Report

ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
MINI PROJECT REPORT ON
SIMULATION OF OFDM SYSTEM USING

MATLAB
Submitted By,
JITHIN T. SUDHAKAR
RATHEESH T.
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI-682022
Sept-2015
CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
This is to certify that the project report entitled

“Simulation of OFDM System using MATLAB”
submitted by Jithin T.Sudhakar and Ratheesh T. under my
guidance and supervision.
Guide:
Dr.SUPRIYA M.H.
Head of the Department
Department of Electronics
CUSAT
Acknowledgement
Firstly,we thank Lord Almighty for guiding us in every step on our step
to the completion of this project.
This project would not have been successfully materialized,had it not been
for the several people who have helped us.We are extremely indebted to all
of them and wholeheartedly thank them for their valid support.
We are extremely grateful to Dr.Supriya M.H,Professor and Head of De-

partment of Electronics,our course coordinator and project guide for her
valuable guidance in choosing the topic,progress of our work and prepara-
tion of project report.
We sincerely thank all our friends and classmates who in one way or the
other have helped us in this work.
We truly admire our parents for their constant encouragement and endur-
ing support which was inevitable for the success of all our ventures.
Abstract
In telecommunication, the concept of multiplexing deals with the art of

mixing several signals , may be analog or digital in to same channel for
transmitting. There are various types of multiplexing schemes like Time
Division Multiplexing, Frequency Division Multiplexing etc
The Frequency Division Multiplexing is the type of multiplexing in which

total available band width for communication is divided in to multiple non
overlapping channels. These channels can be used individually for informa-
tion transmission and reception. The communication protocols used in radio
and television are examples of Frequency Division Multiplexing.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is multiplexing scheme used

for encoding the digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. As the name
indicates the OFDM multiplexes orthogonal signal into different channels.
OFDM is specially suited for high data rate-transmission in delay disper-
sive environments. the main objective for orthoganalizing is to reduce the
signal cross talk between the subcarriers and this avoids the requirement of
separate filter for each sub channel.
In this project, the transmitter and the receiver for the OFDM system
is simulated using the MATLAB . The various parameters of the OFDM is
also calculated using the software.
The transmitter section consists of an FFT transformation block for con-
verting the individual subcarriers which are generated using the serial to
parallel converter.
The receiver section consists of another FFT transformation block and

the transformed signal is demodulated using a parallel to serial converter.
The significance of the OFDM simulation comes in the field of wireless com-
munication, Digital Subscriber Line in Modem, 4G networks and power line
networks.
Contents
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Objectives of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Principle of OFDM 11
3 Implementation of OFDM system 14

3.1 Frequency Selective Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Noise Characteristics of OFDM 20
5 Representation of Transmitter and Receiver 24
6 Design of the OFDM System 27

6.1 Transmitter Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.3 Receiver Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7 Software Specification 29
8 Result 32
9 References 42
List of Figures
2.1 Principle behind OFDM : N carriers within a bandwidth of W. 12
3.1 OFDM System a)Analog System b) Digital System . . . . . . 15

3.2 Principle of the cyclic prefix. Nc p = N Tcp /(N/W ) is the
number of samples in the cyclic prefix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 Normalized squared magnitude of the transfer function (solid),

and bit error rate (dashed), for a channel with taps at [0,
0.89, 1.35, 2.41, 3.1] with amplitudes [1,0.4, 0.3, 0.43, 0.2].
The average signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver is 3 dB; the
modulation format is binary-phase shift keying. Subcarriers
are at fk = 0.05k, k = 0. . . . 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Bit error rate for a channel with taps at [0, 0.89, 1.35, 2.41,
3.1] with mean powers [1, 0.16, 0.09, 0.185, 0.04], each tap
independently Rayleigh fading. The modulation format is
binary-phase shift keying. Subcarriers are at fk = 0.05k, k =
0. . . . 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Bit error rate as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio for
rate-1/3- and rate-3/4-coded orthogonalfrequency- division-
multiplexing system. Channel is either additive white Gaus-
sian noise, or channel model 4 of the IEEE 802.15.3a channels.
The OFDM system follows the specifications of the WiMedia
standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1 OFDM Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 OFDM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.1 Message Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

