1.

Nitrogen does not form pentahalide although

it exhibits a +5 oxidation state.

Due to the absence of d-orbitals N can not

extend its valency beyond four.
2. PH3 has a lower B. Point than NH3

N is more electronegative than P so in NH3 there

is intermolecular H-bonding hence it has a high
B. Point

3. NH3 acts as Lewis base

Because N has a lone pair electron so NH3 acts

as a Lewis base

4. NO2 dimerizes

NO2 has an odd electron so it dimerizes to pair

up an electron and to achieve octet configuration

5. NH3 is a stronger base than PH3

Due to the smaller size of nitrogen, there is high

electron density on nitrogen so electron pair is
easily available.
6. PCI3 fumes in moisture

PCI3 undergoes hydrolysis and gives fumes of

HCI.

" PCI3 +3 H20--> H3P03 + 3HCI

7. Allthe five P-CI bonds are not equal in PCI5

The two axial bonds suffer more repulsion from
equatorial bonds and hence are elongated.

8. H3PO2 has reducing character

Since it has two P-H bonds

9. H3PO3is dibasic (diprotic) but H3P04 is

tribasic

In H3PO3 only two H atoms are linked to 0 which

are ionizable the third H is attached to P and not
ionizable because Pis less electronegative. In
H3PO4 all the three H atoms are with O and
ionizable

10. PCI5 is ionic in solid-state

It is due to the following conversion: 2PCI5 ->

[PCI4]+[Pci6]
11. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state but
diamagnetic in liquid and solid-state
NO(g) has an odd number of electrons so it is
paramagnetic but in the liquid and solid-state it
exists as dimmer so

there is no unpaired electron and it will be

diamagnetic
12. NCI3 hydrolyzed but NF3 does not
In NCI3 Cl has vacant d-orbitals to accept the
lone pair from H20 but in NF3 F has no d-orbitals

" NCI3 + 3H20-> NH3 +3 HOCI

13. Nitrogen shows little catenation but

phosphorous distinctly shows catenation
property

Due to the smaller size of N, there is repulsion

between the lone pairs and the N-N single bond
is weaker than P-P

14. +5 oxidation state of Biis less stable than +3

Because the inert pair effect is very prominent in

Bi, so +5 oxidation state is not stable
15. Bi in +5 oxidation state is a strong oxidizing
agent

Because inert pair effect is very prominent in Bi

so Bi5+ can be easily converted into Bi3+

16. NO(nitric oxide) becomes brown when

released into the air

It oxidizes to NO2

17.NH3 is a good complexing agent/ NH3 acts

as a ligand

It has lone pair of electrons on N-atom and can

be donated for the coordination bond.

18 Bi203 is not acidic

The size of Bi3+ is very large and so there is a

very weak +ve electric field around it so it does
not interact

with water to release H+

19. BiH3 is the strongest reducing agent among

the group-15 hydrides
Since Bi-H bond is the weakest among pr-15
hydrides so H2 gas is evolved which is reducing
20. N2 is less reactive at room temperature

Due to having a triple bond and hence high bond

dissociation energy(946 kJ/mol)
21. Bond angle in PH4+ is higher than in PH3

In PH3 there is lp-bp repulsion so the bond angle

is less whereas in PH4+ there is no lp-bp
repulsion
22. NH3 has a greater bond angle than PH3

N is more electronegative so it attracts the bond

pair electron and hence there is greater bp-bp
repulsion in

NH3 and hence greater bond angle

23. R3P=0 exists but R3N=0 does not

N due to the absence of d-orbitals can not form

prt-dr multiple bonds
24. N exists as N2 but P exists as P4

Due to its smaller size N can form prt-prt multiple

bondingand exists as a discrete N2 molecule but
P can not form prt-pr multiple bonding.
25. PCI5 can not act as areducing agent

In PCl5 P has a +5 oxidation state. P has five

valence electron in its valence shell so itcan not
increase its oxidation state beyond +5, so it can
not act as a reducing agent.

26. Phosphorous is kept under kerosene

It is highly reactive and easily catches fire due to
air oxidation

27. H3P03 is a syrupy liquid

Due to intermolecular H-bonding

28. PH3 bubbles but NH3 dissolves in water

NH3 forms H-bonding with water but PH3 can

not form so NH3 dissolves but PH3 bubbles out

29. Only a small increase in radius is observed

from As to Bi

Due to the poor shielding effect of d and f

orbitals.
30. Nitrogen is gas whereas phosphorous is
solid at room temp.

Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule having a weak

van der VWalls attraction whereas phosphorous is
tetra atomic

so it has a strongvan der Walls attraction.

31. N-N bond is weaker than P-P bond

Due to shorter bond length, there is greater

repulsion between lone pairs in N2
32. Maximum number of covalent bond formed
by N is four

Because it has three unpaired electrons and one

lone pair.
33. P205 can not be used for drying ammonia
gas.

