Promoter

DEREJE ZELEKE

Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) of PP Floor Mat
Manufacturing Project

Final Report

November 28, 2014

Consultant
SENYO Business PLC
Kolfe-Keraniyo Sub City, Woreda 07, House No. New
Phone: +251 91 160 0631
E-mail: senyo.business@gmail.com
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.1 OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY---------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA)----------------------------------------------------------------5
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)-----------------------------------------------------6
1.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND JUSTIFICATIONS-------------------------------------------------------7
1.5.1 Project Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.5.2 Project Justifications---------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1.5.3 Plant Capacity and Production Programme---------------------------------------------8
1.6 MARKETING DEMAND-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1.7 MATERIALS AND INPUTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
1.8 UTILITIES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.9 TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING-------------------------------------------------------------------10
1.9.1 Production Process-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FRAMEWORK----------------------------------------------------12
2.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FDRE----------------------------------------------------------------12
2.1.1 Governmental Framework------------------------------------------------------------------12
2.1.2 Sustainable Development and Environmental Rights-------------------------------12
2.1.3 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation----------------------------------------13
2.2 CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF ETHIOPIA (CSE)------------------------------------------------13
2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY (EPA) AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF
ETHIOPIA (EPE)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
2.4 LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES----------------------------------------------------------------------17
2.4.1 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation----------------------------------------17
2.4.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation------------------------------------18
2.4.3 Environmental Impact assessment Guideline-----------------------------------------19
2.4.4 Guidelines on Strategic Environmental Assessment--------------------------------20
3 PROJECT AREA PREVAILING ENVIRONMENT----------------------------------------------21
3.1 BIO-PHYSICAL FACTORS----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.1.1 Water Resources-----------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.1.2 Air Quality---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.1.3 Climate and Vegetation---------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.1.4 Land use----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
3.1.5 Soil----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
 3.2 SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS-------------------------------------------------------------------------22
4 PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS--------------------------------------------------------23
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
4.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION------------------------------24
4.3 PROJECT IMPACTS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
4.3.1 Bio-Physical Environment------------------------------------------------------------------26
4.3.2 Socio-Economic Environment-------------------------------------------------------------30
5 IMPACTS MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT------------------------------------------------33
5.1 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT-----------------------------------------------------------------------34
5.1.1 Water Quality----------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
5.1.2 Air Quality---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
5.1.3 Soil Quality------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
5.1.4 Natural Resource Depletion---------------------------------------------------------------36
5.1.5 Solid Waste Generation---------------------------------------------------------------------38
5.1.6 Vegetation Loss-------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
5.1.7 Nuisance Noise------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
5.2 SOCIO –ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT----------------------------------------------------------------39
5.2.1 Social Accessibility and Industrial Development Threat----------------------------39
5.2.2 Employees’ Health--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
5.2.3 Community Health----------------------------------------------------------------------------41
5.2.4 Services and Employment-----------------------------------------------------------------41
5.2.5 Economic Development---------------------------------------------------------------------41
6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION PROGRAM-------------------42
6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT--------------------------------------------------------------------42
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ERGONOMICS DEPARTMENT--------------------------42
6.3 CLEANER PRODUCTION AUDIT TEAM--------------------------------------------------------------44
7 MONITORING PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM--------------------------------48
7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES-------------------------------------------------48
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ERGONOMIC DEPARTMENT----------------------------48
8 .CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION-------------------------------------------------------50
8.1 CONCLUSION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
8.2 RECOMMENDATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
ANNEXES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
A 1: PERTOCHEMICAL MANUFACTURING--------------------------------------------------------52
A-2: STANDARD FOR CONTROLLED APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
TO LAND---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
A-3: EMISSION LIMIT FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES---------------------------------------53
A-4 LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS TO AIR-----------------------------------------------------54

ii
REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55

iii
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report represents an environmental assessment of the establishment of PP

floor mat manufacturing plant, and the promoter is Ato DEREJE ZELEKE, whose
address is Addis Ababa, 50 km from the project site.

The purpose of this report is to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment,

particularly concerning environmental pollution and resource depletion. The project
area is to be located in the Regional State of Oromiya within the Kimbibit wereda
Sheno city. The project will have key role in the country’s economy by transforming
raw materials which are polypropylene granules and colors pigment. The
polypropylene changed in to a long string in the shape of straw. From bobbins
carrying polypropylene straws, fabric is made using warping and yarn winding
machine. The fabric is then woven on looms and finally cut to size and stitched to
mat of required dimensions.

Objectives and Methodology

The objective of this study is to assess the existing and anticipated environmental
impacts of the PP floor mat manufacturing plant, and to propose mitigation
measures for adverse impacts and enhancement measures to the positive impacts.
Consequently, to implement the mitigation measures within the factory
management plans is going to be stated and environmental monitoring is indicated
including the responsible bodies and estimated environmental costs.

The methodology followed is collection of necessary documents, data collection,

desk-top study, impact analysis, choosing mitigative and enhancement measures
using different optimization tools, and developing environmental protection,
monitoring and management plans.

Environmental Impacts

Direct, indirect and cumulative impacts are addressed. These impacts are further
divided according to their nature into negative or positive; local and/or global,
random or predicted; temporary or permanent (reversible or irreversible) and short
term or long term.
The main potential impacts of the PP floor mat manufacturing plant are water and
soil pollution due to sanitary wastes from cafeteria, toilets, solid wastes from spoiled
PP floor mat in the production process, noise pollution due to machineries, and
odor problems.

Impacts Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

Both positive and negative potential impacts (i.e. summary of the above categories)
are expected from the PP floor mat Manufacture Plant. The environmental
assessment includes approaches for enhancing the benefits, and mitigating the
potential drawbacks.

The mitigation and enhancement program designed by the environmentalist has a

wide range of considerations; both short-term and long-term time horizons (e.g.
rehabilitation of excavated sites and liquid and solid waste management activities),
which are occurring during operation period.

A particular focus concerns enhancement of the positive impacts of the project

through sustainable industrial development both in the area and the country as the
whole. The sustainability of the project in the area can be enhanced through job
creation for the local people at different stages of the project, creation of skilled
technicians through on job training, and participation on developmental activities in
the area, etc.

Environmental Management

The crucial part of environmental protection, Impacts Mitigation and Enhancement,

is achieved through a programme in environmental management. The
environmental management plan has the following features: protection of the
environment from potentially detrimental production and related activities; prevent
and minimize generation at its source; and improve environmental performances of
the company towards the implementation of Environmental Management System
that can fulfil the ISO14000:2008 requirement in the long term.

Monitoring Plan

Various kinds of environmental monitoring and evaluation technique will be

conducted by the Environmental Management and Ergonomics department

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regularly. The project top management and affiliated units of the Oromiya Regional
State Environmental Protection Bureau, such as technical divisions of the industrial
pollution prevention and control department will make occasional and random
monitoring respectively. The monitoring will involve both quantitative and qualitative
data, as appropriate to the nature of the information it involve during the production
stage of the project.

3
1 INTRODUCTION

The project area is to be located in the Regional State of Oromiya within the
Kimbibit wereda Sheno city. The project will have key role in the country’s economy
by transforming various raw materials to a higher value product of PP floor mat. PP
floor mat is flat material, generally placed on a floor or other flat surface.

The feasibility study; which includes market assessment, technical and economical
evaluation, indicated that, the selected production process of PP floor mat
manufacturing plant includes the following operations and are the viable
components of the proposed factory.

 Mixing;

 Straw extrusion;

 Jacquard loom;

 Cutting and sewing;

 Packing;

 Dispatch/ shipment.

The purpose of this report is to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment,

particularly concerning environmental pollution and resource depletion.

The fact that the operational stage of the project characterized by resource
consumption with a subsequent generation of unwanted materials, Environmental
Impact Assessment is necessary to indicate what measures should be taken during
construction & installation and production stage particularly in relation to pollution
control strategies. This report concerns Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of
the PP floor mat Manufacture Plant.

1.1 Objective and Methodology

The overall objective of this EIA report is to provide a comprehensive programme

framework for the sustainability of the proposed project by integrating the

4
environmental dimension with the other components throughout the project cycle.
The specific objectives under the overall objectives are:

 To describe existing situations of the environment inside and around the

project area;

 To analyse the effects of the proposed project on natural and human

environment based on existing policies and related procedures and
institutions;

 To review records of environmental impacts prior to the project;

 To propose mitigation and enhancement measures;

 To assess institutional requirements for monitoring and management;

The methodology followed in conducting the environmental assessment is as

follows: defining the study area; performing an environmental scoping, collecting
information by various means, including site visits; analysing impacts, choosing
mitigative and enhancement measures; developing environmental protection and
monitoring programs; preparing report. The environmentalist’s task was to observe
and record existing natural and human environments and assess environmental
impacts prior to the project.

