‫المقرر الدراسي لمادة‬:

English 2

‫ المبروك ابوالقاسم سعيد‬:‫اسناذ المادة‬

Grammatical structure of the sentences

- The difference between the tenses

- Comparatives and superlatives
- Past simple verbs regular and irregular verbs
- Augmentation of specialized vocabulary scientific technical English used in different
departments of engineering
- Infinitives and ing forms
- Models and conditions
- Listening, comprehension, speaking

- Grammatical structure of the sentences

What is a sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and gives a complete meaning.

A sentence can be simple, compound, complex and compound complex.

A sentence can be a declarative (statement), interrogative (question) , exclamatory (exclamation)

and imperative (command)

1. A simple sentence: is that sentence which contains one subject and one predict.
- The book (subject) is (verb) useful.
- Libya (subject) is rich of oil.
- Water (subject) contains (verb) Oxygen
2. A compound sentence is the sentence which contains two simple sentences joined
together by on of these conjunctions: ; - and – or – but –yet so- for

Najat is very active. Her brother is lazy(Subordinate clause)

Najat is very active but her brother is lazy.

Prepare the report today. If you don’t, I will tell your boss.

Prepare the report today, or I will tell your boss.

3. A complex sentence is the sentence which has one main clause and one subordinate
clause.
A subordinate clause like: while – when- if- because – after- although ETC…..

He failed (main clause) because he didn’t work hard. (Subordinate clause)

He had died Main clause before the doctor arrived. (Subordinate clause)
 4. A compound complex sentence is the sentence which two main clauses and at least one
subordinate clause.

Subordinate clause main clause main clause

While I was in the room. . Adnan opened the door but he didn’t come in

While I was in the room Adnan opened the door. but he didn’t come in.
When the architect examined the design. He found some mistakes but he didn’t tell
anyone.

Verb Tenses

Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have
already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense
is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous. The future
tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three
years from now).

The following table illustrates the proper use of verb tenses:

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

I read nearly every day. Last night, I read an entire novel. I will read as much as I can this year.

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

I am reading Shakespeare at the moment. I was reading Edgar Allan Poe last night. I will be
reading Nathaniel Hawthorne soon.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

I have read so many books I can’t keep count. I had read at least 100 books by the time I was
twelve. I will have read at least 500 books by the end of the year.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousFuture Perfect Continuous

I have been reading since I was four years old. I had been reading for at least a year before my
sister learned to read. I will have been reading for at least two hours before dinner tonight.

The Present Tenses

Simple Present

Present Perfect

Present Continuous

The Past Tenses

Simple Present
The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an
action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly.

Depending on the person, the simple present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding s
or es to the end.

I feel great! People follow the traffic signs. I’m sorry to hear that you’re sick.

The other is to talk about habitual actions or occurrences.

Ali watches T.V. every day. Mustafa travels Derna during the summer.

Typically, when we want to describe a temporary action that is currently in progress, we use the
present continuous: Amel can’t come to the phone right now because she is praying.

How to Form the Simple Present

In the simple present, most regular verbs use the root form, except in the third-person singular
(which ends in -s).

First-person singular: I write

Second-person singular: You write

Third-person singular: He/she/it writes (note the s)

First-person plural: We write

Second-person plural: You write

Third-person plural: They write

For a few verbs, the third-person singular ends with -es instead of -s. Typically, these are verbs
whose root form ends in o, ch, sh, th, ss, gh, or z.

First-person singular: I go

Second-person singular: You go

Third-person singular: He/she/it goes (note the es)

First-person plural: We go

Second-person plural: You go

Third-person plural: They go

For most regular verbs, you put the negation of the verb before the verb, e.g. “She won’t go” or “I
don’t smell anything.”

The verb to be is irregular:

First-person singular: I am

Second-person singular: You are

Third-person singular: He/she/it is

First-person plural: We are

Second-person plural: You are

Third-person plural: They are

How to Make the Simple Present Negative

The formula for making a simple present verb negative is do/does + not + [root form of verb]. You
can also use the contraction don’t or doesn’t instead of do not or does not.

Fatima does not want to share the pie. She doesn’t think there is enough to go around. Her friends
do not agree. I don’t want pie anyway.

To make the verb to be negative, the formula is [to be] + not.

I am not a pie lover, but Fatima sure is. You aren’t ready for such a surprize.

How to Ask a Question

The formula for asking a question in the simple present is do/does + [subject] + [root form of verb].

Do you know how to bake a pie? How much does the thief love the crowd?

Common Verbs in the Simple Present

Infinitive I, You, We, They He, She, It

to ask ask / do not ask asks / does not ask

to work work / do not work works / does not work

to call call / do not call calls / does not call

to use use / do not use uses / does not use

to have have / do not have has / does not have

The Verb to Be in the Simple Present

Infinitive I You, We, They He, She, It

to be am / am not are / are not is / is not

Present Continuous

The present continuous verb tense indicates that an action or condition is happening now,
frequently, and may continue into the future.

The Present Continuous Formula: to be [am, is, are] + verb [present participle]

Aunt Christine is warming up the car while Scott looks for his new leather coat. They are eating at
Scott’s favourite restaurant today, Polly’s Pancake Diner.

