An equilateral triangle – has three equal sides and all angles equal

NOTE:A triangle with all sides different and all angles different is called scalene triangle

71
A triangle with vertices A, B and C is denoted as

A triangle has two kinds of angles

a. Interior angles

b. Exterior angles

Interior angle – is an angle inside the triangle.The sum of interior angles of a triangle is

Example, consider the triangle below

Exterior angle - is an angle outside the triangle.Consider the triangle below

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Example 2

Find the angles x and y in the diagrams below

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Equations with One Unknown
An equation – is a statement that two expressions are equal

An Equation with One Unknown

Solve an equation with one unknown
An equation can have one variable (unknown) on one side or two variables on both sides.

When you shift a number or term from one side of equation to another, its sign changes

 If it is positive, it becomes negative

 If it is negative, it becomes positive

Example 5

Solve the following equations

Solution

85
An Equation from Word Problems
Form and solve an equation from word problems
Some word problems can be solved by using equations as shown in the below examples

Example 6

86
Naomi is 5 years young than Mariana. The total of their ages 33 years. How old is Mariana?
Solution

Mariana is 19 years

Equations with Two Unknowns

Simultaneous Equations
Solve simultaneous equations
Simultaneous equations – are groups of equations containing multiple variables

Example 7

Examples of simultaneous equation

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A simultaneous equation can be solved by using two methods:

 Elimination method

 Substitution method

ELIMINATION METHOD

STEPS

 Choose a variable to eliminatee.g x or y

 Make sure that the letter to be eliminated has the same coefficient in both equations and if
not, multiply the equations with appropriate numbers that will give the letter to be eliminated the
same coefficient in both equations

88
 If the signs of the letter to be eliminated are the same, subtract the equations

 If the signs of the letter to be eliminated are different, add the equations

Example 8

Solve the following simultaneous equations by elimination method

Solution

a. Eliminate y

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To find y put x = 2 in either equation (i) or (ii)

From equation (i)

(b)Eliminate x

90
In order to find y, put x = 2 in either equation (i) or (ii)

From equation (ii)

(c) Given

91
To find g put r = 3 in either equation (i) or (ii)

From equation (i)

(d) Given

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To find x, put y = - 1 in either equation(i) or (ii)

From equation (ii)

BY SUBSTITUTION

STEPS

 Make the subject one letter in one of the two equation given

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 Substitute the letter in the remaining equation and proceed as in case of elimination

Example 9

Solve the following simultaneous equations by substitution method

Solution

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Linear Simultaneous Equations from Practical Situations
Solve linear simultaneous equations from practical situations
Simultaneous equations can be used to solve problems in real life involving two variables

Example 10

If 3 Mathematics books and 4 English books weighs 24 kg and 5 Mathematics books and 2
English books weighs 20 kg, find the weight of one Mathematics book and one English book.
Solution

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Let the weight of one Mathematics book = x and

Let the weight of one English book = y

To find y, put x = 2.29 in either equation (i) or (ii)

From equation(i).

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Inequalities
An inequality – is a mathematical statement containing two expressions which are not equal. One
expression may be less or greater than the other.The expressions are connected by the inequality
symbols<,>,≤ or≥.Where< = less than,> = greater than,≤ = less or equal and ≥ = greater or equal.

Linear Inequalities with One Unknown

Solve linear inequalities in one unknown
An inequality can be solved by collecting like terms on one side.Addition and subtraction of the
terms in the inequality does not change the direction of the inequality.Multiplication and division
of the sides of the inequality by a positive number does not change the direction of the
inequality.But multiplication and division of the sides of the inequality by a negative number
changes the direction of the inequality

Example 11

Solve the following inequalities

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Solution

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99
Linear Inequalities from Practical Situations
Form linear inequalities from practical situations
To represent an inequality on a number line, the following are important to be considered:

 The endpoint which is not included is marked with an empty circle

 The endpoint which is included is marked with a solid circle

Example 12

100
Compound statement – is a statement made up of two or more inequalities

Example 13

Solve the following compound inequalities and represent the answer on the number line

Solution

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102
 NUMBERS (II)
Rational Numbers
A Rational Number
Define a rational number
A Rational Number is a real number that can be written as a simple fraction (i.e. as a ratio).
Most numbers we use in everyday life are Rational Numbers.

Number As a Fraction Rational?

5 5/1 Yes

1.75 7/4 Yes

.001 1/1000 Yes

-0.1 -1/10 Yes

0.111... 1/9 Yes

√2(square root of 2) ? NO !

The square root of 2 cannot be written as a simple fraction! And there are many more such
numbers, and because they arenot rationalthey are calledIrrational.

