Physics Investigatory

Project

Name :- Kushal Rathod

Class :- 12th
Topic :- Laser Security System
Laser Security System.
 Index:
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Materials Required
4. Circuit Diagram
5. Circuit Design
6. Procedure
7. Working
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
 Introduction
Laser is a process by which we can obtain a beam of light which is
highly coherent, highly monochromatic and perfectly parallel.
A laser beam can be sent to a for all place and return back without any
practical loss of intensity and it can be used for many purposes.

The first successful laser was constructed by T.H. Maiman in 1960. He

used a small Ruby Rode (Al2O3 doped with .05% Cr oxide) known as
Ruby Laser. Many others have also been constructed e.g.
Helium-Neon Laser, Carbon dioxide laser etc.
A laser alarm system operates by projecting a beam of invisible laser
light across a doorway or window opening. When the light is broken, it
activates a buzzer or alarm. The principles are very similar to those of
lower tech burglar alarms. A laser alarm requires only slightly more
sophisticated electronics and can be put together by anyone with a
soldering gun and a knack for tinkering with basic circuits and
transistors.

Laser based Security System is a type of security and alarm system

that uses laser light and a light sensor.

A security system protects our homes, offices, banks, lockers etc. from
intrusion and unauthorized access. There are different types of
security systems available and laser based security systems are an
important and efficient type.

A Laser security system can act as a standalone system, which makes

some sound or noise when it detects any irregular activity, or can be
part of a much bigger security and home automation system, which
can send messages, call the owner etc.

In this project, we have designed a simple DIY laser based security

system.
 Theory

The production of lasers is based on the fact that when atoms are in
excited state, they lose their energy and come back to ground state.For
this process a system is chosen in which a metastable state is there.

Two photons interact with 2 more atoms present in metastable state

and so on and thus the photons go on multiplying. All these photons
possess the same energy in phase and in the same direction. This
process is called amplification of light. To proceed this process
continuously the following requirements should be fulfilled.

1. The metastable state should always have a larger number of atoms

than in a lower energy state.
2. The photons emitted due to stimulated emission should stimulate
other atoms to multiply the photons inside the system.
However to keep the photons inside the systems, 2 mirrors are used to
reflect back the photons to multiply their number. But one of the
mirrors should be partially transmitting so as to allow the beam to
emerge out of the system.

However to keep the photons inside the systems, 2 mirrors are used to
reflect back the photons to multiply their number. But one of the
mirrors should be partially transmitting so as to allow the beam to
emerge out of the system.

Induced absorption :- Consider that two energy states i. (lower)

and j (higher) of an atom are associated with energy Ei and Ej
respectively, the ratio of atoms in state a j and i at temp. 'T'
As Nj< Ni [Ej > Ei]
If we shine radiation of frequency.
n= Ej-Ei/h
On the atoms, more atoms will be raised to the higher energy state on
absorbing photons of energy. This process is called induced or
stimulated absorption.

Spontaneous Emission : If an atom is in a higher state, it tends to

return back to the lower energy state within time=10-8sec.
by emitting a photon of energy (Ej-Ei). This process is called
spontaneous emission.
But in this process, atoms are emitted in a random manner. Due to
which the beam produced is not coherent.Spontaneous Emission : If
an atom is in a higher state, it tends to return back to the lower energy
state within time=10-8sec. by emitting a photon of energy (Ej-Ei). This
process is called spontaneous emission.

But in this process, atoms are emitted in a random manner. Due to

which the beam produced is not coherent.

Stimulated Emission : In an atomic system, the higher energy

states of the atoms are always populated to some extent. If the photons
of energy are incident, the chief event that will take place is induced
absorption. Atoms will be raised from lower to higher energy states.
But the higher energy state is little populated, the transmission from
higher to lower energy state also takes place. As such the photons of
energy will be emitted. This is called stimulated emission.

