CDI 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

INTRODUCTION
INVESTIGATION - Comes from the Latin word “investigare/ investigatus” which means “to track or look into for traces”
“Investigare” comes from the word “vestigum” which means footprint
To take a look and see what happened or to carry out a detailed examination or inquiry in official manner, to discover
something or somebody

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
It deals with the identity and location of the offender and provide evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.

Is Criminal Investigation an Art or Science?

It is an ART based on intuition, felicity of inspiration or by chance
It is a SCIENCE based on adequate professional preparation and abundance of certain qualities

SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION

It deals with the study of major crimes based on the application of special investigative techniques. It is also the study
concentrates more on physical evidence; it’s collection, handling, identification and preservation in coordination with the
various criminalists in the crime laboratory. Special crime investigation involves close relationship between the investigator in
the field and the investigator in the laboratory - the Criminalist.

CRIME DETECTION
A part of police operation focused on discovering, identifying and analyzing evidence that crime has been committed, is
being committed, or about to be committed.

Major Types of INVESTIGATION

1. FORMAL INVESTIGATION - refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover facts
and determine the truth.
2. INQUEST - is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the commission of a crime. It is used to
describe a form of judicial inquiry.
3. INQUISITION - is a more historical description than a current usage to describe any penetrating investigation
concerning a religious issue.
4. PROBE - similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a government agency.
5. RESEARCH - is most often employed to refer to the careful, patient investigations done by scientists or scholars in
their efforts to identify original sources of data or causes of problem.
6. INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING - relatively speaking, is a recent type of investigation conducted by the members of the
press on their own initiative.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
He is the person in charged of carrying the goals of the investigation such as: Identify the offender; Locate/trace the
offender; and Gather evidence against the offender.
Also known as PROBER

Roles of a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR

Establish that, in fact, a crime was committed under the law.
Identify and apprehend the suspect.
To recover stolen property.
To assist the state in prosecuting the party charged with the offense.
After determining what specific offense has been committed, he must discover how, when, where, why, what offense was
committed.

The 6 Cardinal Points in Criminal Investigation

WHAT - The crime committed.
WHO - The perpetrator
WHEN - The date and time of the commission of crime.
WHERE - Location of the crime or the crime scene
WHY - The motive of the perpetrator.
HOW - The modus operandi of the perpetrator.
The CRIME
It answers the cardinal question “WHAT”.
CRIME is an act or omission in violation of criminal law.
FELONY - Violation of the Revised Penal Code
OFFENSE - Violation of Special Penal Laws
INFRACTION | MISDEMENOUR - Violation of Simple Rules and Ordinances

The MOTIVE
It answers the cardinal question “WHY”.
It refers to the reasons which compel someone to perpetrate a crime.

The MODUS OPERANDI

It answers the cardinal question “HOW”.
It is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as "method of operation“
It consists of the suspect’s habits, techniques and peculiarities of behavior.

Characteristics of a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR

PERSEVERANCE - It is the desired characteristics of an investigator to endure despite of many obstacles that he may face during
the course of investigation.
ACTING ABILITY - The characteristics of an investigator to deal with the different types of personalities.
COURAGE - It is the characteristics of an investigator to tell the truth no matter who will be hurt.
INTEGRITY- It is the characteristic of a competent criminal investigator to uphold the law despite of many temptations.

TRICHOTOMY of Criminal Investigation

TOOLS - It consists of information, interview & interrogation, and instrumentation. (The three I’s)
TRAINING - It is the key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.
TECHNIQUE – It consists of the skills and updated techniques in investigation

Other Important Factors in Criminal Investigation

TIPS – It is the information coming from different sources.
LEADS – Those thing that guide the investigation in a direction.
PATTERNS – The series of similarities that may link particular cases.
THEORIES – The proposed explanations as to why or how the crime happened.

MODES of Criminal Investigation

REACTIVE MODE - Addressed crimes that already happened or occurred.
PROACTIVE MODE - Identify and arrest suspects before crime will happen, therefore no crime.
PREVENTIVE MODE – Conduct of activities that would stop crime from happening.

When does Criminal Investigation commence?