P205 is acidic it reacts with ammonia in

presence of moisture and form (NH4)3PO4
34. NO2 is colored but its dimmer N204 is
colorless

Because NO2 has unpaired electron so it can

absorb light from VR

35. Acidity of oxyacids of nitrogen increases

with an increase in oxidation number of N

Because non-metallic character increases with

an oxidation number

36. White phosphorous is more reactive than red

phosphorous

White phosphorous consists of discrete P4

molecules which are tetrahedral so reactive but
in red phosphorous the P4 molecules are linked
in extended chain structure so it is less reactive.

37.Phophinic acid (H3P04) is monobasic /

monoprotic

Only one H atom is linked with O which is

ionizable
38. N2 has higher bond dissociation energy than
NO

Because N2 has a higher bond order

39. N2 and CO have the same bond order but Co
is more reactive

CO is a polar molecule

40. (CH3)3N is pyramidal but (SiH3)3N is planar

(CH3)3N is pyramidal due to sp3 hybridization
and one lone pair on N but (SiH3)3N is planar
due to sp2

hybridization and its lone pair is donated to

vacant d orbital of Sifor prt-dr Overlap
41. The first IE of N is greater than that of O
It is due to the half-filled and hence stable
electronic configuration of N
42. HNO2 disproportionates
In HNO2 the N is in a +3 oxidation state which
may increase as well as decrease
43. PCI5 can not act as a reducing agent

In PCI5 phosphorous is in +5 oxidation state that

is the highest oxidation state of P.

1. Group 16elemernts have lower I.E with

compare to corresponding group 15 elements
Because group 15 elements have a stable half
filled p-subshell(ns2np3) so electron can not be
removed easily
2. H2S is less acidic than H2Te

InH2Te there is lower bond energy of the H-Te

bond due to the larger size of the Te

3. H2S acts as a reducing agent while S02 acts

as both

In H2S,S has its minimum oxidation state -2

whereas in S02 it is +4 so it can be decreased up
to -2 or increased up to +6, So H2S is only
reducing but S02 is both.
4. H2S is acidic while H20 is neutral

H-S bond is weaker due to the larger size of S so

proton release easier in H2S

5. SF6 is known but SH6 does not exist

Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent so it can

oxidize S to its maximum Oxidation state +6, H
can not

6. Compound of F &0 is a fluoride of oxygen not

oxide of fluorine

F is more electronegative than 0

7. Scl6 is not known but SF6 is known

Fis the strongest oxidizing agent so it can

oxidize Sto its maximum oxidation state +6. Cl
can not. Again Cl

has a larger size so steric repulsion is there in

SCl6

8. SF6 is used as a gaseous electrical insulator

It is thermally stable and chemically inert

9. SF6 is not easily hydrolyzed

It is sterically protected by six F atoms hence

does not allow H20 molecules to attack the S
atom

10. S exhibits catenation properties but not Se

Due to the smaler size of S than Se. S-S bond is
much stronger than Se-Se bond

11. Sdisappears when boiled with Na2So3

It forms sodium thiosulphate.
" Na2SO3 + S -> Na2S203 (soluble)
12. H20 is liquid but H2S is gas
Ois electronegative so there is intermolecular H
bonding in water so it is liquid.

13. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent

It decomposes to form nascent oxygen

14. Ka2 is less than Ka1, for H2SO4 in water

The 2nd proton releases from HS04- which is

difficult. So Ka2 is less than Ka1
15. 02 is gas but sulfur is solid

Due to its smaller size Ocan form pr-pr multiple

bonds and exists as a discrete diatomic
molecule.

16. Group 16 elements are called chalcogens

Chalcogen means ore-forming elements. They
form several ores

17. Positive oxidation states of 0 are generally

not found

Due to the high electronegativity of 0

18. Thermal stability decreases from H20 to
H2Te in group 16
Due to the increase in atomic size from O to Te
the bond dissociation energy decreases
19.0 does not show +4 &+6 oxidation states
like S

Due to the absence of d-orbital in oxygen

20. The magnitude of electron gain enthalpy of
Oxygen is less than that of sulfur
Due to the very small size of 0, there is inter
electronic repulsion

21. Among the hydrides of group 16 water

shows unusualproperties
Due to H-bonding in water, the molecules get
associated

22. S exhibits catenation but not 0

Because the S-S bond is stronger than 0-O bond

23. Tendency to show -2 oxidation state

diminishes from O to Po in group 16
Due to decreases in electronegativity moving
down the group
24. 02 is paramagnetic although it has an even
number of electrons

Due presence of unpaired electrons in

antibonding molecular orbitals
25. Sulphur in vapor state exhibit
paramagnetism

In vapor stare sulfur partly exists as an S2

molecule and like 02 it has unpaired electrons in
TU* orbitals

26. SF6 is less reactive than SF4

In SF6 sulfur atom is sterically hindered due to

six F atoms

1. Halogen have maximum negative electron

gain enthalpy(AegH)
Because they have the smallest size in their
respective periods

2. F has less electron gain enthalpy than that of

Cl but fluorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than
chlorine

F has a very smal size so there is interelectronic

repulsion. F is a stronger oxidizing agent due to
its low bond

dissociation energy and high hydration energy

3. F exhibits only -1 oxidation state, other
halogen shows +1, +3, +5, +7 oxidation states

Fis a most electronegative element and due to

the absence of d-orbitals it can not expand its
octet so it does not

exhibit positive oxidation state.