The Basic Operations on Rational Numbers

Perform the basic operations on rational numbers

Addition of Rational Numbers:

To add two or morerational numbers, the denominator of all the rational numbers should be the
same. If the denominators of all rational numbers are same, then you can simply add all the
numerators and the denominator value will the same. If all the denominator values are not the

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same, then you have to make the denominator value as same, by multiplying the numerator and
denominator value by a common factor.

Example 1

1⁄3+4⁄3=5⁄3
1⁄3 +1⁄5=5⁄15 +3⁄15 =8⁄15

Subtraction of Rational Numbers:

To subtract two or more rational numbers, the denominator of all the rational numbers should be
the same. If the denominators of all rational numbers are same, then you can simply subtract the
numerators and the denominator value will the same. If all the denominator values are not the
same, then you have to make the denominator value as same by multiplying the numerator and
denominator value by a common factor.

Example 2

4⁄3 -2⁄3 =2⁄3

1⁄3-1⁄5=5⁄15-3⁄15=2⁄15

Multiplication of Rational Numbers:

Multiplication of rational numbers is very easy. You should simply multiply all the numerators
and it will be the resulting numerator and multiply all the denominators and it will be the
resulting denominator.

Example 3

4⁄3x2⁄3=8⁄9

Division of Rational Numbers:

Division of rational numbers requires multiplication of rational numbers. If you are dividing two
rational numbers, then take the reciprocal of the second rational number and multiply it with the
first rational number.

Example 4
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4⁄3‚2⁄5=4⁄3x5⁄2=20⁄6=10⁄3
Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
Define irrational numbers
An irrational number is areal numberthat cannot be reduced to any ratio between anintegerpand
anatural numberq. The union of the set of irrational numbers and the set of rational numbers
forms the set of real numbers. In mathematical expressions, unknown or unspecified irrationals
are usually represented byuthroughz. Irrational numbers are primarily of interest to theoreticians.
Abstract mathematics has potentially far-reaching applications in communications and computer
science, especially in data encryption and security.

Examples of irrational numbers are √2 (the square root of 2), the cube root of 3, the circular ratio
, and the naturallogarithmbasee. The quantities√2 and the cube root of 3 are examples of
algebraic numbers. Pi and e are examples of special irrationals known as atranscendental
numbers. The decimal expansion of an irrational number is always nonterminating (it never
ends) and non repeating (the digits display no repetitive pattern)

Real Numbers
Real Numbers
Define real numbers
he type of number we normally use, such as 1, 15.82, −0.1, 3/4, etc.Positive or negative, large or
small, whole numbers or decimal numbers are all Real Numbers.

They are called "Real Numbers" because they are not Imaginary Numbers.

Absolute Value of Real Numbers

Find absolute value of real numbers
The absolute value of a number is the magnitude of the number without regard to its sign. For
example, the absolute value of 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 written as . The sign before 𝑥 is ignored. This is because
the distance represented is the same whether positive or negative. For example, a student walking
5 steps forward or 5 steps backwards will be considered to have moved the same distance from
where she originally was, regardless of the direction.

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The 5 steps forward (+5) and 5 steps backward (-5) have an absolute value of 5

Thus |𝑥| = 𝑥 when 𝑥 is positive (𝑥 ≥ 0), but |𝑥| = −𝑥 when 𝑥 is negative (𝑥 ≤ 0).

For example, |3| = 3 since 3 is positive (3 ≥ 0) And −3 = (−3) =3 since −3 is negative (3 ≤ 0)

Related Practical Problems

Solve related practical problems
Example 5

Solve for 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥| = 5

Solution

For any number 𝑥, |𝑥| = 5, there are two possible values. Either 𝑥,= +5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5

Example 6

Solve for 𝑥, given that |𝑥 + 2| =4

Solution

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 RATIO, PROFIT AND LOSS

Ratio
A ratio – is a way of comparing quantities measured in the same units

Examples of ratios

1. A class has 45 girls and 40 boys. The ratio of number of boys to the number of girls = 40:
45

2. A football ground 100 𝑚 long and 50 𝑚 wide. The ratio of length to the width = 100: 50

NOTE: Ratios can be simplified like fractions

1. 40: 45 = 8: 9

2. 100: 50 = 2: 1

A Ratio in its Simplest Form

Express a ratio in its simplest form
Example 1

Simplify the following ratios, giving answers as whole numbers

Solution

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A Given Quantity into Proportional Parts
Divide a given quantity into proportional parts
Example 2

Express the following ratios in the form of

Solution

108
To increase or decrease a certain quantity in a given ratio, multiply the quantity with that ratio

Example 3

a. Increase 6 𝑚 in the ratio 4 ∶ 3

b. Decrease 800 /− in the ratio 4 ∶ 5

Solution

Profits and Loss

Profit or Loss
Find profit or loss
If you buy something and then sell it at a higher price, then you have a profit which is given by:
Profit = selling price − buying price