A criminal investigations begins through any of these:
Upon receiving a report from the offended party
Upon receiving a report from a concerned citizens or witnesses
Personal knowledge of the investigator that crime was committed

PHASES of Criminal Investigation

1. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
focused in identifying the perpetrator/s
it is the phase of conducting Crime Scene Investigation
also known as Initial Investigation
2. FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION
focused eventually in tracing, locating and eventually arresting the suspect
also known as In-Depth Investigation
3. FINAL INVESTIGATION
focused in evaluating and presenting evidence to prove the guilt of the accused.
also known as Concluding Investigation

TOOLS in Criminal Investigation

1. INFORMATION
It is the knowledge, which the investigator gathered, and acquired from other person through observation, personal study,
research, experience etc.
Also known as the KEY TOOL or the MOST POWERFUL TOOL

2.1. INTERVIEW
As applied in criminal investigation, it refers to the simple and friendly questioning of a person who has knowledge relevant to
the crime or case under investigation.
It is the first and foremost method in obtaining information.
2.2. INTERROGATION
Questioning in an aggressive and confrontational way suspected offenders and headstrong or uncooperative witnesses.
It is used to extract confession or if not, admission.
3. INSTRUMENTATION
It refers to the application of instruments and methods of physical science in the detection of crime such as fingerprints,
photography, polygraphy, ballistics etc.
It is also known as Criminalistics.

INFORMATION
Classification of SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. REGULAR SOURCES - These are records and files from schools and police etc.
2. CULTIVATED SOURCES - These are information coming from informers and informants.
3. GRAPEVINE SOURCES - These are information coming from the underworld people such as criminals, prisoners or ex-
convicts.

INFORMANT vs INFORMER
INFORMANT- those who voluntarily or willingly provides information to the criminal investigators and even offers to be a
witness.
INFORMER- those who use information as means of livelihood since it is their job to collect criminal facts (and sometimes
rumors) then sell them to law enforcement

Classification of INFORMANTS
1. ANONYMOUS INFORMANTS - These include those anonymous letter senders, phone callers, or text senders who give
information about suspects or fugitives of justice.
2. RIVAL-ELIMINATION INFORMANTS - The identity of these informants is usually anonymous since their purpose in
providing information is to remove their competitors.
3. MERCENARY INFORMANTS - the informants have information for sale.
4. FALSE INFORMANTS - These people reveal information usually of no consequence or stories concocted from
nowhere.
5. FRIGHTENED INFORMANTS - These informants are compelled by fear. Also known as FEARFUL INFORMANTS.
6. PLEA-BARGAINING INFORMANTS - These informants are arrested for a crime and may know of criminal activities by
others and, in exchange for telling the police, they seek reduced charges or a lenient sentence.
7. SELF-AGGRANDIZING INFORMANTS - These are persons who hangout at the fringe of the underworld and satisfy
themselves by surprising the police with bits of information that they overheard from the conversations of real criminals.
8. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS - is one who provides the police with the confidential information concerning a crime. The
informant does not want to be identified as the source of information.
9. LEGITIMATE INFORMANTS - desire to give information that springs from legitimate reasons. They may be a legitimate
business operator who abhor the presence of criminals in their trade & parents who are afraid that their siblings will be
influenced by their friends who are suspected to be criminals.
10. WOMEN INFORMANTS - female associates of the criminals, who was roughed up, marginalized in the deal or being
eased out from the group. care must be given to this kind of informant because women, given the skills & expertise are more
dangerous than men.

Classification of INFORMERS
1. RECRUITED INFORMERS – Those directly recruited by investigators for gathering information.
2. DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMERS – Those who use their seeming desire to divulge information as excuse to talk to the
police in order to get more information from them more than they give.
3. INFORMATION BROKERS – private persons or corporations that sell highly valuable information to interested parties.

CLASSICAL SYSTEMS in gathering INFORMATION

ENGLISH SYSTEM - Involves the system of gathering information that has a little consideration on paid informants and relies
more on the info provided voluntarily or willingly by patriots or civic-minded informants.
FRENCH SYSTEM - Involves the practice of obtaining information that relies heavily in buying information and advocates the
extensive use of informers.
INTERVIEW & INTERROGATION
INTERVIEW - As applied in criminal investigation, it refers to the simple and friendly questioning of a person who has knowledge
relevant to the crime or case under investigation.
It is the first and foremost method in obtaining information.

