fireseal

Party Wall Roof Junction

Design Guide
CLASS 1 BUILDINGS

Party Wall Design Guide 1

  Expert insulation advice
 Project and value engineering support
 I ndustry-leading building science research

A wealth of insulation experience and knowledge to build on

The DesignSmart team has a wealth of construction experience and utilise industry-leading building science
research for acoustic, thermal and fire insulation products.

As the experts in building insulation they can assist with project specific support, value engineering challenges,
specification documentation, system design detailing, product installation and certification.

The team is complimented by a suite of online digital resources such as project case studies, calculators, design
guides, technical downloads, specifications, building science insights and CPD presentations.

Bradford DesignSmart is backed by CSR, which is the name behind some of the market’s most trusted and
recognised building material brands such as Bradford™, Martini™, Gyprock™, PGH™ and Viridian™ to name a few.

With a passion to provide a solution-based technical service that’s second to none, the Bradford DesignSmart
team are available to support, add value and provide expert insulation advice.

Get in contact with the DesignSmart team for your project by calling 1800 354 044 or meet the
DesignSmart technical team on

For more information visit BradfordDesignSmart.com.au

2 Party Wall Design Guide

 1.0 Introduction CONTENTS
Exova Warringtonfire was commissioned to review 1. INTRODUCTION 3
Bradford Party Wall Sealer applications for wall perimeter
and cavity junctions in Class 1 Buildings based on the 2. REDUCING FIRE HAZARDS 4
following requirements:
3. FIRE RESISTANCE LEVELS 4
 Building Code of Australia Volume 2
 Clause 3.7.1.8 Separating Walls 4. FIRESEAL PARTY WALL INSULATION 4

Exova Warringtonfire is a world-leader in fire safety

5. INSTALLATION DETAILS 6
technology with extensive capabilities including reaction
5.1 Typical applications class 1 building 6
to fire and fire resistance testing, fire engineering, fire
consultancy, fire risk assessment, and mandatory fire
6. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 7
certification. Bradford Fireseal Party Wall products were
tested in Exova Warringtonfire’s NATA registered laboratory 6.1 Roof details 7

in Dandenong Victoria. 6.2 Vertical joint details 14

Representative examples of the applications that have 7. PERFORMANCE YOU CAN TRUST 15
been considered are shown in this guide. The report states:

‘The applications of Bradford Fireseal Party Wall products 8. PRODUCT DETAILS 16

described in this guide provide sufficient information for

the authority having jurisdiction to confirm that they meet
the relevant Deemed to Satisfy requirements of Clause
3.7.1.8 of Volume 2 of the Building Code of Australia.’

This guide provides general advice on the application

of the Building Code of Australia provisions relating to
separating walls with respect to specific Bradford Fireseal
Party Wall products.

For Party Wall applications not covered in this guide,

contact your Bradford representative or call 1800 354 044.

Further information such as sample specifications and

installation information may be downloaded from
our website:

www.bradfordinsulation.com.au/designsmart

CSR Bradford is a member of

the Green Building Council of Australia.

Party Wall Design Guide 3

 2.0 Reducing fire hazards
There are principally 3 key areas for reducing fire hazards:
 Controlling fire within a compartment
 Controlling the spread of fire between compartments through openings in external walls
 Providing early warning to building occupants

The incorporation of the correct insulation products in the design of passive fire protection systems can save lives
and also complement the installation of active fire protection equipment (i.e. sprinkler systems and fire alarms).
Passive fire protection is a term which describes materials that are an integral part of the construction of the
building that ensure it offers adequate fire performance, and that when assembled into compartments, form fire
rated barriers to provide control of fire within the compartments.

3.0 Fire resistance levels

The inclusion of fire rated building products such as insulation are covered by the Building Code of Australia (BCA).

The BCA specifies required levels of fire resistance for walls that separate one dwelling from another. These
required levels are expressed as the Fire Resistance Level (FRL) of the wall in minutes. The fire rated walls must
provide the tenants with sufficient time to escape the building safely by maintaining sufficient structural adequacy,
integrity and insulation.
 Structural – Failure occurs when the specimen collapses under load.
 Integrity – Failure occurs when the specimen develops cracks or openings through which flames or hot gases
can pass.
 Insulation – Insulation indicates in minutes the period after which failure might occur in the wall systems under
test, when either:
 The average temperature of the unexposed surface of the test specimen increases by more than 140°C above
the initial temperature OR
 The temperature at any point on the unexposed side, increases by more than 180°C above the initial temperature.

