Numericals on Electric Heating and Electric Welding

1. A 20 kW single phase, 220 V resistance oven employs circular nickel chrome wire for
its heating elements. If the wire temperature is not to exceed 1170°C and the temperature of
the charge is to be 500°C. Calculate the length and size of wire required. Assume a radiating
efficiency of 0.5 and specific resistance of the nickel-chrome 101.6 µΩ-cm.

2. A 10 kW heating resistance is to be operated in such a way that its maximum temperature

is not to exceed 1827°C. The initial temperature of the charge which is heated by this resistance
can be taken as 427°C. If the length of the nickel chrome strip used is 10 meters, determine its
thickness and width of the strip. Assume radiating efficiency and emissivity as 1, specific
resistance of nickel-chrome is 101.6 µΩ-cm and the resistance is operated at 200 V.

3. A low frequency induction furnace whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at

10 volts, takes 400 kW at 0.6 p.f. when the hearth is full. Assuming the resistance of the
secondary circuit to vary inversely as the height of the charge and reactance to remain constant.
Find the height up to which the hearth should be filled to obtain maximum heat.

4. 100 kg of tin is to be smelt during an hour in a smelting furnace. Determine the suitable
rating of the furnace, if the smelting temperature of tin = 235°C, specific heat = 0.055, latent
heat of liquification = 13.3 kcal/kg. Take the initial temperature of the metal as 35°C.

5. The dimensions of a plywood board which is to be heated by dielectric heating

employing a frequency of 50 Mc/sec is of length 0.5 m, width 0.1m and thickness 0.1m. The
weight of the plywood board is 450 kg per cubic meter. The final temperature to be attained
and the initial temperatures of the plywood board are 170°C and 20°C respectively and the
heating process is to be completed in 10 minutes. Assuming specific heat of the plywood as
0.34, relative permittivity as 5, absolute permittivity as 8.85 x 10 -12 and p.f. as 0.04. Determine
(i) Power required, (ii) voltage across the board (iii) current through it during the process of
heating.

6. A small piece of plywood having dimensions, length 5 cms, width 2 cms, and thickness
1 cm is placed in between two electrodes having dimensions, length 25 cms, width 2 cms and
with 2 cms distance between them. Electric current at frequency 10 M c/s is passed through
the electrodes for heating the wood by the process of dielectric heating. If the power
consumption for heating the piece of wood is 1 kW, determine (i) voltage across the electrode
and (ii) current through it during the process of heating. Assume that the plywood as imperfect
dielectric and relative permittivity as 5, absolute permittivity as 8.85 x 10 -12, p.f. as 0.04.
7. Find the current per line in a 3-phase arc furnace to melt 5 metric tons of steel in one
hour at an overall efficiency of 50% if the arc is 115 V, initial temperature 30°C, melting point
of steel 1370°C, specific heat of steel 278 J/kg/°C, latent heat of steel 37000 J/kg.

8. A 10 kW single phase, 200 V resistance oven has a circular nickel chrome wire for its
heating elements. The final temperature is to be limited to 927°C and the temperature of the
charge is to be 327°C. Determine the length and size of the wire required. Assume (i) radiating
efficiency 0.8 (ii) emissivity 0.9 (iii) specific resistance of nickel chrome 100 µΩ-cm.

9. If in above example a strip of length 20 meters is used, then determine its width and
thickness.

10. What must be useful rating of a tin smelting furnace in order to smelt 50 kg of tin per
hour. Smelting temperature of tin = 235°C. Specific heat = 0.055, latent heat of liquification =
13.31 cals-kg. Take the initial temperature of the metal as 150°C.

11. A 20 kW single phase, 220 V resistance oven employees circular nichrome wire for its
heating element. If the wire temperature is not to exceed 1127°C and the temperature of the
charge is to be 427°C, Calculate the size and length of wire required. Assume e = 0.9 and
radiation efficiency k = 0.6. What would be the temperature of wire when the charge is cold?