The GOLDEN RULE in the conduct of INTERVIEW

Never conduct (or do not let anyone conduct) an interview if the interviewer has not gone to the crime scene.

Types of INTERVIEW used in criminal cases

1. BACKGROUND INTERVIEW
This is the interview that is focused only in obtaining data regarding the personal background of the subject.
This is the simplest type of interview used in criminal cases.
2. SUBJECTIVE INTERVIEW
This is the type of interview whereby questions are phrased in a manner such the subject’s answers are based on his personal
opinions or views.
3. OBJECTIVE INTERVIEW
Questions are designed to acquire the basic and specific data or facts regarding a criminal case.
This is the type that complies with the 6 cardinal points of criminal investigation – the 5Ws and 1H.
4. COGNITIVE INTERVIEW
It is a type of interview appropriate for willing and cooperative witnesses.
Witnesses of this kind should be given the opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention, interruption, and
interference from the interviewer.
After the subject has finished his narration, the interviewer should apply a technique similar to direct-examination and cross-
examination to clarify details that need to be explained.
The purpose is arriving at a vivid and complete picture of the testimony.

STAGES of INTERVIEW
1. PRELIMINARY INTERVIEW – It is the initial questioning of the subject and is usually conducted at the crime scene though
it may be carried out also at the subject’s home or workplace.
2. FOLLOW-UP INTERVIEW – This is the second or succeeding questioning to obtain further information that was missed
during the first questioning and to clarify data that has been already gathered.
3. FINAL INTERVIEW– This is the last questioning that may lead to the act of offering a witness to testify in court during
trial.

Types of SUBJECTS of the INTERVIEW according to ATTITUDE

1. KNOW-NOTHING TYPE – the hesitant type of witnesses. They are found among the illiterate and of low level
intelligence.
2. DISINTERESTED TYPE – This is the uncooperative and indifferent type of subject that should be flattered first so that
they will talk eventually.
3. DRUNKEN TYPE – The style of questioning should be adapted to the psychology of the subject.
4. TALKATIVE TYPE – These are the exaggerated witnesses who make additional irrelevant details of the stories.
5. SUSPICIOUS TYPE – Fear must be removed and the investigator must apply psychological pressure. Let him think that
his non-cooperation will work against him.
6. HONEST TYPE – These are the cooperative and truthful witnesses where the investigator can rely upon, with little or no
problem in handling them.
7. DECEITFUL TYPE – This is the liar type of witness who provides false and misleading information.
8. BOASTFUL TYPE – These are egocentric person. The investigator must be patient in dealing with them because they will
be good witnesses due to their ability of expressing their accounts in the commission of crimes.
9. TIMID TYPE – This is shy type of witness that should be approached in a friendly way. Also known as BASHFUL TYPE or
SHY TYPE.

INTERROGATION - The questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or of a person who is reluctant to
make a full disclosure of information in his possession. Used to extract confession or admission.

PRELIMINARY CONDUCT before INTERROGATION

The interrogator should identify himself at the outset and state in general the purpose of the interrogation. He must
advise the suspect of his rights.
Right against self-incrimination
Right to counsel
Right to remain silent

INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
1. EMOTIONAL APPEAL
- Place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The investigator should provide emotional stimuli that will prompt the subject to
unburden himself by confiding.
- Analyze the subject’s personality and decide what motivation would prompt him to tell the truth, then provide those motives
through appropriate emotional appeals.
- Applicable to first-time offender, emotional, or nervous person.
2. SYMPATHETIC APPROACH
- The suspect may fell the need for sympathy or friendship.
-He is apparently in trouble or unfortunate events in life.
- Offer of friendship may win his cooperation.
3. EXTENUATION
-The investigator indicates he does not consider his subject’s indiscretion a grave offense.
4. SHIFTING THE BLAME
- The interrogator makes clear his belief that the subject is obviously not the sort of person who usually gets mixed up in a crime
like this.
-The interrogator could tell from the start that he was not dealing with a fellow who is a criminal by nature and choice.
-The trouble with the suspect lies in his little weakness – he like liquor, perhaps, or he is excessively fond of girls or he has had a
bad run of luck in gambling.
5. FRIENDLY APPROACH or KINDNESS
-Create a pleasant and welcoming atmosphere
- The simplest technique is to assume that the suspect will confess if he is treated in a kind and friendly manner
6. BLUFF ON A SPLIT PAIR TECHNIQUE
- This is applicable when there are more than one suspect. The suspect are separated and one is informed that other has talked
already
7. STERN APPROACH
- Questions must be answered clearly and the interrogator utilizes harsh language
8. JOLTING
- May be applied to calm and nervous subjects. By constantly observing the suspects, the investigator chooses a propitious
moment to shout a pertinent question and appear as though he is beside himself with rage. The subject may be unnerved to the
extent of confessing.
9. PRETENSE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
- The investigator may pretend that certain physical evidence has found by laboratory experts against him.
10. MUTT & JEFF TECHNIQUE
- The employment of two agents
- Mutt, the relentless investigator, who is not going to waste any time because he knows the subject is guilty
- Jeff, on the other hand, is obviously a kind-hearted man
- Also known as SWEET & SOUR TECHNIQUE