Key words: Verb, present participle, tense, dynamic verbs, stative verbs

The present continuous (present progressive) tense is a way to convey any action or condition that
is happening right now, frequently, and may be ongoing. It adds energy and action to writing, and its
effect helps readers understand when the action is happening. Imagine Aunt Christine has surprised
her nephew Scott for his birthday and is going to take him out to his favorite restaurant, Polly’s
Pancake Diner. If I wanted to tell the story after it happened, I’d use the past tense:

They waited at the red light, and Scott worried they might miss their reservation. (Past tense)

Simple Past Tense

The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before
now. .

He won the silver medal.

The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has already happened.
Unlike the past continuous tense, which is used to talk about past events that happened over a
period of time, the simple past tense emphasizes that the action is finished.

Hassan passed his driving test last week.

You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as the way someone felt
about something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an
adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase.

Sami was proud of his achievement.

How to Formulate the Simple Past

For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already ends in an
e):

Play→Played Type→Typed Listen→Listened Push→Pushed Love→Loved

For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs looks
exactly like the root form:

Put→Put Cut→Cut Set→Set Cost→Cost Hit→Hit

For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more unpredictable:

See→Saw Build→Built Go→Went Do→Did Rise→Rose Am/Is/Are→Was/Were

The good news is that verbs in the simple past tense (except for the verb to be) don’t need to agree
in number with their subjects.

He visited his uncle. THEY visited their uncle.

How to Make the Simple Past Negative

Fortunately, there is a formula for making simple past verbs negative, and it’s the same for both
regular and irregular verbs (except for the verb to be). The formula is did not + [root form of verb].
You can also use the contraction didn’t instead of did not.

Ali did not go to school yesterday.

For the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. When the subject of the sentence is singular,
use was not or wasn’t. When the subject is plural, use were not or weren’t.

The third-place winner was not as happy as Wolfgang. The fourth-place winner wasn’t happy at all.
The onlookers were not ready to leave after the contest ended. The contestants weren’t ready to
leave either.

How to Ask a Question

The formula for asking a question in the simple past tense is did + [subject] + [root form of verb].

Did Waleed win the gold medal or the silver medal? Where did Waleed go to celebrate? Did the
judges decide fairly, in your opinion?

When asking a question with the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. The formula is
was/were + [subject].

Was Waleed in a good mood after the contest? Were people taking lots of pictures?

Common Regular Verbs in the Past Tense

Common Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense

What is the simple past tense?

The simple past is a verb tense describing events that already happened?

What are some examples of simple past tense?

“I ate cereal for breakfast this morning.”

“I graduated from faculty of Engineering 10 years ago.”

“ Mahmoud worked with Alboraq company in 2013”

Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, refers to a continuing action or
state that was happening at some point in the past. The past continuous tense is formed by
combining the past tense of to be (i.e., was/were) with the verb’s present participle (-ing word).

There are many situations in which this verb tense might be used in a sentence. For example, it is
often used to describe conditions that existed in the past.
The sun was shining every day that summer.

As I spoke, the students were laughing and shouting.

It can also be used to describe something that was happening continuously in the past when another
action interrupted it.

The audience was applauding until he said no money left in the treasury.

I was making dinner when she arrived.

The past continuous can shed light on what was happening at a precise time in the past.

Preposition Time Example

At Use at with times at 12:00 Brad usually eats lunch at 12:00.

Other common expressions with at at night They often go out at night.

at Christmas (during a period of time

around Christmas, for example,

December 23rd-28th) We visit our family and friends at Christmas.

at the age of... I moved to California at the age of two.

On Use on with dates and days on January 18thPedro's birthday is on January 18th.

on Saturday evenings We usually stay go out on Saturday evenings.

on Christmas day

(on December 25th) We have a special meal on Christmas day.

In Use in + a period of time

= a time in the future in a few minutes The bus will be leaving in a few minutes.

in five weeks also: in five weeks' time I learned to ride a bicycle in five weeks. We will start
summer vacation in five weeks' time.

Use in for longer periods of time in the 1960s The astronauts explored the moon in the
1960s.

in the 20th century Automobiles and airplanes became very popular in the 20th century.

in December In December, you will study less.

in 2010 The Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver in 2010.

At 6 o’clock, I was revising the last lecture.

.It can also refer to a habitual action in the past.

She was talking constantly in class in those days.

Choose the right tense.

Example : A Policemen (control ) the traffic during the rush hours.

They (drink) coffee and tea during the meeting last week.

Amina (like) pizza.

We ( play) tennis on Saturdays.

The milkman (deliver) milk early in the morning.

The draftsman ( leave) the office just 5 minutes ago.

Using time prepositions: on at in

Prepositions of Time — in, an, on Prepositions of Time — in, at, on

Introduction

There are three prepositions in English that are used with time in, at, on. Generally, in shows the
“largest” time or place, on shows dates and time, and at usually shows the “smallest” time or place.

Let's look at the usage for in, at, on.

Note: Do not use in/at/on before “next” or “last”

We will get married next year.