8.2 Modulated Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.3 Sub-channels in OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8.4 Serial to Parallel conversion using IFFT . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8.5 Modulated signal with Cyclic Prefix added . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.6 Orthogonal Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.7 OFDM signal to be transmitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.8 Transmitted signal through the channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.9 Received signal with Cyclic prefix removed . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.10 FFT of the received signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.11 Received signal with error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chapter 1
Introduction
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of en-

coding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed
into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, used in applica-
tions such as digital television and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access,
wireless networks, powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications.
OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a dig-

ital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely spaced
orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data
streams or channels. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional
modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-
shift keying) at a lowsymbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to
conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its abil-

ity to cope with severe channel conditions (for example,attenuation of high
frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and frequency-
selective fading due to multipath) without complex equalization filters. Chan-
nel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many
slowly modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly modulated
wideband signal. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval
Simulation of OFDM System using MATLAB Chapter-1
between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate intersymbol in-

terference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (on analogue TV these
are visible as ghosting and blurring, respectively) to achieve a diversity gain,
i.e. a signal-to-noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the
design of single frequency networks (SFNs), where several adjacent trans-
mitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency, as the
signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively,
rather than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier
system.The purpose of this report is to provide Matlab code to simulate the
basic processing involved in the generation and reception of an OFDM sig-
nal in a physical channel.In particular, many wireless standards (Wi-Max,
IEEE802.11a, LTE, DVB) have adopted the OFDM technology as a mean to
increase dramatically future wireless communications. OFDM is a particular
form of Multi-carrier transmission and is suited for frequency selective chan-
nels and high data rates. This technique transforms a frequency-selective
wide-band channel into a group of non-selective narrowband channels, which
makes it robust against large delay spreads by preserving orthogonality in
the frequency domain. Moreover, the ingenious introduction of cyclic redun-
dancy at the transmitter reduces the complexity to only FFT processing and
one tap scalar equalization at the receiver.
1.1 Objectives of the project
• To simulate the transmitter section of the OFDM system.
• To simulate the receiver section of the OFDM system.
• To calculate the noise performance of the system.
Dept.of Electronics 10 CUSAT

Chapter 2
Principle of OFDM
Conceptually, OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint be-

ing: all the carrier signals are orthogonal to each other.
In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers

are orthogonal to each other, meaning that cross-talk between the sub-
channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required. This
greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and the receiver; unlike
conventional FDM, a separate filter for each sub-channel is not required.
k
The orthogonality requires that the sub-carrier spacing is ∆ f = 4 TU
Hertz, where TU seconds is the useful symbol duration (the receiver side
window size), and k is a positive integer, typically equal to 1. Therefore,
with N sub-carriers, the total passband bandwidth will be B ' N*∆f (Hz).
The orthogonality also allows high spectral efficiency, with a total symbol
rate near the Nyquist rate for the equivalent baseband signal (i.e. near
half the Nyquist rate for the double-side band physical passband signal).
Almost the whole available frequency band can be utilized. OFDM generally
has a nearly ’white’ spectrum, giving it benign electromagnetic interference
properties with respect to other co-channel users.
OFDM splits a high-rate data stream into N parallel streams, which are
then transmitted by modulating N distinct carriers (henceforth called sub-
carriers or tones). Symbol duration on each subcarrier thus becomes larger
by a factor of N. In order for the receiver to be able to separate signals
carried by different subcarriers, they have to be orthogonal. Conventional
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA),can achieve this by having
large (frequency) spacing between carriers. This, however, wastes precious
spectrum. A much narrower spacing of subcarriers can be achieved. Specif-
ically, let subcarriers be at the frequencies fn = nW
N , where n is an integer,
and W the total available bandwidth; in the most simple case, W = TNs .If
the assumption is done in such a way that the modulation scheme used
in each sub carriers Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) with Rectangular
pulses.The orthogonality of the carriers can be established by the equation,
Z (i+1)Ts
exp(j2πfk t)exp(−j2πfn t) = δnk (2.1)
iTs
Figure 2.1 shows this principle in the frequency domain. Due to the rect-
angular shape of pulses in the time domain, the spectrum of each modulated
carrier has a sin(x)/x shape. The spectra of different modulated carriers
overlap, but each carrier is in the spectral nulls of all other carriers. There-
fore, as long as the receiver does the appropriate demodulation (multiplying
by exp(j2fn t) and integrating over symbol duration), the data streams of
any two subcarriers will not interfere.
Figure 2.1: Principle behind OFDM : N carriers within a bandwidth of W.