12. The resistance elements of each phase of a 3-phase delta connected resistance oven
consists of two groups of elements in parallel. If the operating temperature of the elements
when supplied at normal voltage under these conditions is 1125°C. What other possible
temperatures could be obtained by reconnecting the elements, the supply voltage being kept
same.

13. A 3-phase arc furnace has to melt 10 tons of steel in 2 hours. Determine the average kW
input to the furnace if its overall efficiency is 50%. If the current input is 9000 A with the
above KW input and the resistance and reactance of the furnace are 0.003 ohm and 0.005 ohm
respectively. Determine the arc voltage and the total kVA taken from the supply. Assume latent
heat of steel 0.12.

14. Determine the efficiency of a high frequency induction furnace which takes 10 minutes
to melt 1.815 kg of aluminum. The input to the furnace being 5kW and the initial temperature
15°C. Specific heat of aluminum = 0.212, melting point = 660°C, latent heat of fusion of
aluminum = 76.8 Kcal/Kg.

15. The power input to the charge in a ½ ton 960 Hz induction furnace having 20 turns on
the primary winding is 325 kW. The cylindrical crucible has an internal diameter of 45 cms
and depth of the charge in it is 50 cms. Determine the equivalent resistance of the charge and
the current in the primary winding which is required to counter-balance the m.m.f. due to
secondary current.

16. A low frequency induction furnace has secondary voltage of 15 V and takes 500 kW at
0.6 p.f. when the hearth is full. If the secondary voltage is maintained at 15 V, determine the
power absorbed and the p.f. when the hearth is half full. Assume the resistance of the secondary
circuit to be thereby doubled and the reactance to remain the same.

17. A slab of material 2 cms thick and 15 sq. cm. in area having relative permittivity 4 and
p.f. of 0.4 is to be heated using dielectric heating. The power required is 200 watts and a
frequency of 30 MHz Determine the voltage required and the current that will flow through
the material. If the voltage were to be limited to 600 V, what should be the frequency for the
same power requirement?

18. A wooden board 30 cms x 15 cms x 2 cms is to be heated from 20°C to 180°C in 10
minutes by dielectric heating using 40 MHz supply. Specific heat of wood 0.35 and density
0.55 gm/c.c. ∈r = 5 and p.f. 0.05. Estimate the voltage across the specimen and current during
heating. Assume loss of energy by conduction, convection and radiation as 10%.

19. A 40 kW, 3-phase 400 V, resistance oven is to employ nichrome strip 0.25 mm thick for
the three star-connected heating elements. If the wire temperature is to be 1200°C and that of
the charge is to be 800°C, estimate a suitable width for the strip. Assume emissivity = 0.9 and
radiating efficiency = 0.5. Also determine the temperature of the wire when the charge is cold.

20. Determine the energy required to melt ¾ ton of brass in a 1-phase Ajax-Wyatt furnace.
The melt is to be carried out in 1½ hr. Determine the average power input to the furnace. Given
specific heat of brass = 0.094, Latent heat of fusion of brass = 40 Kcal/kg. Melting point of
brass = 920°C and a furnace efficiency of 70% and ambient temperature of 20°C.

21. A 4.5 kW 200 V, 1-phase resistance oven is to have nichrome wire heating elements. IF
the wire temperature is to be 1000°C and that of the charge 500°C. Estimate the diameter and
length of the wire. The resistivity of nichrome alloy is 42.5 µΩ-Cm. Assume the radiating
efficiency and the emissivity of the element as 1.0 and 0.9 respectively.

22. A 100 kW Ajax Wyatt furnace works at a secondary voltage of 12 V at p.f. of 0.6 when
fully charged. If the reactance presented by the charge remains constant but the resistance
varies inversely as the charge depth in the furnace, calculate the charge depth that produces
maximum heating effect when the furnace is fully charged.
23. A piece of an insulating material is to be heated by dielectric heating. The size of piece
is 10 x 10 x 3 cubic cm. A frequency of 20 MHz is used and the power absorbed is 400 watts.
Calculate the voltage necessary for heating and the current that flows in the material. The
material has a permittivity of 5 and a p.f. of 0.05

24. Estimate the rating of an induction furnace to melt two tons of zinc in one hour if it
operates at an efficiency of 70%. Specific heat of zinc = 0.1, Latent heat of fusion of zinc =
26.67 Kcal per kg. Melting point is 455°C. Assume initial temperature to be 25°C.

