01 Sets
01 Sets
01 Sets
NUMBER OF
ELEMENTS IN A SET
.- . r 1:-.,\ collection \:f II 'tnS usually of the same kind it
..m be den ted D\ a apital lcttcr A set may be defined The different items 111 a set are called Its members or
D\ Ii. ting (lit' mC~l1hcr, or de" cribing III em . A set I. said
elements.
1~ be 'K' Il-dtjincd wh en all Its members 'an b listed.
2
'si.lt . IfI,' number \·1 l'IcfllI:llh HI III' f ,II" \ It· .1 I lilt! ) If C ::: [Soviet cosmonuuts who walked on
Ih. r l .lIhlll 1.( II _ )
Mar~J.
I"". = I ,'I)
to' IllHlItwh k"" th,m 15) Thl!1I C IS an empty set.
IS. B - t ~'\ en nurnber, b.:. than 1b IIl'111~IVC) That is C = ( J.
Ill. = (t'\ en nurnbc r.. k)',~ than 14 ex Ilhl\ e ]
2U. P == [odd nurnber-, l~~~ thill) 14}
Exercise 1c
:n. =
{l)UJ numbers less than 15 mclusivc].
~2.. R {\ d J numbers less than 13 exclusive} State whether the following sets arc finue, infinite or null:
,~ X = { prime numbers ks~ than 12}.
-.. 1. X = {even numbers less than 100 J
..,. Y {
...... =
pnrne numbers less than 13 inclusive] 2. Y = {even numbers}
25. Z =
{pnme numbers less than 17 exclusive} 3. Z = {people wrth SJX legs}.
4. P = {2, 3, 5, 7, J 1 13, 17,
5. Q = {x.x~5,xE R}.
1.3 FINITE AND INFINITE SETS 6.
7. L =
°
R = {x: < x~ 4, x E W}
{people who have swam the Caribbean Sea}
8. The set of odd numbers which can be exactly
In «finite set I{ IS possible to count and name all the
divided by 2.
e lement III the et. In an infinite set It is not possible to
count or name all the elements III the set. 9. L = {y:y~-1.5andy~7.5,yE R}.
10. M = {r: r>Oandr<8,rE N}.
EXAMPLE 3
(a) Let X =
{months of the year}.
Then X = {January, February, March, April, 1.5 THE UNIVERSAL SET
May, June, July, August, September,
October. November, December}. For any particular problem, the universal set is the set
So n(X) 12. = from which all the elements are taken. The universal set
is denoted by the symbol U.
\\ e say that set X is finite, since all its elements can
be counted and named.
EXAMPLE 5
(b) Let )-
= {x:x~O,xE WI. (a) If p = {x: x ~ 0 , x E Z }, then the universal
Then ) = {O, 1,2,3, ... }. set, U = W, the set of whole numbers.
So n(Y = unknown.
(b) If R = {x: x> 0, x E Z }, then the universal
We say that set Y is infinite, since the series is set, U = N, the set of natural numbers.
continuous indefinitely.
Exercise 1d
Suggest a suitable universal set for each of the
The notation {x: ... j means 'the set of all x such
following:
that'. It is a part of the set builder notation.
1. A = {12, 16, ;20, 21, 23}.
2. B = {protractors, rulers, set squares, compasses,
dividers} .
1.4 THE NULL OR EMPTY SET 3. X = {-3, -2, -I, 0, 1,2,3, 4},
4. Y = {2,3,5,7,ll,13,19,23}.
The null or empty set contain no elements and it is 5. P = {O, I, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
6. Give examples of a few empty sets.
denoted by the symbols ( j or fJ.
EXAMPLE 4
3
Exercise 1e
1.6 SUBSETS 1. If A::: (3,6,9,12, J5, 18,21}, B;;: {3, 6, 91,
C = {9, 12} and 0::: (3, 12,21}, then complete
If A and 13 an' any two sets, and 4111 the clements of A arc
the following:
c<>ntuillt'(/Ill B. then WI.! say that A is a subset or D. (a) B c A :: f / } C { .,- }.