The separation of the subcarriers is theoretically minimal such that there

is a very compact spectral utilization. The attraction of OFDM is mainly
due to how the system handles the multipath interference at the receiver.
Multipath generates two effects: frequency selective fading and intersymbol
interference (ISI). The ”flatness” perceived by a narrow-band channel over-
comes the former, and modulating at a very low symbol rate, which makes
the symbols much longer than the channel impulse response, diminishes the
latter. Using powerful error correcting codes together with time and fre-
quency interleaving yields even more robustness against frequency selective
fading, and the insertion of an extra guard interval between consecutive
OFDM symbols can reduce the effects of ISI even more. Thus, an equalizer
in the receiver is not necessary.

Chapter 3
Implementation of OFDM
system
The orthogonality allows for efficient modulator and demodulator im-

plementation using the FFT algorithm on the receiver side, and inverse
FFT on the sender side.OFDM is popular for wideband communications
today by way of low-cost digital signal processing components that can effi-
ciently calculate the FFT. For an 8192-point FFT may be approximated to;
computational complexity
M IP S = Tsymbol × 1.3 × 10−6
MIPS : Million Instructions per Second
The implementation of the OFDM system can be done either in analog

ways or in the digital domain using the IFFT which is rather more simpler
than the analog method for realizing OFDM.
Let us first consider the analog interpretation. Let the complex transmit
symbol at time instant i on the nth carrier be cn,i . The transmit signal is
then:
∞
X ∞ N
X X −1
s(t) = si (t) = cn,i gn (t − iTs ) (3.1)
i=−∞ i=−∞ n=0
Figure 3.1: OFDM System a)Analog System b) Digital System
where the basis pulse gn(t ) is a normalized, frequency-shifted rectangular

pulse:
1 t
gn (t) = √ exp(j2πn ) : 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts (3.2)
Ts Ts
Now without restriction of generality consider the signal only for i = 0,

kTs
and sample it at instances tk = N :
−1
1 NX k
sk = s(tk ) = √ cn,0 exp(j2πn ) (3.3)
Ts n=0 N
The equation 3.3 represents the inverse Discrete Fourier transform of the
transmit symbols.Therefore a transmitter can be realized using a Inverse
Fast Fourier Transform on the transmitter side provided that the block size
must be equal to the no.of sub carriers.
Note that the input to this IFFT is made up of N samples (the symbols
for the different subcarriers), and therefore the output from the IFFT also
consists of N values. These N values now have to be transmitted, one after
the other, as temporal samples this is the reason why we have a P/S (Parallel
to Serial) conversion directly after the IFFT. At the receiver, we can reverse

the process: sample the received signal, write a block of N samples into a
vector i.e., an S/P (Serial to Parallel) conversion and perform an FFT on
this vector. The result is an estimate c˜n of the original data cn .
Analog implementation of OFDM would require multiple LOs(Local Os-

cillators), each of which has to operate with little phase noise and drift,
in order to retain orthogonality between the different subcarriers. This is
usually not a practical solution. The success of OFDM is based on the
above-described digital implementation that allows an implementation of
the transceivers that is much simpler and cheaper. In particular, highly effi-
cient structures exist for the implementation of an FFT (so-called butterfly
structures), and the computational effort (per bit) of performing an FFT
increases only with log (N).
OFDM can also be interpreted in the timefrequency plane. Each index i

corresponds to a (temporal) pulse; each index n to a carrier frequency. This
ensemble of functions spans a grid in the time-frequency plane.
3.1 Frequency Selective Channels
Generally when signals are transmitted using multiple frequencies the

errors like delay dispersion and Inter Carrier Interference are likely to occur
which may cause data loss in the transmitted signal.Fortunately, both these
negative effects can be eliminated by a special type of guard interval, called
the cyclic prefix (CP).
Cyclic Prefix
Let us first define a new base function for transmission:
W
gn (t) = exp[j2πn t]; f or − Tcp < t < T̃S (3.4)
N
N
where again W/N is the carrier spacing, and T̃S = W. The symbol duration
TS is now TS = T̃S + Tcp .This definition of the base function means that
for duration 0 < t < T̃S the normal OFDM symbol is transmitted.

