Liquid Level Applications and Technology

4 - Liquid level applications and technology selection
4
Liquid level
applications
and technology
selection
Topic Page
4.1 Slop oil tanks 66
4.2 Plastic and fiberglass tanks 66
4.3 Ammonia 67
4.4 Cryogenic applications 67
4.5 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) tank 69
4.6 Separators 69
4.7 Distillation towers 72
4.8 Blending tanks 72
4.9 Reactor vessel 73
4.10 Sulfur pits 74
4.11 Measuring on metal plates 74
4.12 Steam generation 75
4.13 Cooling tower 77
4.14 Lake or pond level 77
4.15 Sump applications 78
4.16 Open channel flow 79
4.17 Inlet water screen

condition monitoring 79
4.18 Point level detection 79
4.19 Tank gauging applications 82
4.20 Tank monitoring applications 84
65
4.Liquid level Suitable technologies
Technology Installation
applications guidelines
and technology Guided wave radar,

with single lead probe
Ch. 6
selection Non-contacting radar Ch. 7
Vibrating fork switch Ch. 10

Understanding the different needs a user has makes
the selection between a point/continuous level 4.2 Plastic and fiberglass tanks
measurement and a tank gauging system easier.
Primary function of application
This chapter lists a number of different applications,
gives recommendations on suitable technologies, Plastic tanks are typically used for storage of
and will provide key installation information and best corrosive chemicals. They often do not have openings
practices. Since it is not practical to cover all possible at the top for instrumentation.
applications, the applications chosen for this chapter
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are intended to give a broad overview of some very

common types of applications that are found in many
industries, as well as a few applications that may have
specific challenges. It will also provide examples of
where the various technologies are used. However,
the final decision of the technology choice will
include the application conditions, the installation
constraints, and the capabilities of the technology.
4.1 Slop oil tanks

Figure 4.2.1: Level measurement in a plastic tank using non-
Vessels used for waste recovery of hydrocarbons contacting radar shooting through the roof
fluids. LO
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guidelines
Non-contacting radar, 5408 with Ch. 7
a bracket mount, 6 in. or 8 in.
antenna.
GWR may be used for solids or oil/ Ch. 6
water production tanks. Use 5300
with single lead probe
Figure 4.1.1: Slop oil level with non-contacting radar Best practice
A curved roof surface will allow condensation on
Application characteristics and challenges
the inside of the roof to drain away and prevent
• Slop oil vessels contain a mixture of dirty interference of the radar signal. It will also allow rain
hydrocarbons and water. or snow to drain away from the radar path. Flat roof
• Deposits and sticky materials are likely to be tanks are not recommended for the above reasons.
present.
• Density and other fluid properties can vary.
66
Mount a non-contacting radar with as large an 4.3.2 Ammonia, aqueous (ammonium

antenna as possible (6 in. or 8 in.) over the tank roof. hydroxide, NH4OH)
The transmitter can be mounted with a bracket
attached to a pipe. No flange is required which
reduces overall weight. The end of the antenna Aqueous ammonia is a solution of ammonia in
should be horizontal so that it is parallel to the level water and is used in diluted quantities for products
surface, not the roof surface. like disinfectants or household cleaners and many
industrial applications. It is commercially available in
4.3 Ammonia concentrations of up to 30% ammonia in water.

4.3.1 Ammonia, anhydrous (NH3)
• Aqueous ammonia is stabilized by the presence
Primary function of application of water so phase changes are not as common as
Ammonia is widely used in many processes in the with anhydrous ammonia. Density is more stable.
chemical industry. It is the raw material for the • Vapors are present
production of fertilizers and is used in many chemical • Valves are sometimes used
processes. It is used industrially as a cleaning agent,
disinfectant, and as a refrigerant. Ammonia, as used Suitable technologies
commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia
emphasizing the absence of water in the material. Technology Installation
Anhydrous ammonia is stored under pressure or at a guidelines
low temperature. Guided wave radar Ch. 6
Application characteristics and challenges Non-contacting radar Ch. 7
• Anhydrous ammonia has heavy vapors which can Differential pressure Ch. 9
be corrosive to some elastomers Vibrating fork switch Ch. 10
• Density variations are common due to ammonia
phase changes with temperature
• Stilling wells and /or valves sometimes present
4.4 Cryogenic applications
Liquefied gases include materials such as LNG, LPG,
Technology Installation ethylene, propylene, R22 and other refrigerants,
guidelines carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, and xenon. These
have uses as fuels, refrigerants, raw material
High precision tank gauging system Ch. 8 components and other.
Guided wave radar with HP seal Ch . 6
Non-contacting radar Ch. 7
These fluids tend to be very clean fluids with
Vibrating fork switch Ch. 10 low viscosities and low dielectric values. In the
processing industries, the vessel size and shapes
Best practice vary but horizontal bullet cylinders are the most
• If guided wave radar is used, the HP process seal common. The biggest challenge is the temperature
should be chosen. This seal uses no o-rings and and its impact on the fluid properties and thus, the
has multiple barriers to contain any vapor leaks. level measurement. As the fluid moves into impulse
• If non-contacting radar is used choose a low piping or bypass chambers, the warmer temperature
frequency 5401. A stilling well is recommended. can cause it to expand or vaporize.
In addition, transmitter electronics have ambient

