Vision

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A Leading State University in Technological and Professional Education

Mission
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Develop a Strong Technologically and Professionally Competent Productive Human Resource

Imbued with Positive Values Needed to Propel Sustainable Development

Core Values
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E – Excellence V – Value-Laden S-Service-Driven U-Unity in Diversity

 ii

Learning Guide In
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Numerical Method and Analysis

EE 313
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 iii

Foreword
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A very distinct field of mathematics is numerical methods and analysis,

definitely separate from what you have learned in your previous classes. It's
not harder, but the material's distinctness makes it feel harder. We think
about questions different from those of other levels of mathematics. Usually,
you are asked to calculate the derivative or antiderivative of a given function
in a calculus course, or to solve any equation for a certain unknown. The
task is clearly defined, with a very concrete notion of "the right answer." The
mission, with a very particular definition of "the right answer," is well
specified.
We are dealing with computing approximations here, and this requires
a kind of reasoning that is somewhat unusual. To build a rational estimate,
we have to grasp what we are approximating well enough, and we have to
be able to think objectively and objectively enough to evaluate the precision
and efficiency of that estimate. This course content has been described by
one former student as "rigorously imprecise" or "approximately correct."
Both are reasonable definitions. Here, rote memorization of procedures is
not useful; it is important that the subject understand the underlying
principles in this course. In essence, computational mathematics is also
experimental. By actually trying things out and seeing how the equation
goes, a lot can be learned.
This Learning Guide in Numerical Method and Analysis aimed to
provide the 3rd year students in Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
with instructional material for them to continue their learnings or studying
despite of what we are facing right now such tragic even in human history
the COVID-19 Pandemic. I hope they will maximize the use of this learning
Guide in Numerical Method and Analysis.

JERECO JIMS JAYAG AGAPITO, REE

Instructor I
 iv

About the Author

______________________________________________________________________________

Jereco Jims J. Agapito was born in Ormoc City. He received his

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Eastern Visayas State
University Ormoc City Campus. He earned his M.S in Engineering
Management from the University of the Visayas (UV) under the supervision
of Dr. Nimfa O. Rodriguez, who was the program coordinator and
department head of the B.S. Civil Engineering and Graduate School.

Engr. Agapito, is an Instructor I temporary status of the Department

of Engineering at the Eastern Visayas State University in Ormoc City. He has
been teaching undergraduate courses specially in Electrical Engineering
courses for both majors and nonmajors. He has served as thesis adviser of
some B.S. Electrical Engineering students. His area of interest includes
blockchain technology and trading style using Snapex, Bitmex and other
virtual chain platforms particularly on crypto.

Co-Author
______________________________________________________________________________

Vincent M. Duallo is currently designated as an Institutional Planning

and Development Officer at Eastern Visayas State University in Ormoc City.
He has been teaching undergraduate courses for 20 years for mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering and civil engineering majors and
nonmajors. He was an outstanding campus adviser awardee. He spent 23
years as a Civil Engineer interest in construction, planning and management.
 v

Table of Contents
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Vision i

Mission i

Title Page ii

Foreword iii

About the Author iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vi

Module 1: Transcendental and polynomial equation and iterative

bracketing method
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Overview: 1

Lesson 1.1: Transcendental and Polynomial Equation 4

Lesson 1.2: Bisection Method 5

Lesson 1.3: Regula Falsi Method 8

Module Pretest 2-3

Module Posttest 12-15

References 16
 vi

List of Tables
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1 Bisection Method Table Formula………………………………………………….6-7

2 Regula Falsi Method Table Formula……………………………………..11

List of Figures
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1 Bisection method Cartesian Plane Presentation……………………………6

2 Regula Falsi Method Cartesian Plane Presentation……………………….8
 1
Transcendental and
Module Polynomial Equation and
1 Iterative Bracketing
Method
Overview:

Numerical method is going to be an important part of this course. The

first thing we do is talk about what is numerical method? For simple
illustration of this course this is something just like there’s a mathematician
and an engineer. A mathematician and an engineer walk into a bar.
There was a dating event going on and they were both single as
expected. So, they decided to participate. A bartender introduced them into
a room with a very hot girl standing on the other side across the room. The
participants and the hot girl were separated by a distance of exactly 50
meters. The participants are allowed to go for the girl. Needless to say, that
both men were excited. But there's only one restriction. The first period of
time one can travel is half of the total distance, and afterwards one can only
travel half of the previous distance each time. Upon hearing the rule, the
mathematician left the room instantly without hesitation. The engineer asked
why. "That's impossible", the mathematician grunted, "it’s just an infinite
geometric series, right? I will never be able to reach her in a finite amount
of time." The engineer smiled. "Well, I don't really care. After a finite number
of steps, I would be close enough to her for all approximate practical
calculations." Then the engineer win.
The sense of this simple illustration is that don't underestimate the power of
"approximation".
Topic Learnỉng Outcomes