This system for security uses the combination of LASER light and
LDR. The LDR module has an onboard potentiometer to adjust the
sensitivity of LDR, so that it only senses laser light falling onto it. The
concept is quite simple and similar to what we see in movies where
antique, priceless ornaments are protected under laser lights.
As someone crosses these lights, an alarm runs on to indicate
unauthorized presence. This project works similarly. In normal
conditions, where there is always laser light falling on the LDR, the
LDR module always gives a high signal to the microcontroller. When
someone crosses this laser light, it will behave as an obstruction
between the LDR module and laser light, resulting in no light falling
on LDR. In such cases the LDR module gives a low signal to the
microcontroller, which indicates it to switch on an alarm.

Materials Required
 Materials Required

1. LDR(Light Dependent Resistance).

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) as the name
states is a special type of resistor that works
on the photoconductivity principle that
means that resistance changes according
to the intensity of light. Its resistance
decreases with an increase in the intensity
of light.

2. Breadboard.
A breadboard consists of a plastic block
holding a matrix of electrical sockets of
a size suitable for gripping thin connecting
wire, component wires or the pins of
transistors and integrated circuits (ICs).
The sockets are connected inside the board,
usually in rows of five sockets.

3. 10k ohm Resistor.

A 10k resistor is a passive resistor but is a great
help in controlling the flow of electric current
in the circuit. It is called a 10k ohm resistor due
to the resistance of 10,000 Ohms.
4. 9V Battery.

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an

electric battery that supplies a nominal
voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures
7.2 to 9.6 volts, depending on battery
chemistry. Batteries of various sizes and
capacities are manufactured; a very common
size is known as PP3, introduced for early
transistor radios.

5. Laser.
laser, a device that stimulates atoms or
molecules to emit light at particular
wavelengths and amplifies that light, typically
producing a very narrow beam of radiation.

6. Connecting Wire.
A wire is a flexible strand of metal, usually
cylindrical. Wires are used for establishing
electrical conductivity between two devices of
an electrical circuit.
7. Transistor.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify or switch electrical signals and power.
It is one of the basic building blocks of modern
electronics. It is composed of semiconductor
material, usually with at least three terminals
for connection to an electronic circuit.

8. Small Buzzer
An audio signaling device like a beeper or
buzzer may be electromechanical or
piezoelectric or mechanical. The main function
of this is to convert the signal from audio to
sound. Generally, it is powered through DC
voltage and used in timers, alarm devices,
printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it
can generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren.

9. LED.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor
device that emits light when an electric current
flows through it.
Circuit Diagram

=
 Circuit Design
The design of the laser security system circuit is very simple. We will
see the design of the circuit in this section and in the working
explanation we will see the working of the individual component.

Connect the negative terminal to any blank space on the breadboard

and same with the positive terminal. Connect the negative terminal to
the 10K resistor. Then connect the positive terminal to another side of
the 10K resistor.

Connect the LDR to the negative end of the resistor and to the base of
the transistor. Connect another end of LDR to the ammeter of the
transistor and negative terminal of the battery.

Connect the collector of the transistor to the positive terminal of the

resistor. Connect the positive terminal to the LED and another to the
buzzer.

Connect the negative end of the LED to the negative end of the buzzer.

As we are using a breadboard all the connections are interconnected

with each other for power supply.

When we point the laser on the LDR the connection will break and
hence the buzzer will stop making a sound and the LED will be turned
off.
 Procedure
1. Take the breadboard and mark its two extreme sides , any one as
positive and other as negative.

2. Use the circuit diagram and make the connections as follows.

3. Punch in the translator on the breadboard.

4. Connect the emitter of the translator with the negative side of the
breadboard using a wire.

5. Connect the LDR with the base of the transistor and the negative
side of the breadboard.

6. Connect the buzzer with the collector of the transistor and the
positive side of the breadboard.

7. Now connect the 10K ohm resistor with the base of the transistor
and the positive side of the breadboard.

8. Now connect the battery and at this time the buzzer would be
ringing.
9. Now drop the laser light upon the receptive surface of the LDR
and the buzzer stops ringing.
 Working
A simple, cheap, and effective laser-based security system is developed
in this project. Let us see the workings of this project.