If you buy something and then sell it at a lower price, then you have a loss which is given by:
Loss = buying price − selling price

The profit or loss can also be expressed as a percentage of buying price as follows:

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Percentage Profit and Percentage Loss
Calculate percentage profit and percentage profit and percentage loss
Example 4

Mr. Richard bought a car for 3, 000, 000/− and sold for 3, 500, 000/−. What is the profit and
percentage profit obtained?
Solution

Profit= selling price − buying price = 3,500,000-3,000,000=500,000

Therefore the profit obtained is 500,000/-

Example 5

Eradia bought a laptop for

Solution

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But buying price = 780, 000/− and loss = buying price − selling price = 780, 000 − 720, 000 =
60, 000/−

Simple Interest
Simple Interest
Calculate simple interest
The amount of money charged when a person borrows money e. g from a bank is called interest
(I)

The amount of money borrowed is called principle (P)

To calculate interest, we use interest rate (R) given as a percentage and is usually taken per year
or per annum (p.a)

Example 6

Calculate the simple interest charged on the following

a. 850, 000/− at 15% per annum for 9 months

b. 200, 000/− at 8% per annum for 2 years

Solution

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Real Life Problems Related to Simple Interest
Solve real life problems related to simple interest
Example 7

Mrs. Mihambo deposited money in CRDB bank for 3 years and 4 months. A t the end of this
time she earned a simple interest of 87, 750/− at 4.5% per annum. How much had she deposited
in the bank?
Solution

Given I = 87, 750/− R = 4.5% % T = 3 years and 4 months

Change months to years

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113
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinates of a Point
The Coordinates of a Point
Read the coordinates of a point
Coordinates of a points – are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 enclosed by the bracket which are used to
describe the position of a point in the plane

The plane used is called 𝑥𝑦 − plane and it has two axis; horizontal axis known as 𝑥 − axis and;
vertical axis known as 𝑦 − axis

A Point Given its Coordinates

Plot a point given its coordinates
Suppose you were told to locate (5, 2) on the plane. Where would you look? To understand the
meaning of (5, 2), you have to know the following rule: Thex-coordinate (alwayscomes first. The
first number (the first coordinate) isalwayson the horizontal axis.

114
A Point on the Coordinates
Locate a point on the coordinates
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The location of (2,5) is shown on the coordinate grid below. Thex-coordinate is 2. They-
coordinate is 5. To locate (2,5), move 2 units to the right on thex-axis and 5 units up on they-axis.

The order in which you writex- andy-coordinates in an ordered pair is very important. Th ex-
coordinate always comes first, followed by they-coordinate. As you can see in the coordinate
grid below, the ordered pairs (3,4) and (4,3) refer to two different points!

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Gradient (Slope) of a Line
The Gradient of a Line Given Two Points
Calculate the gradient of a line given two points
Gradient or slope of a line – is defined as the measure of steepness of the line. When using
coordinates, gradient is defined as change in 𝑦 to the change in 𝑥.

Consider two points 𝐴 (𝑥1, 𝑦1)and (𝐵 𝑥2, 𝑦2), the slope between the two points is given by:

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Example 1

Find the gradient of the lines joining:

a. (5, 1) and (2,−2)

b. (4,−2) and (−1, 0)

c. (−2,−3) and (−4,−7)

Solution

Example 2

a. The line joining (2,−3) and (𝑘, 5) has gradient −2. Find 𝑘

b. Find the value of 𝑚 if the line joining the points (−5,−3) and (6,𝑚) has a slope of½
Solution

118
Equation of a Line
119
The Equations of a Line Given the Coordinates of Two Points on a Line
Find the equations of a line given the coordinates of two points on a line
The equation of a straight line can be determined if one of the following is given:-

 The gradient and the 𝑦 − intercept (at x = 0) or 𝑥 − intercept ( at y=0)

 The gradient and a point on the line

 Since only one point is given, then

 Two points on the line

Example 3

Find the equation of the line with the following

a. Gradient 2 and 𝑦 − intercept −4

b. Gradient −2⁄3and passing through the point (2, 4)

c. Passing through the points (3, 4) and (4, 5)

Solution

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Divide by the negative sign, (−), throughout the equation

∴The equation of the line is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 16 = 0

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The equation of a line can be expressed in two forms

a. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and

b. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Consider the equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑚 = Gradient of the line

Example 4

Find the gradient of the following lines

a. 2𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 1

b. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5

c. 𝑥+𝑦=3
Solution

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Intercepts

The line of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, crosses the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 when 𝑥 = 0 and also crosses 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
when 𝑦 = 0