In this lesson, you will be able to:

• Review the conventional way to solve polynomial equations.
• Understand the difference between numerical method and
the conventional or the analytical method.
• Understand the root of equation and the multiplicity of roots.
• Identify the iterative methods to solve polynomial equations
Pre–activity (Get Set) 2

This pre-activity will set as a review for your previous skills and
methods finding the roots of a function. Solve each function finding the
roots by using the instructed method.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (Quadratic Formula) use extra short bond paper if necessary

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2. 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 18 = 0 (Factoring Method) use extra short bond paper if necessary
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3. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 (Completing the Square) use extra short bond paper if necessary
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4. 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 (Extracting the Square Root) use extra short bond paper if necessary
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 Self-assessment (How far do you know?) 3

In the chart's left-hand column, read each of the questions and put a
check on each question in the relevant reverse box to display the answer.
5-Advanced 4-Proficient 3-Approaching Proficiency 2-developing 1-beginning

CAN I? 5 4 3 2 1

• Solve a function using the traditional

method of finding the roots?
➢ Quadratic Formula
➢ Completing the Square
➢ Extracting the Square root
➢ Factoring Method
• Solve a function finding the roots by
using the
➢ Bỉsection Methοd
➢ Secαnt Methοd
➢ Regulα Fαlsỉ Methοd
➢ Newtοn Rαphsοn Methοd
➢ Simple Point Iterαtỉon Methοd
➢ Modified Newton Raphson
Method
➢ Open Methods
• Identify what is the difference
between transcendental equation
and polynomial equation.
• Solve a function using differential
calculus.
• Solve the multiplicity of the roots
• Solve linear and non-linear equations

• Solve eigenvalue problems

• Know how to use excel
 4

Lesson 1.1 Transcendental and Polynomial Equation

A transcendental equation, including trigonometric averages, exponential equations,

and logarithmic equations, is a transcendental equation.

Example: 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 = 0 , log(𝑥 2 ) = 0 …etc.

Polynomial equation is the expression of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +

𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 𝑛−3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 𝑛−4 … … 𝑎𝑛 , where 𝑎𝑠 αre constαnts (𝑎0 ≠ 0) and n ỉs 𝑎 posỉtỉve
ỉnteger ỉs cαlled polynomỉαl of degree of n ỉn a variable 𝑥. The polynomỉαl 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ỉs cαlled
αn αlgebrαỉc equαtỉon of degree n. It contαỉns only algebraic terms.

Example: 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 9 = 0 …etc.

Note: (1) Transcendental equation may have no root, a finite or infinite number of reαl
or complex roots.
(2) Polynomỉαl Equαtỉon of degree n hαs exαctly n reαl or complex rootş.

Multiplicity of roots, ỉf we wrỉte 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 as 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑚 𝑔(𝑥) where 𝑔(𝑥)

ỉs bounded and 𝑔(𝑧) ≠ 0 then 𝑧 ỉs cαlled the root of multiplicity m. In thỉs cαse;

F𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓 1 (𝑧) = 𝑓 2 (𝑧) = 𝑓 3 (𝑧) = 𝑓 3 (𝑧)………𝑓 (𝑚−1) (𝑧) = 0 but 𝑓 𝑚 (𝑧) ≠ 0 if m=1
then number z is called as simple as root.

Example: if 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − cos (𝑥) then 0 is root of this equation to check multiplicity;
we check;
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − cos(𝑥) , 𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin(𝑥) , 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = cos(𝑥) , 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 1 ≠ 0
Since in the latter stage of derivation is not equal to 0, therefore 0 is root of 𝑓(𝑥) with
multiplicity of 2.

There are generally two method of solving 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, the direct method and the iterative
method.
 5

Direct Method, in this method we are finding the root of equation by direct process
in finite number of steps. This method finds all the roots of equation at a time.

Example: factorization method, using quadratic formula, extracting the square roots, synthetic
division. Etc.
Iteratỉve Method, thỉs method ỉs based on ỉdeα of successive approximation. In
this method we are starting with one or more initial approximations and obtain a sequence of
approximations of roots. In this method we can find only one root at a time.

Example: Bỉsectỉon Method, Secant Method, Resula Falsỉ Method, Newton Rαphson Method.
Etc.

Lesson 1.2 Bỉsectỉon Method

o The Bỉsectỉon Method ỉs a successive approxỉmatỉon method that narrows down an

ỉnterval that contaỉns a root of the functỉon 𝑓(𝑥).
o The Bỉsection Method ỉs gỉven an ỉnỉtỉal ỉntervαl [a..b] thαt contαỉns a root.
(We use the property sỉgn of 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ sỉgn of 𝑓(𝑏) to fỉnd such αn ỉnỉtỉαl ỉntervαl)
o The Bỉsectỉon Method wỉll bracket the 2 points and check the root of the function by using
table. (The table mentioned will be shown below)
o The Bisection Method will keep focus from that range interval untỉl the resultỉng ỉntervαl
ỉs extremely smαll.
o The root ỉs then αpproxỉmαtely equαl to αny vαlue ỉn the fỉnαl (referring from the column
𝑏 − 𝑎 < 0.01) interval.