25. The power required for dielectric heating of a slab of resin 150 sq. cm in area and 2 cm.
thick is 200 W at a frequency of 30 MHz. The material has relative permittivity of 5 and p.f.
0.05. Determine the voltage necessary and current flowing through the material. If the voltage
is limited to 600 V, what will be the value of the frequency to obtain the same heating?

26. Six resistances each of 80 Ω are used in resistance heating furnace. How much power is
drawn with following connections and supply voltages?

(a) 400 V, single phase (i) Six groups in parallel, each of one resistance.
(ii) Three groups in parallel, each of two resistances in series.
(iii) Two groups in parallel, each of three resistances in series.

(b) 400 V, 3 phase (i) Two elements in parallel in each phase.

Star-connection (ii) Two elements in series in each phase.

(c) 400 V, 3 phase (i) Two elements in parallel in each branch.

Delta-connection (ii) Two elements in series in each branch.

27. A 2.5 kW, 240 V, single-phase resistance oven is to have nichrome wire heating
elements. If the wire temperature is to be 1500°C and that of the charge is 450°C. Estimate the
diameter and length of wire. The resistivity of nichrome alloy is 42.5 µΩ-cm. Assume the
radiating efficiency and the emissivity of the element as 1.0 and 0.9 respectively.

28. In a three phase 440 V, 50 Hz, star-connected 20 kW oven, the temperature of wire is
1200°Cand that of charge is 700°C. if the radiating efficiency is 0.6 and emissivity is 0.9,
design the heating element. A strip of thickness 0.025 mm having resistivity 1.05 µΩ-m is
used.

29. A cubic water tank has surface area of 6.0 sq. meter and is filled to 90% capacity six
times daily. The water is heated from 20°C to 65°C. The losses per square meter of tank surface
per 1°C temperature difference is 6.3 watts. Find the loading in kW and the efficiency of the
tank. Assume specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg/°C and one kWh = 3.6MJ
30. A 3-phase arc furnace is used to melt 4.3 tons of steel in one hour. Determine the average
kW and KVA input to the furnace, arc voltage, arc resistance and p.f. of the current drawn
from the supply. Given:
Specific heat of steel = 444 J/Kg/°C
Latent heat of steel = 37.25 kJ/kg
Melting point of steel = 1370°C
Initial temperature of steel = 19.1°C
Input current = 5700 A
Resistance of transformer referred to secondary and reactance of the transformer referred to
secondary are 0.008 Ω and 0.014 Ω respectively.

31. A 3-phase arc furnace is used to melt 4.3 tons of steel in one hour. Determine the average
kW and kVA input to the furnace, arc voltage, arc resistance and p.f. of the current drawn from
the supply. Given:
Specific heat of steel = 0.12 kcal/Kg/°C
Latent heat of steel = 8.89 kcal/kg/°C
Melting point of steel = 1370°C
Initial temperature of steel = 19.1°C
Overall efficiency of furnace = 50%
Input Current = 5700 A
Resistance of transformer referred to secondary and reactance of the transformer referred to
secondary are 0.008 Ω and 0.014 Ω respectively.

32. Estimate the rating of an induction furnace to melt two tons of zinc in one hour if it
operates at an efficiency of 80%. Specific heat of zinc = 0.1, latent heat of fusion of zinc =
26.67 kcals per kg. Melting point is 555°C. Assume initial temperature to be 35°C.