4.0 Fireseal Party Wall insulation

Bradford Fireseal Party Wall insulation products are all made from biosoluble Rockwool; a molten mixture of
natural rock and recycled blast furnace waste products, bonded with thermosetting resin. The products have
remarkable resistance to shrinkage at temperatures encountered in fire conditions.

PARTY WALL BENEFITS

Highly durable and cost effective fire insulation
Excellent resistance to shrinkage at high temperatures encountered in fire conditions
Suitable for all standard party wall applications – easy-to-cut for constricted applications
Performance is not adversely affected by contact with water
Non-combustible (when tested to AS1530.1)
Biosoluble and safe to use

4 Party Wall Design Guide

The Fireseal Party Wall Roof products have been assessed by Exova Warrington Fire in accordance with the general
principles of AS1530.4. They are suitable for the stated FRL when designed in accordance with the building and
structural considerations above, and installed in accordance with the details in this brochure.

4.1 Fireseal Party Wall Sealer – for use above and within walls
Bradford Fireseal Party Wall Sealer is a 300mm or 360mm wide blanket used to provide
fire protection in party walls or separating walls between adjoining occupancies. Options
are available in 50mm and 75mm thicknesses.

Bradford Party Wall Sealer 300mm wide is suitable for most applications - 360mm wide
option is available for applications with wider concrete blockwork or precast wall, such as
140mm wide blockwork.

THICKNESS OF FIRESEAL1 (mm) COMPRESSED GAP OPENING (mm)

50 45
1002 90
1502 135

4.2 Fireseal Party Wall Batt – for vertical joints applications only
Bradford Fireseal Party Wall Batt is designed for installation in Party Wall vertical joints
applications only, it is not appropriate to be used to seal areas at the top of either a
masonry or lightweight wall system. Refer to Figures 6.2.1 and 6.2.3.

Fireseal Party Wall Batts may also be stacked to fill cavities up to 255mm in height.
Multiple layers must be stacked neatly and should be installed as one unit.

THICKNESS OF FIRESEAL1 (mm) COMPRESSED GAP OPENING (mm)

100 90
200 2
180
300 2
270

4.3 Fireseal Party Wall Batten Fillers

Bradford Fireseal Party Wall Batten Fillers are designed to fill the profile of 40mm metal
battens that extend across the separating wall. Supplied in 100mm lengths this can be
easily fitted inside the profile negating the need to shape or profile the material on-site.

THICKNESS OF FIRESEAL (mm)

40

1 
Fireseal Party Wall products’ original thickness must be compressed by a min. of 10% and Bradford does not recommend more than 3 layers to be
stacked without adequate support.
2
Multiple pieces used to form height.

Party Wall Design Guide 5

 5.0 Installation details
For all Fireseal Party Wall products:
 The Party Wall products’ thickness must be compressed by at least 10% when coming to rest in the cavity
opening height to ensure adequate sealing, i.e. 50mm thick for a 45mm tall opening.

For Fireseal Party Wall Sealer:

 The Party Wall Sealer should be cut to fit tightly into the prepared opening.
 There must be no penetrations through the Party Wall Sealer, except those items allowed by the BCA.
 Where Anticon has been installed underneath a metal roof, the blanket must be peeled back so that the Fireseal
Party Wall Sealer can be installed over the foil only.
 All roof sealer applications should be installed as a single width of product across the width of the wall.

For Fireseal Party Wall Batts:

 Batt lengths are to be cut so to provide a tight fit in the construction gaps opening width. They must be fitted
tightly and accurately, following the profile of the gap.
 When a batt is required to be extended in length, a Vee profile cut shall be made to both ends of each batt so to
provide a butt joint.
 Any vertical joints in a stacked batt installation should be staggered.

For Fireseal Party Wall Batten Fillers:

 Where metal battens are used, Fireseal Party Wall Batten Fillers are to be used to fit snuggly inside the metal
batten profile; to suit the width of the wall.