In order to provide realistic recommendations and find out constraints in project

implementation various laws, policies, guidelines and institutions pertinent to this
specific industrial sector development and environmental consideration have been
reviewed. Specific data were gathered from relevant institutions and ministries.
Based on the collected data Environmental Impact Assessment was done on
identified major environments (bio-physical and socio-economic) and suggestions
were given for mitigation and enhancement measures and for institutional
requirements on monitoring and management.

1.2 Environmental Assessment (EA)

Environmental Assessment and project development stages such as pre-feasibility

and feasibility, preliminary and detailed design, construction and erection, operation
and maintenance will be synchronized. Although the EA is completed during the

5
earlier stage of the engineering work, the implementation of the mitigating
measures and management should be tied up closely with the design, construction
and operational phases. While mitigating measures that may reduce environmental
impacts are directly linked to processes design and engineering, institutional
monitoring requirements of projects are normally under the responsibility of the
administration.

1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment consists of comparing the expected changes in

the biophysical and socio-economic environment with and without the project. For
each type of potential impact the analysis should predict the nature and significance
of expected impacts or explain why no significant impact is expected.

Environmental impacts could fall into the following three categories:

 Direct impacts (e.g. water quality degradation due to waste release to water
body )

 Indirect impacts (e.g. human toxicity by consuming polluted water resources)

 Cumulative impacts (e.g. aquatic ecosystem distraction consequently aquatic

biodiversity loss).

The above impacts can be further divided according to their nature into:

 Positive or negative impacts:

 Random and predicted impacts

 Local and widespread impacts

 Temporary and permanent impacts

 Short and long term impact (the first appear shortly after construction while
the latter may appear during construction but the consequences will only be
visible over a long period).

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1.4 Project Description

A steady growth of industry and trade has been registered in the past years in
Ethiopia due to an array of reforms and the opening up of the economy and the
creation of encouraging investment environment. There has been a surge in
investment, growth in exports and increased employment generation. Moreover,
experience has been gained in providing support to the private sector, and a closer
working relationship with the sector has been created. This is in part as a result of a
more open and liberalized economy, and due to the rebound from years of
unsettled domestic and external conditions.

The boom in the construction and faster growth of the industrial sectors are some of
the very well noticed developments in the country and these in turn have attracted
more and more investments.

Ato DEREJE ZELEKE, cognizant of the growing demand in the PP floor mat
business in the near future, has planned to establish PP floor mat manufacturing
factory in order to play its parts in the manufacturing industry of the country.

The decision by the promoter of the project is timely. But this decision must be
backed with a feasibility study. In view of the above, the promoter of the project has
commissioned SENYO Business PLC to evaluate the feasibility of establishing PP
floor mat manufacturing factory.

As the name indicates, the project is intended for the production of PP floor mat,
which is produced from imported raw materials. The project is being considered for
the substitute of imported PP floor mat, but the production will be both for local and
export market. At the moment, there is no local manufacturer engaged in the
production of this item. Thus, the envisaged plant will be the first manufacturer in
the country.

1.5 Project Objectives and Justifications

1.5.1 Project Objectives

The main objectives of the project are briefly described below:

 Produce high quality PP floor mat to meet the expanding demand for the
product, therefore earn sustainable stream of profits;

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  Substitute importation of PP floor mat ;

 Create employment opportunities to nationals;

 Ensure profitability and continuity of the promoter;

 Bring-in improved know-how and technology of PP floor mat manufacturing

into the country;

 Contribute to the county’s socio-economic development through payment of

taxes;

1.5.2 Project Justifications

 Demand for PP floor mat has been growing at alarming rate for the past
several years in line with the health consciousness of the public, increasing
educational level of the population and fast economic growth of the country
which result in the demand for PP floor mat ;

 Established market outlets and broad customer base are in places for
effective distribution;

1.5.3 Plant Capacity and Production Programme

Having considered the investment cost, management and administration complexity

as well as the business, the capacity is selected to be 1,100,000 pcs of PP floor
mat for home per annum. This capacity is proposed to be achieved on the basis of
300 working days per annum and one shift of 8 hours per day.

It is assumed that owing to probable technological, production and commercial

difficulties, the envisaged project will initially experience problems that can take the
form of only a gradual growth of sales and market penetration. Accordingly, the
envisaged project is planned to commence production at 70% of the installed
capacity in the first year. Production would gradually grow by 10% each year and
reach 100% in fourth year and onwards.

1.6 Marketing Demand

The country’s requirement of PP floor mat is met through imports. Ethiopia imports
PP floor mat s from various countries. Knowledge of the determinants of market

8
demand for a product, and the nature of the relationship between demand and its
determinants, is very helpful in analysing and estimating demand for a product.
Accordingly the variables that are essential in determining the magnitude and trend
of the demand for PP floor mat products are:

 The overall economic development level and growth trend of the country,

 The performance of the manufacturing sector,

 The pattern and growth in investment, and

 Size of population and its growth rate.

The demand for PP floor mats is forecasted to grow from a present (2014) size of
1,826 tones to 8,051 tones in 2028.

1.7 Materials and Inputs

The raw materials required are:

1. The polypropylene granules that are made into the tape yarn and then
woven into the mats

2. Colors pigment for giving the polypropylene mat the required colors.

1.8 Utilities

The utilities required are electric power, water and compressed air. The energy
required to run the factory is supplied from the main grid of the Ethiopian Electric
Power Corporation (EEPCO). For the power interruption from the main grid, there
will be a stand-by Diesel generator which can be used to operate the whole factory.
In the case of water supply, it is supplied from the water well-constructed in the
factory premises.

The estimated annual requirement for raw materials and packing materials at full
capacity of production are given in table below.

TABLE 1: LIST OF RAW MATERIALS AND ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS

AT FULL CAPACITY

Raw materials Unit Consumption Sources

Raw Materials
Polypropylene granules tons 2,407 Imported
Colors pigment tons 7 Imported

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Auxiliary Materials
Sewing thread Kg 990 Local
Hessian cloth 000’ m 220 Local
PP bags for packing 000’ pcs 44 Local
Utilities
Electrical Energy kWh 780,000.00 Local

1.9 Technology and Engineering

Modern facilities will allow increasing supply of high quality products in local market.
To this effect, the project is aiming to purchase of machinery and equipment and
infrastructure development for proposed PP floor mat manufacturing plant. Some of
the equipments to be acquired for the project are Automatic Jacquard Weaving
Machine, PP Straw Extruding Machine with Cooling Tank and Cutter, Warping,
Sewing Machine, Press Packing Machine and Recycling Machine with its full
accessories.

The envisaged plant requires building for office (G+1 building which comprise office,
lab & sales shop), production hall, finished product store, raw material store, spare
parts & supplies store, workshop, cloth changing & bath rooms, cafeteria, and
guard houses.

Site development and landscaping are one of the important functions of civil works
for the envisaged plant. They include green area; parking area both for customer
and company vehicles, fencing; lighting systems; and surface drainage systems. In
the plant compound there exist construction of asphalt road as part of infrastructural
development to ease circulation of raw materials, products and people. In the
factory premises water well with minimum discharge rate of 4 lt/sec will also be
constructed for source of water.

1.9.1 Production Process

The following main production processes involved in the manufacturing of PP floor

mat.

A. The Polypropylene Straw Extrusion

The pallets are dumped in a hopper on one end of the machine and are forced
through a long channel by a screw mechanism. This screw is turned in the barrel
with power supplied by a motor operating through a gear reducer. As the screw
rotates, it moves the resin down the barrel. As the resin travels down the heated

10
channel, it melts and becomes more flowable. To ensure good movement and heat
transfer, the screw fits within the barrel with only few thousands of an inch
clearance. It is machined from a solid steel rod, and the surfaces almost touching
the barrel are hardened to resist wear. By the time the resin reaches the end of the
barrel, it is completely melted and can be easily forced out through the opening in
the die.

The resin exits the die in a long string in the shape of a straw. It is then moved
along by a piece of equipment known as a puller which helps maintain the shape of
the straw as it is moved through the rest of the manufacturing process. In some
processes, it is necessary to pull the straw through special sizing plates to better
control the diameter. These plates are essentially metal sheets with holes drilled in
them. Eventually, this elongated tube is directed through a cooling stage – usually a
water bath. Some operations run the plastic over a chilled metal rod, called a
mandrel, which freezes the internal dimension of the straw to that of the rod. The
PP straw, after cooling, is stabilized and then wound on bobbins.

B. The Polypropylene Fabric Weaving Process

From bobbins carrying polypropylene straws, fabric is made using warping and yarn
winding machine. The fabric is then woven on looms and finally cut to size and
stitched to mat of required dimensions.

11
2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FRAMEWORK

The envisaged project is influenced by several institutional policies and programs

aimed at development and environmental protection.

2.1 The Constitution of the FDRE

2.1.1 Governmental Framework

The Federal constitution, proclamation 7 of 1992, and subsequent proclamations

provide the governmental framework, and respective legislative, executive, and
judicial responsibilities of institutions serving Ethiopia.