Factors to consider in interrogating suspect whose GUILT IS REASONABLY

- Don’t be very friendly with the subject and do not offer a handshake.
- At the outset, accuse the subject of lying. If he reacts with anger, this usually indicates innocence.
- But if he remains calm, you can generally conclude that your suspicion of guilt confirmed.
- Interruption of questioning by the subject may indicate innocence. Silence is equated with guilt.
- Assume that the subject is guilty and proceed to ask why he committed the act.
- When interrogating a “big shot,” it may be useful to lower his status by addressing him by his first name, instead of using a title
of respect.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of GUILT during interrogation

- Pulsation of the carotid (neck) artery
- Excessive activities of the Adam’s apple
- Avoiding the eyes of the interrogator, swinging one leg over the other foot wiggling, wringing of the hands, tapping of fingers,
picking fingernails, etc.
- Dryness of the mouth
- Difficulty in breathing
- Swearing to the truthfulness of assertions. Guilty subjects to strengthen their assertions of innocence frequently use this.

INSTRUMENTATION - It refers to the application of instruments and methods of physical science in the detection of crime such
as fingerprints, photography, polygraphy, ballistics etc. It is also known as Criminalistics.

FORENSIC SCIENCE vs CRIMINALISTICS

FORENSIC SCIENCE - It is more general term that refers to the field of science applied in answering legal questions.
CRIMINALISTICS – It more descriptive than forensic science for describing the services of a crime laboratory. It is actually one of
the branches of forensic science.

When can’t CRIMINALISTICS be used in Criminal Investigation?

Relatively speaking, when there is no physical evidence recovered or found at the crime scene or from any other place
or persons that the crime laboratory technicians can work on to help the investigators to solve the case, criminalistics is
impractical to use.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
- Identifying the perpetrator

Methods of Identifying Criminals

BY CONFESSION - This is an expressed and direct acknowledgement by the accused in criminal cases of the truth of his guilt as to
the crime charged or of some of the essential part there of.
BY EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY – Different statements and descriptions made by witnesses.
BY INSTRUMENTATION – The used of criminalistics methods in linking physical evidence to the identity of a criminal.

CONFESSION vs ADMISSION
CONFESSION - This is an expressed and direct acknowledgement by the accused in criminal cases of the truth of his guilt as to
the crime charged or of some of the essential part there of.
ADMISSION – The statements of fact by the accused which do not directly involve an acknowledgment of the guilt of the
accused or of criminal intent to commit the offense with which he is charged

Methods of Identifying Criminals by EYE-WITNESS

1. PORTRAIT PARLE
- Vividly describing in words the appearance of a person by comparing and thru personal appearance
- Also known as VERBAL DESCRIPTION

2. ROGUE’S GALLERY
- A police collection of mug shots, pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for identification purposes
- Also known as PHOTOGRAPHIC FILES
- Devised by ALLAN PINKERTON

3. GENERAL PHOTOGRAPH
- Files of photograph in any given establishment.
- 5 senses

4. POLICE LINE-UP
- Selecting the suspect from a group 5-10 persons; one of those is the suspect whom the witness will pinpoint and tell to the
investigator who committed the offense given by the victim, complaint or witness.

5. CARTOGRAPHIC SKETCH
- The cartographer/trained sketcher will draw a face based on the description to be given by the victim, complaint or witness.
- Also known as ARTIST ASSISTANCE or COMPOSITE SKETCH.