Their baby was born last March.

Choose the correct answer for each sentence.

Click on the button beside the correct answer.

SHOW QUESTIONS ONE BY ONE

1. We often walk the dogs in the park ____ Sundays.

A. ? on

B. ? at

C. ? in

2. Maya said that she might not be home ____ the morning, but she will be home ____ the
afternoon.

A. ? in, in

B. ? at, at

C. ? at, in

3. Our taxes will increase by 2% ____ January.

A. ? at

B. ? in

C. ? at

4. My dad gets paid ____ the end of the month.

A. ? in

B. ? on

C. ? at

5. Gabriel and I always go out to a movie ____ our wedding anniversary.

A. ? on

B. ? in

C. ? at

6. Chris sees his family once a year, usually ____ Christmas.

A. ? at

B. ? on

C. ? in

7. Gabriel got married ____ 50, which is older than the average man.

A. ? at

B. ? in
C. ? on

8. The book was so interesting that I read it ____ a day.

A. ? in

B. ? at

C. ? on

9. In many countries, there are a lot of parties ____ w Year's Eve

A. ? in

B. ? at

C. ? on

10. The class starts ____ September 6th and ends ____ December 7th.

A. ? on, on

B. ? on, at

C. ? in, in

D. ? in, on

Comparative and superlative

adjectives

Comparative adjectives
We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons:

This car is certainly better, but it's much more expensive.

I'm feeling happier now.
We need a bigger garden.
We use than  when we want to compare one thing with another:

She is two years older than me.

New York is much bigger than Boston.
He is a better player than Ronaldo.
France is a bigger country than Britain.
When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can use two
comparatives with and:

The balloon got bigger and bigger.

Everything is getting more and more expensive.
Grandfather is looking older and older. 
We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that one thing depends on another:

The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is. 

(= When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.)
The higher they climbed, the colder it got. 
(= When they climbed higher, it got colder.)
Comparative adjectives 1
Comparative adjectives 2

Superlative adjectives
We use the with superlative adjectives:

It was the happiest day of my life.

Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
That’s the best film I have seen this year.
I have three sisters: Jan is the oldest and Angela is the youngest. 
Superlative adjectives 1
Superlative adjectives 2

How to form comparative and superlative

adjectives
We usually add –er and –est to one-syllable words to make comparatives and superlatives:

Old older oldest

 Long longer longest

If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r or –st:

Nice nicer nicest

Large larger largest

If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant:

Big bigger biggest

Fat fatter fattest

If an adjective ends in a consonant and –y, we change –y to –i and add –er or –est:

Happy happier happiest

Silly sillier silliest

We use more and most to make comparatives and superlatives for most two syllable

adjectives and for all adjectives with three or more syllables:
 Careful more careful  most careful

Interesting more interesting  most interesting

However, with these common two-syllable adjectives, you can either add –er/–r  and –est/–

st or use more and most:

common narrow
cruel pleasant
gentle polite
handsome simple
likely stupid

He is certainly handsomer than his brother.

His brother is handsome, but he is more handsome.
She is one of the politest people I have ever met.
She is the most polite person I have ever met.
The adjectives good, bad and far have irregular comparatives and superlatives:

good better best

bad worse worst

far farther/further  farthest/furthest

 list of opposites

Adjectives Opposites

alive dead

beautiful ugly

big small

bitter sweet

cheap expensive

clean dirty

difficult easy

good bad

early late

fat thin

full empty

hot cold

happy sad/unhappy

hardworkin lazy
g

modern traditional

new old

nice nasty

intelligent stupid

interesting boring
light heavy

polite rude/
impolite

poor rich

quiet noisy

right wrong

safe dangerous

short long

small big

soft hard

single married

true false

well ill/unwell

white black
 List of Irregular Verbs in English
Verb Simple past Past Participle

abide abode/abided abode/abided/(rare) abidden

arise arose arisen

awake awoke awoken

be was/were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat/beaten

become became become

begin began begun

behold beheld beheld

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bid bid/bade bid/bidden

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

burn burnt/burned burnt/burned

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed

drink Drank drunk

drive Drove driven

eat Ate eaten

fall Fell fallen

feed Fed fed

feel Felt felt

fight fought fought

find Found found

fit Fit fit

fly Flew flown

forbid forbade/forbad forbidden

forcast forcast forcast

foresee foresaw foreseen

foretell foretold foretold

forget Forgot forgot/forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

get got got/gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

lay lain lain

lead led led

learn learnt/learned learnt/learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lighted/lit lighted/lit

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

mislead misled misled

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

overcome overcame overcome

pay paid paid

prove proved proved/proven

put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewed/sewn

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved/shaven

shear sheared/shore sheared/shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

show showed shown

shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled

speak spoke spoken

speed sped/speeded sped/speeded

spell spelt spelt

spend spent spent

spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled

spread spread spread

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

strike struck struck/stricken

strive strived/strove strived/striven

sublet sublet sublet

sweep swept swept

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

undo undid undone

upset upset upset

wake woke woken

wear wore worn

weave wove/weaved woven/weaved

win won won

write wrote written