temperature limits of -50 or warmer. If too close to
the process, the temperature of the electronics may
impact the performance of the device.
67
Dielectric constants of common liquefied gases and can be used in the higher dielectric compounds or
refrigerants in bypass chambers. The probes may be mounted
directly in the vessel or in a bypass chamber.
Product DC F C The chamber and connections to it should be well
insulated to minimize temperature changes. In the
Ammonia (R 717) 25 -103 -75
case of the GWR, the insulation should not cover
Argon, Liquefied 1.5 -376.0 -226.7 the top of the probe above the flange area. This
transition distance is needed to meet the ambient
Boroethane 2.0 -198 -128
condition limits for the electronics.
Butane 1.4 30.2 -1.0
Carbon dioxide 1.6 32.0 0.0 Differential Pressure
(R 744) Use a DP transmitter with a low temperature fill
fluid such as Syltherm XLT. This fluid can handle
Ethane 1.9 -288.4 -178.0 temperatures as low as -105 °C (-157 °F). The high
Ethane (R170) 1.9 -288.4 -178.0 pressure side of the transmitter should be connected
with impulse piping. The transmitter should be raised
Ethylene 1.5 26.6 -3.0
above the high side tap by about 2 ft (0.6 m). This
Fluorine (Liquefied) 1.5 -332.0 -202.2 will allow some warming of the fluid especially if
the application temperature exceeds the fill fluid
Freon (various) 1.7 to 68 20
temperature limit.
1.9
Hexane 2.0 -130.0 -90.0 The low pressure side should use a dry leg
connection. This will also allow the electronics
Methane 1.7 -295.6 -182.0 temperature to meet ambient temperature
(Liquid Natural Gas) specifications.
Nitrogen (liquefied) 1.3 -310 -190
Electronic Remote Sensor technology can also be
Propane (R290) 1.6 32.0 0.0 used on taller cryogenic vessels with smaller static
Propylene (R 1270) 11.9 pressures.
Trifluromethane 6.3 -22 -30

(R-23)
Xenon 1.9 -169.6 -112.0
guidelines
Running the low side
GWR with cryogenic probe Ch. 6 tubing past the low side
transmitter connection
DP with cold-temperature fill fluid Ch. 9 will prevent moisture
build up.
Moisture collection pot
Guided wave radar
Approx. 30° slope with 2 ft (0.6 m)
Use a probe with the cryogenic seal (option C on the tubing, then up 1 ft (0.3 m)
5300 model). Both single and coaxial versions are
available and are suitable for temperatures as low as
-320 °F (-195 °C). For the very lowest dielectric fluids Figure 4.4.1: DP transmitter, wet/dry leg, with cold temperature
and for applications where internal obstacles are in fill fluid
the vessel, use the coaxial probe. The single probe
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4.5 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) Best practice

tanks • Guided wave radar for smaller, horizontal
vessels. If installed directly in the vessel, a
Primary function of application coaxial probe should be used. If installed in a
LPG is compressed liquid petroleum gas and is chamber, a single lead probe may be used.
composed primarily of propane (up to 95%) and • Non-contacting radar with stilling well for larger
small quantities of butane. It is a by-product of the vessels and those with valves.
refining industry and is a fuel source for industrial and • Tank gauging systems for large vessels
domestic use.
4.6 Separators
4.6.1 2-phase separator

A vessel where hydrocarbon fluids are allowed to
separate into a gas phase and a liquid phase. Two
phase separators may be horizontal or vertical
vessels.
Figure 4.5.1: An LPG tank with an inventory tank gauging system