Figure 5.1: Typical Party Wall and Common Wall applications

450mm parapet for combustable roof coverings

450mm parapet for combustable roof coverings

Separating wall continued up to underside of non-combustible roof cladding

Separating wall continued up to underside of non-combustible

Fire rated wall roof
abovecladding
lower roof
Separating wall
continued down Fire rated wall above lower roof
Separating
to ground wall
continued down
to ground

Dwelling 1 Dwelling 2
Dwelling 1 Dwelling 2
Dwelling 3 Dwelling 4 Dwelling 5
Dwelling 3 Dwelling 4 Dwelling 5

Suspended floor
Suspended floor

Party Walls
Party Walls

Dwelling9 9
Dwelling Dwelling
Dwelling 10 10

Dwelling
Dwelling 6 6 Dwelling
Dwelling 7 7 Dwelling88
Dwelling

Class 10a Private

Private garagesgarages
may bemay be or
under under or within
within class class 1a dwelling
1a dwelling
Private garages may be under or within class 1a dwelling

National Construction Code (NCC) 2016 Building Code of Australia (BCA) Volume 2, Clause 3.7.1.8 Separating
Walls, defines a Separating wall (also known as a party wall) as a wall that is common to adjoining Class 1 buildings.

Separating or Party walls of Class 1a dwelling located above a Class 10a private garage, which is not belonging
to the Class 1a dwelling, would still be defined as a Class 1 Party wall and is covered in this guide.

6 Party Wall Design Guide

 6.0 Typical Applications
6.1 Typical Party Wall and Roof Applications – Roof Details

Figure 6.1.1: Party Wall – Tile roof

Party Wall elevation – roof junction with tile roof

Truss/rafter line
Bradford Fireseal Party Wall Sealer Roof tiles
compressed between roof tiles and
top of party wall

Compliant battens and

sarking over party wall
(sarking not shown for clarity)

Compliant fire rated separating

wall (brick wall shown)

Figure 6.1.2: Party Wall – Metal roof

Party Wall elevation – roof junction with metal roof

Truss/rafter line
Bradford Fireseal Party Wall Metal roof
Sealer compressed between
roof and top of party wall

Batten filled with

Bradford Fireseal Party
Wall Batten Filler

Compliant fire rated separating

wall (block wall shown)

Party Wall Design Guide 7

6.1 Typical Party Wall and Roof Applications – Roof Details CONTINUED

Figure 6.1.3a: Party Wall/Roof Junction (Tile Roof/Gyprock Party Wall)

Any gap between the top of the

wall (16mm or 25mm lining) and Timber roof battens with
the underside of the roof covering dimensions of 75mm x
is packed with Bradford Party 50mm or less may be
Non-combustible roofing Wall Sealer 300mm wide continuous over wall

Compliant
roof battens Fill void between battens
Roof sarking. For roofs
with Bradford Fireseal
Roof framing without sarking, protect
Party Wall Sealer
Rockwool with damp course

Wall Clips at each H-Stud

Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel both sides of wall

16mm Gyprock Fyrchek™

laminated to Gyprock™ Shaft Bradford acoustic/thermal
Liner Panel with laminating insulation as per minimum
screws at 400mm x 400mm BCA requirements
max. centres

Figure 6.1.3b: Party Wall/Roof Junction (Metal Roof/Gyprock Party Wall)

Any gap between the top of the wall (16mm

or 25mm lining) and the underside of the roof Timber roof battens with dimensions
covering is packed with Bradford Party Wall of 75mm x 50mm or less may be
Sealer 300mm wide. Remove glasswool from continuous over wall
Anticon foil

Wall clips at 600mm max.

centres, both sides of wall Sarking layer of Anticon

600mm max.
16mm Gyprock Fyrchek
Gyprock Shaft Liner Panel laminated to Gyprock Shaft
installed horizontally Liner Panel with laminating
screws at 400mm x 400mm
Back to back H-Studs max. centres
installed horizontally
100mm max.
Trimmer placed in trusses each side
of wall to allow fixing of wall clips

Wall clips at all H-Stud,

both sides of wall

8 Party Wall Design Guide

Figure 6.1.4a: Party Wall/Roof Junction
Timber roof battens with dimensions of 75mm x
(Metal Roof/Double Brick Wall)
Non-combustible roofing 50mm or less may be continuous over wall