33. Estimate the efficiency of a high frequency induction furnace which takes 10 minutes to
melt 1.8 kg of aluminum. The input to the furnace being 5kW and initial temperature 15°C.
Given:
Specific heat of Aluminum = 880 J/Kg/°C
Latent heat of Aluminum = 32 kJ/kg
Melting point of Aluminum = 660°C

34. A low frequency induction furnace operating at 10 Volts in secondary circuit takes 500
kW at 0.5 p.f. when the hearth is full. If the secondary voltage be maintained at 10 volts,
estimate the power absorbed and the power factor when the hearth is half full. Assume the
resistance of the secondary circuit to be thereby doubled and the reactance to remain the same.

35. A low frequency induction furnace, whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at
10 volts, takes 400 kW at 0.6 p.f. when the hearth is full. Assuming the resistance of the
secondary circuit to vary inversely as the height of the charge and reactance to remain constant,
find the height up to which the hearth should be filled to obtain maximum heat.
36. The depth of penetration, in the case hardening of a steel pulley, required is 1.5 mm. the
relative permeability is unity and the specific resistance of steel is 0.5 µΩ-m. Determine the
frequency required.

37. A laminated wooden board 30 cm x 16 cm x 25 cm thick is to be heated from 20°C to

170°C in 10 minutes by dielectric heating using 30 MCPS (30 MHz) supply source. Specific
heat of wood is 0.35 and density 0.55 gm/cc, relative permittivity = 5, p.f. = 0.05. Determine
the voltage across the workpiece and current during heating. Assume loss of energy by
conduction, connection and radiation as 15%.

38. A slab of insulating material 150 sq. cm in area and 1 cm thick is to heated by dielectric
heating. The power required is 400 W at 30 MHz. Material has relative permittivity of 5 and
p.f. 0.05. Absolute permittivity = 8.854 x 10−12 F/m. Determine the necessary voltage.

39. The power required for dielectric heating of a slab of resin 150 sq. cm in area and 2 cm
thick is 200 watts, frequency of 30 MHz. The material has relative permittivity of 5 and p.f. of
0.05. Determine the voltage necessary and current flowing through the material. If the voltage
is limited to 600 V, what will be the value of the frequency to obtain the same heating?

40. A small piece of plywood having dimensions : length 5 cm, width 2 cm and thickness 1
cm is placed in between two electrodes having dimensions, length 25 cm, width 2 cm and with
2 cm distance between them, Electric current at frequency of 10 MHz is passed through
electrodes for heating of wood by the process of dielectric heating. If the power consumption
for heating the piece of wood is 1 kW, determine (i) voltage across the electrodes and (ii)
current through it during the process of heating. Assume that the plywood is an imperfect
dielectric and has relative permittivity of 5 and power factor 0.04.

41. In a 3-phase arc furnace to melt 10 tons of steel in 2 hours, estimate the average input to
the furnace, if overall efficiency is 50%. If the current input is 9000A with the above kW input
and the resistance and reactance of furnace leads (including transformer) are 0.003 ohm and
0.005 ohm respectively, estimate the arc voltage and total kVA taken from the supply.
Specific heat of steel = 444 J/kg/°C
Latent heat of fusion of steel = 37.25 kJ/kg
Melting point of steel = 1370°C

42. Estimate the energy required to melt 0.5 tons of brass in a single-phase induction
furnace. If the melt is to be carried out in 0.5 hour, what must be the average power input in
the furnace.

43. Estimate the efficiency of high frequency induction furnace which takes 12 minutes to
melt 2.5 kg of aluminum. The input to the furnace being 3.75 kW. The initial temperature is
20°C, specific heat of aluminum is 880 J/kg/°C, melting point of aluminum 650°C, latent heat
of fusion 32 kJ/kg.

44. A low frequency induction furnace operating at 12 V in the secondary circuit takes 48
kW at 0.5 p.f. when the hearth is full. If the secondary voltage be maintained at 12 V, estimate
the power factor and power absorbed when hearth is half-full. Assume the resistance of the
secondary circuit to be thereby doubled and the reactance to remain the same.