May be spherical tanks containing products such as
propane, butane, isobutane. LPG is stored in a variety
of tanks shapes and sizes with horizontal cylinders
being very common. Valves are often installed.
Stilling wells and chambers are commonly used.
It is a very low dielectric and low density fluid and as
Figure 4.6.1: Two-phase separator
such offers challenges to many level measurements.
Phase changes and thus density changes are
common as the fluid vaporizes and condenses if the
storage pressure and temperature change. Crude hydrocarbons can contain paraffins and other
sticky materials. Density of the material can vary with
Suitable technologies supply. Pressure and temperature will vary widely
depending on fluid source and its location in the
Technology Installation process.
guidelines
High precision tank gauging system Ch. 8 Depending on well pad geology, some crude
hydrocarbons also contain sand and sediment. Over
Guided wave radar Ch. 6 time this can build up in the base of the separator
Non-contacting radar Ch. 7 to reduce capacity. Extreme build up may lead to
blocked inlets or sediment being drawn down lines
and in to pumps.
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Suitable technologies Suitable technologies
Technology Installation Technology Installation

guidelines guidelines
Guided wave radar, with single lead Ch. 6 Guided wave radar, with single lead Ch. 6
probe probe , direct mount or in chamber
Differential pressure Ch. 9 Differential pressure Ch. 9
Vibrating fork switch, Rosemount Ch. 10 Vibrating fork switch, Rosemount Ch. 10
2140 (sand switch function) 2140 (sand switch function)
4.6.2 3-phase separator 4.6.3 Boot separator

Primary function of application Primary function of application
A 3-phase separator is used to separate hydrocarbon A boot separator includes a smaller section where
fluids into 3 components: gas, oil, and water. This water is allowed to accumulate for efficient removal.
is sometimes also called a Free Water Knock Out
(FWKO) where the free water is removed from the oil
prior to next processing stage.
Figure 4.6.3: Two-phase separator with boot
Figure 4.6.2: Three-phase separator • This is an oil and water application. Depending on
the fluid separation, an emulsion layer could be
Application characteristics and challenges present
• Dirty or paraffin laden hydrocarbons could
Crude hydrocarbons can contain paraffins and other cause some coating so a single lead probe is
sticky materials. Density of the material can vary with recommended
supply. Pressure and temperature will vary widely • Usually a small measurement span (<1 m/3 ft)
depending on fluid source and its location in the unless mounted from top of vessel and extending
process. into the boot.
Some FWKO systems used with heavy crude may be Suitable technologies
heated.
Depending on well pad geology, some crude guidelines
hydrocarbons also contain sand and sediment. Over
time this can build up in the base of the separator Guided wave radar, Ch. 6
to reduce capacity. Extreme build up may lead to with single lead rigid probe
blocked inlets or sediment being drawn down lines Vibrating fork switch Ch. 10
and in to pumps.
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Best practice
NOTE!
Switches or floats may be used to detect when an GWR with single lead probe will minimize issues with
interface reaches a predetermined point. product coating. For very tall vessels where fast level
changes are expected, such as blowdown drums,
consider non-contacting radar.
4.6.4 Flare knockout
Primary function of application 4.6.5 Settled Sand and Sediment Detection
Serves as a recovery vessel in case of process upsets Primary function of application
and allows vapors to flare off.
Serves to detect when clean out is necessary to
Application characteristics and challenges ensure vessel operating at maximum capacity and
prevent sand being drawn in to lines.
• Since fluid may be from different sources, the
density and other product properties may vary
• Pressure and temperature conditions will vary
with location in process.
Figure 4.6.5: Vibration forks with sand detection functionality

• Dirty/coating media inside separator that may
build up on instrumentation
• Limited available process inlets in to separator
vessel
Figure 4.6.4: Flare knockout with guided wave radar • Geological differences at different separator
locations means characteristics of the sediment
Suitable technologies may vary
Technology Installation Suitable technologies

guidelines
Guided wave radar, with single lead Ch. 6 guidelines
probe, chamber or direct mount
Vibrating fork switch with sand Ch. 10
Differential pressure Ch. 9 detection function
Non-contacting radar for taller Ch. 7
vessels
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Best practice Suitable technologies