2.1.2 Sustainable Development and Environmental Rights

The constitution of the 1995 FDRE constitution contains a number of articles, which
are relevant to the concept of sustainable development and environmental rights.
Articles 43 and 44 which state the following:

Article 43:- The Right to Development

1. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation, Nationality and People
in Ethiopia in particular have the right to improved living standards and to
sustainable development;

2. Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in

particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their
community;

3. All international agreements and relations concluded, established or

conducted by the State shall protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to
sustainable development;

4. The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of

citizens for development and to meet their basis needs;

Article 44:- Environment Rights

1. All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.

12
 2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been
adversely affected as a result of State programmes have the right to
commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including
relocation with adequate State assistance.

2.1.3 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation

The Federal constitution, proclamation 300 of 2002 contains a number of articles,

which are relevant to the concept of pollution control. Article 2 states:

1) No person shall pollute or cause any other person to pollute the environment
by violating the relevant environmental standard.

2) The Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency may take an

administrative or legal measure against a person who, in violation of law,
release an', pollutant to the environment.

3) Any person engaged in any field of activity which is likely which is to cause
pollution or any other environmental hazard shall, when the Authority or the
relevant regional environmental agency so decides, install a sound
technology that avoids or reduces, to the required minimum, the generation
of waste and, when feasible, apply methods for the recycling of waste.

4) Any person who causes any pollution shall hi required to clean up or pay the
cost of cleaning up the polluted environment in such a manner and within
such a period as shall be determined by the Authority by the relevant
regional environmental agency.

5) When any activity poses a risk to human health or to the environment, the
Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency shall take any
necessary measure up to the closure or relocation of any enterprise in order
to prevent harm.

2.2 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

The CSE, approved by the Council of Ministers in 1996, provides a comprehensive

and rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense,
covering national and regional strategies, sectoral and cross sectoral policies,
action plans and programs as well as providing the basis for development of

13
appropriate institutional and legal frameworks for the implementation (EPA/Ministry
of Economic Development and Co-operation 1996, MEDAC). It also deals with
providing a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into a new
and existing policies and projects. It mainly recognizes the importance of
incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the beginning
so that planners may take into account environmental protection as an essential
component of economic, social and cultural development.

2.3 Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and Environmental Policy of

Ethiopia (EPE)

In order to undertake a sustainable management of the resources of the country,

the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), which is directly responsible to the
Council of Ministers, was established by Proclamation of the Parliament in
September 1995.

The power and duties given to the EPA under the above Proclamation are:

 Prepare environmental protection policy and laws and upon approval, follow
up their implementation;

 Prepare directives and systems necessary for evaluating the impact of social
and economic development projects on the environment; monitor and
supervise their implementation; and

 Prepare standards that help in the protection of soil, water and air as well as
the biological systems they support, and follow up their implementation.

Thus, all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the country are to
operate in close co-operation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating
measures are designed and implemented, particularly for projects with an adverse
effect on the environment. The requirement is that an Environmental Impact
Statement be prepared by project proponents and be examined, commented on
and approved by the EPA.

The EPA is the Competent Agency at the Federal level in Ethiopia. It is, therefore,
the responsibility of the Authority in the EIA process to:

14
  Ensure that the proponent complies with the requirements of the EIA
process;

 Maintain co-operation and consultation between the different sectoral

agencies throughout the EIA process;

 Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to provide support.

 Evaluate and take decisions on the documents arising out of the EIA
process.

The regional authorities should ideally establish an EPA- type institution to deal with
environmental issues at the regional level. This is, however, a long-term objective.
In the interim period the Regional Environmental Co-ordination Committee (RECC),
which comprises responsible officers from different sectoral Bureaus must take the
responsibility at the Regional level.

The RECCs are not sectoral-based. They can be viewed as being independent of
the outcome of a specific EIA. Due to expertise and capacity limitations, the RECC
may choose to designate a specific sectoral Bureau to take responsibility for an EIA
process.

It is the responsibility of the regional EPA bodies to inform the Federal EPA of
projects that may be of national significance. Therefore, the Federal Authority
should only be involved in EIA processes where a proposed activity may:

 Have an environmental effect across the international boundaries of

Ethiopia;

 Have an environmental effect across regional boundaries within Ethiopia;

 Have an effect on an environment of national or international significance;

including but not limited to natural forests, wetlands, national parks, cultural
heritage sites etc.;

 Have a Federal government department, the relevant regional authority or

another statutory body as the proponent; and,

 Have the Federal Investment Authority as the investment approval body.

15
Alternatively, Federal EPA may have an EIA referred to if agreed to between the
Federal Authority and the Regional Authority. This would typically happen in
complicated EIAs where the Regional authorities feel that it does not have the
capacity or competency to deal with the application.

The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management

of Ethiopia is the Environmental Policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the Council
of Ministers in April 1997. The Policy was prepared under the joint-effort of the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and the Environmental Planning Unit
(EPU) of the then Ministry of Economic Development and cooperation (MEDaC).

The EPE supports Constitutional Rights through its guiding principles. The
principles are, of course, guiding since they will shape all subsequent policy,
strategy and programme formulations and their implementation. Sectoral and cross-
sectoral policies and environmental elements of other macro policies will be
checked against these principles to ensure consistency. From this project
perspective; the following are the important one:

 Every person has the right to live in a healthy environment;

 The development, use and management of renewable resources shall be

based on sustainability;

 Appropriate and affordable technologies which use renewable and non-

renewable resources efficiently shall be adopted, adapted, developed and
disseminated;

 Appropriate and affordable technologies which use renewable and non-

renewable resources efficiently shall be adopted, adapted, developed and
disseminated;

 Full environmental and social costs (or benefits foregone or lost) that may
result through damage to resources or the environment as a result of
degradation or pollution shall be incorporated into public and private sector
planning and accounting, and decisions shall be based on minimizing and
covering these costs;

16
  Regular and accurate assessment and monitoring of environmental
conditions shall be undertaken and the information widely disseminated
within the population; and,

 Natural resource and environmental management activities shall be

integrated laterally across all sectors and vertically among all levels of
organization.

In addition to its Guiding Principles, the EPE provides Sectoral Environmental

Policies and Cross-Sectoral Environmental Policies. Environmental Impacts
Assessment polices are included in the later.

The EIA policies emphasize e.g. the need of wide range of impact to be dealt with
in EIA, the early recognition of environmental issues in project planning, public
participation, mitigation and environmental management and capacity building at all
levels of administration.

The policy establishes the authority of the EPA to harmonize Sectoral Development
Plans and to implement an environmental management program for the country. It
also imparts political and popular support to the sustainable use of natural, human-
made and cultural resources at the federal, regional, zonal, Woreda and community
levels.

2.4 Legislation and Guidelines

2.4.1 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation

The Federal constitution, proclamation no. 300 / 2002 contains a number of articles,
which are relevant to the concept of pollution control. Article 2 states;

1) No person shall pollute or cause any other person to pollute the environment
by violating the relevant environmental standard;

2) The Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency may take an

administrative or legal measure against a person who, in violation of law,
releases any pollutant to the environment;

3) Any person engaged in any field of activity which is likely which is to cause
pollution or any other environmental hazard shall, when the Authority or the

17
 relevant regional environmental agency so decides, install a sound
technology that avoids or reduces, to the required minimum, the generation
of waste and, when feasible, apply methods for the recycling of waste;

4) Any person who causes any pollution shall be required to clean up or pay the
cost of cleaning up the polluted environment in such a manner and within
such a period as shall be determined by the Authority by the relevant
regional environmental agency;

5) When any activity poses a risk to human health or to the environment, the
Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency shall take any
necessary measure up to the closure or relocation of any enterprise in order
to prevent harm;

2.4.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation

The Federal constitution proclamation 299 of 2002 contains a number of articles

regarding project development and EIA. Currently the law on Environmental Impact
Assessment adopted in Ethiopia.

The primary aim of this Proclamation is to make mandatory for specified categories
of activities either by the public sectors and possibly, the extension of EIA to
policies, plans and programs in addition to projects.

The Proclamation elaborates on consideration with respect to assessment of

positive and negative impacts. Categories of projects that will require full EIA (given
in Annex to the proclamation), not full EIA (some negative impacts expects but not
too serious) or no EIA (for reasons of, special, or, overriding interests). Additional
directives are to be developed which will determine the particulars of projects listed
in Annex to Proclamation.

The proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment, which complies with the

convention of EIA in Trans-boundary context was drafted in 200 and the
proclamation passed by the year 2002.

18
The provision of the proclamation include

 Project will be subjected to EIA and execution is subject to an environmental

clearance from the EPA or Regional government Environmental Agency as
applies;

 EPA or the Regional Agency ,depending on the magnitude of expected

impacts ,may waive the requirement of an EIA;

 All other licensing agencies shall ,prior to assessing, ensure that either EPA
or the regional Environmental Agency has authorized implementation of the
project ,and;

 A licensing agency shall either suspend or cancel a license that has already
been issued, in the case that EPA or the Regional environmental agency
suspends or cancels the environmental authorization;

Procedures that must be followed in the EIA process are described in the
proclamation,

 A proponent shall undertake a timely environmental impact assessment,

identify the likely adverse impacts of his project, and incorporated the means
of their prevention, and shall submit to the authority or relevant regional
environmental agency the environmental impact study report together with
the necessary documents;

 A proponent shall ensure that an environmental impact assessment is

conducted and an environmental impact study report prepared by experts
that meet the requirements specified under a directive issued by the
authority;

2.4.3 Environmental Impact assessment Guideline

The document provides a background to environmental impact assessment and

environmental management in Ethiopia. The document aims at being a reference to
ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia
for all parties who engage in the process.