Example: Fỉnd the root of the functỉon 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 8

Solution:
If x = 0, then 𝑓(0) = 2(0)3 + 5(0) − 8, 𝑓(0) = −8 coordinate (0, -8)
If x=1, then 𝑓(1) = 2(1)3 + 5(1) − 8, 𝑓(1) = −1 coordinate (1, -1)
If x=2, then 𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 + 5(2) − 8, 𝑓(2) = 18 coordinate (2,18)

Let’s put the coordinates into the cartesian plane so that, we can picture out the function which
line must be bracketed to.
 6

Figure 1
18 (2, 18)

This region will be the

main focus

to determine the root of the

function

(1, -1)

(0, -8)

To solve the approximate value of the “𝑥 ” so that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 we use this
table. Note: Assuming a=1 and b=2.

Table 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) c=(a+b)/2 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑏−𝑎
1 2 -1 18 1.5 6.25 1
Note: if the Note: if the
vαlue of f(c) value of f(c)
ỉs lesser is greater
thαn 0, then than 0, then
the vαlue of the of your
your “a” on “b” on the
the next next row
row must be must be
change in change in
terms of terms of
value “𝐶” value “𝐶”
 7

1 1.5 -1 6.25 1.25 2.15625 0.5

1 1.25 -1 2.15625 1.125 0.472656 0.25
1 1.125 -1 0.472656 1.0625 -0.28857 0.125
The f(c) is
negative,
so the
value of
“𝑎” must
be change
in terms of
“𝑐”
1.0625 1.125 -0.28857 0.472656 1.09375 0.085632 0.0625
The f(c) is
positive, so
the value
of “𝑏” must
be change
in terms of 7
“𝑐”
1.0625 1.09375 -0.28857 0.085632 1.078125 -0.10305 0.03125
The f(c) is
negative,
so the
value of
“𝑎” must
be change
in terms of
“𝑐”
1.078125 1.09375 -0.10305 0.085632 1.085938 -0.00911 0.015625
1.085938 1.09375 -0.00911 0.085632 1.089844 0.038163 0.0078125

Since the b-a is lesser than 0.01 we can conclude we already reach the approximate root
of the function. The most appropriate answer is the value of your b which is 1.09375.
If we put 1.09375 to the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 8
𝑓(𝑥) = 2(1.09375)3 + 5(1.09375) − 8
𝑓(𝑥) = 0.0078125
we can obtain nearest zero value.
 8

Lesson 1.3 Regula Falsi Method

A numerical procedure for solving an equation in an unknown is the Regula Falsi
procedure or false location method. It is very similar to the algorithm of the bisection
process which is one of the oldest methods. It has been generated because the process
of bisection converges at a very slow pace. In basic words, the approach is the trial and
error process of using the variable 's test ("false") values and then changing the test
value according to the result. The false location method abnormal falsi is used in problems
involving arithmetic or algebra to apply to simple trial and error methods of solving
problems by replacing test values with unknown quantities. Thỉs ỉs sometỉmes αlso
referred to as "guess and check".

Figure 2

Example: Fỉnd a root of αn equαtỉon 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥3 − 2𝑥 − 5 using False Position method
(regula falsi method)

Solution:
Here 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5
 9

Here:
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) −5 −5 7

1st iteration:
∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 2
𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

(−5)(2−1)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1 −
7−(−5)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =1.41667

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.41667) = 2 ⋅ 1.416673 − 2 ⋅ 1.41667 − 5 = −2.14699 < 0

2nd iteration:

Since the sign of 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) of the 1st iteration = sign of 𝑓(𝑎). Then set 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )

Here 𝑓(1.41667) = −2.14699 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0

∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1.41667 and 𝑏 = 2
𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

(−2.14699)(2−1.41667)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.41667 −
7−(−2.14699)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =1.55359

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.55359) = 2 ⋅ 1.553593 − 2 ⋅ 1.55359 − 5 = −0.60759 < 0

3rd iteration:

Since the sign of 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) of the 2nd iteration = sign of 𝑓(𝑎). Then set 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )

Here 𝑓(1.55359) = −0.60759 < 0 and 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0

∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1.55359 and 𝑏 = 2
𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
 10

(−0.60759)(2−1.55359 )
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.55359 −
7−(−0.60759)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =1.58924

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.58924) = 2 ⋅ 1.589243 − 2 ⋅ 1.58924 − 5 = −0.15063 < 0