Figure 3.2: Principle of the cyclic prefix. Nc p = N Tcp /(N/W ) is the number
of samples in the cyclic prefix.
It can be easily seen by substituting in Eq. (3.2) that,gn (t) = gn (t +

N/W ). Therefore, during time Tcp < t < 0, a copy of the last part of the
symbol is transmitted. From linearity, it also follows that the total signal
s(t) transmitted during time Tcp < t < 0 is a copy of s(t) during the last
part, T̃S −Tcp < t < T̃S . This prepended part of the signal is called the cyclic
prefix”.When transmitting any data stream over a delay-dispersive channel,
the arriving signal is the linear convolution of the transmitted signal with the
channel impulse response. The cyclic prefix converts this linear convolution
into a cyclical convolution. During the time Tcp < t < (Tcp + τm ax), where
τm ax is the maximum excess delay of the channel, the received signal suffers
from real InterSymbol Interference (ISI), as echoes of the last part of the
preceding symbol interfere with the desired symbol. This regular ISI is
eliminated by discarding the received signal during this time interval. During
the remainder of the symbol, we have cyclical ISI; especially, it is the last
part of the current (not the preceding) symbol that interferes with the first
part of the current symbol.
In the following, we show how an extremely simple mathematical opera-

tion can eliminate the effect of such a cyclical convolution. For the following

mathematical derivation, we assume that the duration of the impulse re-

sponse is exactly equal to the duration of the prefix; furthermore, in order
to simplify the notation, we assume (without restriction of generality) i =
0. In the receiver, there is a bank of filters that are matched to the basis
functions without the cyclic prefix:
ḡn = g ∗n (T̃S − t) : f or0 < t < T̃S (3.5)
This operation removes the first part of the received signal (of duration
Tcp ) from the detection process; as discussed above, the matched filtering
of the remainder can be realized as an FFT operation. The signal at the
output of the matched filter is thus convolution of the transmit signal with
the channel impulse response and the receive filter:
Z T̃S Z Tcp N
X −1
rn,o = [ h(t, τ )( ck,0 gk (t − τ ))dτ ]g ∗n (t)dt + nn (3.6)
0 0 k=0
where nn is the noise at the output of the matched filter. Note that the
argument of gk can attain values between Tcp and T̃S , which is the region of
definition of Eq. (3.4). If the channel can be considered as constant during
the time TS , then h(t,τ ) = h(τ ), and we obtain
N
X −1 Z T̃S Z Tcp
rn,o = ck,0 [ h(τ )(gk (t − τ ))dτ ]g ∗n (t)dt + nn (3.7)
k=0 0 0
The inner integral can be written as

Z Tcp
W W
exp(j2πtk ) h(τ )exp(−j2πτ kf racW N )dτ = gk (t)H(k ) (3.8)
N 0 N
where H(k W
N ) is the channel transfer function at the frequency kW/N.
Since, furthermore, the basis functions gn (t) are orthogonal during the time
0 < t < T̃S :
Z T̃S
gk (t)g ∗n (t) = δkn (t) (3.9)
0
the received signal samples r can be written as

W
rn,0 = H(n )cn,0 + nn (3.10)
N

The OFDM system is thus represented by a number of parallel nondis-

persive, fading channels, each with its own complex attenuation H(n W
N) .
Equalization of the system thus becomes exceedingly simple: it just required

division by the transfer function at the subcarrier frequency, independently
for each subcarrier. In other words, the cyclic prefix has recovered the or-
thogonality of the subcarriers.