19
The document details the required procedure for conducting EIA in Ethiopia and the
requirement for environmental management. The document has been developed to
support the on-going development of environmental legislation. These requirements
are presented on the step by step basis. In addition, the document specifies tools
that may be considered when engaging in the EIA process. Reference is made to
the legislation and polices that potential investors and develops must comply in
Ethiopia and key issues for environmental assessment in specific development
sector are detailed for consideration.

2.4.4 Guidelines on Strategic Environmental Assessment

The guideline provides the fundamental to integrate the concept of sustainability

into the formulation of plans and programmes.

The whole SEA process is intended to act as a support to planners and decisions-
makers, providing them with relevant environmental information on the positive and
negative implication of plans and programmes. The guideline has been intended
primarily for use by the regional and federal component authorities, who are
responsibility for environmental issues and also those authorities within the regions
who are responsible for drawing up development plans and programmes. It is
designed to give these authorities a thorough review of the environmental and
sustainable dimensions of the plans and programmes.

The approach of assessing the environmental on development is an important

benefit of SEA .the guideline proposes an integrative this is one of the differences
between SEA and EIA, as EIAs focus on the effect of development on the
environmental. In some countries an EIA-based approach to SEA is followed,
where SEA is used to assess the impacts of a plan or programme on the
environment. However, an integrative approach is proposed in these
guidelines .this approach considers the opportunities and constraints, which the
environment places on the plans or programme.

20
3 PROJECT AREA PREVAILING ENVIRONMENT

Environment means surroundings, which are comprised by things and conditions.

Those pertaining to the envisaged project have both bio-physical and socio-cultural
aspects. Section 3.1 and 3.2 below briefly describes the existing bio-physical and
socio-cultural aspects of the project area environment respectively.

3.1 Bio-Physical Factors

Bio-physical factors are diverse. Principal one that can be affected by the project
includes the following: water resources, soils, air quality, vegetation, topography,
climate, and geology.

3.1.1 Water Resources

The study area is found at the plain land. The seasonal streams which are
intermittent draining from NW to SE directions recharge the ground water of the
study area. In addition, the primary porosity of the volcanic rock units around the
study area being assisted by weathering and fracturing, favours infiltration of
surface water.

The geological set up of the area indicates that there are different weathered and
fractured volcanic rock successions which have all the characteristics of being good
aquifers for the ground water resource in the study area. The annual rainfall of the
area also enhances precipitation that significantly recharges the ground water.

3.1.2 Air Quality

Though the envisaged PP floor mat manufacturing plant will be located in the
industrial zone of the town, it will not affect the air quality in the project vicinity. In
general the existing air quality in the project vicinity is very good.

3.1.3 Climate and Vegetation

The study area lies in the altitude of 1950 meter above sea level where this altitude
can be categorized into tropical agro climatic zone. According to the rainfall
distribution is bimodal with the rainy season ‘’Keremt’’ is from June-September and
the season “Belg” is from January-May. The average annual temperature ranges to

21
be 12-14oC. The area includes seasonal steams with “bushes” and “Eucalyptus
Tree”.

3.1.4 Land use

The land-use of the specific point where project lies was rural setting. The land use
surrounding all part of the project characterised by agricultural farming.

3.1.5 Soil

Soils are the results of the underlying lithological formations formed due to physical
and/or chemical disintegrations. The predominant soil type around the study area is
characterized by duly grey clay. This soil has been observed to be the source
subsurface geological formation.

3.2 Socio-Cultural Factors

Socio-cultural factors mainly involve behaviours and interactions among peoples

and environments, besides the bio-physical components. Administratively, the
project area is in the Regional State of Oromiya within the Kimbibit wereda Sheno
city.

The local people are in an industrial development dilemma; i.e. Industrialization

against environmental problems.

Acceptability of the project by the local people lies on the sustainability of the
project. Especially incorporating proper waste management options at the different
stages of the production process and implementing the best economically viable
and environmentally acceptable technique for controlling the factory waste water
discharges harmonizes the social acceptability and the project development.

22
4 PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

This section addresses potential impacts associated with the envisaged project.
The discussion includes the following considerations: both potentially detrimental
effects, and potentially beneficial impacts; direct project effects; indirect, often long-
term effects; reversible, irreversible effects; both individual types of impacts, and
those that may be cumulative.

4.1 Environmental Scoping

Even though the environmental impacts of manufacturing plant projects like the
envisaged PP floor mat Manufacturing Project characterized by short term
construction phase impacts and long term impacts during the operation of the plant;
the coverage of the environmental topics varies. The scope and depth of particular
analyses depend upon an environmental scoping, and the availability of data.

On the other hand, to obtain the information required in the environmental

assessments, the use of measurement methodologies and techniques is important,
as they make it possible to adequately predict, identify, and interpret impacts on
different environmental components.

In the aim of identifying significant impacts of the proposed project and to quantify
them; an environmental scoping will be conducted. As the measurement of specific
environmental variables implies selecting the methods and techniques most suited
to the affected environment, the type of activity to be undertaken, and quality of
information, based on impact measurement criteria; either quantitative or
qualitative, the environmental scoping was conducted through two approaches.

In environmental impacts that can be expressed quantitatively like, pollutant loads

in process effluent wastes; the environmental scoping was based on the limit values
stated on the provisional environmental emission standards of Ethiopia, quality of
the process waste, and the prevailing environment of the project area. For
environmental impacts that are difficult to expresses from their very nature like,
impacts related with the construction activities of the project, the environmental
scoping was based on experience of environmental expertise from different
institutions, regional EPA, federal EPA, expertise in the manufacturing sector,
observations on the site, and through readings.

23
 1) Atmospheric air emissions

 CO2 from the gas cutting and welding process in the mini workshop;

 Flue gas from diesel generator during power interruption

2) Consumption of natural resources

 Water at the different stages of the production process;

 Electrical energy for different uses;

 Diesel fuel for diesel generator;

3) Solid waste disposal, spill of hazardous and non-hazardous chemicals

 Improper disposal and storage of solid wastes from the following unit
process

 Poor sanitation

4) Sound and Vibrations

 Sound from construction activities

 Sound from production processes

5) Alteration of soil structures and integrity of landscapes

4.2 Potential Impacts Characterization and Classification

The environmental impact from each identified potential environmental issues of the
project not only can be more than one but sometimes it can amplifies or depress
the impacts from the other environmental issues. Therefore in order to predict and
study the environmental implications of each potential environmental issue
identified in the scoping, the potential environmental impacts of each environmental
issues are characterized in the following way:

a) The beneficial or detrimental character of the impact with regard to the

situation prior to the action;

24
 b) The magnitude represented by extension, quantity, and intensity of the
impact. For instance, it answers questions such as what is the volume of
pollutants or percentage above the standard limit, etc.

c) The significance of the impact and its relative importance (impact quality).
For example, intensity of effluent toxicity or environmental value of a land
area;

d) The types of impact, i.e., direct, indirect or synergistic (the latter accumulates
and increases with the presence of several impacts, which end up exceeding
the sum of the individual impacts);

e) The duration of the impact refers to the behavior of predicted environmental

impacts in time: whether it is short-term and then stops; whether it appears
rapidly; if it is long-term or intermittent, etc.;

f) The reversibility of the impact, which considers the possibility, difficulty, or

impossibility of returning to the situation previous to the action or project.
There are reversible, terminal, and irreversible impacts;

g) The impact risk and its probability of occurrence;

h) The spatial area or area of influence, the land area receiving the
environmental impact, which does not necessarily coincide with the location
of the proposed action. when environmental characteristics are more
sensible, the impact severity will increase;

These characterized environmental impacts are classified into different impact

categories.

4.3 Project Impacts

Both major and minor effects of the envisaged PP floor mat Manufacturing Project
are considered. These environmental impacts can be categorized as:

I. Bio-Physical Environment Impacts and

II. Socio-Economic Environment Impacts

25
Both the short term construction phase impacts and long term operation
(production) phase impacts are considered.

4.3.1 Bio-Physical Environment

4.3.1.1 Water Quality

Contamination on the nearby water resources by the project is insignificant. Of

course adoption of appropriate environmental management practices should
prevent quality degradation as result of the project and should bring the quality of
waste water discharge below provisional environmental emission standard limit
values for discharges to water bodies in Ethiopia.

Particular attention to be given in selecting the proper mitigation measures from

both environmental and economic perspectives.