What is MUG SHOT?

- It is a photographic portrait of a suspect arrested for violation of crime which will be placed to the arrest booking form.
- It should be done in 4 different angles of the suspect:
Front view (half body shot)
Left side view (half body shot)
Right side view (half body shot)
Front view (full body shot)
- It should be in a 4R picture size.

Methods of Identifying Criminals by INSTRUMENTATION

1. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
- A positive means of identification by studying the patterns and ridge characteristics of the latent prints and comparing them to
those of the suspect.
2. BLOOD TYPING ANALYSIS
- Mixing blood samples from the crime scene with antibodies to determine the person’s blood type and comparing it with that of
the suspect.
- Also known as ABO TYPING developed by Karl Landsteiner.
3. DNA ANALYSIS
- Extracting DNA from different samples found in the crime scene and comparing them to those of the suspect.
- This is the latest scientific tool in criminal investigation.

What is DNA?
- It stands for DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, a chemical substance found in all cells of living organism whose composition have been
passed on from parents to offspring.
- It has 3 sub-units namely:
the phosphate group
a deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base
one of the 4 bases – ADENINE (A) | THYMINE (T) | CYTOSINE (C) | GUANINE (G)

FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION
- Tracing and locating the perpetrator

Methods of Tracing and Locating Criminals

1. Use of INFORMERS & INFORMANTS – Informant is a person who gives information to the investigator while Informer is
a person who gives information to the investigator by reason of price, reward or favor.
2. Through SURVEILLANCE – It involves covert observation of persons, places, and things for the purpose of obtaining
information concerning the identities and/or activities of suspected criminals.
3. Through UNDERCOVER OPERATION – it is a form of investigation in which the investigator assumes a different and
unofficial identity for the purpose of obtaining necessary information regarding the identity and location of the subject. It is also
known as ROPING.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
SURVEILLANT – refers to a person who maintains the secret observation over a subject, which is either in the form of person,
place or thing.
SUBJECT – It refers to the persons, places or vehicles being watched by the Surveillant.

Types of Surveillance
OVERT SURVEILLANCE – the subject is aware that he is being tailed. It is also known as OPEN SURVEILLANCE.
COVERT SURVEILLANCE – the subject is not aware that he is being tailed. It is also known as CLOSED SURVEILLANCE or
CLANDESTINE SURVEILLANCE.

Classification of Surveillance Operation

1. FIXED SURVEILLANCE
-It is usually a surveillance of places.
-It can sometimes be used to survey a person if the surveillant knows that a person is at or will come to a known location.
- It is also known as STATIONARY SURVEILLANCE or STAKEOUT

Distinctions in Surveillance of Places

STAKEOUT or FIXED or STATIONARY SURVEILLANCE - A surveillance of place where the surveillant is at fixed location
CASING - A careful inspection of a place or building to determine the suitability for a particular operational purpose.
RECONNAISSANCE or RECCE - A MILITARY term for casing

What is LONG-RANGE SURVEILLANCE of place?

It is when the surveillant is positioned at rooftops or at any high places.

What is SHORT-RANGE SURVEILLANCE of place?

It is when the surveillant is positioned at the ground like stores, hallways, etc.
2. MOVING SURVEILLANCE
- It is simply the act of following a person
- It is also known as TAILING or SHADOWING.

Types of Tailing/Shadowing
1. LOOSE TAIL – this is used when the shadower would like to know the general impression of the subject’s habits and
associates.
2. ROUGH TAIL – this could be done even with out special precaution since the subject is aware that he is being followed.
3. CLOSE TAIL – extreme precautions are taken against losing the subject is employed where constant surveillance is
necessary.

Methods of Tailing/Shadowing
ONE-MAN – extremely difficult and should be avoided, if unavoidable keep subject in view at all times.
TWO-MAN (AB METHOD) – two agents are employed to follow the subject. One is the EYE (A) and the other is the TAIL (B).
THREE-MAN (ABC METHOD) – reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords greater security agents detection. (A) follows the
subject. (B) follows (A). (C) keeps his sight on the subject where he is usually positioned across the street slightly at the rear of
the subject.