4. Iron reacts with HClgives Fe(ll)chloride and

not Fe(lll)chloride
Fe + 2 HC|--->FeCl2 + H2 H2 liberated prevents
the oxidation of FeCl2 to FeCI3

5. Bond dissociation energy of F2 is less than

CI2

Due to the very small size of F, there is

interelectronic repulsion in F2 so it has low bond
5. Bond dissociation energy of F2 is less than
ci2

Due to the very small size of F, there is

interelectronic repulsion in F2 so it has low bond
dissociation energy
6. Fluorine does not undergo disproportionation
Disproportionation means simultaneous
Oxidation-reduction. F is the most
electronegative element that undergoes only
reduction but not oxidation.

7.NO dimerizes but CI20 does not

NO is odd electron species so itcompletes its

octet by dimerization

8. Bleaching by Cl2 is permanent but by S02 is

temporary

CI2 bleaches by oxidation while SO2 does it by

reduction. The reduced product gets oxidized
again in the air and the color returns

9. HF has lower acid strength than HI

Due to the larger size of , the H-l bond is weaker

than the H-F bond so HI is stronger
10. 12 is more soluble in KI than in water

12 forms complex with Kl i.e K+13

11. HCIo is a stronger acid than HIO
Clo- is more stable than l0- because Cl is more
electronegative, so HClO is stronger
12. HCI04 is a stronger acid than HCI03

CI04- is more stable than Cl03- due to more

resonance

13. OF2 should be called fluoride of oxygen and

not oxide of fluorine

Because F is more electronegative than 0

14. Interhalogens are more reactive than

halogens
They are polar
15. HF is stored in a wax-coated glass bottle

HF reacts with alkali present in the glass.

16. MF is more ionicthan MCI(M is alkali
metal)
Because F- is smaller than Cl- and hence it is less
polarisable.

17. CI2+ KI ----> brown, but excess Cl2 turns it

colorless

18. HCI04 is stronger than H2S04

Because the conjugate base Cl04- is stable due

to resonance

19. CIF3 exists but FCI3 does not

F issmaller in size and can not accommodate

three chloride ions due to steric factors.
20. HF is less volatile than HCI

In HF there is intermolecular H-bonding so the

HF molecules get associated
21. F form only one oxoacid, HOF
Due to the absence of d-orbital, it can not exhibit
higher oxidation states

22. Oform hydrogen bonding, Cl does not

O is more electronegative and smallin size than
CI

23.Halogens are colored

Due to the absorption of radiation fronm VR
24. lodine forms 13- but fluorine does not form
F3

Due to the small size of fluorine

25. HIcan not be prepared by heating KIwith

conc. H2S04

26. The magnitude of electron gain enthalpy of F

is less than that of CI

Due to the very smallsize of F, there is inter

electronic repulsion.
27. Fluorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than
chlorine though it has lower electron gain
enthalpy

Fluorine has a higher reduction potentialvalue

due to its low bond dissociation energy andhigh
hydration

energy compare to chlorine.

28. Acid strength increases in the order HF< HCI

<HBr < HI

As size increases from F to Clthe bond

dissociation energy decreases from HF to HI

1. He, Ne do not form a compound with F

Due to high IE

2. Noble gases have very low Boiling Point

Because there is only a weak dispersion force

between their atoms.
3. Hydrolysis of XeF6 is nota redox reaction
Because in the products formed XeOF4 and
Xe02F2 the Xe has the same oxidation state (+6)
as in XeF6

4. Ne used as a warning signal

Because Ne - light has high fog penetration

power

5. Noble gases form compounds only with

fluorine and oxygen
Because F&0 are the most electronegative
elements

6. Xe does not form XeF3 or XeF5

Xe has all paired electrons so promotion of one,

two, or three electrons will give rise to two, four,
or six

unpaired electrons hence can not form XeF3 and

XeF5

7. Out of noble gases only Xe forms compounds

Because Xe has comparatively low IE and vacant
orbitals for promotion of electrons
8. Noble gases are mostly inert
Because they have filled valence orbitals i.e octet
configuration

9. He is used as diving apparatus

Because it is less soluble in blood compare to
nitrogen

10. It is difficult to study the chemistry of Rn

Because Rn is radioactive and hence very

unstable

11. Noble gases have comparatively large

atomic size

They are monoatomic so their Van der Walls radii

measured which is longer than covalent/ionic or
metallic radii.