W(: write A L JJ. (b) C c A ::: { } c { }.
(c) 0 c A :: { } c { }.
EXAMPLE 6 (d) C ct. B ::: { } ct. { }.
If A:: {9. II, 13}. 13 = 17,9. 11.13. IS} and (c) C ct. 0 ::: f } ct. ( }.
(f) B ct. 0 ::: f ) ct. ( }.
C = { I. 2. 3).
Thl!l1 A IS a subset of 13,A c B
Since {9,11.13}c{7.9,11.13,15}. 2. =
If A {2, 4}, B ::: {2, 4,6,8} and
C ::: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}. State whetherthe
Where the symbol c means 'is contained ill' or statement A c Bee is true or false?
'is a subset of'
3. If A ::: {3, 5}, B ::: {3, 7, 9} and
Also C not a subset of A, C CZA.
IS C::: {3, 7,11,13, 15}. State whether the
And CIS not a subset of B, C CZ B. statement A c Bee is true or false?
Since {I 2, 3} ct. {9, 11, 13}.
And {I. 2, 3} ct. {7. 9, 11, 13, IS}.
4. If A = {p, q, r, s}, write down all the subsets of A
Indicate the proper subsets of A.
~ r
'l __
,/ ... ...- ...
&, ..... f.. 1 '! .!
'" ... ""'
f
"' ~
~
? ..
~ 1; ~
..- ~
~ ~ t ... ~ .~
-
~ e ~p w~""~r:::. ~:--$.
1u:: 111 < ~a{ ~ ~
-~t ~ ~M ~...re:-..t:if~-.
".J.~M1 "'Jf::::~
e 113 THE UNION OFTWO SErs
11 \ 15 .. l~. n l~'.\')}i\Ud p;:: i 16, 171
t 11'lhl- cvm,pl 1f.4IU \\1 P, I";;. (15. Hi, Jt»). The union of two sets A and R is the ~el of all
clements that arc in either A or B. That IS,
A u B = (x: x E A or x E n nr 'loth).
P' The Vetl" diagram can be seen below
15
18 u A 8
19 (A V 8)'
Venn diagram
1.12 THE INTERSECTION OF Fig. 1.5
U A B u A B
11 11
14 14
16 16
Fig. 1.4
Fig. 1.6
Venn diagram Venn diagram
1.14 SUBSETS u (A u 8)'
.._+- (neither
IfA and 8 ar two sets, and A I a subset of B, then we A nor 8)
w nte A c B.
l-unher A c B = [x " X E A ~ X E B)
.4 nB ~(),.4 nB =A and A uB = B.
AuB
(.4 uB)' = B' (A or B)
EXAMPLE 13
CJD 0
A = {5, 11, 17} andB = {2, 5, 7,11,17, 19}. 30
Then A nB = {5, 11,17} =A. 32
4
And A uB = {2, =
5, 7, 11,17, 19} B. 8
34
Also B' =
{3, 13}.
Venn diagram Fig. 1.10
And (A uB)'={3,13}=B'.
1.15 DISJOINT SETS 3. Describe using sets notation, the shaded area
in the following Venn diagrams:
Two sets, A and B are said to be disjoint if A n B = { }.
=
So A n B {x:x E A ~ x e B). U
r=».
A\":s!yB
The Venn diagram can be seen in Fig. 1.9
(a)
7
u u
B
(d)
1, 6, 11, 13, 15, 16
\~_Of)j (0
Venn diagram
9. U = { }.
10. A = { }.
(h) }.
11. B = {
Venn diagrams Fig. 1.11 12. AnB = { }.
13. AuB = { }.
4. If X = [prime numbers less than 20} and 14. (A u B), = { }.
Y = {odd numbers less than 16}. 15. AnB' = { }.
(a) Draw a suitable Venn diagram to represent the
information given above. 16. Consider the following three statements:
Find: (1) Some students play cricket.
(b) X n Y (c) Xu Y (d) X n Y' (e) Y n X'. (2) Short students are less than 2 metres in height.
(3) All cricket players are short students.