Chapter 4
Noise Characteristics of
OFDM
The cyclic prefix converts a frequency-selective channel into a number of

parallel flat-fading channels. This is positive in the sense that it gets rid
of the ISI that plagues TDMA and CDMA systems. On the downside, an
uncoded OFDM system does not show any frequency diversity at all. If a
subcarrier is in a fading dip, then error probability on that subcarrier is
very high, and dominates the Bit Error Rate (BER) of the total system
for high SNRs.Figure(4.1)shows the transfer function and the BER of a
Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) OFDM system for specific realization of
a frequency-selective channel. Obviously, the BER is highest in fading dips.
Note that the results are plotted on a logarithmic scale while the BER on
good subcarriers can be as low as 10−4 , the BER on subcarriers that are
in fading dips are up to 0.5. This also has a significant impact on average
error probability; the error probability on bad subcarriers dominates the
behavior.Figure (4.2) shows a simulation of the average BER (over many
channel realization) for a frequency-selective channel.
Figure 4.1: Normalized squared magnitude of the transfer function (solid),

and bit error rate (dashed), for a channel with taps at [0, 0.89, 1.35, 2.41,
3.1] with amplitudes [1,0.4, 0.3, 0.43, 0.2]. The average signal-to-noise ratio
at the receiver is 3 dB; the modulation format is binary-phase shift keying.
Subcarriers are at fk = 0.05k, k = 0. . . . 63.
More generally, we find that uncoded OFDM has the same average BER
irrespective of the frequency selectivity of the channel. This can also be
interpreted the following way: frequency selectivity gives us different chan-
nel realizations on different subcarriers; time variations give us different
channel realizations at different times. Doubly selective channels have dif-
ferent realizations on different subcarriers as well as different times. But,
for computation of the average BER, it does not matter how the different
realizations are created, as long as the fading has the same statistics (e.g.,
Rayleigh), and the ensemble is large enough.From these examples, we see
that the main problem lies in the fact that carriers with poor SNR dominate
the performance of the system. Any of the following approaches circumvents
this problem:
• Coding across the different tones: such coding helps to compensate for

Figure 4.2: Bit error rate for a channel with taps at [0, 0.89, 1.35, 2.41,
3.1] with mean powers [1, 0.16, 0.09, 0.185, 0.04], each tap independently
Rayleigh fading. The modulation format is binary-phase shift keying. Sub-
carriers are at fk = 0.05k, k = 0. . . . 63.
fading dips on one subcarrier by a good SNR in another subcarrier.
• Spreading the signal over all tones: in this approach, each symbol is
spread across all carriers, so that it sees an SNR that is the average of
all tones over which it is spread.
• Adaptive modulation: if the transmitter knows the SNR on each of

the subcarriers, it can choose its modulation alphabet and coding rate
adaptively. Thus, on carriers with low SNR, the transmitter will send
symbols using stronger encoding and a smaller modulation alphabet.
Also, the power allocated to each subcarrier can be varied.

Figure 4.3: Bit error rate as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio for rate-
1/3- and rate-3/4-coded orthogonalfrequency- division-multiplexing system.
Channel is either additive white Gaussian noise, or channel model 4 of the
IEEE 802.15.3a channels. The OFDM system follows the specifications of
the WiMedia standard.

Chapter 5
Representation of
Transmitter and Receiver
The transmitter and the receiver used in the OFDM are designed using the
digital method so the discrete components are readily available that works
on the FFT principle and the discrepancy caused in the analog methodology
due to the use of LOs can be avoided.
Transmitter
Figure 5.1: OFDM Transmitter
An OFDM carrier signal is the sum of a number of orthogonal sub-carriers,

with baseband data on each sub-carrier being independently modulated
commonly using some type of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

or phase-shift keying (PSK). This composite baseband signal is typically
used to modulate a main RF carrier.
s[n] is a serial stream of binary digits. By inverse multiplexing, these

are first demultiplexed into N parallel streams, and each one mapped to
a (possibly complex) symbol stream using some modulation constellation
(QAM, PSK, etc.). Note that the constellations may be different, so some
streams may carry a higher bit-rate than others.
An inverse FFT is computed on each set of symbols, giving a set of com-

plex time-domain samples. These samples are then quadrature-mixed to
passband in the standard way. The real and imaginary components are
first converted to the analogue domain using digital-to-analogue convert-
ers (DACs); the analogue signals are then used to modulate cosine and
sine waves at the carrier frequency, fc , respectively. These signals are then
summed to give the transmission signal, s(t).
Receiver
Figure 5.2: OFDM Receiver
The receiver picks up the signal r(t), which is then quadrature-mixed

down to baseband using cosine and sine waves at the carrier frequency.

