Whether/or

What if: What if

Herhangi bir koşulun nasıl bir sonuç yaratacağını sormak için kullanılan bir soru ifadesidir.

Ex:

1. What if I don't call my parents?

(Anne ve babamı aramazsam ne olur?)

– They will be sad.

Ex:

2. What if this boy steals money?

(bu çocuk para çalarsa ne olur?)

– The police will catch him.

As if / as though

She looks as if/as though she was going to faint. (O sanki bayılacakmış gibi görünüyor)

As If kalıbın İngilizcede hayali ya da ihtimal belirten durumları vermek için kullanırız. Türkçede “-mış
gibi”, “sanki”, “güya”, “tut ki” tarzında kalıpları kullanarak bu anlamı karşılayabiliriz.

 He looks as if he is going to shout. (Bağıracak gibi görünüyor) İHTİMAL BELİRTİR.

 He looks as if he was going to shout. (Bağıracakmış gibi görünüyor.) GERÇEKLEŞMEYECEK.
 He looks at me as if he had seen me before. (Bana beni daha önce görmüş gibi bakıyor.) AMA
GÖRMEDİ.
 She acts as if she has a daughter. (Bir kızı varmış gibi görünüyor.) İHTİMAL BELİRTİR.
 She acts as if she had a daughter. (Bir kızı varmış gibi davranıyor.) AMA YOK.

 She looks as if she is rich. (Zengine benziyor.) = Belki de zengindir.

 He talks as if he was rich. (Zenginmiş gibi konuşuyor.) = Ama kesinlikle zengin değil.
 You look as though you know each other. (Birbirinizi tanıyor gibisiniz.)
 Why is he looking at me as though he knew me? (Niye bana, beni tanıyormuş gibi bakıyor?)

Wishes

We use the verb wish or the phrase if only to talk about things which we want but which are not
possible:

I wish I could see you next week.

If only we could stop for a drink.
We use wish and if only with past tense forms:

We use past tense modals would and could to talk about wishes for the future:

I don't like my work. I wish I could get a better job.

That's a dreadful noise. I wish it would stop.
I always have to get home early. If only my parents would let me stay out later.

We use past simple and continuous to talk about wishes for the present:

I don't like this place. I wish I lived somewhere more interesting.

These seats are very uncomfortable. I wish we were travelling first class.

REDUCING ADVERB CLAUSES

You can shorten only time clauses and reason clauses.

You can shorten them only if the subject is the same in both the independent and the dependent
clauses.

For example:

 Normal: After I left home, I began to appreciate my family. (notice how “I” is the subject in
both clauses)

o Reduced: After leaving home, I began to appreciate my family.

 Normal: Since I was the oldest child in my family, I often had to take care of my younger
siblings.

o Reduced: Being the oldest child in my family, I often had to take care of my younger
siblings.

 Normal: Before he came to the U.S., he received a lot of advice from his parents.

o Reduced: Before coming to the U.S., he received a lot of advice from his parents.

 Normal: While he was singing, the man started to cry.

o Reduced: While singing, the man started to cry.

Rules for reducing adverb clauses

1. Delete the subject.

2. Change the verb (if it is an active verb) to a gerund.

If the verb is in a continuous tense, delete the “be” verb and leave the gerund.
If the verb is passive, delete the “be” verb and leave the participle.

3. Use the same rules for commas.

 4. Delete any reason words: because, since, as. However, be careful, because since can also be
a time adverb, and if it is used as such, you keep it.

Because I have taken that class two times before, I don’t want to take it again.

Having taken that class two times before, I don’t want to take it again.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we
use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction (as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced
by because of, due to, owing to, or on account of.

On account of = because of = due to = owing to

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The
negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

 We were asked to stay in order to finish the project. (projeyi bitirmek için kalmamızı istedi.)

 He left home early in order not to be late. (Geç kalmamak için evden erken çıktı.)

 Use a plastic hammer so as to avoid damage.

 They walked quietly so as not to wake up the children.

When using gerund or infinitive changes the meaning:

I forgot to call her = I planned to call her, but I forgot to do so. BUT I forgot calling her = I can't
remember whether I called her or not.

I remember visiting him = I remember the fact that I visited him. BUT I remember to visit him = I
remember that I need to visit him.

I stopped to call her = I interrupted some other action in order to call her. BUT I stopped calling her
= I was calling her but now I stopped doing so.

I regret to inform you = I wish I didn't have to tell you. BUT I regret being late = I am sorry that I am
late.

I quit working here = I left my job here. BUT I quit to work here = I quit my last job in order to work
here.
I tried to cook my dinner = I attempted cooking my dinner but I didn't succeed. BUT I
tried playing the guitar = This was one of the options that I tried. Maybe I was bored and wanted to
cheer myself.