Compliant Any gap between the

roof battens top of the wall and the Anticon
Roof framing underside of the roof
covering is packed with
Bradford Party Wall
Sealer 300mm wide.
Remove glasswool
from Anticon foil Bradford acoustic/
thermal ceiling insulation
Masonry wall cut to
appropriate rake at top

Brick, Hebel AAC or masonry Render or plasterboard lining

wall with appropriate fire and
acoustic rating 20mm gap

Compliant metal Non-combustible metal roofing

Figure 6.1.4b: Party Wall/Roof Anticon
Junction(Metal Roof/Metal
roof battens
Battens/Double Brick Wall)

Any gap between the Compliant metal roof battens

top of the wall and
the underside of the
Roof roof covering is Batten filled with
framing packed with Bradford Bradford Fireseal
Party Wall Sealer Party Wall Batten
300mm wide. Filler 300mm wide
Remove Glasswool
from Anticon foil
Bradford acoustic/thermal
Wall cut to
appropriate ceiling insulation
rake at top

Brick wall with Render or plasterboard lining

appropriate fire
and acoustic rating 20mm gap

Figure 6.1.4c: Party Wall/Roof Non-combustible concrete or terracotta roofing

Junction (Tile Roof/Timber
Battens/Double Brick Wall)

Compliant
roof battens Timber battens with
Roof sarking dimensions of 70 x
Roof (for roofs without 50mm or less, may be
framing sarking protect continuous over wall
the rockwool with Fill void between battens
damp course) with Bradford Fireseal Party
Wall Sealer (top of wall to
Wall cut to
underside of roofing)
appropriate
rake at top Bradford
acoustic/thermal
ceiling insulation

Brick wall with Render or plasterboard lining

appropriate fire
and acoustic rating 20mm gap

Party Wall Design Guide 9

6.1 Typical Party Wall and Roof Applications – Roof Details CONTINUED

Figure 6.1.5a: Party Wall/Roof Compliant roof Non-combustible

Junction (Metal Roof/Timber battens metal roofing Anticon
Battens/Double Concrete Block/
Precast Concrete Wall)
Any gap between Timber battens with
the top of the wall dimensions of 70 x
and the underside 50mm or less, may be
of the roof continuous over wall
Roof
covering is packed
framing
with Bradford
Party Wall Sealer
300mm wide*.
Remove Glasswool
from Anticon foil

Wall cut to
appropriate Bradford
rake at top acoustic/thermal
ceiling insulation

Concrete blockwork or Render or

precast wall with plasterboard lining
* For 140mm wide blockwork appropriate fire and
use 360mm wide Bradford
20mm gap
acoustic rating
Party Wall Sealer

Figure 6.1.5b: Party Wall/Roof Junction Non-combustible concrete

Compliant roof
(Tile Roof/Timber Battens/Double or terracotta roofing
battens
Concrete Block/Precast Concrete Wall)

Timber battens with

Roof sarking dimensions of 70 x
(for roofs without 50mm or less, may be
Roof continuous over wall
framing sarking protect the
rockwool with
damp course) Fill void between
battens with Bradford
Fireseal Party Wall
Wall cut to Sealer (top of wall to
appropriate underside of roofing)
rake at top

Bradford
acoustic/thermal
ceiling insulation

Render or
Concrete blockwork or plasterboard lining
precast wall with
appropriate fire and 20mm gap
acoustic rating

Figure 6.1.5c: Party Wall/Roof Compliant metal Non-combustible

Junction (Metal Roof/Metal roof battens metal roofing Anticon
Battens/Double Concrete Block/
Precast Concrete Wall)

Any gap between Compliant metal

the top of the wall roof battens
and the underside
Roof of the roof covering Batten filled with
framing is packed with Bradford Fireseal
Bradford Party Wall Party Wall Batten
Sealer 300mm Filler 300mm wide
wide*. Remove
Glasswool from
Anticon foil
Wall cut to
appropriate Bradford
rake at top acoustic/thermal
ceiling insulation

* For 140mm wide blockwork Concrete blockwork or Render or

use 360mm wide Bradford precast wall with plasterboard lining
Party Wall Sealer
appropriate fire and
20mm gap
acoustic rating

10 Party Wall Design Guide

Figure 6.1.6: Party Wall/Roof Junction (Metal Roof/Gyprock Party Wall)