This also creates signals centered on 2 fc , so low-pass filters are used to

reject these. The baseband signals are then sampled and digitised using
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and a forward FFT is used to convert
back to the frequency domain.
This returns N parallel streams, each of which is converted to a binary

stream using an appropriate symbol detector. These streams are then re-
combined into a serial stream, ŝ[n], which is an estimate of the original
binary stream at the transmitter.

Chapter 6
Design of the OFDM System
6.1 Transmitter Section
In the transmitter section the various parameters like the data rate(No.of
bits),No.of Sub channels,the modulation scheme used, the number of bits
to be transmitted from the receiver are specified.The Modulated signal(the
input signal be any random data) is multiplexed in to sub channels using
a serial to parallel converter.The each sub channel is the passed through a
IFFT transform block to convert them in to the constellation mapping and
then the cyclic-prefix is added to the transformed signals.
6.2 Channel
The generated OFDM signal is the transmitted to a real time Additive

White Gaussian Noise channel for transmitting it to the receiver.The AWGN
noise is added to the signal in this step so that the properties of the signal
is changed due to the noise and the distortions caused by the channel.This
modified signal is received at the receiver.
6.3 Receiver Section
The receiver will remove the appended cyclic prefix from the received
signal to decode the true signal from the received modified OFDM signal.
The signal is then passed through a FFT transform block to obtain the signal
which was transformed in to equalized form using the IFFT block.The re-
transformed is then passed through a parallel to serial converter and the
final single signal obtained is reconstructed.

Chapter 7
Software Specification
MATLAB
The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory developed by Math

works Inc., USA. It is a matrix based powerful software package for scientific
and engineering numerical computations and visualization. It provides an
interactive environment with thousands of built-in functions for technical
computations, graphics and animation. MATLAB offers several optional
tool boxes, such as signal processing, Control Systems, Neural networks
etc. It is a command driven software and has on line help facilities. All
commands and the ready to run program file name can be typed in the
command window to execute them. Figure window gives the display of the
figures as a result of the program. Edit window is to create files with an
extension .m. MATLAB provides a number of features for documenting and
sharing our work. We can integrate MATLAB code with other languages
and applications, and distribute your MATLAB algorithm and applications.
Key features:
• High-level language for technical computing.
• Development environment for managing code, files, and data.
• Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving.

• Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis,

filtering, optimization, and numerical integration.
• 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data
• Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces.
• Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external

applications and languages, such as C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, COM,
and Microsoft Excel.
MATLAB System The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:
• Development environment: This is the set of tools and facilities that

help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are
graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Com-
mand Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and
browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files and the search path.
• The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library: This is a vast col-

lection of computational algorithm ranging from elementary functions
like sum ,sine, cosine and complex arithmetic, to move sophisticated
functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions,
and fast Fourier transforms.
• The MATLAB Language: This is a high-level matrix/ array language

with control flow statement, functions, data structures, input/ output,
and object oriented programming
• Features: It allows both programming in the small to rapidly create

quick and dirty throw- away programs and programming in the large
to create large and complex application programs.
• Graphics: MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and

matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It
includes high-level functions for two- dimensional and three-dimensional

data visualization, image processing, animations and presentation graph-

ics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully cus-
tomize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graph-
ical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
• The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API): This is a library

that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB
(dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and
for reading and writing MAT-files
Apart from the mathematical operation the MATLAB also supports vari-
ous operations using images,audio,videos etc..The MATLAB software is used
in this project to plot the Noise Characteristics of the OFDM system.

