CPH Lec - Week 1

MLSCPHMC: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY
SCIENCE
Lesson 1: Introduction and Concepts of Community and Public
Health (Lecture)
Transes by: Micah T. Dogomeo - MED224 │MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024
Health “Health Status of a person is

- The word health is derived from interconnected”
“hal” which means, “hale,
sound, whole” ➢ Gestational Endowments
- Genetic makeup
Definition of WHO for Health (1946) - Example: down
- States that “health is a state of syndrome - because of
complete physical, mental, and their inborn system.
social well being and not ➢ Social Circumstances
merely the absence of disease - Education, employment,
and infirmity”. income, poverty,
- Health is a resource for housing, crime, social
everyday life, not the object of cohesion.
living, and is a positive concept ➢ Environmental Conditions
emphasizing social and - Toxic agents, microbial
personal resources as well as agents, structural
physical capabilities. hazards.
➢ Behavioral Choices
Definition of Mckenzie for Health - Diet, physical activity,
(2018) substance use and abuse.
- A dynamic state or condition of ➢ Medical Care
human organism that is - Availability, affordability,
multidimensional in nature, a accessibility.
resource for living, and results
from a person’s interactions Community
with and adaptations to his or - A collective body of individuals
her environment; therefore, it identified by common
can exist in varying degrees characteristics such as
and is specific to each geography, interests,
individual and his or her experiences, concerns, or
situation. values.
“ a person can have a disease or Characteristized by the following

injury and still be healthy or at least elements:
feel well” 1. Membership - a sense of
identity and belonging.
2. Common symbol systems -
similar language, rituals,
ceremonies.
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Health (Lecture)
3. Shared values and norms. development and freedom from

4. Mutual influence - community war.
members have influence and
are influenced by each other. “As such it is part of a global
5. Shared needs and commitment and strategy” - Ilona
commitment to meeting Kickbush
them.
Institute of medicine (IOM), 1988
6. Shared emotional connection - What we as a society do
- members share common collectively to assure the
history, experiences and conditions in which people can
mutual support. be healthy.
Public Health System
Determination of a healthy - Activities undertaken within
community the formal structure of
a. Leadership - assess the needs government and the associated
and resources. efforts of private and voluntary
b. Public health support - public organizations and individuals.
health and social infrastructure
and policies that support THE WHO HEALTH SYSTEM
health. FRAMEWORK
c. Health service delivery -
equitable, affordable, and system building blocks overall
available health care service.
Public Health
- The public is ecological in
perspectives, multisectoral in
scope and collaborative in
strategy. It aims to improve the
health of communities through
an organized community effort.
Public Health infrastructures

need to reflect that it is an
interdisciplinary pursuit with a
commitment to equity, public
participation, sustainable
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
goals/outcomes distribution of such outcomes

within the group.
Global Health
- Describes health problems,
issues, and concerns that
transcend national boundaries,
may be influenced by
circumstances or experiences
in other countries, and are best
addressed by cooperative
actions and solutions.
Public Health System
Personal Health VS. Community and
Philippine Health System Public Health Activities
- Dual/Mixed Health System
- Public Personal Health Community and
- Private Activities Public Health
Activities
Public
- National government - Individual - Activities
- LGUs actions and that are
decision-mak aimed at
Private ing that protecting or
- For - profit health care affects the improving
providers health of an the health of
- Non-profit health care provides individual or a population
his or her or
Community Health immediate community
- The health status of a defined family - Directly
group of people and the actions members or affect the
and conditions to promote, friends. health of the
protect, and preserve their - Seldom population
health. directly affect - Population
the health of approach
Population Health others
- The health outcomes of a group
of individuals, including the
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
- individual/pe
➢ Religion - position on
rsonal
healthcare and health behavior.
approach.
➢ Social norms and

Factors that affects the health of a socioeconomic status - social
community practices
➢ Strong correlation
1. Physical factors between SES and health
➢ Geography - directly status. With independent
influenced by its altitude, effects on health.
latitude, and climate.
3. Community organization - the
➢ Environment - directly related way in which a community is
to the quality of the able to organize its resources
environment. directly influences its ability to
intervene and solve problems,
➢ Community size - the size of a including health.
community is directly related
to the size of health problems Community organizing the process by
and resources. which community groups are helped
to identify common problems or
➢ Industrial development - change targets, mobilize resources,
increased resources, increased and develop and implement strategies
health risk. for reaching their collective goals.
2. Social and cultural factors Individual behaviors

➢ Beliefs, traditions, and
prejudices - influence - Contributes to the health of the
health-related policy entire community
development and - Takes concerted effort of many
implementation. herd immunity.
- Resistance of a
➢ Economy and politics - population to the spread
directly proportional to health of an infectious agent
and social services. based on the immunity of
➢ Participation and a high proportion of
involvement in health individuals.
service delivery
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
➢ Can enhance the quality of life

Social determinant of health of the “place” will significantly
influence the population health
Healthy people 2020 outcomes.
➢ The social determinants of ➢ Understanding the relationship

health “are the conditions in between how the population
the social, physical, economic experiences the place and the
environment in which people impact of the place on health is
are born, live, work, and age. basic to social and physical
determinants of health.
➢ They consist of policies,
programs, and institutions and Examples of social determinants of
other aspects of the social health
structures (including the
government and private sector) ➢ Income and social protection
as well as community factors. ➢ Working life conditions
➢ Early childhood development
➢ Education
Social determinant of health ➢ Food security
➢ Social inclusion and
- Are the conditions in the non-discrimination
environment that affects a wide ➢ Access to affordable and
range of health, functioning, quality health services
and quality of life outcomes ➢ Unemployment and job
and risk. insecurity
➢ Housing, basic amenities and
- Conditions, patterns of social the environment
engagement, sense of security ➢ Structural conflict
and well being affect the place
where people live
Resources
➢ E.g safe and affordable

housing, access to education,
public safety. Availability of
food, and local health services
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
Six key areas of social determinants - Housing