• Consider Rosemount 2140 configured for sand
detection function
guidelines
• Select appropriate setting according to sediment
type - most to least compact Guided wave radar Ch. 6
• Device may be mounted in top or side of separator with single lead probe
depending on location of available process inlets Tray level: DP tuned system Ch. 9
Column Differential: ERS Ch. 9
4.7 Distillation towers
Best practice for tray level measurements
• Guided wave radar; use standard pressure seal for
Distillation columns allow separation of fluid mixtures upper portion of tower where the temperature is
based upon their boiling points. As vapors rise less than 302 °F (150 °C). Use the HTHP pressure
through the column, different components will seal for lower sections where temperature
condense at different temperatures and accumulate exceeds 150 °C
for withdrawal. • Differential pressure, tuned system. Use high
temperature fill fluids with Thermal Range
Expander for lower portions of tower
Best practice for column differential

• Differential pressure; 3051S ERS
• Maximum tap-to-tap span = 500 ft. (152.4 m).
• Multiple ERS systems may be required to cover
spans beyond 500 ft.
• Ratio of static pressure to differential pressure
should be less than 100:1 (consult Emerson for
applications greater than 100:1).
4.8 Blending tanks

Blending tanks are used for mixing fluids or solids
into fluids, usually at ambient conditions.
Level measurements are needed to monitor fluid
Figure 4.7.1: Level measurement at distillation tower; left hand additions.
side showing guided wave radar and right hand side showing
differential pressure Application characteristics and challenges
• May be corrosive, vapors, turbulence, foam
• Usually has an agitator for mixing
• Distillation columns will have a wide temperature
ranges over its height. The lower end can be as
high as 750 °F (400 °C).
• Fluids, especially at the lower end can be dirty
and cause coating and plugging of equipment.
• It is important to insulate chambers and piping
to minimize the risk of plugging and to maintain
lower viscosity.
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Figure 4.8.1: Level measurement in a tank with agitation Figure 4.8.2: Slurry level with non-contacting radar and
differential pressure

Non-contacting radar Ch. 7 Non-contacting radar Ch. 7
Differential pressure Ch. 9 Differential pressure (ERS or Tuned- Ch. 9

System) with extended diaphragm
seal
4.8.1 Slurries
Application characteristics and challenges 4.9 Reactor vessel
Slurries are mixtures of a liquid and suspended
particulates. Agitation is usually required to keep the Primary function of application
solids in suspension. Reactor vessels are similar to blending tanks except
that a chemical reaction is required to produce the
final product. While the components themselves
can create an exothermic or endothermic reaction,
sometimes external heat is required.

• Vapors, foam, turbulence are often present
• Density can change as part of the reaction
• Pressure can vary from vacuum to positive pressure
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guidelines
Differential pressure, ERS or tuned Ch. 9
system
Figure 4.10.1: Rosemount 5408 process seal with nozzle

installation
guidelines
Guided wave radar, with single Ch. 6
flexible probe
Best practice
Use Rosemount 5408 with cone antenna or process
seal antenna. If mounted on a nozzle, the nozzle
should be well insulated and heat traced to reduce
Figure 4.9.1: Reactor vessel level with non-contacting radar
sulfur condensation. Insulate and heat-trace the
nozzle to reduce the amount of build-up.
Best practice If possible aviod tall nozzles.
• DP, tuned system, for smaller, higher pressure A Rosemount 5408 with parabolic antenna may also
vessels be used. The antenna should be inside the vessel. This
• DP, ERS, for taller vessels with lower static will minimize potential crystallization or build-up.
pressures (ratio of static pressure to DP span
should be less than 100:1) Siqnal quality metrics may be used to monitor signal
strength to determine if cleaning of antenna or probe
is needed.
4.10 Sulfur pits
4.11 Measuring on metal plates
Elemental molten sulfur is removed as a by product Primary function of application
of desulfurization process in refineries. The collection
tanks must be kept hot in order the keep the sulfur Metal plates are sometimes used as a target for a level
fluid. device. The plate may be attached to a damper or
other moving object and is used to indicate position.
Semi-molten solid is kept hot and well insulated.
The sulfur vapors can be heavy and will condense
in cooler areas. The challenge is to minimize the
condensation.
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Application characteristics and challenges Application characteristics and challenges

