EPE10 104

ELECTRIC DRIVES

Dr. Sasidharan Sreedharan

www.sasidharan.webs.com
 OBJECTIVE

To provide a strong background on

various methods of speed control of
different electrical machines.
 MODULE 1
Components of electrical Drives – electric machines,
power converter, controllers - dynamics of electric drive -
torque equation - equivalent values of drive parameters-
components of load torques types of load - four
quadrant operation of a motor –– steady state stability -
load equalization – classes of motor duty- determination
of motor rating
 MODULE 2
DC motor drives – dc motors & their performance (shunt,
series, compound, permanent magnet motor, universal
motor, dc servomotor) – braking – regenerative, dynamic
braking, plugging – Transient analysis of separately excited
motor – converter control of dc motors – analysis of
separately excited & series motor with 1-phase and 3-phase
converters – dual converter – analysis of chopper controlled
dc drives – converter ratings and closed loop control -
transfer function of self, separately excited DC motors –
linear transfer function model of power converters – sensing
and feeds back elements – current and speed loops, P, PI and
PID controllers – response comparison – simulation of
converter and chopper fed DC drive.
 MODULE 3
Induction motor drives – stator voltage control of
induction motor – torque-slip characteristics – operation
with different types of loads – operation with
unbalanced source voltages and single phasing – analysis
of induction motor fed from non-sinusoidal voltage
supply – stator frequency control – variable frequency
operation – V/F control, controlled current and
controlled slip operation – effect of harmonics and
control of harmonics – PWM inverter drives – multi-
quadrant drives – rotor resistance control – slip torque
characteristic – torque equations, constant torque
operation – slip power recovery scheme – torque
equation – torque slip characteristics – power factor –
methods of improving .
 MODULE 4
Synchronous motor drives – speed control of
synchronous motors – adjustable frequency operation of
synchronous motors – principles of synchronous motor
control – voltage source inverter drive with open loop
control – self controlled synchronous motor with
electronic commutation – self controlled synchronous
motor drive using load commutated thyristor inverter.
 REFERENCES
1. R. Krishnan, Electical Motor Drives, PHI
2 GK Dubey, Fundamentals of Electrical Drives,
Narosa
3. GK Dubey, Power Semi-conductor Controlled
Drives, Prentice Hall
4. Bimal K Bose, Modern Power Electronics & AC
Drives, PHI
5. S A Nasar, Boldea, Electrical Drives, CRC press
6. M A Elsharkawi, Fundamentals of Electrical Drives,
Thomson Learning
7. W Leohnard, Control of Electric Drives, Springer
8. Murphy and Turnbill, Power Electronic Control of
AC motors, Pergamon Press
9. Vedam Subarhmanian, Electric Drives, TMH
 Examination

Internal continuous assessment: 100 marks
Internal continuous assessment is in the form of
periodical tests, assignments, seminars or a combination
of all whichever suits best. There will be a minimum of
two tests per subject. The assessment details are to be
announced to students’ right at the beginning of the
semester by the teacher.

End semester Examination: 100 marks
 Modern Variable Speed System
A modern variable speed system has four
components:
1. Electric Motor
2. Power Converter
- Rectifiers
- Choppers
- Inverters
3. Controllers – matching the motor and
power converter to meet the load
requirements
4. Load
 Electric Motors

Types of electric motors presently used for
speed control applications are:

1. DC motors AC motors

Shunt
Induction

Series
Wound rotor

Compound synchronous

Separately excited
Permanent magnet

Switched synchronous
reluctance motors
Reluctance motors
 Motor Selection
1. Cost
2. Thermal capacity
3. Efficiency
4. Torque-speed profile
5. Acceleration
6. Power density, volume of the motor
7. Ripple, cogging torque
8. Peak torque capability
9. Suitability for hazardous environment
10. Availability of spare parts
 Electric Motors (contd’)
For position servo applications:

The peak torque and thermal capabilities together
with ripple and cogging torques are important
characteristics for servo application

Higher peak torques decrease the
acceleration/deceleration times

Minimum cogging and ripple torques help to
attain higher positioning repeatability and higher
thermal capability leading to a longer motor life
and a higher amount of loading
 Power Converters
The power converters driving the motors are:
1. Controlled Rectifiers
Controlled rectifiers are fed from single and
three-phase AC main supply.

