissemination of the resulting information in direct support of planning,
preparation, and execution of operations.
[This term and definition modifies an existing NATO Agreed term and/or definition and will
be processed for NATO Agreed status]
non-traditional intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance asset

Assets not primarily designed and equipped for ISR intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance operations, but they can contribute vital data and information especially in
operations. These platforms are usually equipped with significant surveillance and/or
reconnaissance capabilities to perform their primary tasks.
[MC 0582/1, 2013]
reconnaissance
A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods,
information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure
data concerning the meteorological, hydrographical or geographic characteristics of a
particular area.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
security
The condition achieved when designated information, materiel, personnel, activities and
installations are protected against espionage, sabotage, subversion, terrorism and damage,
as well as against loss or unauthorized disclosure.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
sensor
An equipment which detects, and may indicate, and/or record objects and activities by
means of energy or particles emitted, reflected, or modified by objects.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
source
In intelligence usage, a person from whom or thing from which information can be obtained.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
specific intelligence requirements

Specific intelligence requirements (SIRs)39 support and complement each priority
intelligence requirement and provide a more detailed description of the requirement.40
[This term is a new term and definition and will be processed for NATO Agreed status]
surveillance
39 AJP-2.
40 This term is a new term and definition and will be processed for NATO Agreed status.

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
The systematic observation of aerospace, surface on subsurface areas, places, persons or
things by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means.
[AAP-06, 2015]
NATO Agreed
traditional intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance asset

Assets that are primarily designed, equipped, and used for ISR operations. These platforms
are usually equipped with significant surveillance and/or reconnaissance capabilities to
perform their primary tasks.
Not NATO Agreed

NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AJP-2.7(A)(1)
NATO UNCLASSIFIED

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

ALLIED JOINT DOCTRINE FOR

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

ALLIED JOINT PUBLICATION

NATO STANDARDIZATION OFFICE (NSO)

NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION

3. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used

4. This publication shall be handled in accordance with C-M(2002)60.

RESERVED FOR NATIONAL LETTER OF PROMULGATION

CHAPTER RECORD OF RESERVATION BY NATIONS

III Edition A Version 1

RECORD OF SPECIFIC RESERVATIONS

[nation] [detail of reservation]

ALLIED JOINT DOCTRINE FOR

MCM-0077- 2000 Military Committee Guidance on the Relationship between

VII Edition A Version 1

NATO Doctrine is a framework of principles, practices and procedures, which, in accordance

VIII Edition A Version 1

CHAPTER 2 JISR FUNDAMENTALS

CHAPTER 3 JISR PROCESS

CHAPTER 4 OPERATIONAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR JISR

Figure 2.2 - JISR Key Principles 2-5

Figure 3.1 - The JISR Process 1

Figure 3.2 - Types of Tasking 65

Figure 3.3 - The Deliberate JISR Tasking Process 3-6

2. To satisfy political and military information and intelligence requirements, JISR

1-1 Edition A Version 1

3. To maximize the synchronization and integration of intelligence and operations

a. Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR). A set of intelligence

1-2 Edition A Version 1

8 MC 0582/1 (2013), Section 1.

1-3 Edition A Version 1

1-4 Edition A Version 1

1-5 Edition A Version 1

1-6 Edition A Version 1

4. The JISR process produces results derived from single-source/single intelligence

2-1 Edition A Version 1

2.2 JISR Core Elements

2-2 Edition A Version 1

4. Within the Collection Management (CM) function, JISR synchronization occurs at

5. JISR synchronization ensures the commander’s requirements drive JISR planning

6. JISR Integration.19 JISR integration describes the close coordination between CM

9. JISR is a multidisciplinary20 approach comprised of four distinct elements.

2-3 Edition A Version 1

a. Acoustic Intelligence (ACINT) results include the collection and exploitation

b. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) results are based on information which is

c. Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) results are based on the collection, processing

d. Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) results are based on

e. Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) results are based on openly available or

f. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) delivers results by collecting and exploiting

2-4 Edition A Version 1

2.3 JISR Key Principles

Figure 2.2 - JISR Key Principles

2. Centralised Direction; Decentralised Execution. The JISR process encompasses

2-5 Edition A Version 1

5. Sustainable. JISR capabilities need to be sustainable to meet mission requirements.

2.4 JISR Management Staff Functions and Authorities

22 AJP-2(A) (2014), Chapter 5.

2-6 Edition A Version 1