Clean application. Depending on location, ambient • High pressure and temperature equipment
conditions may be harsh, with high temperatures required
from a nearby process or may have wide weather • Density and dielectric of steam increases as
related temperature changes. pressure and temperature increases
• Density and dielectric of liquid decreases as
Suitable technologies pressure and temperature increases
• Both steam and liquid density changes require
Technology Installation compensation in the DCS for the pressure
guidelines transmitter level measurement
• Dielectric changes in the steam require
compensation for the guided wave radar
measurement
Best practice: • Control range is over small span
Mount level unit on bracket centered above the plate.
The level device should be positioned perpendicular Suitable technologies
to the metal surface. The size of the surface should be
large enough to accommodate the beam width of the Technology Installation
level device at the maximum expected distance. guidelines
Guided wave radar with Dynamic Ch. 6
4.12 Steam generation Vapor Compensation
Differential pressure , wet leg, Ch. 9
4.12.1 Boiler drum level control balanced
Best practice
Inaccurate drum level control can cause damage to
• Guided wave radar; with Dynamic Vapor
the steam drum, the boiler, and even the turbine. If
Compensation for systems over 400 psi (27 bar)
the drum level falls below set-point, the boiler may
• Differential pressure; for boiler drum systems
run dry and explode. If the level is higher than the set-
with pressure over 600 psi (42 bar), wet legs are
point wet steam may be carried over to the turbine
recommended. For systems where the pressure
which damages the turbine blades. Redundant
is <600 psi (42 bar), balanced systems are
measurements are required for safety.
recommended
4.12.3 Boiler feedwater

Feedwater heaters are staged to gradually increase
pressure and temperature of the water prior to the
boiler. Control of feedwater heater level can impact
overall plant efficiency. Redundant measurements are
required for safety.
Figure 4.12.1: Boiler drum level control with differential pressure

and guided wave radar
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= Water
= Steam
Figure 4.12.3: Feedwater heater level with long and short range
installation of external chamber
Figure 4.12.4: Deaerator level with guided wave radar and
Application characteristics and challenges differential pressure
• HP feedwater heaters will have density changes of Application characteristics and challenges
the liquid and dielectric changes of the vapor as
pressure and temperature increase • Usually operates at low pressure (< 50 psi) and
• Magnetite build-up is common sometimes at a slight vacuum
• Water is very clean and density is stable
guidelines Technology Installation
guidelines
Guided wave radar, with Ch. 6
Dynamic Vapor Compensation Guided wave radar Ch. 6
for systems over 400 psi (27 Differential pressure Ch. 9
bar) *
Differential pressure Ch. 9 Best practice
• Use standard pressure seal for guided wave radar
* Use standard GWR probes for lower pressure applications
4.12.4 Deaerator
Dearators remove non-condensible dissolved gases
from makeup water. Steam is used to scrub the
feedwater and is recaptured as condensate. Accurate
deaerator level control ensures continuous feedwater
to boiler feed pump.
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4.13 Cooling tower 4.14 Open lake or pond level
Primary function of application Primary function of application
Circulating water from the cooling tower is used to Lake or pond levels are monitored to endure
provide cooling to the condensing steam from the adequate supply of make-up water.
turbines. After absorbing heat in the condenser, it is
cooled by evaporation as it falls through the cooling Application characteristics and challenges
tower. A continuous water level is maintained in the • Water
cooling tower basin for circulation back to the condensor. • Top- down measurement
Stilling wells are sometimes used. In cold climates, ice

may form on the surface. Non-contacting devices will
• While the water being cooled may be clean, measure the surface of the ice. Often used in power
windblown debris may collect in the basin generation applications, or water and waste water
• Foam is sometimes present depending upon applications.
water treatment chemical usage
• Depending on the style of the tower and
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installation locations, the trickling water may be

like rain on the level device
Figure 4.13.1: Cooling tower basin level with guided wave radar; Figure 4.14.1: Measuring level in a pond
overview and close-up
Technology Installation guidelines
guidelines
Guided wave radar if no ice is Ch. 6
Guided wave radar Ch. 6 expected
Non-contacting radar Ch. 7 Non-contacting radar Ch. 7
NOTE!
Often, all of these technologies can be mounted
with a bracket mount holding the device over the
cooling tower basin.
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4.15 Sump applications LO

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4.15.1 Sumps (drain pit for waste oil,

condensate)
A sump is a vessel located in a low place or below key
equipment that collects waste or overflow liquids
Waste oil, waste condensate, chemicals, or water
could be collected for reprocessing or disposal. Figure 4.15.2: Open sump measurement with non-
contacting radar transmitter
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• Water
• Top- down measurement
guidelines
Guided wave radar Ch. 6
Figure 4.15.1: Condensate sump level with non-contacting radar

in a stilling well or guided wave radar 4.15.3 Underground sumps
Application characteristics and challenges Underground sumps are used to collect waste product
streams. They are often underground for ease of filling
• Sumps may contain dirty, oily water and insulation in extreme temperature climates.
• This is often accessible only with top-down
measurements
• It is sometimes desirable to measure interface
guidelines
Vibrating fork switch Ch. 10
Figure 4.15.3: Underground tank with guided wave radar
4.15.2 Open atmosphere sumps Application characteristics and challenges