Any gap between the top of the Fill void between battens
wall (16mm or 25mm lining) and with Bradford Fireseal Party
the underside of the roof Wall Sealer
covering is packed with Bradford
Party Wall Sealer 300mm wide
Non-combustible roofing

Compliant roof battens

Roof sarking. For roofs without
sarking, protect Rockwool with
damp course

Roof framing
16mm Gyprock
Fyrchek™ laminated
Gyprock™ Shaft to Gyprock™ Shalf Liner
Liner Panel Panel with laminating screws
at 400mm x 400mm max. centres

Bradford acoustic/thermal
insulation as per minimum
BCA requirements

Figure 6.1.7: Stepped roof detail – Hebel

Party Wall elevation – roof junction with tile roof

Enviroseal ProctorWrap CW

It is required that the

sealant joint be tested
or assessed for the
required FRL

Flashing to building
Fireseal Party Wall Sealer
designers specification

Internal lining

Timber or steel
framing as per 75mm Hebel™ PowerPanel
project specifications

10-20mm gap

Party Wall Design Guide 11

6.1 Typical Party Wall and Roof Applications – Roof Details CONTINUED

Figure 6.1.8: Typical box gutter detail (Gyprock Party Wall)

Metal box gutter

Anticon
formed to suit Any gap between the top of the
wall (16mm or 25mm lining) and
Metal deck (Spandeck or similar)
the underside of the roof
to support box gutter
covering is packed with
Bradford Party Wall Sealer
Timber bargeboard 300mm wide

Compliant roof battens fixed

to trusses to support metal
deck/box gutter

Optional track along top of Required acoustic insulation

Wall Clips at each minimum 75mm Bradford
Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel H-Stud on both R1.5 Gold batts
sides of wall
Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel
Refer to Gyprock Party Wall Systems for
wall lining and insulation requirements

Figure 6.1.9: Typical ceiling/roof parapet (Gyprock Party Wall)

Optional track along top of

Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel Any gap between the top of the
wall (16mm or 25mm lining) and
the underside of the roof
covering is packed with Bradford
Parapet capping
Party Wall Sealer 300mm wide

Wall Clips at all

H-Studs, both
sides of wall Anticon

Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel Required acoustic insulation as

per minimum BCA requirements
Loadbearing timber wall
frame both sides
16mm Gyprock Fyrchek™ laminated
to Gyprock™ Shalf Liner Panel

12 Party Wall Design Guide

Figure 6.1.10: Typical eaves detail – Section A-A (Gyprock Party Wall)

Any gap between the top of the

wall (16mm or 25mm lining) and P140 track continuous
the underside of the roof and fixed to next H-Stud
covering is packed with Bradford
Party Wall Sealer 300mm wide
Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel
within framing formed with
P140 steel track
B
Non-combustible roofing Rafter
Wall clips
or truss
Non-combustible anti-ponding
board with sarking over (sarking
not shown for clarity)

Party Wall Framing each

side of fire barrier

Soffit bearer Screw fix all Wall clip each side of party wall
connections B fixed to P140 track and studs

Eaves lining

Bradford Fireseal Party Wall

Sealer, full height of cladding
and fill gap above cladding Gyprock™ Party Wall System

Sarking

Figure 6.1.11: Typical eaves detail – Section B-B (Gyprock Party Wall)

Non-combustible anti-ponding Any gap between the top of the wall (16mm or 25mm
board with sarking over lining) and the underside of the roof covering is packed
with Bradford Party Wall Sealer 300mm wide
Non-combustible roofing
A

Fascia Fascia
board board
Wall clips each side of fire
P140 track
barrier fixed to track and
ends of rafters

Rafter
Soffit bearer

P140 track to outer end of

CeminSeal™ Eaves Lining Sheer
A Gyprock™ Shaft Liner Panel

Party Wall Design Guide 13

6.2 Typical Party Wall and External Wall/Wall Corner Applications - Vertical Joint Details

Figure 6.2.1: Isometric view of Party Wall – External wall junction

Bradford Fireseal Party Wall Sealer

or batt - depending on cavity width- Expansion joint
compressed by a minimum of 10%
External masonry wall