45. A low frequency induction furnace, whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at
10 volts, takes 400 kW at 0.6 p.f. when the hearth is full. Assuming the resistance of the
secondary circuit to vary inversely as the height of the charge and the reactance to remain
constant. Determine the height up to which the hearth should be filled to obtain maximum heat.

46. An insulating slab 2 cm thick and 150 sq. cm in area is to be heated by dielectric heating.
The power required is 300 watts at a frequency of 30 MHz. the material has relative
permittivity of 5 and p.f. of 0.05. determine the voltage necessary and current that will flow
the material. If the voltage is limited to 600 V, calculate the frequency that will produce the
same loss.

47. A piece of plastic material of size 4 x 2 x 1 cubic cm is heated by being placed between
two electrodes, each having an area of 20 x 2 sq. cm and the distance of separation between
two being 1.6 cm. the frequency of voltage impressed across the electrodes is 20 MHz. if the
power consumed is 80 watts, find the voltage applied across the electrodes and current through
the material. Assume relative permittivity as 5 and power factor 0.05.

48. A 3-phase electric arc furnace has the following data: Current drawn = 5000 A, Arc
Voltage = 50 V. Resistance of transformer referred to secondary = 0.002Ω. Reactance of
transformer referred to secondary = 0.004Ω
(i) Calculate the p.f. and the kW drawn from the supply
(ii) If the overall efficiency of the furnace is 65%, find the time required to melt 2 tons of
steel when latent heat of steel = 8.99 kcal/kg : specific heat of steel = 0.12, melting point of
steel = 1370°C and initial temperature of steel = 20°C

49. A 3-phase arc furnace takes 7500 A when the arc voltage is 75 V. The circuit comprising
the transformer and the electrodes excluding the arc has a reactance of 0.003Ω and a resistance
of 0.002Ω. The steel has a specific heat of 278 J/kg/°C; a latent heat of fusion 37000 J/kg and
melting point 1370°C.

50. Assuming furnace overall efficiency as 50% and initial temperature of steel as 15°C,
determine (i) the time taken to melt 5 tons of steel, (ii) the kVA taken from the supply and (iii)
the electrical efficiency.
51. Determine the efficiency of a high frequency induction furnace, which takes 10 minutes
to melt 1.815 kg of aluminum, the input to furnace being 5 kW and the initial temperature is
15°C. Specific heat of Aluminum = 0.212. Melting point of Aluminum = 660°C. Latent heat
of Aluminum = 76.8 kcal/kg

52. A slab of insulating material 130 sq. cm in area and 1 cm thick is to be heated by
dielectric heating. The power required is 380 W at 30 MHz. Material has a relative permittivity
of 5 and p.f. of 0.05. Absolute permittivity = 8.854 x 10−12 F/m.

53. A 27 kW, 3-phase, 400 V resistance oven is to employ nickel-chrome strip 0.25 mm
thick for the three star-connected heating elements. If the temperature of the strip is to be
1000°C and that of the charge be 600°C. estimate a suitable width for the strip. Assume
emissivity = 0.9 and radiating efficiency to be 0.5 and resistivity of the strip material is 1.016
µΩ-m.

54. A cubic water tank has a surface area of 5.4 sq. meter and is filled to 92% capacity five
times daily. The water is heated from 15°C to 60°C. the losses per square meter of tank surface
per 1°C temperature difference is 5.9 kW. Calculate:
(i) Loading in kW (ii) Efficiency of the tank
Assume specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg°C & 1 kWh = 3600kJ.
55. The following data relate to a 4-phase electric arc furnace:
Current drawn = 4000 A
Arc Voltage = 60 V
Resistance of the transformer referred to secondary = 0.0025 Ω
Reactance of the transformer referred to secondary = 0.0050 Ω

(i) Calculate the p.f. and kW drawn from the supply.