 You should remember to follow information sheet for presentation exam.

 I remembered calling you last night.
 I regret to say rude words.
 I regret moving to İstanbul.
 I stopped to work my new project about financial department.
 I stopped going at home after losing my family.
 I should try to speak English more and more in our English lesson classes.
 I tried riding a horse, but I could not do that.

GET PASSİVE

Ettirgen yapılı cümlelerdir.

I will get my hair. ( saçımı yaptıracağım.)

Noun Clauses Beginning with “Whether” or “If”

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the
clause Whether is more common in formal writing, but both words are used regularly when
speaking:

Will he come?

I wonder whether he will come. ( gelip gelmeyeceğini merak ediyorum.)

I wonder if he will come. ( gelip gelmeyeceğini bilmiyorum.)

Does she need help?

I don’t know whether she needs help. (yardıma ihtiyacı olup olmadığını bilmiyorum.)

I don’t know if she needs help. ( yardıma ihtiyacı olup olmadığını bilmiyorum.)

Or not is sometimes included with whether/if to help reinforce the yes/no nature of the noun
clause. Note that or not can immediately follow whether but not if:

I wonder whether or not she needs help.

I wonder whether she needs help or not.

I wonder if she needs help or not.

Something similar would happen with these sentences:

Some users do not think twice about the comments they post on social media, and this may have
dreadful consequences. (buradaki this bir önceki cümleyi vurguluyor bizde bunun yerine which
kullanabiliriz.)

Some users do not think twice about the comments they post on social media, which may have
dreadful consequences.

Interactions between people who are near to each other are reduced and it could be dangerous for
true relationships.

Interactions between people who are near to each other are reduced, which could be dangerous for
true relationships.

REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

A. Participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions (Reduced adverbial Clauses)

It is also common for participle clauses, especially with -ing, to follow conjunctions and prepositions
such as before, after, instead of, on, since, when, while and in spite of.

- Before cooking, you should wash your hands.

- Instead of complaining about it, they should try doing something positive.

- On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.

- Upon receiving his email, she rushed to his office.

- While packing her things, she thought about the last two years.

- In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.

B. Present participle clauses

Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. Note that present participles have a
similar meaning to active verbs.

• To give the result of an action

E.g., “The bomb exploded, destroying the building.”

• To give the reason for an action

E.g. “Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a book.”

• To talk about an action that happened at the same time as another action

E.g. “Standing in the queue, I realized I didn't have any money.”

• To add information about the subject of the main clause

E.g. “Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city centre.”

C. Past participle clauses

Here are some common ways that we use past participle clauses. Note that past participles normally
have a passive meaning.

• With a similar meaning to an “if condition”

E.g. “Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise.” (If you use participles in this
way, … )

• To give the reason for an action

E.g. “Worried by the news, she called the hospital.”

• To add information about the subject of the main clause

E.g. “Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.”

D. Perfect participle clauses

Perfect participle clauses show that the action they describe was finished before the action in the
main clause. Perfect participles can be structured to make an active or passive meaning.

“Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.”

“Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.”

“Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job.”

Within" kelimesinin tahmini bir durum belirtme anlamını vermesidir.

Differences between WITH and WITHOUT:

Example for without: She made the cake without baking powder.

Example for with: She made the cake with vanilla abstracts.

So, without means that something which is made but without something.

And with means that something made with adding something.

Using the possessive before a gerund

We often put a noun or pronoun in front of a gerund to show who or what is doing the action in the
gerund. This noun or pronoun is called the subject of the gerund. In formal writing, the subject of the
gerund should be in the possessive form:

 Your leaving early was a wise decision.

 We celebrated Gord’s winning the contest.

 Natalie objected to my borrowing her hockey stick.

Note: In informal writing, there is a trend toward dropping the possessive before a gerund. We often
use a simple noun or an object pronoun instead:

 We celebrated Gord winning the contest. ( Gord’un yarışmayı kazanmasını kutladık.)

 Natalie objected to me borrowing her hockey stick.

However, in formal writing, the use of the possessive form before a gerund is still preferred. Also,
the possessive form may be important for clarity. Consider the difference between the two examples
below:

 Jorge is in favour of the candidate being interviewed Friday. [Jorge likes the candidate who
has an interview on Friday.]

 Jorge is in favour of the candidate’s being interviewed Friday. [Jorge wants the interview to
be on Friday.]

Now that = because…now = mademki

Now that I have a bike, I do not have to take the bus to work.

So that = in order to = amacıyla

Some people move to big cities so that they can live more exciting lives.

As long as = sürece

I will remember my trip to Germany as long as I live.

As = iken

As I was driving home, I saw that new apartment building.

Infinitives after the subjects it:

 Communication is possible through music.

(It is possible to communicate through music.)
 Governments must be open to solving problems.
(Governments must be willing to solve problems.)