First, construct the circuit as per the given steps in the procedure. The
breadboard here acts as the connection board for all of the
components and I have used connecting wires (male to male and
Female to male) for all the connections in the circuit.

The LDR here is connected to the collector terminal of the transistor

which helps to send the signal further, and the second end to one end
of the resistor which regulates the amount of current required and
sends signal accordingly.

Assume, the laser pointer is placed directly in the line of sight of the
LDR
and the light from the laser is continuously being incident on the LDR.

In this situation, the current will gradually flow down ohm by ohm and
the transistor will send this signal to the base and emitter, it will
further propagate the signal and break the connection of the LED and
the buzzer.
The resistor will be directly connected to LDR and the battery further
it will cut down the flow accordingly.

If the laser light is blocked by an intruder from falling on the LDR

(even for a small duration), the resistance of the LDR goes to a few
hundred Ohms.
As a result, the output of the Op-Amp will be HIGH. This will turn on
the Transistor. As the output of the transistor is connected to the
Buzzer and the LED, if the transistor is ON, the trigger pin gets a short
low pulse, and as a result. This will activate the alarm by turning ON
the buzzer.

I have created a manual key by connecting a wire that connects the

positive end of the battery and the buzzer so we can simply pull it out
to turn off the circuit and put it back in to start the circuit.
 Applications

A laser security alarm is a given system

designed to detect intrusion-unauthorized
entry-into a building or area. They are also
called security alarms, security systems,
alarm systems, intrusion detection systems
, perimeter detection systems and similar
terms.

Burglar alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial and

military properties for protection against burglary(theft) or property
damage, as well as personal protection against intruders. Car alarms
likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security
systems for control of inmates.

Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection;

combination systems provide both fire and intrusion protection.
Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined with closed-circuit
television surveillance systems to automatically record the activities of
intruders, and may interface to access control systems for electrically
locked doors. Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers,
to complicated, multi-are systems with computer monitoring and
control.

Lasers also have proved a boon to the growth of the modern scientific
world. It is used in many modes.
1. In measuring long distances : Being highly coherent These can
travel long distances without any loss of their intensity.

2. In surgery : These are used to perform

practically bloodless surgery. As the laser beam
cuts through tissue, it seals blood vessels and this
technique is used in removing tumors from the
body.

3. In Industry : Laser is used to drill holes

and cuts of sheets of metals. They do this job
accurately and quickly.

4. Nuclear Power Production : A day is not

far when lost beams will be used in carrying
out nuclear fusion reactions with much ease for
power production.

5. For national defense : Three are used for

controlling and guiding rockets, missiles,
satellites and locating planes.

6. In Weather forecasting : Laser beams are

used to obtain a clear picture of clouds.
 Conclusion

Laser security systems are a high tech technology that used to be a part
of home security only available to the wealthy. It manually switches
dependent sensors and a basic alarm unit.
Laser security system a person moves in front of the sensor, that
person triggers the system's alarm by cutting the laser. And the alarm
signals the security monitoring company and local law enforcement.
The basic alarm unit will also sound a loud alarm. Both analysis and
experiment indicate that rather stringent requirements must be met in
order to obtain efficient optical heterodyne detection. At some
wavelengths it may provide the only means of overcoming noise and
detect noise problems. The operation of LDR depends upon the
photoconductivity process.
 Bibliography

❖ CBSE Class 12 Physics NCERT.

❖ www.electronicshub.com
❖ Ray Optics - SL Arora.
❖ https://circuitdigest.com
❖ www.academia.com
❖ www.scribd.com
❖ www.centrallibrary.cit.ac.in