(ii) If the overall efficiency of the furnace is 70%, find the time required to melt 2.5 tons of
steel if latent heat of steel = 37.2 kJ/kg, specific heat of steel = 0.5 kJ/kg K, melting point of
steel = 1370°C and initial temperature of steel = 15°C

56. If a 3-phase arc furnace is to melt 10 tons of steel in 2 hours, estimate the average input
to the furnace, if overall efficiency is 50%. If the current input is 9000 A with the above kW
input and the resistance and reactance of furnace leads (including transformer) are 0.003Ω and
0.005Ω respectively, estimate the arc voltage and total kVA from the supply.
Specific heat of steel = 0.444 kJ/Kg°C
Latent heat of fusion of steel = 37.25 kJ/kg
Melting point of steel = 1370°C
Assume initial temperature of steel = 20°C
57. The following data relates to a 3-phase arc furnace:
Quantity of steel to be melted in one hour = 4.3 tons
Specific heat of steel = 0.5 kJ/kg°C
Latent heat of steel = 37.2 kJ/kg
Melting point of steel = 1370°C
Initial temperature of steel = 19.1°C
Overall Efficiency of steel = 50%
Input current = 5700 A
Resistance of transformer referred to secondary = 0.008 ohm
Reactance of transformer referred to secondary = 0.014 ohm
Determine the following:
(i) Average kW input to the furnace,
(ii) Arc voltage,
(iii) Arc resistance,
(iv) Power factor of current drawn from the supply, and
(v) Average kVA input to the furnace.

58. Calculate the efficiency of a high frequency induction furnace which takes 10 minutes
to melt 1.8 kg to aluminum. The input to the furnace being 4.8 kW and initial temperature
15°C. Specific heat of aluminum = 0.88 kJ/kg°C; melting point of aluminum = 660°C; latent
heat of fusion of aluminum = 32 kJ/kg ; 1 kJ = 0.278 Wh.

59. A slab of insulating material 130 sq. cm in area and 1 cm thick is to be heated by
dielectric heating. The power required is 380 W at 30 MHz. Material has a relative permittivity
of 5 and p.f. of 0.05. Absolute permittivity = 8.854 x 10−12 F/m. Determine the necessary
voltage.

60. A piece of an insulating material is to be heated by dielectric heating. The size of the
piece is 12cm x 12cm x 3cm. A frequency of 20 MHz is used and the power absorbed is 450
W. if the material has a relative permittivity of 5 and a power factor of 0.05, calculate the
voltage necessary for heating and current that flows in the material. If the voltage were limited
to 1700V, wat will be the frequency to get the same loss.

61. A plywood board 0.5m x 0.25 m x 0.02m is to be heated from 15°C to 135°C in 10
minutes by dielectric heating employing a frequency of 30 MHz. Determine the power required
in heating process. Assume specific heat of wood 1500 J/kg°C; weight of wood 600 kg/cubic
meter and efficiency of process 55%.

62. A small piece of plywood having dimensions, length 5 cm, width 2 cm and thickness 1
cm is placed in between two electrodes having dimensions, length 25 cm, width 2 cm and with
2 cm distance between them. Electric current at frequency of 10 MHz is passed through
electrodes for heating of wood by the process of dielectric heating. If the power consumption
for heating the piece of wood is 1 kW, determine:
(i) Voltage applied across the electrodes, and
(ii) Current through the plywood piece.
Assume that the plywood is an imperfect dielectric and has relative permittivity 5 and
p.f. 0.04.
63. A 20 kW, 230 V single-phase resistance oven employs nickel-chrome wire for its
heating elements. If the wire temperature is not to exceed 1200°C and the temperature of the
charge is to be 600°C. Calculate the diameter and length of wire. Radiating efficiency = 0.6,
emissivity = 0.9 and resistivity of nickel-chrome = 1.016 µΩ-m.

64. A 30 kW 3-phase, 400 V, resistance oven is to employ nickel-chrome strip 0.254 mm

thick for the three star-connected heating elements. If the wire temperature is to be 1100°C
and that of charge to be 700°C, estimate a suitable width for the strip. Assume emissivity = 0.9
and radiating efficiency to be 0.5 and the resistivity of the strip material is 1.016 µΩ-m.