5. Find the union and intersection of the two given
sets In each of the following: (a) Represent the statements in a suitable Venn
(a) A = {3, 6, 9,12, IS} and diagram, showing and stating an appropriate
B= {6, 8,10,12, 14}. universal set.
(b) X = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} and Y = {l, 5, II}. (b) Show on your Venn diagram that:
Draw suitable Venn diagrams to show the (i) Viv is 2.1 m tall.
Information given above. (ii) Frank, who is 1.5 m tall, does not play cricket.
8. Find the intersection of the two given sets in each State whether the following statements are empty
of the following: or not:
(a) R = {odd numbers less than IS} and 18. {rhombuses} n {rectangles}.
S = {prime numbers less than 12}. 19. {parallelograms} n {squares}.
(b) L = {even numbers between 6 and 16 20. {squares} n {rectangles}.
Inclusive} and M = {1O, 12, 14}. 21. {rhombuses} n {parallelograms}.
Draw SUitable Venn diagrams to show the 22. {kites} n {trapeziums}.
Intersection of the sets above. 23. {trapeziums} n {parallelograms}.
24. If P ::: [whol b
and e num ers that divide exactly into 15} u
F
Q :::{p' hole numbers that divide exactly into 18}
t hn nQ:::f }. '
Draw a Venn dia
gram to show the intersection
a f th e two sets.
Venn diagrams can be very useful in finding the number Let M = {students who like Mathematics}.
0/ elements in certain subsets of two intersecting sets. =
And P {students who like Physics}.
Then n(U) = 30 students.
EXAMPLE 14
So n(M) =
21 students.
And n(P) = 12 students.
In a class of 30 students, 20 played cricket, 17 played Also n(M uP)' = 6 students.
football and 7 played both cricket and football. Find the
Let the number of students who like both Mathematics
number of students who played:
=
and Physics, n(M n P) x students.
(a) cricket only
(b) football only. Then the number of students who like Mathematics only,
n(M n P') = (21 - x) students.
Let C = {students who played cricket}.
And F = {students who played football}. And the number of students who like Physics only,
Then n(U) = nrC u F) = 30 students. n(P nM') =(12 -x) students.
So nrC)= 20 students. Then we have the following Venn diagram:
Also n(F) = 17 students.
And nrC n F) :::7 students. u
Then we have the following Venn diagram: M
9
,. \ \' , n( V) ::: \~ 1 - \" ·t.· + 12 - x t 6) students 4. Of 26 students, 13 play the violin and 2J
:::~21 + 12 + 6 - \ + X - .r) students
gunar. If 8 students play both the violin aPlay the
find how many students play: nd gUitar
::: (39 - r) students
: n\ 1'1( (1 ::: 30 student:
(a) the violin only (b) the gUita '
r(Jnly.
Thus 30 :::39 -
\. . X ::: 39 - 30 :::9
5. Of 45 students, 30 play badminton and 26
tennis. If 11 students play both badmint Play
. . h ~and
H n 9 student: lik both Mathematic. and Physics. tennis, estimate ow many students pla .
. 1 y.
(a) ba d rrunton on y (b) tennis onl y.
):\) The numb r of. tudents who like Mathematics ollly,
n(M n P') ::: (21 - .v) student 6. U
::: (21 - 9) student.
::: 12 students
7. U
Exercise 1h
1. U n(A) = 17 n(8) = 18
Venn diagram Fig. 1.15 In the Venn diagram above, n(U) :::50, n(P) = 27,
n(Q)::: 31, n(P u Q)' = 4 and n(P n Q)::: x.
In the Venn diagram above, n(A) ::: 17, n(B) ::: 18 Estimate:
and n(A n B)::: 5. Find (a) x (b) n(P n Q') (c) n(Q r. P').
(a) n(A n B') (b) nCB n A').
8. In a group of 60 people, 31 speak French, 23 speak
2. Spanish and 14 speak neither French nor Spanish.
U n(P) = 30 n(Q) = 24 Find the number of students who speak:
(a) both French and Spanish
(b) French only (c) Spanish only.
10