Primary function of application • Sumps may contain dirty, oily water
Treated waste water or rain collection water is stored • This is often accessible only with top-down
in open atmosphere sumps. measurements
• It is sometimes desirable to measure interface
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Guided wave radar Ch. 6 Non-contacting radar Ch. 7
4.17 Inlet screen condition monitoring
4.16 Open channel flow Primary function of application

Raw water is taken from a reservoir or river. Water
Primary function of application intake requires removal of biological impurities and
debris and so the water is passed through screens or
Open channel flow applications allow the flow of
filter to remove debris. Measurements are taken on
a fluid, usually water, to be measured as it flows
both sides of these screens to monitor any clogging.
through a defined, but open, area. Often there is a
restriction of the channel or a weir that will cause a
rise in the water level as the flow increases. At this Application characteristics and challenges
level changes, the flow can be calculated. Established
• Raw water application which may be turbulent
formulas are used for the different types of channels.
• Upstream side may have floating debris
• Top-down measurement
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guidelines
Best practice
For long range applications, for example where
access is limited, radar transmitters are most
suitable.
4.18 Point level detection
Figure 4.16.1: Measuring open channel flow Primary function of application

The primary purpose of point level detection is to
determine whether process media has reached a
Flowing fluid, usually water, rises as it passes through certain point within a vessel. In the case of a liquid
the restriction. The amount of rise can be used to detection application a point level sensor detects if it
determine flow rate. Measurement is usually made is dry or wet at a specific point in the vessel.
at ambient temperature conditions. In cold weather,
warm streams may give off a condensing fog. In Point level sensors such as vibrating fork switches
some waste streams, foam may be present. or mechanical float switches can be used alone as
the primary means of level detection or as a backup
to a continuous level measurement device to add
redundancy to a system.
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Point level sensors have many uses in both process • May be hazardous location
and inventory tank gauging applications. Shown here • May be long periods of time between overfill
are some typical uses: prevention device being activated
• Need ability to perform functional test (proof test)
• Overfill prevention • System and equipment design compliance with
IEC61508 / 61511 standards
SIL 2
Vibrating fork switches are a popular modern choice
because not only are they a simple and cost effective
means of installing reliable overfill prevention, they
can be side-mounted on to a vessel if it is not possible
to install a top-down solution such as a guided wave
or non-contacting radar level transmitter.
Best practice
• Select sensor safety certified to IEC61508 with
SFF>90%
• Select sensor with high diagnostics coverage and
minimum dangerous undetected failures
• Recommend device with ability to perform proof
test remotely ie. from control room
For point level overfill prevention, Rosemount

2140:SIS is recommended
• High and low level alarm

Figure 4.18.1: Overfill prevention
Manual Overfill Prevention Systems (MOPS)

Usually dependent upon human actions ie. alarm
notifies an operator to take appropriate action to
prevent an overfill.
Application characteristics and challenges :
• May be long periods of time between overfill
prevention device being activated
• May be exposed site / harsh ambient conditions
• Some fluids may be viscous / coating
• Corrosive materials may be present
• May be hazardous location
• Liquid level may change rapidly
• Need ability to perform functional test
• Need local and remote warning /alarm message
Automatic overfill prevention system (AOPS)

Safety instrumented function (SIF) automatically
shuts down plant assets in the event of an overfill. Figure 4.18.2: High and low alarm using vibrating fork
and mechanical float technology. Refer to best practice
Application characteristics and challenges: recommendations for technology selection.

