A

PROJECT REPORT ON

INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION

DEPARTMENT OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL

SHRI K.J.

POLYTECHNIC

BHARUCH

Submitted By: - Guided By:-

SHRI K. J. POLYTECHNIC
(Affiliated to Gujarat technological University)

Department of Diploma in Electrical

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that “………………………………………………………………………….” Of diploma in
electrical has completed their project “INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION” Satisfactorily
during the Year 2012-13

Date:-
Signature of guide Head of Department

Examined By:-
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This PSP seminar report shall be incomplete if we do not convey our

heartfelt gratitude to those people from whom We have got considerable support and
encouragement during this seminar. Many people have helped, provided direction, technical
information and advice at all stages of our seminar and it’s our pleasure to say vote of thanks to
all of them. However, with the help of our seminar guide “….............................” it seems much
more interesting to write this thesis than we expected.

Also we are very much thankful for our college SHRI K. J. POLYTECHNIC, which
provide us a good study environment & available access to get literature. Besides our friends
showed their kindly help & support in our thesis. Because of them, living in Bharuch & studying
in K.J.polytechnic (Bharuch) is a nice time.
ABSTRACT

The project is designed to protect an induction motor from single phasing and over

temperature. Providing a protection system is very important in industries, using lot of motors

such that production is not hampered owing to failure of any motor.

The basic idea for the development of this project is to provide safety to the industrial

motor/pump/lift Motor etc. If any of the phases, out of the 3 phases is missing or if the

temperature of the motor during operation exceeds the threshold value, motor stops immediately.

The system uses a 3-Phase power supply where three single phase transformers are connected to

it. If any of the phases is not available the corresponding transformer stops supplying power to

the circuit. This leads to one of the four relays getting switched OFF. The main relay which is

powered through a set of four relays gets disconnected because of one relay not being powered.

Thus the main relay that delivers 3 phase supply to the motor gets disconnected. A thermistor is

connected to the motor body to sense the temperature. If the temperature increases then supply to

the fourth relay is disconnected.

Further the project can be enhanced by using current sensors for over load protection and
phase sequence sensor for protecting the motor from applying wrong phase sequence.
CHAPTER NO. 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1INTRODUCTION
1.2STATEMENT OF UDP
1.1 INTRODUCTION
There are a wide range of a.c. motors and motor characteristics in existence, because of the
numerous duties for which they are used. All motors need protection, but fortunately, the more
fundamental problems affecting the choice of protection are independent of the type of motor
and the type of load to which it is connected. There are some important differences between the
protection of induction motors and synchronous motors, and these are fully dealt with in the
appropriate section. Motor characteristics must be carefully considered when applying
protection; while this may be regarded as stating the obvious, it is emphasized because it applies
more to motors than to other items of power system plant.
For example, the starting and stalling currents/times must be known when applying overload
protection, and furthermore the thermal withstand of the machine under balanced and unbalanced
loading must be clearly defined. The conditions for which motor protection is required can be
divided into two broad categories: imposed external conditions and internal faults. Table 19.1
provides details of all likely faults that require protection.

A.C. Motor Protection

EXTERNAL FAULTS INTERNAL FAULTS
UNBALANCED SUPPLIES BEARING FAILURES
UNDERVOLTAGES WINDING FAULTS
SINGLE PHASING OVERLOADS
REVERSE PHASE SEQUENCE

TABLE 1: CAUSES OF MOTOR FAILURES

1.2 STATEMENT OF UDP
The basic idea for the development of the project is to provide safety to the Induction
Motor. If any of the phases, out of the 3 phases is missing and also if the temperature of the
motor during operation exceeds the prescribed value, the supply to the induction motor is cut off
immediately.
 CHAPTER NO. 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & ITS WORKING
2.2 OPERATION
2.3BLOCK
DIAGRAM
2.4 COMPONENT LIST
2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & ITS WORKING
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Three numbers step-down transformers from 230v to 12v are used with their primary
connected in star and secondary are individually fed to three bridge rectifiers with filter
capacitors C2, C3 & C4 from where the DC voltage is fed to a quad Op-amp used as comparator
LP339/LM339 to the respective inverting inputs after passing through potential divider. The non-
inverting inputs of first three comparators are given pre-settable DC voltage by RV1, RV2 &
RV3. Another Op-amp is used to with its inverting input by a pre-settable voltage while its non-
inverting input is given to a series connected thermistor resistor arrangement across the 5v
supply. The output of all the 4 comparators are given to drive Q1, Q2,Q3,Q4 that operate
respective relays. Al the common NC contacts of the relays are connected in series and are fed
from a DC supply to another 3 CO relay coil with the other point of that connected to GND.
Three diodes D14, D15 & D16 are used respectively from each secondary generated DC and
finally filtered by C1. Reason behind this is to ensure un-interrupted DC supply for the circuit
operation in the event of failure of any one face. A regulator IC 7805 is used for providing steady
voltage reference to RV1, RV2, RV3 & RV4.
WORKING