Vapour barrier

Party wall

Figure 6.2.2: Detail at wall corner – Hebel

Bradford insulation
Hebel™ PowerWall
Gold Wall batts

10mm Gyprock™
Top hats
plasterboard CD

10mm Gyprock™ plasterboard CD

UNIT 1 UNIT 2
Fireseal Party Wall Sealer

Bradford Gold
Wall batts

IMPORTANT: Provide a control

joint at junction of the external For sarking membrane select
wall and Hebel™ Powerwall permeability based on climate
intertenancy wall zone and application

Hebel™ PowerWall EXTERNAL Hebel™ Powerwall external

wall system as per project
specification

NOTE: Fixings not shown for clarity

14 Party Wall Design Guide

Figure 6.2.3: Detail at external brick veneer wall

Brick veneer

10mm Gyprock™ plasterboard CD

Bradford Fireseal Party
Wall Sealer or batt
depending on cavity width

Wall Clips at each

H-Stud, both sides

Control joint opposite

Gyprock™ Shalf Liner Panel

150mm min. Bradford Fireseal Party Wall

Sealer or batt depending on
cavity width

Rondo P140 track

vertically at outer
ends of wall

Timber or steel Gyprock™ Party

stud wall framing Wall System
Aluminium straps

Required acoustic insulation,

minimum R1.5 Bradford Gold batts
For vapour barrier select
permeability based on
climate zone and application
10mm Gyprock™ plasterboard CD

7.0 Performance you can trust

Bradford Fireseal Party Wall products are manufactured under ISO 9001 Quality systems and are independently
tested to comply to with AS1530.4.

In addition, Bradford Fireseal Party Wall products were tested in Exova Warringtonfire’s NATA registered laboratory in
Dandenong Victoria. Exova Warringtonfire is a world-leader in fire safety technology and was also commissioned to
review Bradford Party Wall Sealer applications for wall perimeter and cavity junctions in Class 1 Buildings based on the
following requirements:

 Building Code of Australia Volume 2

 Clause 3.7.1.8 Separating Walls

Established over 80 years ago, CSR Bradford is Australia’s most experienced insulation company. This experience is
your guarantee of quality and performance, all backed by CSR.

Party Wall Design Guide 15

 8.0 Product details
Bradford Fireseal Party Wall range is designed for installation between the top of a fire resistance level (FRL) party wall
and the roofing membrane. Its purpose is to meet the requirements, for fire resistance between adjacent tenancies, as
set out in building codes and ordinances.

FIRESEAL PARTY WALL SEALER

THICKNESS (mm) STANDARD SIZE (mm x mm) PIECES PER PACK LINEAR METRE PER PACK PRODUCT CODE
50 4000 x 300 2 8 123443
75 4000 x 300 2 8 123444
50 4000 x 360 2 8 132796
75 4000 x 360 2 8 132797

Note: For installation Fireseal Party Wall Sealer must be compressed by 10%.

FIRESEAL PARTY WALL BATTS

THICKNESS (mm) STANDARD SIZE (mm x mm) PIECES PER PACK LINEAR METRE PER PACK PRODUCT CODE
100 1200 x 168 5 6 119161

Note: For installation Fireseal Party wall batts must be compressed by 10%. Fireseal Party Wall Batts are not appropriate to seal areas at the top of a
masonry or lightweight wall system.

FIRESEAL PARTY WALL BATTEN FILLERS

THICKNESS (mm) LENGTH (mm) PIECES PER PACK LINEAR METRE PER PACK PRODUCT CODE
40 100 35 3.5 125418

For more information call 1300 850 305 or visit bradfordinsulation.com.au

6183/12/17 B00032 B Party Wall Roof Junction Class 1 Design Guide

CSR Bradford
Locked Bag 1345 North Ryde BC NSW 1670
Email: bradfordenquiries@csr.com.au

CSR Bradford is a business division of CSR Building Products Limited ABN 55 008 631 356
The contents of this brochure are copyright protected and may not be reproduced in any form without prior written consent of CSR
Bradford. Recommendations and advice regarding the use of the products described in this brochure are to be taken as a guide only,
and are given without liability on the part of the company or its employees. We reserve the right to change product specifications
without prior notification, please refer to the CSR Bradford website for the latest revision of this document prior to use. The purchaser
should independently determine the suitability of the product for the intended use and application.