• Some hydrocarbons (LNG / LPG) may be
lightweight materials (low SG)
80
Maximum and minimum level detection in tanks Pump applications

containing many different types of liquids are ideal
• Pump control
applications for vibrating forks and float switches.
High level alarms send an audio, visual or electronic

alert to identify that the process fluid has reached the
high limit, typically this is set around the upper 25%
of the tank level.
A low level alarm alerts operators to a low condition,

which may if left unchecked lead to a run-dry
situation or may point to a leak.
It is common practice to fit an independent high level

alarm switch as a backup device to the installed level
device in case of primary device failure.
Application characteristics and challenges:

• Some fluids may be viscous / coating
• May be hazardous location
Figure 4.18.3: Pump control
• Liquid level may change rapidly
• May need local and remote warning /alarm
Sometimes a vessel will be fitted with both a high
message
and low level alarm switch to automate filling and
• May be limited access to top of tank / no available
emptying cycles to keep liquid contained within the
inlets
desired limits.
• May be limited power to the installation or
installation in remote area
• Pump and dry-run protection
Best practice
• Consider application conditions- where process
is corrosive or harsh, vibrating fork switches are
recommended for their diagnostics and functional
test capabilities
• If access to tank top is limited, vibrating forks
may be side-mounted. Mechanical float switches
may be chamber mounted, or select submersible
version for mounting internally
• If process has coating characteristics, select
vibrating fork technology with no moving parts. If
application characteristics call for mechanical float
technology (eg. high pressure/ temperature),
routine inspection and cleaning should be
performed
• In remote installations install wireless Rosemount
2160 to extend automation reach without need to Figure 4.18.4: Pump protection
install additional infrastructure
• Where power is limited, install Rosemount 2120 This application is a subset of low-level alarm
with low power relay output option- which is whereby a switch at low level either sends an alarm to
compatible with solar or battery-powered systems alert that the process fluid has reached a critical low
or install Rosemount 2160 with integrated power level. This prevents operation without liquid present
module. which can cause damage to bearings and / or seals or
81
in extreme circumstances a dangerous overheating accurate measurements are required for accounting
situation. and custody transfer purposes.
Alternatively, the alarm can be used as an alert to
start a secondary process such as Clean In Place (CIP).
Point level switches may also be used as a means of

monitoring pump lube oil level to ensure that the
reservoir does no run dry.
• Empty pipe detection
Figure 4.19.1: Storage tank with an inventory tank gauging system

Large upright tanks containing crude oil or refined
products. Can also be blending tanks, such as at load-
out facilities where special additives are mixed in.
Figure 4.18.5: A wireless with detecting wether there is liquid or
not in the pipe Suitable technologies
An alarm switch is fitted through the wall of a pipe Technology Installation

to detect presence or absence of liquid. This may be guidelines
as a method to protect a pump or to switch another High precision tank gauging system Ch. 8
instrument such as a flow meter on or off.
4.19.2 Floating roof tanks
Application Vibrating Float Primary function of application
fork switch
switch Floating roof storage tanks are used for volatile,
vaporous fluids such as gasoline. The roof rides the
Overfill prevention x surface of the fluid and minimizes vapor.
High level alarm x x
Low level alarm x x
Pump control x x
Pump protection x
Table 4.19.1: Showing the technology suitable for different point

level detection applications. See also: installation guidelines,
chapter 10
Figure 4.19.2: A floating roof tank with an inventory tank

4.19 Tank gauging applications gauging system
4.19.1 Fixed roof tanks Application characteristics and challenges

Primary function of application Large upright tanks with external/internal floating
roofs containing oil. Stilling wells are often available
These are large storage tanks that contain finished for the level measurement. The roof moves up and
products such as refined oil products. These may also down outside the stilling well.
contain feedstock for processing. In both cases very
82
Suitable technologies Application characteristics and challenges

Large upright cryogenic tanks with refrigerated
liquefied natural gas. Because of the size, cryogenic
guidelines
conditions, safety valves, vapors, and low dielectric
High precision tank gauging system Ch. 8 values, specialized instruments are required.
Best practice Technology Installation

The level measurement should be taken from the guidelines
stilling well access point to provide best accuracy High precision tank gauging system Ch. 8
and to avoid any errors due to the roof tilting.
Alternatively, the roof position can be measured
with a non-contact device mounted from a bracket 4.19.4 Emulation
at the top. However if the roof tilts, the accuracy is Primary function of application
compromised. In such cases, more than one unit
could be used and the outputs compared. Emulation provides a cost-efficient alternative to
upgrade a tank gauging system, both regarding level
measurement and control room devices, including
4.19.3 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tanks the inventory management software. A system
Primary function of application upgrade can be done step-by-step, or in one go.
LNG is primarily methane – it also contains some Rosemount 5900 supports emulation of level devices
propane and ethane – and cannot be liquefied based on both float, servo and radar technology. The
solely by pressurization. The gas is cooled to same wiring and host system can be used.
-161°C and becomes a liquid in a process known as
“liquefication”. This reduces its volume by 600 times
and makes it economical to transport. Application characteristics and challenges
Many tank gauging systems still rely on old
mechanical devices using float or servo technology,
which can provide unreliable measurements and
have unreasonably high maintenance costs because
of their susceptibility to failure. Despite this, plant
managers can be reluctant to replace them with
modern and more reliable alternatives.
Replacing a complete tank gauging system is deemed

