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Introduction To Functions

The document discusses determining the domain and range of functions. It provides examples of domain and range for polynomial, rational, root, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. It then gives 7 additional functions and their domain and range, such as the domain of g(x) being [-2,2] and the range being [0,2].

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ernestnyondo63
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7K views

Introduction To Functions

The document discusses determining the domain and range of functions. It provides examples of domain and range for polynomial, rational, root, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. It then gives 7 additional functions and their domain and range, such as the domain of g(x) being [-2,2] and the range being [0,2].

Uploaded by

ernestnyondo63
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding Functions: Domain and Range

David Nyirenda
Malawi University of Science and Technology
Email: bioengineerdavid@gmail.com
Contact: +265991270374

Introduction to Functions
A function is a relation between a set of inputs (the domain) and a set of
possible outputs (the codomain), where each input is related to exactly one
output. Mathematically, we can denote a function f as:

f :X→Y
where X is the domain of the function f and Y is the codomain. The set of
all actual outputs of the function is called the range.

Determining Domain and Range


To determine the domain and range of a function, we need to consider the
possible inputs (values of x) and the corresponding outputs (values of f (x)).

Polynomial Functions
Example 1: Consider the polynomial function f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3.
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers, as there are no restrictions on the
input x.

• To find the range, we can find the vertex of the parabola. Completing the
square, we have f (x) = (x − 2)2 − 1, with the minimum value at x = 2.
Therefore, the range of f (x) is f (x) ≥ −1.

Rational Functions
1
Example 2: Consider the rational function f (x) = x−1 .
Solution:

1
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers except x = 1, as the denominator
cannot be zero.
• The range of f (x) is all real numbers excluding y = 0, as the function
approaches infinity as x approaches 1 from either side.

Root Functions
√
Example 3: Consider the square root function f (x) = x.
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all non-negative real numbers, as the square root
of a negative number is undefined in the real number system.
• The range of f (x) is all non-negative real numbers, as the square root
function outputs only non-negative values.

Trigonometric Functions
Example 4: Consider the sine function f (x) = sin(x).
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers.
• The range of f (x) is [−1, 1], as the sine function’s values oscillate between
-1 and 1.

Logarithmic Functions
Example 5: Consider the logarithmic function f (x) = ln(x).
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all positive real numbers, as the natural logarithm
of zero or a negative number is undefined.
• The range of f (x) is all real numbers, as the natural logarithm can take
on any real value.

Exponential Functions
Example 6: Consider the exponential function f (x) = ex .
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers.
• The range of f (x) is all positive real numbers, as the exponential function’s
values are always positive.

2
Example 7: Consider the function f (x) = 3x .
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers.
• The range of f (x) is all positive real numbers.
1
Example 8: Consider the function f (x) = 2x .
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers.
• The range of f (x) is all positive real numbers.
2
Example 9: Consider the function f (x) = e−x .
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is all real numbers.
2
• The range of f (x) is all positive real numbers, as e−x is always positive.
√
Example 10: Consider the function f (x) = 1 − x2 .
Solution:
• The domain of f (x) is [−1, 1], as the square root of a negative number or
a number greater than 1 is undefined.
√
• The range of f (x) is [0, 1], as 1 − x2 is always non-negative and less than
or equal to 1.

Determine Domain and Range


Consider the following functions. Determine the domain and range of each
function:
x
1. f (x) = x−2
√
2. g(x) = 4 − x2
3. h(x) = log2 (x + 1)
1
4. j(x) = x2 +1

5. k(x) = sin−1 (x)


6. m(x) = ex + 2
7. n(x) = √1
x−3
√
Function g(x) = 4 − x2 :

3
• Domain: [−2, 2]
• Range: [0, 2]
Function h(x) = log2 (x + 1):
• Domain: x > −1

• Range: all real numbers


1
Function j(x) = x2 +1 :

• Domain: all real numbers

• Range: (0, 1]
Function k(x) = sin−1 (x):
• Domain: [−1, 1]
• Range: [− π2 , π2 ]

Function m(x) = ex + 2:
• Domain: all real numbers
• Range: (2, ∞)

Function n(x) = √1 :
x−3

• Domain: x > 3

• Range: (0, ∞)

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