- Transportation
1. Economic stability - Safety
- Parks
➢ Employment - Playgrounds
➢ Income - Walkability
➢ Expenses - zip code/geography
➢ Debt
➢ Medical bills 6. Food
➢ Support
- Hunger
2. Education - Access to healthy options
➢ Literacy Health Outcomes

➢ Language
➢ Early childhood education - mortality, morbidity, life
➢ Vocational training expectancy, health care
➢ Higher education expenditures, health status,
functional limitations.
3. Social and community
context History of Public Health in the
Philippines
- Social integration
- Support systems Pre-American Occupation
- Community engagement
- Discrimination ➢ Public health work during the
- Stress spanish regime began at the
portera of the old Franciscan
4. Health and health care convent in intramuros where
indigents in Manila was treated
- Health coverage
- Provider availability ➢ Eventually became the “San
- Provider linguistic and cultural Juan De Dios Hospital”
competency
- Quality of care Five General Hospitals
5. Neighborhood and built ➢ San juan de dios (1659)

environment ➢ Chinese general hospital (1891)
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
➢ Hospicio De san jose in cavite ➢ School of midwifery in 1879

(1611) ➢ Public health laboratory in 1883
➢ Casa de caridad in cebu ➢ Forensic medicine in 1892
➢ Infirmaries de Sta. Cruz in
laguna (1870) American military government
(1895-1907)
Four contagious hospital
➢ During the early occupation of
➢ San lazaro hospital (1577) the americans witnessed the
➢ Hospital de palestina in control of epidemics: cholera,
camarines sur smallpox, plagues
➢ Hospital de leprosos in cebu ➢ Fight communicable diseases
➢ Hospital de argentina in manila such as: leprosy, diarrhea,
for smallpox and cholera malaria, beri-beri (vit. B1
deficiency)
Two military hospital ➢ Establishments of health
organizations and
➢ Hospital militar de manila administrative and general
➢ Hospital militar de zamboanga sanitation
➢ Establishment of garbage
Two naval hospitals crematory (1899)
➢ First sanitary ordinance and rat
➢ Hospital de la marie in canacao control (1901)
cavite ➢ Established that contaminated
➢ Hospital de basilan in basilan water and unclean vegetables
are factors in the control of
Other hospital/asylum amoebic dysentery
➢ Anopheles minimus as
➢ Hospicio de san pascual baylon causative of malaria (1904)
in manila ➢ Cholera vaccine was tried as
➢ Asylum of st. vincent de paul in compulsory vaccination to
manila for poor girls (1885) school children
➢ Founding hospital of san jose ➢ Confirmation that plagues in
for orphaned children and man comes from infected rats
mentally ill (1782) ➢ Opened the leper colony in
Culion and compulsory
An era of the construction of: detection of leprosy
➢ First medical school - UST ➢ Founding of manila medical
(1872) society
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
➢ Founding of philippine island ➢ Manufacture and distribution

medical association of tiki-tiki for treatment of
➢ Open the up college of beri-beri
medicine (1907)
➢ Establishment of bureau of The jones law (1916-1936)
science in 1905
➢ Health administration is
Philippine assembly (1907-1916) retrogression rather then
- Period of several first progress
➢ Increase crude death rate and
➢ First institution of the search infant mortality rate
for germs carriers (1908) ➢ Increased death caused by
➢ First time to use general smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
chemical disinfection as malaria, beri-beri, and
emergency measures against tuberculosis
cholera ➢ A committee to study the
➢ Inclusion of hygiene and prevalence of typhoid fever
physiology in the curriculum of was launched.
public elementary school (1909) ➢ Schick test was first used to
➢ Start of anti-tuberculosis determine the susceptibility of
campaign filipino children to diphtheria
➢ Dissemination of the results of ➢ Start of leadership of dr. jose
first nutrition survey fabella, the first secretary of
➢ Organization of the philippine health
tuberculosis society (1910) ➢ Campaign against hookworm
➢ Opening of pasteur prophylaxis launched
treatment against rabies ➢ Mechanism in the transmission
➢ Opening of the philippine of aedes aegypti of dengue
general hospital (PGH) fever was studies successfully
➢ First eradication of beri-beri
among scouts by change of The commonwealth (1936-1942)
diet.
➢ First use of dry vaccine against ➢ Establishment of UP school of
smallpox public health
➢ First offering of graduate ➢ Death rate remained high
courses in hygiene and tropical ➢ Tuberculosis remained
medicine at the UP college of uncontrolled
medicine (1913)
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SCIENCE
Health (Lecture)
➢ Malaria, beri-beri, and

intestinal disease remained
undiminished
➢ Maternal and child health,
school health, health education
of the public, public health
nursing, public health
dentistry, hospital and
laboratory services were all
strengthened.

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MLSCPHMC: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY

Health “Health Status of a person is

“ a person can have a disease or Characteristized by the following

3. Shared values and norms. development and freedom from

Public Health infrastructures

goals/outcomes distribution of such outcomes

➢ Social norms and

2. Social and cultural factors Individual behaviors

➢ Can enhance the quality of life

➢ The social determinants of ➢ Understanding the relationship

➢ E.g safe and affordable

Six key areas of social determinants - Housing

➢ Literacy Health Outcomes

5. Neighborhood and built ➢ San juan de dios (1659)

➢ Hospicio De san jose in cavite ➢ School of midwifery in 1879

➢ Founding of philippine island ➢ Manufacture and distribution

➢ Malaria, beri-beri, and

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