65. A 50 kW, 3-phase, 440 V, resistance oven is to provide nickel-chrome strip 0.3 mm
thick, for three star-connected heating elements. If the temperature of the wire is to be 1500°C
and that of a charge is to be 1000°C, calculate a suitable width of the strip. Take, emissivity =
0.91, radiating efficiency = 0.6 and resistivity of the strip material = 1.016 µΩ-m.

66. A cubic water tank has surface area of 6 sq. meter and is filled to 90% capacity 6 times
daily. The water is heated from 20°C to 65°C. The losses per square meter of tank surface per
1°C temperature difference are 6.3W, Find:
(i) Loading in kW
(ii) Efficiency of the tank
Assume specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg°C and 1 kWh = 3600 kJ.
67. A 4-phase electric arc furnace has the following data:
Current drawn = 5000 A; Arc Voltage = 50 V; Resistance of transformer referred to secondary
= 0.002 Ω; Reactance of transformer referred to secondary = 0.004 Ω
(i) Calculate the p.f. and the kW drawn from the supply.
(ii) If the over all efficiency of the furnace is 65%, find the time required to melt 2 tons of
steel if latent heat of steel = 37.2 kJ/kg, specific heat of steel = 0.5 kJ/kg K, melting point of
steel = 1370°C and the initial temperature of steel = 20°C

68. A low frequency induction furnace operating at 10 V in the secondary circuit takes 500
kW at 0.5 p.f. when the hearth is full. If the secondary voltage be maintained at 10 V, estimate
the power factor and power absorbed when the hearth is half full. Assume the resistance of the
secondary circuit to be thereby halved and reactance to remain same.
69. In the case hardening of a steel pulley, the depth of penetration is 1.5 mm. the relative
permeability is unity and resistivity of steel is 0.5µΩ-m. Determine the frequency required.

70. A slab of insulating material 150 sq. cm in area and 1 cm thick is to be heated by
dielectric heating. The power required is 400 W at 30 MHz. Material has relative permeability
of 5 and p.f. of 0.05. Absolute permittivity = 8.854 x 10−12 F/m. Determine the necessary
voltage.

71. A piece of insulating material is to be heated by dielectric heating. The size is 10 x 10 x

3 cubic cm. a frequency of 20 MHz is used and power absorbed is 400 W. Calculate the voltage
necessary for heating and the current that flows in the material. The material has s relative
permittivity of 5 and a power factor of 0.05.
If the voltage were limited to 1800 V, what will be the frequency to get the same loss ?
72. A piece of plastic material of size 4 x 2 x 1 cubic cm is heated by being placed between
two electrodes, each having an area of 20 x 2 sq. cm and the distance of separation being 1.6
cm. the frequency voltage impressed across electrodes is 20 MHz. if the power consumed is
80 W, find :
(i) The voltage applied across the electrodes.
(ii) The current drawn through the material.

73. A resistance oven employing nichrome wire is to be operated from 220 V single-phase
supply and is to be rated at 16 kW. If the temperature of the element is to be limited to 1170°C
and average temperature of the charge is 500°C. Find the diameter and the length of element
wire.
Radiating efficiency = 0.57, Emissivity = 0.9, specific resistance of nichrome = 1.09 µΩ-m.

74. A low frequency induction furnace operating at 12 V in secondary circuit takes 480 kW
at 0.5 p.f. when hearth is full. If the secondary voltage be maintained at 12 V, estimate the
power factor and power absorbed when hearth is half full. Assume the resistance of the
secondary circuit to be thereby halved and the reactance to remain the same.

75. A low frequency furnace, whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at 10 V, takes
420 kW at 0.6 p.f. when the hearth is full. Assuming the resistance of the secondary circuit to
vary inversely as the height of the charge and reactance to remain constant, find the height up
to which the hearth should be filled to obtain maximum heat.

76. In the case hardening of steel pulley, the depth of penetration required is 1.4 mm. the
relative permeability is unity and the specific resistivity of steel is 0.5µΩ-m. Determine the
frequency required.