Floor and machinery cleaning related wastewater are also the other wastewater
sources of the PP floor mat manufacturing plant. However, oil, grease, kerosene,
organic materials, etc. can also enter the waste stream due to leakages from
machineries, maintenance activities, improper disposal of residues and spare parts,
lack of proper working area cleaning and machineries inspection, inadequate feed
control, etc. amplifies the problem.

Construction Phase: Oil, grease, fuel and residues of derbies and construction
materials can originate during construction of buildings and installing plants.
Improper disposal practices; spills and leaks from containers and tankers,
construction machineries; and improper storage practices can generate them. Rain
water and water used for cleaning machineries, vehicles and working area can
runoff contaminants to the nearby river and also can percolate to aquifers.

During the construction period of the project a particular concern is protection of

ground and surface waters from nonpoint source contaminants that may occur from
careless disposal of residues.

The water contaminants during this stage of the project includes: suspended solids,
oxygen demanding compounds, Fe+3, Ca+2, CO3-2.

26
4.3.1.2 Air Quality

The air shed could be estimated as an ambient air quality with nearly zero levels of
NOx and SOx because these pollutants are resulting from combustion process.

No air quality data is available for the proposed project site as there are no major
emission sources nearby; it is assumed that the air quality is rather good.

But trends regarding global climatic change indicate tightening of policies and
regulations on global warming. Identifying and integrating this kind of environmental
issues at this stage of the project aids to select appropriate mitigation measures
complying with future environmental requirements and reduce unnecessary future
costs.

TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Emitted Gas Environmental Impacts Remark

CO2 Global warming
H2O (g) Global warming,
NOx Acidification, ground level ozone One molecule of NOx
formation Can be a cause for more than one
impact
SO2 Acidification, human toxicity One molecule of SO2 can be a
cause for either of the two impacts
CO Human toxicity, global warming

Though, the construction activity of the project is accompanied by dust generation

during earth site clearing and works, both due to short construction time and small
area of coverage.

4.3.1.3 Soil quality

Loss of vegetation because of the wastewater effluent related soil quality impacts is
minimal, since there is less vegetation cover at the project area. However without
proper mitigation actions both the long-term and cumulative impact of the problem
is disasters. Accumulation of ions and minerals can change the biological and
physico-chemical properties of the near-by soil irreversibility. Loss of soil fertility
with a subsequence loss of nearby patch of eucalyptus tree, decrease of crop
productivity in the nearby agricultural lands and pollution of surface and ground
water sources through runoffs, diffusion and infiltration can result after years

27
processes. Soil quality problem from the other waste water streams floor washing is
not significant, since the impacts are reversible.

Apart from this production process discharges caused soil quality degradation, soil
contamination by spilled oils, greases, fuel and residues of derbies and construction
materials, chemicals, etc. can be causes for degradation of soil quality. Both
construction and operation phase related activities causes the problem. Oils,
grease and fuels can originate from construction machineries, production
machineries, maintenance activities and damaged containers.

Improper management of decomposing and reactive solid wastes can cause

indirect impact on the quality of soil especially during rainy seasons. Rain water
transports biological and chemical constituents to soil. When rain percolates
through solid wastes, it extracts dissolved and suspended materials. The
composition of the Leachate depends on the type of waste disposal. Decomposing
solid waste leachates has low PH, high BOD 5, COD, nutrients and heavy metals;
whereas steels adds Fe+3.

4.3.1.4 Natural Resource Depletion

Concerning natural resource depletion, use of high quantity electricity at the

different stages of the production and the nonrenewable fossil fuel product, are the
significant.

Electricity, the other natural resource concern of the project is supplied both from
renewable source; hydroelectric and nonrenewable source, generator running with
diesel fuel. The project requires an estimated annual supply of 780,000 Kwh of
electricity at full production capacity. The generator supplies electricity during
hydroelectric power supply cutoffs. The environmental impact of the project
regarding the consumption of hydroelectric power is depletion of renewable energy
source; where as in case of generator is depletion of non-renewable resource
diesel fuel.

Since all these resource depletion environmental impacts are an avoidable;

adoption of mitigative techniques and practices should result in efficient and
economical use of electricity, heavy furnace fuel and other related utilities without
affecting the quality of the product.

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4.3.1.5 Solid Wastes

The intended project characterized by the generation of inevitable solid wastes:

pieces of raw materials; damaged PP floor mats and discarded welding packages.
The other solid waste source is disposal of damaged packaging plastic materials.
The impact from these solid wastes is diverse. Pollution of soil and water due to
transportation of solid waste constituents, alteration of vegetation due to soil
structures by a non-degradable plastic materials; health threats for the local people
and terrestrial animals in the area, economical impact due to land requirement for
disposal, and loss of resource are the main.

Beside these expected solid wastes sources; solid waste and debris can generate
both from the pre-operation and operation phase of the project. In the pre-operation
phase of the project, solid wastes typically arise from construction work and
machineries installation activities. The types of construction wastes include empty
containers for project supplies, scrap wood and metals, plastic pieces, broken and
un-repairable equipment, broken lumber, concrete chunks, dirty equipment grease,
and sundry items often strewn or dumped into piles. Different sized cardboard
boxes, shock absorbing plastics, rags and empty plastic containers are the solid
wastes that can generate in the day to day activity of the production process. At
both stages of the project there are also domestic life residues of workers. These
are likely to include empty food and beverage containers, worn-out clothing,
discarded first aid materials like bandages from injuries, unusable plastic and metal
items, and other discards.

4.3.1.6 Vegetation Loss

Although the impact on vegetation removal is minimal in light of its scarcity and due
to the fact that the project is situated on an already cleared area, long term impacts
due to settlements by the nearby settlers and workers may result for the destruction
of the nearby patch of eucalyptus trees.

4.3.1.7 Nuisances Noise

Noise and vibration from construction activities; excavation, drilling, cutting,

construction materials unloading, etc. could be nuisance to the nearby people
during the construction period of the project. However both the nonexistence of

29
sensitive places (like schools, mosques, churches, meeting areas) and the short
time period of the construction make the problem insignificant.

The production processes of the project don’t have as such mechanically running
machines which can be a source of noise and vibration either due to its mode
operation or mechanical instability of drives. Significant nuisance noise sources
during the production phase may be sounds from mechanical workshops and alarm
bell used for giving signal during shift changes and signals during dangers like fire.
Incorporation of sound proof materials during constructing workshops and
constructing high sound sources far from residence directions mitigates problems
related to workshop areas noise problem. Alarms for signaling dangers are not
usual; even may not be a problem for years. However alarm bells for the purpose of
signaling workers time of entrance and exit; is a significant concern. Especially
during the morning time; it can wake neighbors early. The problem is significant for
infants and pregnant women.

4.3.2 Socio-Economic Environment

The socio-economic impacts are of short term construction impacts, long-term

operational period impacts and long term construction phase induced impacts.

4.3.2.1 Social Acceptability and Industrial Development Threats

Acceptability of the project by the local people lies on the sustainability of the
project since the local people are in an industrial development dilemma; i.e.
Industrialization against environmental problems. Especially incorporating proper
waste management options at the different stages of the production process and
implementing the best economically viable and environmentally acceptable
technique for controlling the factory waste water discharges harmonizes the social
acceptability and the project development. Implementing the solid waste collection
centre in order to mitigate the discharge of the industrial effluents directly to the
nearby river is a good indicator for the local people regarding trustworthiness of the
project.

4.3.2.2 Employee’s Health

Since a work place is a potentially hazardous environment, workers encounters

direct, indirect and long-term potential health problems associated with both the

30
construction and operation phases of the envisaged PP floor mat Manufacturing
Project. However, because of its association with a continual day to day production
process and broader negative potential impact even beyond the plant the
production activity related potential workers’ health problems are described in
detail.

In adequate illumination of rooms and working areas causes a number of

detrimental effects on workers. Production and technical personnel have the
exposure to continuous noise and vibrations created from fluid driving machines
(like: pump, blower, compressor); electrical motors and machineries. Areas with
work bench for cutting and welding tasks may be performed by standing; which can
expose workers for varicose vein and other health problems. Those workers
required to lift heavy objects repeatedly becomes fatigue.

These employees health issues are expected at the operation phase of the project
and the health impact they will cause is chronic in nature. Adoption of techniques
should create safe working environment and/ or provide practices to mitigate the
impacts.

Beside those expected the project health issues; there are accidents caused
employee’s health issues. Though they can cause chronic health impacts; most of
these potential impacts are acute in nature (e.g. body injury).

Fires accident and sparks due to welding around fuel tanks can cause more than
workers health problem; it destroys property. Explosion of oxygen tankers and
pressurized cylinders are not only potential risks for the nearby worker but they are
also causes for other hazardous; including fire. Interference of individuals with
electrical systems, failure from structures and failure due to slippery floor are other
causes for injury.

4.3.2.3 Local Community Health

Peoples living around the project area can be affected by secondary and
cumulative human health impact of the project.