Vc: Voltage controlled

Kr: Gain (proportionality constant)
 Power Converters (contd’)
2. Inverters – Voltage and current source
converters are fed from a DC link. The DC link is
generated with either a controlled or uncontrolled
rectifier.

Vc: controlled magnitude command

fc: frequency command
 Power Converters (contd’)
3. Cycloconverter
 Controllers

The controllers implement the control strategy
governing the load and motor characteristics

To match the load and motor, the input to the

power converter is controlled (manipulated) by
the controller
Motor Drive Schematic
Typical Controller Block
 Controllers (contd’)

The inputs to the controller consists of:

1. Torque, flux, speed, and/or position commands
2. Their rate of variations to facilitate soft
start, to preserve the mechanical integrity of the load
3. The actual values of torque, flux, speed, and/or
position for feedback control.
4. Limiting values of currents, torque, acceleration,
etc.
5. Temperature feedback, instantaneous currents
and/or voltages in the motor and/or converter.
 POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES

What is Power Electronics ?

A field of Electrical Engineering that deals with the application of
power semiconductor devices for the control and conversion of
electric power

sensors
Input
Source Power Electronics Load
- AC Converters
- DC Output
- unregulated - AC
- DC
POWER ELECTRONIC
CONVERTERS – the
heart of power a power
Reference Controller electronics system
 Modern Electrical Drive Systems

Typical Modern Electric Drive Systems

Power Electronic Converters Electric Motor

Electric Energy Electric Energy Electric Mechanical
- Unregulated - - Regulated - Energy Energy

POWER IN Power
Moto Load
Electronic r
Converters

feedback

Reference
Controller
 Modern Electrical Drive Systems

Overview of AC and DC drives

DC drives: Electrical drives that use DC motors as the prime mover

Regular maintenance, heavy, expensive, speed limit
Easy control, decouple control of torque and flux

AC drives: Electrical drives that use AC motors as the prime mover

Less maintenance, light, less expensive, high speed

Coupling between torque and flux – variable spatial angle

between rotor and stator flux
 Modern Electrical Drive Systems

Overview of AC and DC drives

Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950)

• AC motors for fixed speed applications
• DC motors for variable speed applications

After semiconductor devices were introduced (1960s)

• Variable frequency sources available – AC motors in variable
speed applications
• Coupling between flux and torque control
• Application limited to medium performance applications –
fans, blowers, compressors – scalar control

• High performance applications dominated by DC motors –

tractions, elevators, servos, etc
 Modern Electrical Drive Systems

Overview of AC and DC drives

After vector control drives were introduced (1980s)

• AC motors used in high performance applications – elevators,
tractions, servos
• AC motors favorable than DC motors – however control is
complex hence expensive
• Cost of microprocessor/semiconductors decreasing –predicted
30 years ago AC motors would take over DC motors
 Modern Electrical Drive Systems

Overview of AC and DC drives

Extracted from Boldea & Nasar

 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
Converters for Motor Drives
(some possible configurations)

DC Drives AC Drives

AC Source DC Source AC Source DC Source

DC-AC-DC DC-DC

AC-DC AC-DC-DC AC-DC-AC AC-AC DC-AC DC-DC-AC

Const. Variable NCC FCC

DC DC
 Conclusion

All Resource Materials(Class power points, notes, assignments etc )
will be regularly posted in the website.

Please visit regularly for updated information

www.sasisreedhar.webs.com

Sent mail in case of any clarification/doubts/suggestions

sasisreedhar@vidyaacademy.ac.in