2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Signal propagating in 1D
g(x0 − ct0 ) = g(x1 − ct1 )
= g(x2 − ct2 ) · · ·
c : speed of propagation
Derivation of 1-D Wave Equation
Let s = x − ct
Signal: g(x − ct) = g(s)
Let g(x, t) = A sin (kx − ωt) Let g(x, t) = A sin (kx + ωt)
2π 2π
where c = λf, k ≡ λ and ω ≡ T
∂ 2 g(x, t) ∂ 2 g(x, t)
= −k 2 A sin (kx − ωt) = −k 2 A sin (kx + ωt)
∂x2 ∂x2
∂ 2 g(x, t) ∂ 2 g(x, t)
= −ω 2 A sin (kx − ωt) = −ω 2 A sin (kx + ωt)
∂t2 ∂t2
Wavelength, Period and Standing Wave
A sin (kx − ωt) + A sin (kx + ωt) = 2A sin (kx) cos (ωt)
Derivation of 1-D Wave Equation for a String
y
y = rsinθ
dy
dr =sinθ
y + ∆y ∆y
y
∆x
r θ
x x + ∆x x
L
1D Wave 1 ∂ 2y ∂ 2y c2 = T
c = λf
Equation c2 ∂t2
= ∂x2 ρA or
Standing Wave Solution
I 1D Wave Equation
1 ∂2y ∂2y
=
c2 ∂t2 ∂x2
I Boundary Conditions
y(0, t) = y(L, t) = 0
ω
c = λf =
k
ω = 2πf
2π
k=
λ
Modes of oscillation
n = 1 λ1 = 2L c = λ1 f1
f1 = c/λ1 = c/2L
n = 2 λ2 = L c = λ2 f2
f2 = c/λ2 = c/L = 2f1
n = 3 λ3 = 2L/3 c = λ3 f3
f3 = c/λ3 = 3c/2L = 3f1
n = 4 λ4 = L/2 c = λ4 f4
f4 = c/λ4 = 2c/L = 4f1
Diatonic Scale
do re mi fa so la ti do
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th octave
C D E F G A B C
9 5 4 3 5 15
1 8 4 3 2 3 8 2
Modern Pitch Convention A = 440 Hz.
String struck by a hammer at x = xp
I 1D Wave Equation
1 ∂2y ∂2y
2 2
=
c ∂t ∂x2
I Boundary Conditions
y(0, t) = y(L, t) = 0
I Initial Conditions
y(x, 0) = 0
∂y(x, 0) µ
= δ(x − xp )
∂t ρA
where µ : total momentum given by hammer
I Solution
∞
P 2µ
y(x, t) = ωn ρAL sin(kn xp ) sin(kn x) sin(ωn t)
n=1
2π nπ nπ
where kn = λn = L and ωn = L c
String plucked at x = xp
I 1D Wave Equation
1 ∂2y ∂2y
=
c2 ∂t2 ∂x2
I Boundary Conditions
y(0, t) = y(L, t) = 0
I Initial Conditions
β
(
xp x x ≤ xp
y(x, 0) = β(L−x)
L−xp x > xp
∂y(x, 0)
=0
∂t
I Solution
∞
P 2β
y(x, t) = kn2 xp (L−xp ) sin(kn xp ) sin(kn x) sin(ωn t)
n=1
2π nπ nπ
where kn = λn = L and ωn = L c