Modification the quality of the nearby river water, the air quality and disposing and
piling of solid wastes like: damaged PP floor mat , metal scrapes and nailed woods

31
The indirect potential health problem of the project includes:

 Flu, asthma and other air borne diseases due eutrophication of waste water
effluents especially during dry seasons;

 Incidence of typhoid, poisonings and other water-related diseases especially

on the people down Stream of River because of:

- Direct discharge of process waste water and sanitary sewages to the

river stream;

- Disposed and leaked contaminants runoffs both during construction

and operation;

4.3.2.4 Services and Employment

The construction phase of the project creates job for the local labor force, especially
women. It is also a good opportunity for youngsters to acquire different basic
technical skills. The production phase of the project is an opportunity for the local
people to secure permanent job in the factory. Regarding the permanent job
creation during the production phase of the project; the project is an ideal
opportunity for both men and women.

Although currently the project don’t have any service plans to deliver to the local
community, the promoter of this project has rooms to play in different community
based service activities; especially at local levels.

4.3.2.5 Economical Development

A potential major benefit of the project and other industrial development is the
economic development and related benefits. The implementation of the project will
bring several beneficial impacts including creating job opportunity and reducing
poverty, contributing to national economic growth through PP floor mat processing,
foreign exchange savings, etc.

32
5 IMPACTS MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT

This section addresses measures for both mitigating (i.e. avoidance, reduction or
elimination) of potential negative impacts, and enhancing (i.e. improvement) of the
positive effects of the PP floor mat Manufacturing Project.

Special consideration is given to:

 Mitigating environmental impacts of production process emitted wastes (i.e.

industrial wastewater, industrial solid wastes and air emissions);

 Mitigating employee health risks during production processes;

 Mitigating over exploitation of natural resources and utilities during

production process;

 Enhancement of positive effects of the project (i.e. social accessibility, job

opportunity and economic development);

Since most of the environmental impacts are related to industrial waste generation;
in mitigating the impacts different levels of waste management hierarchy employed.
Starting from: ‘Waste generation prevention’ up to ‘Treatment’ and ‘Safe Disposal’
practiced in mitigating the environmental burden of the project production process.

Some measures are part of entirely within the project scope, and can be executed
directly by the project promoter during the design, construction/erection and
production stages of the project programmes. Other measures may require
involvement of additional bodies and incorporation of new programmes.

Mitigative and enhancement measures are covered in context of potential impacts

pertaining to the following topics:

Bio-Physical Environment

- Water Quality

- Air Quality

- Soil Quality

33
 - Natural Resource Depletion

- Solid Waste Generation

- Vegetation Loss

- Nuisances Noise

Socio-Economic Environment

- Social Accessibility and Industrial Development Threat

- Employees’ Health

- Community Health

- Services and Employment

- Economic Development

5.1 Bio-Physical Environment

5.1.1 Water Quality

The Physico-Chemical properties of the effluents are within that of the country’s
emission limit values. Since the intended project is mainly involved with drying,
melting and molding process and hence there is no as such big quantity of
wastewater effluent generation.

5.1.2 Air Quality

Reducing the formation of CO, NO2, and SO2 during the welding and gas cutting
process is the primary measure to mitigate air quality impact of the project.
Approaches recommended to minimize the generation of these gases include:

 Use automated fuel feed controlling valves and pumps;

 Use air deficiency indicating alarms;

 Use diesel fuel having less SO 2 content and usually revise the specification
fuel quality;

34
Human health and other environmental impacts due to the presence of the different
gases in the diesel generator exhaust gas near the ground level require proper
mitigation measure. Since none of the exhaust gas constituents exceeds the stated
emission limits from combustion source; transporting and diluting the combustion
exhaust gas to higher altitude using stack alone mitigates the impact.

The following measures need to be considered to make the stack an effective

mitigating tool:

 Setting the stack height factor by considering wind speed and direction;
altitude; climate, landscapes, position of sensitive areas;

 Rather than installing one long stack, connect a couple of short stack units to
easily maintain, clean and inspect the stack;

 Provide small inspection windows and usually clean the stack inside;

 Provide or create the means to provide the stack emission measurement

devices in order to comply with future emission regulations and standards;

Even though presently there is no CO 2 emission limit in the country; from the
perspective of its significance to global environmental impact (i.e. climatic change)
there should be at least plans and programmes to mitigate the impact of global
warming in the future as well as to comply with future regulations on CO2 emission;

 Estimate the CO2 level both from the gas cutting and welding processes;

 Survey worldwide mitigating measures experiences in the sector;

 Prioritize the best technique and consider the technique in equipment design
and process selection;

5.1.3 Soil Quality

Apart from the process wastewater effluent caused soil quality impact;
contamination by spoil spills of chemicals and disposed solid wastes is the other
soil quality concern which needs mitigation.

35
Regarding process wastewater caused soil quality impacts; those mitigation
measures recommended for water quality impacts applies. Beside these the
following measures need to be considered:

 Avoid wastewater streams seepage by constructing and putting appropriate

stream lines;

 Supply industrial wastewater and sewage lines with removable covers for
ease of inspection and maintenance;

 Conduct random wastewater flow rate measurement to identify presence of

leakages;

 Avoid direct disposal of wastewater treatment plant residues;

Avoidance and mitigative measures for the protection of soils from chemical spill
and solid waste disposal caused soil contamination include the following options:

 Develop companywide solid waste disposal procedures;

 Develop procedures to avoid oil, grease and fuel spills as well as improper
disposal of construction materials and domestic residues;

 Routinely inspect pipes and flanges;

 Construct impermeable concrete containers to collect furnace, oil, grease,

etc. in areas where there is significant leakages;

 Store materials near the processing areas where they are used;

 Routine inspection of stored chemicals identifies leakages and leakage

potential;

 Prepare a secure store for potentially hazardous chemicals like strong acids;

 Inspect containers before accepting or storing them;

 Respond immediately to spill of hazardous wastes;

36
5.1.4 Natural Resource Depletion

There are applicable techniques for mitigating overexploitation of each resource

type. Options for each type include the following:

Water Resource:

 Use high pressure spray system for washing purpose;

 Select processes having efficient water use;

 Utilize various water sources based on water quality requirements;

 Avoid water leakage in machineries, pipes, flanges and pipes;

 Identify water leakage sources ;

 Immediately respond and maintain identified areas having water leakage;

 Setup written procedures for production operations;

Electricity:

 Train operators operation of equipment in efficient to minimize energy;

 Supervise production processes in order to improve production efficiency;

 Switch-off idle machines and unused bulbs, heaters;

 Construct buildings in a position where rooms easily get sunlight;

 Provide interlocked control system for the generator to sawed-off itself when
external power returned;

 Setup written procedures for production operations

 Avoid reprocessing and reworks;

Diesel fuel

37
  Install overflow alarms for diesel fuel tank;

 Construct impermeable secondary tanker for collecting and use Diesel fuel
spills and leakages;

 Setup written procedures for burner startup, operate and shutdown;

5.1.5 Solid Waste Generation

Preventing and minimizing the generation of the solid waste at its source is the
primary mitigation measures to mitigate the impact they can induce on the
environment. The following measures mitigates the generation of solid wastes:

 Minimize the number of damaged PP floor mat by:

- Training/creating awareness and motivating proper measurement before

cutting;

- Implementing safe storing techniques;

- Reducing the distance between the storage and the factory;

- Select proper processes and designs that minimizes damaged PP floor

mat at each stage of the process;

- Providing operation trainings for workers to minimize damage of PP floor

mat s;

- Making a Closer supervision at each stage of the whole process;

 Minimize other solid wastes by:

- Ordering in bulk to reduce the amount of package;

- Using re-usable packages;

The following measures mitigate the impact generated wastes:

 Solid wastes collected and separated into groups for different

means of disposal or processing;

38
  At the premise of the project site prepare collection area and
supply to those Factory for reuse or re-melt purpose;

5.1.6 Vegetation Loss

Though the impact on vegetation loss is minimal in order to avoid vegetation

damages during the construction activities and the project keep the greens of the
environment; the following measures are recommended:

 Limit clearing and soil disturbance around construction sites;

 Limit and control movement of trucks and construction machineries during

construction;

 Record the type and number of tree cut in order to plant again;

 Prepare parks in the premise in order to be an example in keeping the

environment;

 Create an awareness for the local people and workers in every opportunity
about the importance of vegetation cover for soil and water conservation;

5.1.7 Nuisance Noise

The mitigation measure for nuisance noise related to work areas discussed in detail
in mitigating employee’s health problem. The mitigation for nuisance noise to local
people includes prevention of construction activities during nights and early
morning; avoiding using alarms unnecessarily and also use alternative mechanisms
for working time especially during the morning time.

5.2 Socio –Economic Environment

5.2.1 Social Accessibility and Industrial Development Threat

The sustainability of the project avoids the local community fear of the
environmental problem from the industrial development and enhances the
accessibility of the project. Especially implementing the pieces of raw materials and
other relevant material collection area in order to mitigate the discharge of the
industrial solid wastes directly to the nearby village and or to the premises of the

39
same factory is a good indicator for the local people regarding trustworthiness of
the project.