too costly and partial upgrades are difficult due to
communication compatibility issues. Plant managers
are therefor often accepting the high maintenance
costs, simply because they are not aware of any other
options.
However, emulation provides a simple and cost-

effective solution for tank gauging upgrade projects,
enabling existing equipment to be replaced with
devices from alternative vendors without the need for
Figure 4.19.3: LNG tank with inventory tank gauging system
new wiring or communication networks. Emulation
also solves the problem with non-performing radar
level gauges in challenging applications.
83
Suitable technologies Best practice

Use guided wave radar or non-contacting radar
depending on application characterizes in the tank
guidelines
farm. If necessary wireless can be used for remote
High precision tank Ch. 8 tank locations.
gauging system
4.20 Tank monitoring applications

The tank monitoring system is designed to fit all small
tank farms. Given the wide application coverage for
Rosemount 5300 and Rosemount 5408 the system
is suitable for many different industries, such as
chemical and oil and gas. Typical applications could
be batch tanks or clarifiers.
I V E AT M O
OS S
PL
PH
EX
E
IN
RE
KEE
PT
HT
IV
AL
IG
WH IT
EN CIRCU
Figure 4.20.1: Tank monitoring system

Depending on the industry and the type of media
being measured there are many different challenges.
Typically, there will be a group of small tanks with
no existing automation or tanks with level control
devices, but no overfill prevention system and need
the additional safety system. In some cases, there are
automated system, but visibility is missing to their
tanks to monitor capacity.
guidelines
84

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4 - Liquid level applications and technology selection

4.1 Slop oil tanks 66

4.2 Plastic and fiberglass tanks 66

4.4 Cryogenic applications 67

4.5 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) tank 69

4.7 Distillation towers 72

4.8 Blending tanks 72

4.9 Reactor vessel 73

4.10 Sulfur pits 74

4.11 Measuring on metal plates 74

4.12 Steam generation 75

4.13 Cooling tower 77

4.14 Lake or pond level 77

4.15 Sump applications 78

4.16 Open channel flow 79

4.17 Inlet water screen

4.18 Point level detection 79

4.19 Tank gauging applications 82

4.20 Tank monitoring applications 84

4.Liquid level Suitable technologies

and technology Guided wave radar,

selection Non-contacting radar Ch. 7

Vibrating fork switch Ch. 10

are intended to give a broad overview of some very

4.1 Slop oil tanks

Mount a non-contacting radar with as large an 4.3.2 Ammonia, aqueous (ammonium

Application characteristics and challenges

Application characteristics and challenges Non-contacting radar Ch. 7

In addition, transmitter electronics have ambient

Trifluromethane 6.3 -22 -30

4.5 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) Best practice

4.6.1 2-phase separator

Figure 4.5.1: An LPG tank with an inventory tank gauging system

Application characteristics and challenges

Suitable technologies Suitable technologies

Technology Installation Technology Installation

4.6.2 3-phase separator 4.6.3 Boot separator

Figure 4.6.3: Two-phase separator with boot

Application characteristics and challenges

Figure 4.6.5: Vibration forks with sand detection functionality

Application characteristics and challenges

Technology Installation Suitable technologies

Best practice Suitable technologies

Best practice for column differential

4.8 Blending tanks

Primary function of application

Suitable technologies Suitable technologies

Technology Installation Technology Installation

Non-contacting radar Ch. 7 Non-contacting radar Ch. 7

Differential pressure Ch. 9 Differential pressure (ERS or Tuned- Ch. 9

Application characteristics and challenges

Figure 4.10.1: Rosemount 5408 process seal with nozzle

Application characteristics and challenges Application characteristics and challenges

4.12.3 Boiler feedwater

Figure 4.12.1: Boiler drum level control with differential pressure

4.13 Cooling tower 4.14 Open lake or pond level

Primary function of application Primary function of application

Stilling wells are sometimes used. In cold climates, ice

installation locations, the trickling water may be

4.15 Sump applications LO