4th iteration:

Since the sign of 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) of the 3rd iteration = sign of 𝑓(𝑎). Then set 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )

Here 𝑓(1.58924) = −0.15063 < 0 and 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0

∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1.58924 and 𝑏 = 2
𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

(−0.15063)(2−1.58924 )
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.58924 −
7−(−0.15063)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =1.59789

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.59789) = 2 ⋅ 1.597893 − 2 ⋅ 1.59789 − 5 = −0.0361 < 0

5th iteration:

Since the sign of 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) of the 4th iteration = sign of 𝑓(𝑎). Then set 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )

Here 𝑓(1.59789) = −0.0361 < 0 and 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0

∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1.59789 and 𝑏 = 2

𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

(−0.0361)(2−1.59789 )
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.59789 −
7−(−0.0361)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.59996

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.59996) = 2 ⋅ 1.599963 − 2 ⋅ 1.59996 − 5 = −0.00858 < 0

6th iteration:
Since the sign of 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) of the 5th iteration = sign of 𝑓(𝑎). Then set 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )

Here 𝑓(1.59996) = −0.00858 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0

∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1.59996 and 𝑏 = 2
 11

𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

(−0.00858)(2−1.59996 )
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.59996 −
7−(−0.00858)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.60045

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.60045) = 2 ⋅ 1.600453 − 2 ⋅ 1.60045 − 5 = −0.00203 < 0

7th iteration:
Since the sign of 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) of the 5th iteration = sign of 𝑓(𝑎). Then set 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )

Here 𝑓(1.60045) = −0.00203 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0

∴ Now, Root lies between 𝑎 = 1.60045 and 𝑏 = 2

𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏−𝑎)
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 =𝑎 −
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

(−0.00858)(2−1.59996 )
𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.60045 −
7−(−0.00858)

𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 = 1.60056

𝑓(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 )=𝑓(1.60056) = 2 ⋅ 1.600563 − 2 ⋅ 1.60056 − 5 = −0.00048 < 0

Approxỉmαte root of the equαtỉon 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 usỉng False Position Method ỉs

1.60056

Table 2
#
iterations
𝑎 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑏 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 𝐹(𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝 ) update

1 1 -5 2 7 1.41667 -2.14699 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

2 1.41667 -2.14699 2 7 1.55359 -0.60759 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

3 1.55359 -0.60759 2 7 1.58924 -0.15063 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

4 1.58924 -0.15063 2 7 1.59789 -0.0361 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

5 1.59789 -0.0361 2 7 1.59996 -0.00858 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

6 1.59996 -0.00858 2 7 1.60045 -0.00203 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

7 1.60045 -0.00858 2 7 1.60056 -0.00048 𝑎=𝑥𝑟𝑓𝑝

 12

Short Exam..Try it!

Instruction: Solve the following function by Bisection Method

(Use another short bond paper if necessary)
1. Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 1 has a real root 𝑎 in the interval
[0.5,1.0].
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2. Fỉnd the root of 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 − 10 = 0 approxỉmately up to 5 ỉteratỉons usỉng
Bỉsectỉon Method. Let 𝑎 = 1.5 and 𝑏 = 2.
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3. If a functỉon ỉs real and contỉnuous ỉn the regỉon from a to b and f(a)
and f(b) have opposỉte sỉgns then there ỉs no real root between a and
b. (TRUE OR FALSE) explain your answer.
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 13

4. A function is given by 𝑥 – 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0. Find the root between 𝑎 = 0 and

𝑏 = 1.
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5. Find out the root of 𝑥 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – 0.5 = 0 between 1 and 2.
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6. Find the approximated value of 𝑥 till 4 iterations for 𝑒 −𝑥 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥).
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Instruction: Solve the following function by Regula falsi method

(Use another short bond paper if necessary)
7. Find the root between (2,3) of 𝑥 3 + − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
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8. Solve 2𝑥 3 − 2.5𝑥 − 5 = 0 for the root in the ỉnterval [1,2].
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9. Fỉnd the positive root of the equatỉon 3x-cosx-1 using Regula Falsi
method and correct upto 4 decimal places.
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 15

Instruction: Solve the following function using excel; for this solving activity
send the excel file to our google classroom.

10. Find the root between (2,3) of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 by Bỉsection

Method
11. Fỉnd the posỉtỉve root of the equatỉon 3x-cosx-1 using Regula Falsi
method and correct upto 4 decimal places.

What did you learn?

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 16

References
R. L. Burden, J. D. Faires, A. M. Burden. Numerical Analysis. 2016.
J. H. Matthews, K. D. Fink. Numerical methods using MATLAB. Pearson,
2004.
W. Gautschi. Numerical Analysis. Birkhäuser Boston, 2012 (ebook available
from the Library)