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EPD Introduction Module

Electrical drives use electric motors as prime movers to control motion. About 50% of electrical energy is used for drives, with 75% used for constant speed applications and 25% for variable speed. Electrical drives have advantages over other systems like higher efficiency, easier control, and cleaner operation. A typical electric drive system includes a motor, power source, power processor like converters, and a control unit. AC and DC drives both have advantages and applications that have evolved with developments in power electronics and control capabilities.

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subhasish nayak
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48 views

EPD Introduction Module

Electrical drives use electric motors as prime movers to control motion. About 50% of electrical energy is used for drives, with 75% used for constant speed applications and 25% for variable speed. Electrical drives have advantages over other systems like higher efficiency, easier control, and cleaner operation. A typical electric drive system includes a motor, power source, power processor like converters, and a control unit. AC and DC drives both have advantages and applications that have evolved with developments in power electronics and control capabilities.

Uploaded by

subhasish nayak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Electric Drives

1
Electrical Drives

Drives are systems employed for motion control

Require prime movers

Drives that employ electric motors as


prime movers are known as Electrical Drives
Electrical Drives

• About 50% of electrical energy used for drives

• Can be either used for fixed speed or variable speed


• 75% - constant speed, 25% variable speed (expanding)
• Advantages of Electrical Drives
• Enough overload capacity without loss of life of machine.
• Four quadrant operation.
• Modifiable torque-speed characteristics.
• No requirement of warming up period.
• Higher efficiency and Easy control.
• Clean operation, no pollution.
• Wide range of speed control.
• Electric braking can be employed
• Electric drives can be provided with automatic fault detection
systems.
• Electric motors have long life lower noise, lower maintenance
requirements and cleaner operation
• Adoptable to almost an operating conditions such as explosive and
radio active, submerged in liquids etc.
• They can be started instantly and immediately can be fully loaded.
Constant speed Variable Speed Drives

valve

Supply Supply
motor pump motor
PEC pump

Power Power out


In Power Power out
In

Power loss
Mainly in valve Power loss
Conventional electric drives (variable speed)

• Bulky
• Inefficient
• inflexible
Modern electric drives (With power electronic converters)

• Small
• Efficient
• Flexible
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC DRIVE
Components in electric drives

Motors
• DC motors - permanent magnet – wound field
 AC motors – induction, synchronous (IPMSM, SMPSM),
 Brushless DC

Power sources
• DC – batteries, fuel cell, photovoltaic - unregulated
• AC – Single- three- phase utility, wind generator - unregulated

Power processor
• To provide a regulated power supply
• Combination of power electronic converters
• More efficient
• Flexible
• Compact
• AC-DC DC-DC DC-AC AC-AC
Components in electric drives

Control unit
• Complexity depends on performance requirement
• Analog- noisy, inflexible, ideally has infinite bandwidth.
• Digital – immune to noise, configurable, bandwidth is smaller
than the analog controller’s
• DSP/microprocessor – flexible, lower bandwidth - DSPs
perform faster operation than microprocessors (multiplication
in single cycle), can perform complex estimations
AC-DC Converters or Rectifiers
AC-DC Converters or Rectifiers (Cont.)
AC Voltage Controller
VSI Controlled Inverter for IM Drive
CSI Controlled Drives for IM
DC – DC Converter (Chopper)
Overview of AC and DC drives

Extracted from Boldea & Nasar


INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Overview of AC and DC drives

DC motors: Regular maintenance, heavy, expensive, speed limit


Easy control, decouple control of torque and flux

AC motors: Less maintenance, light, less expensive, high speed


Coupling between torque and flux – variable
spatial angle between rotor and stator flux
Overview of AC and DC drives
Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950)

• AC motors for fixed speed applications


• DC motors for variable speed applications
After semiconductor devices were introduced (1950s)
• Variable frequency sources available – AC
motors in variable speed applications
• Coupling between flux and torque control
• Application limited to medium performance applications
– fans, blowers, compressors – scalar control

• High performance applications dominated by DC


motors – tractions, elevators, servos, etc
Overview of AC and DC drives

After vector control drives were introduced (1980s)

• AC motors used in high performance applications –


elevators, tractions, servos
• AC motors favorable than DC motors – however control
is complex hence expensive

• Cost of microprocessor/semiconductors decreasing –


predicted 30 years ago AC motors would take over DC
motors

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