5.2.2 Employees’ Health

Anticipation of potential hazardous in the work environment and implementing

control methods to remove or reduce the hazard exposure of the worker mitigates
are mitigation measures to control potential hazardous.

The general control methods available for control of hazards include: Isolation of
source; ventilation; administrative control and personal protective equipment.

Isolation of Sources: Isolation of toxic and flammable materials in separate

location and prohibiting smoking and welding around diesel fuel tankers, enclose or
shield sound and vibration sources using physical barriers like sound proof walls.

Ventilation: Use comfort ventilation in the diesel generators and other hot areas to
assure the comfort of operators in the area;

Administrative Control: Train workers regarding work area safety and hazardous
control like the fire hazardous and controlling mechanisms; application of safety and
hazard control equipment; monitor the work area or the worker, good
housekeeping, and preventive maintenance.

Personal Protective Equipment: The personal protective equipment to be

considered are: skin protections (plastic gloves and aprons); eye protection (safety
glass, goggles, face shield, and hood); ear protection (ear muffs); respiratory
protection (air-purifying respirators); and safety shoes.

The other important factor to be considered in mitigating workers from work

environment related health impacts is ergonomics. Ergonomics is concerned with
the following:

 The design of tools that are used in order to match the physical
characteristics of the worker with functioning of tools;

 The design of the workplace space itself to meet the physical characteristics
of the worker with the functioning of tools;

40
  The design of the workplace space itself to meet the physical characteristics
of the worker;

 The analysis and design of controls and displays to allow the worker to
operate and monitor processes efficiently with minimum error;

 The development of job procedure that meet the capabilities of the worker in
the system;

 The minimization of external forces that can act to affect the worker in the
workplace; these external forces include such things as noise, thermal
condition, illumination, and vibration.

Beside the above; the following measures need to be considered regarding

employees’ health:

 Pre-employment and periodic health checkups for workers;

 Plan, facilities, equipment, and personnel for emergency response to work

area accidents;

 Insurance policy and procedures for work area caused damages;

5.2.3 Community Health

The impact is a secondary or cumulative of other primary impacts like water

pollution; the mitigations for the primary impacts (e.g. controlling collection of pieces
of PP floor mat s) also mitigate the problem.

5.2.4 Services and Employment

Maximizing the use of the local labour supply both during the construction and
operation stage of the project, facilitating the local youths to train different
techniques like gas cutting, welding, maintenances, carpentry, constructions, etc.
during the construction phase; facilitating on job trainings and vacation time jobs for
students from higher institutions and technical colleges enhances the benefit of the
project for the local people. In addition to these; participating in different community
based development activities by working with the local government bodies, NGOs,
Elders and associations amplifies the benefit of the project.

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5.2.5 Economic Development

A potential major benefit of the envisaged project and other industrial development
is the economic development and related benefits. The implementation of the
project will bring several beneficial impacts including creating job opportunity and
reducing poverty, contributing to national economic growth through producing PP
floor mat to the urgent demand of the country and also saves foreign exchange
savings, etc.

6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION PROGRAM

A principal project goal is the establishment of PP floor mat manufacturing plant. It

is achieved through avoidance or mitigation of anticipated drawbacks associated
with the project and enhancement of the project benefits. Towards these goals, the
consultant recommends an environmental management and protection program.

6.1 Environmental Management

The environmental management program at the pre-production stages of the

project is different and will have different objectives. A great concern is given for
the production stage of the project. General points mentioned for the pre-production
stage and the production stage will be discussed in detail.

During the production phase of the project the environmental management program
has the following objectives: including the environmental dimension in process
design, equipment selection, process layout design; protection of the environment
from potential detrimental construction and related activities, and vice versa;
enhancement of the construction stage attributes; especially in regard to job
opportunity for the local labour. These objectives can be achieved by the following
elements of the environmental program: environmental expert to assist process
design related units; a diverse array of impact mitigation and enhancement
measures; contractor requirements for environmental protection to be implemented
during the construction and installation activities of the project.

The objectives of the environmental management program at the production stage

of the project include: protection of the environment from potentially detrimental
production and related activities; prevent and minimize waste generation at its
source; and improve environmental performances of the project towards the

42
implements in long term. These objectives can be achieved by the following
elements of the environmental programs: Environmental Management and
Ergonomics Department and Cleaner Production Audit Team.

6.2 Environmental Management and Ergonomics Department

The consultant proposes an Environmental Management and Ergonomic

Department in the company’s structure to operate the environmental management
program for the production stage of the project. This department would: coordinate
and administrate all aspects of the environmental management programs; develop
further an environmental oversight capability within the project; and create
opportunities for the implementation of Environmental Management System (EMS)
starting from the significant aspect up to companywide EMS that full fill ISO
14001:2008 EMS requirement. The specific duties of this Environmental
Management and Ergonomic Department will include, but not limited to, the
following:

 Facilitates industrial hygiene and occupational safety practices;

 Promote cooperation among the different departments of the company

towards integrated industrial waste management;

 Initiate Cleaner Production Program in the project;

 Organize cleaner production related trainings for workers;

 Develop and implement a comprehensive corporate environmental policy,

based on prevention and minimization of wastes and emissions.

 Develop worker appreciation for pollution prevention and waste minimization

approach;

 Set plant wide cleaner production goals and organize cleaner production
project teams;

 Plan, organize, implement of Cleaner Production Projects in the company

and regularly inform the top management the progress of projects;

43
  Acquire the best management and technical information possible for the
implementation of Environmental Management System at the different levels
in the project and towards registration for ISO14001:2008 by accredited
body.

A five-person staff comprising environmentalist and assistant; safety officer;

and secretary, should be sufficient to perform the environmental
management program. The department will require additional support from
other departments (e.g. analytical chemist and samplers).

6.3 Cleaner Production Audit Team

Since the environmental management program serves as a tool to avoid or mitigate

potential negative and to enhance potential positive environmental impacts of the
project, the consultant prefers the involvement of everyone in the project especially
in preventing and minimizing waste at the source of generation. For this the
consultant proposes a cleaner production audit team organized from different
departments of the company to operate subordinately the environmental program of
the production phase of the project. The audit team would prominently generate
cleaner production options and implement them: to avoid industrial pollution by
reducing waste generation at every stage of the production process in order to
minimize or eliminate wastes at their source before any potential pollutants.
Specific duties of the audit team will include the following:

 Develop a systematic waste and emission reduction audit procedures;

 Identifies sources of wastes and causes for their generation;

 Generate possible options to mitigate (i.e. prevent or minimize) generation of

wastes;

 Evaluate all generated possible options form economical, environmental and

technical perspectives and select the feasible option;

 Develop a systematic waste reduction plan that contains specific waste

reduction goals for the feasible option;

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  Educate and involve employees at all level in identifying and quantifying the
problems and in seeking creative solutions to eliminate or to minimize
problems at their source;

 Obtain the best management and technical information possible to help the
project advantage of efficiency improvement and waste reduction
opportunities;

 Review and update efficiency improvement and waste reduction goals and
time tables regularly;

The number of people the team can comprise depends on the cleaner production
technologies levels the project preferred to implement. However it is an obligatory
for presence of the Environmental Management and Ergonomic Department staffs
and top management representative in the team. This is because the
Environmental Management and Ergonomic Department staffs lead the cleaner
production projects whereas the top management commitment for the projects.

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 TABLE 3: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Negative Impacts Mitigation measures Implementation indicators Timeframe Responsibility Estimated cost
Risk of the accidents on Provide all staff on construction site Number of accidents on site During the Proponent 30,000 Birr
the personnel of the site with protective equipment (helmets, Availability of protective construction
gloves, coats and boots where equipment
applicable).
Use adequately these equipment
Risk of the increase of Sensitization campaign to the staff on Number of Sensitization Two times a year for Proponent and 15,000 Birr
HIV/AIDS and other HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and avail campaigns on HIV/AIDS and all the project life Health offices
Sexually Transmitted condoms on site, free of charge. other, and avail condoms on
Diseases (STD) site free of charge
Odor problems Install air conditioning system on the Visual observation of intensity During the Proponent To be
wall of the buildings of odor in the atmosphere operation incorporated in
the building cost
Air pollution by dust Soil watering during the time of soil Visual observation of intensity During the Construction To be
emitted during site works of dust in the atmosphere construction Company and incorporated in
clearing and trench the proponent the contract
excavation
Risk of excess soil being Take out the soil and deposit it State of the road During the site Construction To be
eroded and deposited on somewhere else where it is needed Soil compacted preparation Company and the incorporated in
the site to be used (ex: repairing the roads) And construction proponent the contract
Compact the soil immediately after
removal of the top soil
Degradation of air quality Soil watering during soil works, Visual observation of intensity During Proponent and the To be
due to land clearing especially where dust is being of dust in the atmosphere construction contractor incorporated in
emitted the contract
Effect of sewage, effluent Treatment of wastewater from the plant Quality of underground water During operation The proponent and 15,000 Birr
and wastewater from Cover / contain solid material, fuel and and effluent phase Water Bureau
plant operation waste piles from rain to prevent Physical and
percolation and runoff to ground and chemical test every
water surface waters two year
Effect of generated solid To take the rest solid waste in the No of bins to be treated During Operation Proponent · 20,000 Birr /yr
waste appropriate dumping site separately Phase
Garbage will be sorted on site with Contract with the garbage
different bins collector
 Damaged PP floor mat will be  Amount of damaged PP floor