3.TECHNICAL SURVEILLANCE
The use of communications and electronic gadgets, system and equipment.
4. CONTACT SURVEILLANCE
The surveillance of valuable objects, articles, equipment, and including contraband.
5.AUDIO SURVEILLANCE – the surveillance through listening.
EAVESDROPPING - the act of secretly or stealthily listening to the private conversation or communications using ears
directly.
BUGGING - is a method of listening and recording spoken interactions by using concealed electronic devices that gather
and amplify sound. Also known as ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPING.
WIRETAPPING – It involves the interception of telephone (communication) lines of the subject.

DON’Ts in FOOT SURVEILLANCE

-Do not meet the eye of the subject.
-Do not adopt a slinking, creeping, peeking, or "hacksaw" manner.
-Do not wear story-book disguise.
-Do not carry articles that attract attention.
-Do not greet fellow officers or allow them to greet you
-Do not make notations or entries ostensibly

FINAL INVESTIGATION
- Providing evidence of guilt.

CONFESSION as evidence
-A confession of the suspect made during custodial investigation is called EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION. It becomes a proof of
guilt in the court only if:
1. There are supporting CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE;
2. The CORPUS DELICTI was established;
3. It was made VOLUNTARILY; and
4. It shall be in WRITING and in the PRESENCE OF A COUNSEL, if not, shall be with valid waiver.

What is COPRUS DELICTI?

Translated as “BODY OF THE CRIME”. It refers to a particular crime and signifies that specific offense had been actually
committed by someone being composed of two elements: that certain results were produced, that someone is criminally
responsible.

EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY as evidence

-The testimonies of the witnesses can be used as evidence in the court only if:
-Their statements are documented or written and confirmed by oath or affirmation; or
-They bring themselves before the court to testify on their personal knowledge of the crime.
What is AFFIDAVIT?
It is a written statement of fact which is voluntarily made by an affiant or deponent under an oath or affirmation which is
administered by a person who is authorized to do so by law.

Results of Instrumentations as evidence

The results of the instrumentations made in the crime laboratory or forensic laboratory can be used as evidence in the
court only if:
The integrity of the physical evidence has been given, preserved and maintained by proper collection and chain of
custody; and
The physical evidence are LEGALLY OBTAINED.
- Expert Witnesses may testify on the
- results of instrumentations.

What is CHAIN OF CUSTODY?

It is the duly recorded authorized movements and custody of physical evidence, from the time of the collection to
receipt in the forensic laboratory to safekeeping to presentation in court for destruction. Such record of movements and custody
of collected evidence shall include the identity and signature of the person who held temporary custody of the seized item, the
date and time when such transfer of custody were made in the course of safekeeping and use in court as evidence, and the final
disposition.

Factors to consider in providing evidence

1. Rights of the accused under custodial investigation (RA 7438) must be observed.
-Right to be informed of his rights
-Right to remain silent
-Right to have a competent and independent counsel
2. The EXCLUSIONARY RULES on evidence protecting certain rights of the accused:
- Right against unreasonable searches and seizures
- Right to privacy and inviolability of correspondence
- Rights against self-incrimination

What is the DOCTRINE OF THE FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE?

All evidence (the fruit) derived from an illegal search (the tree) must be suppressed or shall not be admissible in the
court of law. Mapp vs. Ohio

Types of Witnesses
1. Ordinary
2. Expert

Crime Scene
Latin word Locus criminis means “location where the crime was committed”

Kate Warne or Kate Wayne- first to hire female detective

Allan Pinkerton- first detective in America
Eugene Vidocg- first detective in Europe (ex convict)
Sir Robert Peel- London Metropolitan Police Force | Scotland Yard
Inspector Thomas Byrnes- introduced the modus operandi or method of operation
Edmond Locard- every contact leaves a trace
Patrick Colquhom- proposed the order to remedy the public outcry

Mobsmen - those who plunder by manual dexterity also known as light fingered gentry.
Tail buzzers - those who dive into coat pockets for snuffs boxes and pocket books.
Wires - those who pickpockets (this term is still in use today)( simpleng pagnanakaw)
Snoozers - those who sleep at railway hotels, and decamp with some passenger's luggage in the morning
Star glazers - those who cut the panes out of shop windows
Dead lukers - those who steal coats and umbrellas from passages at dusk, or on Sunday afternoons.