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Utilities Module 1

This document provides an overview of electrical systems and components. It discusses [1] electrical theory including atoms, ions, and basic electrical units; [2] electrical materials like conductors and insulators; and [3] instruments for measuring electrical parameters such as ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. Key concepts covered include Ohm's law, electrical power, energy, circuits, and the different types of circuits.

Uploaded by

Camille Salmasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Utilities Module 1

This document provides an overview of electrical systems and components. It discusses [1] electrical theory including atoms, ions, and basic electrical units; [2] electrical materials like conductors and insulators; and [3] instruments for measuring electrical parameters such as ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. Key concepts covered include Ohm's law, electrical power, energy, circuits, and the different types of circuits.

Uploaded by

Camille Salmasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1

Building Electrical Systems


Topics to be Discussed:

 Review of the Electrical Theory


 Electrical Materials, Components and Units
 Instruments in Measuring Electrical Parameters
Review of the Electrical Theory

Electricity – it is a property of matter that results from the


presence or movement of electric charge. According to modern
theory, matter is electrical in nature.

Basic Data About the Atom


• Atom – it is the smallest particle of an element that is
capable of independent existence.
• Proton – it is a positively charged
particle.
• Electron – it is negatively charged
particle.
• Neutron – it is a particle with
neutral charge (no charge).
• Atomic Number – it
represents the number of
protons or electrons of an
atom.
• Atomic Mass – it
represents the sum of
protons and electrons of
an atom.
• Ion – it is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge resulting from unequal number of positively
charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

• Shell – it is an energy level


or region about the nucleus of
an atom in which electrons
move. The atom has 5
shells, namely, the K-shell
(first orbit), the L-shell
(second orbit), the M-shell
(third orbit), the N-shell
(fourth orbit) and the O-shell
(fifth orbit)

• Valence electrons – are the electrons found in the outermost shell


(valence shell) or orbit of an atom.
Basic Data About the Atom
Particle Charge Mass

1.602 x 10-21 C, 1.672 x 10-27


Proton
positive kg

1.602 x 10-21 C, 9.107 x 10-31


Electron
negative kg

No charge, neutral 1.672 x 10-27


Neutron
kg
Electrical Classification of Materials

• Electrical Conductors – these are materials that allow


the essentially free passage of current when connected to
a battery or other source of electrical energy.
• Electrical Insulators – these are materials that possess
low conductivity or offer a relatively high resistance to
the flow of electric current. They are also called as
dielectrics.
• Electric Semiconductors – these are materials that
have conductivity about midway between good
conductors and good insulators.
Electrical Current

• Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of


charges from one region of a conductor to another. Its unit is
the Ampere (A) named after André Marie Ampère.

How exactly electrons move to form electricity?


(Video Presentation)
Sources of Electric Current
The following are the methods by which electric
current can be produced:
• Static electricity from friction
• Thermoelectricity is electricity from heat
• Piezoelectricity is electricity from pressure
• Electrochemistry is electricity from a chemical action
• Photoelectricity is electricity from light
• Magnetoelectricity is electricity from magnetism
Fundamental Units of Electricity
• Electric Voltage (V or E) – it is the driving force behind current
flow. The unit of voltage is the Volt (V). Voltage level governs the
amount of current flow. An increase in voltage causes more current
flow and vice versa.
• Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of charges
from one region of a conductor to another. Its unit is the
Ampere (A).
• Electric Potential Difference – it is the difference in the
electric potentials of two charged bodies. Its unit is the volt.
• Electric Resistance (R) – it is the property of a material that
limits the amount of flow of current and converts electric energy
to heat energy. Its unit is the Ohm (Ω).
Relationship of Current,
Voltage, and Resistance
Ohm’s Law
According to Ohm’s Law, “At steady-
state condition, the voltage across a
resistor is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it with
the temperature remaining
constant.”

𝑽 𝑽
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 𝑹= 𝑰=
𝑰 𝑹

Where:
V = applied voltage in volts Georg Simon Ohm
I = current drawn in amperes (1787 – 1854)
R = resistance in ohms
Conditions for Ohm’s Law

• Ohm’s law can be applied either to the entire circuit or a


part of a circuit
• When Ohm’s law is applied to a part circuit, part resistance
and the potential difference across that part resistance
should be used
• Ohm’s law can be applied to both dc and ac circuits
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law is not applicable to the following:
• For metals which get heated up due to the flow of
current through them
• For electrolytes where enormous gases are produced on
either electrode
• For vacuum radio valves
• For arc lamps
• For semiconductors
• For gas-filled tubes, in which the ions are generated as a
result of current flow
• For appliances such as metal rectifier and crystal detectors,
in which the operation depends on the direction of current
Electrical Power
Electrical Power (P) – it is defined as the rate at
which electrical energy is expended or used up. It is
the rate electric energy is converted into another
form, such as light, heat or mechanical energy (or
converted from another form into electrical energy).
Its unit is the Watt (W).

𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 𝟐
𝑷= 𝑽 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐𝑹
𝑹

Where: = resistance in
P = electrical power in watt ohm
V = voltage in volt
I = current in amperes R
James Watt

Note:
1 horsepower (HP) = 746 W
Energy

• Energy – it is the capacity to do work. It is measured in


Joules (J).
• Electrical Energy Consumption – it is the rate at which
power is consumed over a specified period in of time.

𝑾 = 𝑷𝒕

Where:
P = electrical power in watt t
= time
W = electric energy consumed
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit – it is a collection of electrical elements
interconnected in some specific way through which
electric current flows or it is intended to flow.

A circuit consists of a
source, conducting parts
and a load. It also has a
means to open or close the
circuit, i.e., a switch.
Closed, Open and Short Circuits

• Closed Circuit – it is an uninterrupted path that allows a


continuous flow of current through an electrical circuit. In a
building, the circuit is closed when a switch is turned on.
• Open Circuit. If the path of current flow is interrupted such as
if the switch in a circuit is open (turned off), an open circuit
results.
• Short Circuit. If an inadvertent shortcut develops in a circuit
that permits current flow through an unintentional path, a short
circuit is created. A short circuit occurs when current leaks out of
the intended conductor path such as out of a wire with damaged
insulation.
Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.iceeet.com%2Fshort-circuit-open-circuit-closed-circuit

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https
Instruments to Measure Current, Voltage, Power

Sources:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlearner.com
%2F2023%2F04%2FAmmeter.html&psig=AOvVaw3OovitgOo3vxMUP9KZnWTo&ust=1706445053702000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCJDMurHJ_YMDFQAAAAAdAAAAA
BAD

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcircuitglobe.com
%2Fvoltmeter.html&psig=AOvVaw3LbvfVSp4xGTvaF1pBJPw9&ust=1706445242307000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCJCz24rK_YMDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ
https://www.etechnog.com/2021/05/wattmeter-connection-diagram-and-wiring.html
https://freelyelectrons.blogspot.com/2019/09/wattmeter-types-of-wattmeter.html

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fengineeringslab.com%2Ftutorial_electrical%2Fuse-of-single-phase-wattmeter-
1451.htm&psig=AOvVaw1W2kjChsXKXMWVQHL0Qjgh&ust=1706445553885000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCNi7tZ7L_YMDFQAAAAAdAAAAA

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