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    Param Summary

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    najek81
    Parametric curves are curves defined by two equations x=x(t) and y=y(t) where t is a parameter. The slope of the tangent line at a point t0 is given by dy/dx = y'(t0)/x'(t0). Arc length between times t0 and t1 is calculated as the integral from t0 to t1 of the square root of (x'(t))^2 + (y'(t))^2 dt. Rotating a parametric curve about the x or y axis gives surfaces whose area can be found by integrating functions of x'(t) and y'(t) between the limits of rotation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Param Summary

    Uploaded by

    najek81
    6 views5 pages
    Parametric curves are curves defined by two equations x=x(t) and y=y(t) where t is a parameter. The slope of the tangent line at a point t0 is given by dy/dx = y'(t0)/x'(t0). Arc length between times t0 and t1 is calculated as the integral from t0 to t1 of the square root of (x'(t))^2 + (y'(t))^2 dt. Rotating a parametric curve about the x or y axis gives surfaces whose area can be found by integrating functions of x'(t) and y'(t) between the limits of rotation.

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    Parametric curves are curves defined by two equations x=x(t) and y=y(t) where t is a parameter. The slope of the tangent line at a point t0 is given by dy/dx = y'(t0)/x'(t0). Arc length between times t0 and t1 is calculated as the integral from t0 to t1 of the square root of (x'(t))^2 + (y'(t))^2 dt. Rotating a parametric curve about the x or y axis gives surfaces whose area can be found by integrating functions of x'(t) and y'(t) between the limits of rotation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views5 pages

    Param Summary

    Uploaded by

    najek81
    Parametric curves are curves defined by two equations x=x(t) and y=y(t) where t is a parameter. The slope of the tangent line at a point t0 is given by dy/dx = y'(t0)/x'(t0). Arc length between times t0 and t1 is calculated as the integral from t0 to t1 of the square root of (x'(t))^2 + (y'(t))^2 dt. Rotating a parametric curve about the x or y axis gives surfaces whose area can be found by integrating functions of x'(t) and y'(t) between the limits of rotation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Summary: Parametric Curves

    Parametric curves
    A parametric curve (in the plane) is a curve defined by two equations

    x = x(t),
    y = y(t),

    where t is called a parameter. For each real number t, the point (x(t), y(t)) is a
    point on the curve.

    Eliminating parameters
    To find the underlying curve, try eliminating the parameter using algebra and/or
    trig identities.

    Tangent lines of parametric curves


    The slope of a parametric curve x = x(t), y = y(t) is
    dy
    
    dy dt 
    = dx .
    dx dt
    In particular, to find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at t = t0 , we
    y 0 (t0 )
    compute 0 .
    x (t0 )

    Arc length of parametric curves


    Consider a particle moving along a trajectory. The motion is described by the
    parametric curve

    x = x(t)
    y = y(t).

    1
    The speed of the particle is given by
    ds
    q
    = (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2
    dt
    The differential arc length element is given by
    q
    ds = (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt.

    Consider the arc length, or distance travelled by the particle from time t0 to
    time t1 . The letter s is customarily used to denote arc length. You should think of
    s = s(t) as a function of time, where s(t) is the distance travelled by the particle
    since some starting time. If s0 = s(t0 ) and s1 = s(t1 ), then the distance traveled
    by the particle from time t0 to t1 can be calculated by
    Z s1 Z t1 q
    s1 − s0 = ds = (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt
    s0 t0

    A note about notation

    ds2 = dx2 + dy 2 means (ds)2 = (dx)2 + (dy)2


    p p
    ds = dx2 + dy 2 means ds = (dx)2 + (dy)2

    In particular, dx2 = (dx)2 . This is the square of a differential, not the differential
    of the square. The differential of the square is d(x2 ) = 2x dx, which is not the
    same.

    Position and speed along a parametric curve


    We have been thinking of a parametric curve as the description of a particle’s
    position over time. So what is the velocity? And what about the acceleration?

    • The derivative x0 (t) is the velocity in the direction of the x-axis.

    • The derivative y 0 (t) is the velocity in the direction of the y-axis.


    ds
    q
    • The speed along the curve is given by = (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 .
    dt
    • The notion of velocity along the curve requires considering x0 and y 0 together
    in what is known as a vector. Both velocity and acceleration are vectors and
    you will see them in multivariable calculus.

    2
    y
    yn sn

    ∆s
    s0
    y0
    x
    x0 xn

    Figure 1: Rotating a curve about the y-axis.

    Surface area
    Consider the parametric curve

    x = x(t)
    y = y(t).

    Consider the surface formed by rotating the curve about the y-axis.
    The differential surface area element is given by

    dA = 2πx ds
    q
    = 2πx(t) (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt.

    The the surface area from time t0 to time t1 is given by the integral:
    Z t1 q
    Surface area of parametric curve = 2πx(t) (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt
    t0

    Consider the surface formed by rotating the curve about the x-axis.
    The differential surface area element is given by

    dA = 2πy ds
    q
    = 2πy(t) (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt.

    The the surface area from time t0 to time t1 is given by the integral:
    Z t1 q
    Surface area of parametric curve = 2πy(t) (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt
    t0

    3
    y
    yn sn

    ∆s

    s0
    y0
    x
    x0 xn

    Figure 2: Rotating a curve about the x-axis.

    The (signed) area under a curve y = f (x) between x = a and x = b is given by


    Z b
    f (x) dx.
    a
    Suppose that this curve is parameterized by the equations
    x = x(t)
    y = y(t).
    Moreover suppose that x(t0 ) = a and x(t1 ) = b. Then the (signed) area under the
    curve is also equal to
    Z b Z t1
    f (x) dx = f (x(t)) x0 (t) dt.
    a t0

    by change of variables (or by substitution and applying the chain rule).


    But note that
    y = f (x)
    y = y(t)
    =⇒ y(t) = f (x(t))
    hence
    Z b Z t1
    f (x) dx = y(t) x0 (t) dt.
    a t0

    This formula for the (signed) area under a parametric curve holds in general!

    4
    General result for parametric curves
    Given a parametric curve:

    x = x(t)
    y = y(t),

    The signed area of the region bounded between the curve and the x-axis for t0 <
    t < t1 is given by the integral
    Z t1
    Signed Area = y(t) x0 (t) dt.
    t0

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