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Modulation
 .Analog Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
 AM Versus FM
 Digital Modulation
 Amplitude Shift Keying
 Frequency Shift Keying
 Phase Shift Keying
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 .
Modulation
 Modulation is a technique of imposing information (analog
or digital) contained in a lower frequency signal onto a
higher frequency signal.
 The lower frequency is called the modulating signal, the
higher frequency signal is called the carrier, and the output
signal is called the modulated signal.

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 .
Benefit of Modulation
The benefits
 enabling communication systems to transmit many baseband
channels simultaneously at different carrier frequencies without
their interfering with each other. i.e users can use the same long-
distance telephone line simultaneously without creating a jumbled
mess or interference.
 The modulation technique also allows the system to operate at a
higher frequency where the antenna is smaller
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.
Modulation Types

• Analog modulation • Digital modulation

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 ANALOG MODULATION

Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog information by

an analog signal. One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal;
it is already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in
nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to us.

Topics discussed in this section:

 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
Types of analog-to-analog modulation
 Amplitude Modulation

• A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude value

• The modulating signal is the envelope of the carrier
• The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the bandwidth of the modulating
signal
• Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum is identical, we can
discard one half, thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for transmission.

5.7
 Amplitude modulation

5.8
 Note

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.

5.9
 Mathematical Representation of Amplitude
Modulation
- The Modulating Signal (message or baseband signal) is

m(t )
- The Carrier Signal is

cos(ct ) where c  2f c

- The Modulated Signal

SAM (t )  Ac cos(ct )  m(t ) cos(ct )

 Ac  m(t )cos(c t )
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12
 Standard AM Modulation

- The envelope of the modulated signal has the same shape

as the baseband signal provided the following two
requirements are satisfied
1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the
highest frequency components fm of the message signal
m(t) i.e. fc >> fm
2. The modulation index must be less than unity; if the
modulation index is greater than unity, the carrier wave
becomes over modulated.

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 Modulation Index

- Let Am the peak amplitude of m(t) and Ac is the carrier

amplitude.
- The modulation index is defined as:
Am
 
Ac
- The 0    1 is a required condition to do the
demodulation.

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Over Modulation

15
 Demodulation

- In the standard AM modulation, the modulation index

should be in order to demodulate the received modulated
signal by using an envelope detector.

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 .
QUIZ Presentation (168Hours): Not More than 12 Slides

With the aid of Diagram and formulae, Discuss the following Types of Amplitude
Modulation
1- Conventional Amplitude Modulation (Conventional AM)
2- Double SideBand - Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
3- Single SideBand - Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) and
4- Vestigial SideBand (VSB)

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 . QUIZ Hint
Conventional Amplitude Modulation (Conventional AM)

In this modulation system the amplitude modulated signal contains carrier wave and 2 sidebands (upper side band and lower
side band)

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

As clear by the name itself, the double sideband suppressed carrier contains only 2 sidebands and the carrier is suppressed (not
present).

Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)

The single sideband suppressed carrier contains only one sideband and no carrier is present. In this one sideband is suppressed.

Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

In Vestigial sideband modulation, instead of rejecting one sideband completely (like SSB), a gradual cutoff of one side band is
allowed.
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.
Frequency Modulation(FM)

Is a process of changing the frequency of a carrier signal in

accordance with the message signal (modulating signal).

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 FM Modulation
- Note that there are no amplitude variations in the FM.
- The envelope of an FM modulated signal is a constant.

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 FM Modulation

 Frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) are

types of what is called Angle modulation.

 The FM and PM characterized by their superior performance

(compared to AM) in the presence of noise at the expense of
higher bandwidth requirements.

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 Angle Modulation

- Consider a sinusoid:
Ac cos (ωct+φ)
where
1. Ac is the (constant) amplitude,
2. ωc is the (constant) frequency
3. and φ is the initial phase.

Let the sinusoid be written as:

Ac cos [θ(t)]
where θ(t) = ωct+φ.

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 FM Modulation
- In frequency modulation the angle θ(t) is varied linearly with the
integral of message signal m(t) as:

t
 (t )  c t  k f  m( ) d


where kf is the frequency deviation.

- Thus the frequency modulated signal is defined as:

 t 
S FM (t )  Ac cos c t  k f  m( ) d 
  

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 .
Phase Modulation (PM)
• The modulating signal only changes the phase of the carrier signal.
• The phase change manifests itself as a frequency change but the
instantaneous frequency change is proportional to the derivative of the
amplitude.
• The bandwidth is higher than for AM.

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 Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

5.26
 Note
The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  = 2 most often.

5.27
 .
AM vs. FM
• AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
• It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
• The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths (lower frequencies)
are utilized-remember property of HF waves?)
• However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other forms of electrical
noise.

• The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise. Most forms of static
and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM receiver will not respond to AM signals.
• The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation increases (deviation
from the center frequency), which is why FM broadcast stations use such large deviation.
• The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires

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 .
Digital Modulation
• The previous section presented analog communication
systems that transmit information in analog form using
Amplitude or Frequency modulation
• Digital communication systems also employ modulation
techniques, some of which include:
• Amplitude Shift Keying
• Frequency Shift Keying
• Phase Shift Keying
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.
Basic digital communications system
Transmitter EM waves (modulated
Digital signal
signal)
Analog signal

Input Transmission
Modulator
transducer Channel

Carrier
Receiver
analog signal digital signal

Output Demodulator
transducer

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 .
Some Types of Digital Modulation
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of switching the carrier either on or off,

in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal. One
binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the other binary digit is represented by the
absence of a carrier. Frequency remains fixed
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of varying the frequency of a carrier

wave by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of digital
pulses that constitute the information signal. Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies
around the carrier frequency. Amplitude remains fixed
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Use different phased signals to represent binary values

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.
Amplitude Shift Keying
Digital 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
information

Carrier wave

ASK
modulated
signal

Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Carrier present Carrier absent
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.
Frequency Shift Keying
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Digital
information

Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal

Frequency varying-
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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Use different phased signals to represent binary values
Reference
• 0 = in phase with reference
• 1 = out of phase with reference

0 1 0 1
Amplitude

Time

1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud

1 second

Winter 2005 ECE 766

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ECE
Computer Interfacing and Protocols
.

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Modulation

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 .
Telecommunication Class Quiz
Why is an AM signal get severely affected due to noise?

Electrical Class Quiz

Why is the amplitude of sound carrier less than that of a
picture carrier in TV transmission?

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