46
 Negative Impacts Mitigation measures Implementation indicators Timeframe Responsibility Estimated cost
recycled mat collected
Risk of increase in road Regular maintenance of the road Number of road accidents During site Proponent 15,000 Birr/yr
accidents resulting from Awareness creations No of trained workers preparation of
increase in road traffic Use of traffic signs operation
Risk of noise pollution of Use of quality new machines equipped Noise level During construction Proponent 15,000 Birr/yr
machinery and vehicles with air functional pollution devices Supply of protective devices and operation phase
and its related impacts Use of protective devices
like air pollution
Risk of fire accidents Firefighting equipment should be Firefighting equipment installed During operation proponent 30,000 Birr /yr
installed with more attention paid to Number of fire accidents phase
the safety and security of the avoided
machines and workers
The extinguishers should be regularly
inspected and maintained
The personnel of the plant must be
trained on their use

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7 MONITORING PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

Both due to its significance and comprising different components; the production
stage environmental management monitoring and implementation program
presented in detail as described below in the subsequent paragraphs.

Monitoring a project or a program and its surrounding is a tool for decision-making;

Pertaining to the envisaged PP floor mat manufacturing plant, the monitoring will
involve both quantitative and qualitative data, as appropriate to the nature of the
information will involve during the production stage of the project. The project top
management and affiliated units of the Oromiya Regional State Environmental
Protection Bureau, such as technical divisions of the industrial pollution prevention
and control department will make occasional and random monitoring respectively.
The project requires on-going record keeping and studies performed by other
organizations, besides recipes, data gathered and reports. The information obtained
from the monitoring will be used in two major types of monitoring: effects of the
project upon the surrounding environment and most importantly internal performance
and progress of the environmental management group of the project.

7.1 Environmental Implementation Measures

Monitoring the environmental protection measures during the production stage of the
project mainly concern the proper functioning of the damaged PP floor mat collection
area; the progress of cleaner production projects, solid waste management activates
and industrial safety practices. The other is particular interest of the project and the
monitor focuses on the performance of cleaner production projects, solid waste
management and related obligations.

7.2 Environmental Management and Ergonomic Department

The aim of the department that monitors its own program is to determine the
adequacy of the past and present tasks, so as to plan for the future. The evaluations
will address the subjects of staff, progress of working activities and changes to work
plans. The monitoring and internal activities will include weekly cleaner production
audit team meeting; monthly, quarterly; biannual and annual reports.

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 TABLE 4: MONITORING PLAN

Environmental component Budget Responsible body to

No Indicator Frequency of monitoring Methodology
to be monitored proposal monitor
1 Air quality due to site clearing 15,000 birr Clear surrounding Two times a year Visual observation BOEPLAU, BoLSA
and construction
2 Air quality during operation 30,000 birr Number of cyclone and fiber Two times a year Inspection of BOEPLAU, BoLSA
filter installed document and site
3 Pit Latrine 30,000 Birr The pit latrine has to be made During the construction Inspection of BOEPLAU, BoH,
of concrete with C-30 standard before the top cover is over document and site proponent
4 Septic tanker 30,000 Birr No of septic tanker  During construction Inspection of BOEPLAU, BoH,
constructed & the quality of  Before the tanks are document and site proponent
the construction closed
 During operation
 After emptying the tanker
5 Solid waste management 10,000 Birr  Waste collection Every six months Inspection of data BOEPLAU &proponent
activities containers and dust bins
 Frequency of emptying
6 Liquid waste collection 15,000 Birr Frequency of sucking and Every six months Inspection of data BOEPLAU & proponent
activities emptying
7 Firefighting equipment 15,000 birr  Number Firefighting Once in a year Inspection of data and BOEPLAU, BOLSA
installed equipment installed observations
 Number of fire accidents
avoided
8 Noise pollution of machinery 15,000 birr  Noise level Once in a year Inspection of data and BOEPLAU, BOLSA
and vehicles  Supply of protective observations
Disturbing odor from PP floor devices
mat manufacturing  Intensity of odor
9 Road accidents resulting from 30,000 birr  Number of road accidents Every six months Inspection of data BOEPLAU, Consultant
increase in road traffic  Number of trained workers

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8 .CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

8.1 Conclusion

This document generally attempts to show the environmental impacts and

controlling measures of the PP floor mat manufacturing plant to be established in
the Regional State of Oromiya within the Kimbibit wereda Sheno city. Remedial
measures to control significant environmental impacts associates with the project
manufacturing processes are also suggested.

The implementation of the project will bring several beneficial impacts including
creating job opportunity and reducing poverty, contributing to national economic
growth through foreign exchange savings, etc. it is also has negative impacts
through increasing health hazards if safety materials are not properly used. These
negative impacts can be reduced to an acceptable level through a holistic planning
and implementation of the environment plan. Thus, it can be concluded that the
project benefits by far – outweighs its adverse socio-economic and socio-ecological
impacts as these can be mitigated by proper utilization of the suggested mitigation
measures.

8.2 Recommendation

To enhance the potential benefit and social acceptability of the project, avoid or
minimize the adverse impacts of the project and reduce the impacts of the existing
environmental conditions on the project, it is recommended that the proposed
mitigating measure are properly implemented at the right time. To ensure its proper
implementation regular environmental monitoring and audit are also recommended.

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ANNEXES

51
A 1: PERTOCHEMICAL MANUFACTURING

Limit Values for Discharges to Water

Parameter Limit Value

Temperature 40 C
pH 6–9
BOD5 at 20C 90% removal or 50 mg/l, whichever is
less
COD 75% removal or 200 mg/l, whichever is
less
Total phosphorus (as P) 90% removal or 5 mg/l, whichever is
less
Total nitrogen (as N) 90% removal or 30 mg/l, whichever is
less
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Oils, Fats, and Greases 15 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 1 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
Copper (as Cu) 1 mg/l
Benzene 0.1 mg/l
Vinyl chloride 0.1 mg/l
Sulphide 1 mg/l

Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Parameter Limit value

Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3
Nitrous oxides (as NO2) 500 mg/Nm3
Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 800 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) 20 mg/Nm3
Benzene 5 mg/Nm3
0.1 ppb at plant fence
1,2-Dichloroethane 5 mg/Nm3
1 ppb at plant fence
Vinyl chloride 5 mg/Nm3
0.4 ppb at plant fence
Chlorine 20 mg/Nm3
Ammonia (as NH3) 15 mg/Nm3

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A-2: STANDARD FOR CONTROLLED APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENTS TO LAND

Parameter Emission Limit Value

(mg/l)
PH 5.5 – 9 pH units
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at 20°C 500
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 2100
Fats, oils and grease 30
Arsenic (as As) 0.25
Barium (as Ba) 10
Boron (as B) 5
Cadmium (as CD) 1
Chromium (as total Cr) 2
Chromium (as hexavalent Cr) 0.5
Cobalt (as Co) 1
Copper (as Cu) 2
Cyanide (as Cn) 0.5
Lead (as Pb) 0.5
Manganese (as Mn) 5
Mercury (as Hg) 0.001
Nickel (as Ni) 3
Selenium (as Se) 1
Silver (as Ag) 1
Tin (as Sn) 5
Zinc (as Zn) 5
Total Heavy Metals (Combined) 15
Chloride (as Cl) 1000
Fluoride (as F) 20
Sulphate (SO4) 1000

A-3: EMISSION LIMIT FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES

Parameter Limit value

Total particulates
Coal 500 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 250 mg/Nm3
Gas 50 mg/Nm3
Nitrogen oxides (as NO2)
Coal 700 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 1000 mg/Nm3
Gas 400 mg/Nm3
Sulphur oxides (as SO2)
Coal 4300 mg/Nm3
Fuel oil 5100 mg/Nm3
Gas 100 mg/Nm3
Carbon monoxide 150 mg/Nm3
Smoke 2 units on the Ringleman scale

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A-4 LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS TO AIR

Parameter Limit value (mg/Nm3)

Total Particulates (at a mass flow of 0.5 kg/h or 100
above)
Hydrogen chloride (as HCl) (at a mass flow of 30
0.3 kg/h or more)

54
REFERENCES

CH2M HILL, Dairy Waste to Energy , European manure digestion Technology,

2003

Dennis A. Burke P.E. Dairy Waste Anaerobic Digestion Handbook, June 2001;

Feasibility Study of FISSEHA ISKIAS PP floor mat manufacturing plant;

Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

proclamation no.300/2002 Environmental pollution Control Proclamation;

Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

proclamation no.299/2002 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation;

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental protection Authority

Environmental impact Assessment Guidelines Document;

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Policy, laws and

Guidelines;

World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Dairy Processing;

55