Chapter 8
Result
The MATLAB code for the transmitter and the receiver section of the
OFDM system was simulated.The transmitter section consists of a Quadra-
ture Phase Shift Modulator because the number of sub-channels used in this
simulation was four,hence QPSK was used.The input signal was generated
from a random binary data and was modulated using four sub-carriers.The
Cyclic Prefix was also appended to the modulated data stream for cancel-
ing the Inter Symbol Interference(ISI) and the delay dispersion caused to
the transmitted signal through the channel.The IFFT was calculated for
converting the serial the data stream in to parallel data.
The modulated signal was transmitted through a Additive White Gaus-

sian Noise(AWGN) channel.The AWGN channel was simulated in the MAT-
LAB.
In the Receiver section,the cyclic prefix added at the transmitter section

was removed.Also the parallel data was converted into serial data by taking
the FFT on the received signal.The signal was demodulated after removing
the effects added by the transmitter.
Program
Figure 8.1: Message Signal
Figure 8.2: Modulated Signal

Figure 8.3: Sub-channels in OFDM
Figure 8.4: Serial to Parallel conversion using IFFT

Figure 8.5: Modulated signal with Cyclic Prefix added
Figure 8.6: Orthogonal Signals

Figure 8.7: OFDM signal to be transmitted
Figure 8.8: Transmitted signal through the channel

Figure 8.9: Received signal with Cyclic prefix removed
Figure 8.10: FFT of the received signal

Figure 8.11: Received signal with error

Chapter 9
References
[1].Andreas F Molisch. Wireless Communication Second Edition , Wiley

Publications-2011
[2].Jochen H Schiller. Mobile communications. Pearson Education, 2003.
[3].Alen V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989
[4].http://www.supelec.fr/d2ri/flexibleradio/cours/ofdmtutorial.pdf
[5].E.C.Ifeachor and B.W.Jervis.Digital Signal Processing - A Practical Ap-
proach ,Addison Wesley Publication Company,1995

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ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

SIMULATION OF OFDM SYSTEM USING

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that the project report entitled

Head of the Department

We are extremely grateful to Dr.Supriya M.H,Professor and Head of De-

In telecommunication, the concept of multiplexing deals with the art of

The Frequency Division Multiplexing is the type of multiplexing in which

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is multiplexing scheme used

The receiver section consists of another FFT transformation block and

3 Implementation of OFDM system 14

4 Noise Characteristics of OFDM 20

5 Representation of Transmitter and Receiver 24

6 Design of the OFDM System 27

2.1 Principle behind OFDM : N carriers within a bandwidth of W. 12

3.1 OFDM System a)Analog System b) Digital System . . . . . . 15

4.1 Normalized squared magnitude of the transfer function (solid),

8.1 Message Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of en-

OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a dig-

The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its abil-

between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate intersymbol in-

1.1 Objectives of the project

• To simulate the transmitter section of the OFDM system.

• To simulate the receiver section of the OFDM system.

• To calculate the noise performance of the system.

Dept.of Electronics 10 CUSAT

Conceptually, OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint be-

In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers

Figure 2.1: Principle behind OFDM : N carriers within a bandwidth of W.

Dept.of Electronics 12 CUSAT

The separation of the subcarriers is theoretically minimal such that there

Dept.of Electronics 13 CUSAT

The orthogonality allows for efficient modulator and demodulator im-

The implementation of the OFDM system can be done either in analog

Figure 3.1: OFDM System a)Analog System b) Digital System

where the basis pulse gn(t ) is a normalized, frequency-shifted rectangular

Now without restriction of generality consider the signal only for i = 0,

Dept.of Electronics 15 CUSAT

Analog implementation of OFDM would require multiple LOs(Local Os-

OFDM can also be interpreted in the timefrequency plane. Each index i

3.1 Frequency Selective Channels

Generally when signals are transmitted using multiple frequencies the

Dept.of Electronics 16 CUSAT

It can be easily seen by substituting in Eq. (3.2) that,gn (t) = gn (t +

In the following, we show how an extremely simple mathematical opera-

Dept.of Electronics 17 CUSAT

mathematical derivation, we assume that the duration of the impulse re-

ḡn = g ∗n (T̃S − t) : f or0 < t < T̃S (3.5)

The inner integral can be written as

the received signal samples r can be written as

Dept.of Electronics 18 CUSAT

The OFDM system is thus represented by a number of parallel nondis-

Equalization of the system thus becomes exceedingly simple: it just required

Dept.of Electronics 19 CUSAT

The cyclic prefix converts a frequency-selective channel into a number of

Figure 4.1: Normalized squared magnitude of the transfer function (solid),