Analog Communication
Analog Communication
Communication
MODULATION
Introduction
Baseband vs Passband Transmission
• Baseband Signal:- Information bearing Signal or
Message Signal.
• T h e te r m B a s e b a n d refe rs to t h e b a n d o f
frequencies representing the original signal
obtained from the source (or Base).
– Voice (0-4kHz)
– TV (0-6 MHz)
• A signal may be sent in its baseband format when
a dedicated wired channel is available.
• Otherwise, it must be converted to passband.
What is Modulation?
• So for better transmission, we need to send a high
frequency signal.
• But message signal is of low frequency.
• If we alter the frequency of message signal, the
information will be lost.
• We can send a high frequency signal which reflects
the characteristics of message signal.
• This high frequency signal is called CARRIER
SIGNAL
What is Modulation?
• The message signal is called MODULATING SIGNAL
or BASEBAND SIGNAL.
Frequency NBFM
Modulation (FM) WBFM
Angle
Modulation
Phase NBPM
Modulation (PM) WBPM
Amplitude & Angle Modulation -
Definition
AM, FM & PM
• AM – The amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal.
MESSAGE
AM
FM
AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
Definition of Amplitude
Modulation (AM)
Non Linear
AM DSB FC
AM
AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
AM DSB SC
Linear SSB
AM
VSB
Introduction
AM DSB FC or simply AM
• Consider a Carrier Signal:
• It is denoted using ma or μ
Modulation Index of AM
Two cases arise, depending on the magnitude of
kam(t), when comparing with unity:
1) Undermodulation, which is governed by the condition
k a m (t ) 1 for all t 1 + kam(t) > 0
2) Overmodulation, which is governed by the weaker
condition
k a m (t ) 1 for some t
1st
Condition
Envelope
Distortion
Spectrum Representation of AM
• To draw the spectrum of any wave, we need to
find out the Fourier Transform of that signal.
• Cos (x) = (1/2)*(e jx + e -jx)
• F [m(t) Cos (x)] = M(f – x)/2 + M(f + x)/2
1 1
cos( A) cos( B ) cos A B cos A B
2 2
Spectral 2nd
Overlap Condition
1. Switching Modulator
– Utilizing the Switching characteristic or time varying
characteristic of a diode.
2. Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
• The operations of the circuit requires
careful selection of t=RC
• If RC is too large, discharging will be
slow and the circuit cannot follow a
decreasing envelope.
• When RC is too small the ripples will
be high.
• The ripples are finally removed by
LPF.
• The DC va l u e i s b l o c ke d by a
capacitor.
Envelope Detector
Features of AM
• AM system is very cheap to build and
maintain.
An unmodulated RF
carrier requires narrow
bandwidth
Modulation results in
creation of a carrier and 2
Sidebands. This
requires more power.
Moreover carrier contains
no information.
Why DSB SC?
• Demodulator
– Coherent Detector
– Costas Receiver
Introduction
Because it doesn’t
have components of
the carrier, we call
this kind of
modulation
suppressed carrier
Time domain Vs Frequency domain
Time-domain
(on the left)
and frequency-
domain (on the
right)
characteristics
of DSB-SC
modulation
produced by a
sinusoidal
modulating
wave. (a)
Modulating
wave. (b)
Carrier wave.
(c) DSB-SC
modulated
wave. Note
that = 2.
Modulators
Product Modulator
• Balanced Modulator
• Ring Modulator (Double Balanced Modulator)
Product Modulator
Balanced Modulator
Ring Modulator
Demodulators
1. Coherent Detector
• AM DSB SC Modulator + Filter
• Also called Synchronous or Homodyne
Detector.
• Quadrature Null Effect – Phase Error.
2. Costas Receiver
• Employs two Coherent detectors.
• Avoids Quadrature Null Effect.
Coherent Detector
Coherent Detector – Quadrature
Null Effect
• Assume the Local Oscillator signal have same
frequency of that of the Carrier, but a different
phase.
• Let the Phase difference is Ø.
• The LO signal is:
Coherent Detector – Quadrature
Null Effect
Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
• I-channel:
• After downconverwsion, v I (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t cos c t
Ac
m(t )cos2 c t cos
2
• Q-channel: Ac
vQ (t ) m(t )sin 2 c t sin
2
Ac
mQ (t ) sin m(t )
2
Why SSB?
• Frequency Discriminator
– Generating SSB signal from DSB SC signal by using
BPF
• Phase Discriminator
– Generating SSB signal by using Hilbert Transform
Frequency Discriminator
Phase Discriminator
SSB Demodulators
• Coherent Detector
• Envelope Detector
Coherent Detector