See the figure below

123
Therefore

a. to get 𝑥 − intercept, let 𝑦 = 0 and

b. to get 𝑦 − intercept, let 𝑥 = 0

From the line, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 − intercept, let 𝑥 = 0

𝑦=𝑚0+𝑐=0+𝑐=𝑐

𝑦 − intercept = c

Therefore, in the equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 is the gradient and 𝑐 is the 𝑦 − intercept

Example 5

Find the 𝑦 − intercepts of the following lines

Solution

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Graphs of Linear Equations
The Table of Value
Form the table of value
The graph of a straight line can be drawn by using two methods:

a. By using intercepts

b. By using the table of values

Example 6

Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

Solution

125
The Graph of a Linear Equation
Draw the graph of a linear equation
By using the table of values

126
Simultaneous Equations
Linear Simultaneous Equations Graphically
Solve linear simultaneous equations graphically
Use the intercepts to plot the straight lines of the simultaneous equations. The point where the
two lines cross each other is the solution to the simultaneous equations

Example 7

Solve the following simultaneous equations by graphical method

Solution

Consider: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

If 𝑥 = 0, 0 + 𝑦 = 4 𝑦 = 4

If 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 0 = 4 𝑥 = 4

127
Draw a straight line through the points 0, 4 and 4, 0 on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane

Consider: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2

If 𝑥 = 0, 0 − 𝑦 = 2 𝑦 = −2

If 𝑦 = 0, 2𝑥 − 0 = 2 𝑥 = 1

Draw a straight line through the points (0,−2) and (1, 0) on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane

From the graph above the two lines meet at the point 2, 2 , therefore 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

128
 PERIMETERS AND AREAS
Perimeters of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
The Perimeters of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
Find the perimeters of triangles and quadrilaterals
Perimeter – is defined as the total length of a closed shape. It is obtained by adding the lengths of
the sides inclosing the shape. Perimeter can be measured in 𝑚 , 𝑐𝑚 ,𝑑𝑚 ,𝑚,𝑘𝑚 e. t. c

Examples

Example 1

Find the perimeters of the following shapes

129
Solution

a. Perimeter = 7𝑚 + 7𝑚 + 3𝑚 + 3𝑚 = 20 𝑚

b. Perimeter = 2𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 5𝑚 = 11 𝑚

c. Perimeter = 3𝑐𝑚 + 6𝑐𝑚 + 4𝑐𝑚 + 5𝑐𝑚 + 5 𝑐𝑚 + 4𝑐𝑚 = 27 𝑐𝑚

Circumference of a Circle
The Value of Pi ( Π)
Estimate the value of Pi ( Π)
The number π is a mathematical constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter,
commonly approximated as3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "π" since the mid
18th century, though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi" (/paɪ/).

The perimeter of a circle is the length of its circumference 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒.

Experiments show that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is the same for all circles

The Circumference of a Circle

130
Calculate the circumference of a circle
Example 2

Find the circumferences of the circles with the following measurements. Take 𝜋 = 3.14

a. diameter 9 𝑐𝑚

b. radius 3½𝑚

c. diameter 4.5 𝑑𝑚

d. radius 8 𝑘𝑚
Solution

Example 3

The circumference of a car wheel is 150 𝑐𝑚. What is the radius of the wheel?
Solution

Given circumference, 𝐶 = 150 𝑐𝑚

∴ The radius of the wheel is 23.89 𝑐𝑚

Areas of Rectangles and Triangles

The Area of a Rectangle
Calculate the area of a rectangle

131
Area – can be defined as the total surface covered by a shape. The shape can be rectangle,
square, trapezium e. t. c. Area is measured in mm!, cm!,dm!,m! e. t. c

Consider a rectangle of length 𝑙 and width 𝑤

Consider a square of side 𝑙

Consider a triangle with a height, ℎ and a base, 𝑏

Areas of Trapezium and Parallelogram

The Area of a Parallelogram

132
Calculate area of a parallelogram
A parallelogram consists of two triangles inside. Consider the figure below:

The Area of a Trapezium

Calculate the area of a trapezium
Consider a trapezium of height, ℎ and parallel sides 𝑎 and 𝑏

Example 4

The area of a trapezium is120 𝑚!. Its height is 10 𝑚 and one of the parallel sides is 4 𝑚. What is
the other parallel side?
Solution

Given area, 𝐴 = 120 𝑚2, height, ℎ = 10 𝑚, one parallel side, 𝑎 = 4 𝑚. Let other parallel side be, 𝑏

Then

133
Area of a Circle
Areas of Circle
Calculate areas of circle
Consider a circle of radius r;

134
Example 5

Find the areas of the following figures

Solution

135
Example 6

A circle has a circumference of 30 𝑚. What is its area?

Solution

Given circumference, 𝐶 = 30 𝑚

C = 2𝜋𝑟

136