Physics Project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
OF COMPLETION
PRESENTED TO
Aryan Mishra
a student of class XA for successfully completing the
investigatory project work on “ Transformer “ under the
guidance of Mrs. Juby Dinesh Poul (Subject teacher) during
the year 2021 -22 in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
CBSE in Physics.
Aryan Mishra
INDEX
❖ OBJECTIVE
❖ INTRODUCTION
❖ PRINCIPLE
❖ WORKING
❖CONSTRUCTION
❖ USES
❖ ENERGY LOSSES
❖ LEARNING OUTCOME
OBJECTIVE
TO INVESTIGATE THE RATIO OF
• INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE
• NUMBER OF TURNINGS IN THE PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY COIL OF SELF-DESIGNED
TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device used in the
power transmission of electric energy.
The transmission current is AC. It is
commonly used to increase or decrease
the supply voltage without a change in
the frequency of AC between circuits.
The transformer works on the basic
principles of electromagnetic
induction and mutual induction.
The transformer is basically a voltage
control device that is used widely in the
distribution and transmission of
alternating current power. The idea of a
transformer was first discussed by
Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and
was carried forward by many other
prominent science scholars. However,
the general purpose of using
transformers was to maintain a balance
between the electricity that was
generated at very high voltages and
consumption which was done at very
low voltages.
PRINCIPLE
• Transformer works on the principle of

Faraday's law of mutual induction.
• Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction states that, when a change
takes place in the magnetic flux which
is linked with a circuit, an electromotive
force current will induce in the circuit.
• It works on the alternating current
only because an alternating flux is
required for mutual induction between
the two winding.
• When the AC supply is given to the
primary winding with a certain voltage,
an alternating flux sets up in the core of
the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it,
an emf is induced in it called Mutually
Induced emf.
• The direction of this induced emf is
opposite to the applied voltage.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
WORKING
A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron
core. Two coils, a primary (P) coil with two
sides P1 and P2, and a secondary (S) coil with
two sides S1 and S2. Both these coils are
insulated from the Ferro-magnetic iron core.
The source of the alternate current is
connected to the primary winding and the
output is obtained through the secondary
winding which is connected in parallel to a
resistance (R).
S1
P1
(R)
P2
S2
For an ideal transformer, we consider that
resistances of the primary and secondary coils are
negligible.
Let the E.M.F. of the alternate current supplied by
the A.C source be
EP=E0sinωt
Let’s assume that the primary winding to be a pure

inductance, so here IP will lag behind the voltage EP
by 90∘. Thus the power factor for primary coil
becomes,
cosϕ=cos90∘=0
Let that the number of turns in primary wire be NP

and secondary wire be NS.
According to faraday law, the induced E.M.F. through
one turn of both the coils will be the same.
Let the flux through one turn be ϕ, the flux through
the primary coil be ϕP and the flux through the
secondary coil be ϕS.
So, ϕP=NPϕ
ϕS=NSϕ
We also know by Faraday’s law
E=dϕ/dt
So for the primary coil this equation becomes
ES=dϕS/dt (Equation 1)
And for the secondary coil this equation becomes
EP=dϕP/dt (Equation 2)
Dividing equation 1 by equation 2

ES/EP=dϕS/dϕP=NSϕ/NPϕ
ES=Ep×NS/NP (Equation 3)
We know that,
P=VI
Here,
P=Power
V=Voltage
I=Current
For primary coil this equation becomes
PP=EPIP (Equation 4)
For secondary coil this equation becomes

PS=ESIS (Equation 5)
For an ideal transformer no energy is lost, so

PP=PS
EPIP=ESIS
IS=IPEP/Es (∵EPES=NPNS)
IS=IPNPNS
DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTION
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
Iron Rods, Sheets of paper, Voltmeter,
Ammeter
• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick

paper and wind a large number of turns of
thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
• Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound relatively smaller number of
turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
• Connect P1, P2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
• Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through S1and S2.
• Now connect S1and S2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
• Repeat all steps for other self made
transformers by changing number of turns
in primary and secondary coil.
USES
Transformers are used in a variety of applications,
including power generation, transmission and
distribution, lighting, audio systems, and electronic
equipment.
• Power generation: Transformers are used in

power plants to increase the voltage of the
electricity generated by the plant before it is sent
to the grid.
• Transmission and distribution: Transformers are
used in the transmission and distribution of
electricity to increase or decrease the voltage of
electricity as it is sent from power plants to
homes and businesses.
• Lighting: Transformers are used in lighting
systems to decrease the voltage of electricity
before it is sent to light bulbs.
• Audio systems: Transformers are used in audio
systems to increase or decrease the voltage of
electricity before it is sent to speakers.
• Electronic equipment: Transformers are used in a
variety of electronic devices, including
computers, TVs, radios, and cell phones.
Transformers are a vital part of the electrical grid

and are used in a variety of applications to ensure
that electricity is delivered safely and efficiently.
ENERGY LOSSES
• Resistive Loss - Resistive loss occurs in the form

of heat energy lost due to the resistance of the
copper coils used in the windings of a
transformer.
• Flux leakage - Due to error in the design of
the core of the secondary coil, all the magnetic
flux produced in the primary coil may not be
linked to the secondary coil. That is the reason
for the flux leakage.
• Eddy currents - When the magnetic field in
primary coil changes then it induces currents
in the secondary coil and also currents in the
iron core itself. These currents flow in little
circles in the iron core and are called eddy
currents. The eddy currents cause heat loss.
• Hysteresis Loss - Loss of energy due to
continuous magnetization and
demagnetization of the transformer is called
hysteresis loss.
LEARNING OUTCOME
• The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.
• The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage.
• There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
• Keep yourself safe from voltage.
• While taking the readings of the current and

voltage of the A.C. should remain constant

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TO INVESTIGATE THE RATIO OF

• INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE

• NUMBER OF TURNINGS IN THE PRIMARY AND

• Transformer works on the principle of

Let’s assume that the primary winding to be a pure

Let that the number of turns in primary wire be NP

We also know by Faraday’s law

Dividing equation 1 by equation 2

For secondary coil this equation becomes

For an ideal transformer no energy is lost, so

• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick

• Power generation: Transformers are used in

Transformers are a vital part of the electrical grid

• Resistive Loss - Resistive loss occurs in the form

• While taking the readings of the current and

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