In normal operations presets RV1, RV2, RV3 & RV4 are so set that the output of the
comparators is held low resulting in 4 relays phase1 relay,phase2 relay,phase3 relay, temperature
relay number4 all are in deactivated condition so the 12v dc flows through NC contacts of the
those relays to the coil of the 3CO relay forcing it be in active operation so that 3 phase supply is
available to the load through the NO contact of the 3CO relay. The project uses lamps instead of
the motor. In the event of failure of any phase the corresponding comparator output goes high
that switches ON the respective relay ,the contact of which opens to discontinue the 12V DC
supply to the 3CO relay coil. As the 3 CO relay now is deactivated the 3 phase motor connected
in series with the NO contacts open to stop the motor. Similarly while the temperature goes high
on the body of the motor, the mounted thermistor resistance falls to develop logic high for Q4 to
operate relay4 & disconnect the DC voltage to the 3CO relay coil. Thus in the process the motor
is protected against any phase failure or high body temperature.
2.2 OPERATION
2.3BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.4 COMPONENT LIST

1. TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)

2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)

3. RECTIFIER

4. FILTER

5. RELAY

6. ULN 2003

7. OP-AMP LM339

8. THERMISTOR

9. BC547

10. LED

11. 1N4007

12. RESISTOR

13. CAPACITOR
2.4.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low
voltage.

FIG 2.1: A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost)
equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )
Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.
2.4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features
• Output Current up to 1A.
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

Description
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the
TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide
range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and
currents.
2.4.3 RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a
process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to
the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave
rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes( 1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct,
in negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward
bias only.
2.4.4 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this
filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies
for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply.
This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can
be relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor changes and discharges.
2.4.5 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

FIG: 3CO RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current
can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover)
switch contacts as shown in the diagram.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link
is magnetic and mechanical.
 The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it
can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips)
cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the
larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer
IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts,
for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. For further
information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on
switches.

Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins
providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.

The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be
obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage
'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To
prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.
2.4.6 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Three-Phase Induction Motors

The three-phase induction motor, also called an asynchronous motor, is the most
commonly used type of motor in industrial applications. In particular, the squirrel- cage design is
the most widely used electric motor in industrial applications.

Principles of Operation
The electrical section of the three-phase induction motor as shown in Figure 3.6.1
consists of the fixed stator or frame, a three-phase winding supplied from the three-phase mains
and a turning rotor. There is no electrical connection between the stator and the rotor. The
currents in the rotor are induced via the air gap from the stator side. Stator and rotor are made of
highly magnetizable core sheet providing low eddy current and hysteresis losses.

FIG 3.6.1: THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator
The stator winding consists of three individual windings which overlap one another and
are offset by an electrical angle of 120°. When it is connected to the power supply, the incoming
current will first magnetize the stator. This magnetizing current generates a rotary field which
turns with synchronous speed ns.

For the smallest pole number of 2p = 2 in a 50 Hz circuit the highest synchronous speed
is ns = 3000/min-1.

Rotor

The rotor in induction machines with squirrel-cage rotors consists of a slotted cylindrical
rotor core sheet package with aluminum bars which are joined at the front by rings to form a
closed cage. The rotor of three-phase induction motors sometimes is also referred to as an
anchor. The reason for this name is the anchor shape of the rotors used in very early electrical
devices. In electrical equipment the anchor's winding would be induced by the magnetic field,
whereas the rotor takes this role in three-phase induction motors.

Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed ns and the speed n in rated operation is called slip
s and is generally expressed in percent. Depending on the size of the machine, in rated operation
it is roughly 10 to 3%. Slip is one of the most important characteristics of an induction machine.
2.4.7 LM339
DESCRIPTION

The LM339 consists of four independent precision

voltage comparators, with an offset voltage specification as low
as 20 ㎷ max for each comparator, which were designed
specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide
range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also
possible and the low power supply current drain is independent
of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

These comparators also have a unique characteristic in that the input common-mode
voltage range includes ground, even though they are operated from a single power supply
voltage. The LM339 series was designed to directly interface with TTL and CMOS. When
operated from both plus and minus power supplies, the LM339 series will directly interface with
MOS logic where their low power drain is a distinct advantage over standard comparators.
2.4.8 THERMISTOR
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly (more than in standard
resistors) with temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are
widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting over current protectors,
and self-regulating heating elements.
Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTD) in that the material used
in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals. The temperature
response is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges, while thermistors
typically achieve a higher precision within a limited temperature range [usually −90 °C to
130 °C].
2.4.9 BC547
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a
general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.

BC 547 TRANSISTOR PINOUTS

We know that the transistor is a "CURRENT" operated device and that a large current
(Ic) flows freely through the device between the collector and the emitter terminals. However,
this only happens when a small biasing current (Ib) is flowing into the base terminal of the
transistor thus allowing the base to act as a sort of current control input. The ratio of these two
currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or
nowadays Beta, (β). Beta has no units as it is a ratio. Also, the current gain from the emitter to
the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself. As the
emitter current Ie is the product of a very small base current to a very large collector current the
value of this parameter α is very close to unity, and for a typical low-power signal transistor this
value ranges from about 0.950 to 0.999.
An NPN Transistor Configuration
2.4.10 IN4007
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
2.Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3.Maximum forward voltage capacity

Fig: 1N4007 diodes

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market
are as follows:
 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1
Amp.
 Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more
capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used
in place of diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be
used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by
company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes
IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.
 Fig:PN Junction diode

PN JUNCTION OPERATION

Now that you are familiar with P- and N-type materials, how these materials are joined
together to form a diode, and the function of the diode, let us continue our discussion with the
operation of the PN junction. But before we can understand how the PN junction works, we must
first consider current flow in the materials that make up the junction and what happens initially
within the junction when these two materials are joined together.

Current Flow in the N-Type Material

Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to conduction in a copper

wire. That is, with voltage applied across the material, electrons will move through the crystal
just as current would flow in a copper wire. This is shown in figure 1-15. The positive potential
of the battery will attract the free electrons in the crystal. These electrons will leave the crystal
and flow into the positive terminal of the battery. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron
from the negative terminal of the battery will enter the crystal, thus completing the current path.
Therefore, the majority current carriers in the N-type material (electrons) are repelled by the negative
side of the battery and move through the crystal toward the positive side of the battery.
Current Flow in the P-Type Material

Current flow through the P-type material is illustrated. Conduction in the P material is by
positive holes, instead of negative electrons. A hole moves from the positive terminal of the P
material to the negative terminal. Electrons from the external circuit enter the negative terminal
of the material and fill holes in the vicinity of this terminal. At the positive terminal, electrons
are removed from the covalent bonds, thus creating new holes. This process continues as the
steady stream of holes (hole current) moves toward the negative terminal
2.4.11 LED

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have recently become available that are white and bright,
so bright that they seriously compete with incandescent lamps in lighting applications. They are
still pretty expensive as compared to a GOW lamp but draw much less current and project a
fairly well focused beam.
The diode in the photo came with a neat little reflector that tends to sharpen the beam a
little but doesn't seem to add much to the overall intensity.
When run within their ratings, they are more reliable than lamps as well. Red LEDs are
now being used in automotive and truck tail lights and in red traffic signal lights. You will be
able to detect them because they look like an array of point sources and they go on and off
instantly as compared to conventional incandescent lamps.

Fig 4.11(a): circuit symbol

Types of LED’S
LEDs are produced in an array of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical package is the most
common, estimated at 80% of world production. The color of the plastic lens is often the same as the
actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for infrared
LEDs, and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also LEDs in extremely tiny packages,
such as those found on blinkers and on cell phone keypads. The main types of LEDs are miniature,
high power devices and custom designs such as alphanumeric or multi-color.

Fig 4.11(b) Different types of LED’S

2.4.12 RESISTORS

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by

producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely
commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can
dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-
known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends
upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by
design.
Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors
must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.
VARIABLE RESISTORS
Adjustable resistors
A resistor may have one or more fixed tapping points so that the resistance can be
changed by moving the connecting wires to different terminals. Some wire wound power
resistors have a tapping point that can slide along the resistance element, allowing a larger or
smaller part of the resistance to be used.
Where continuous adjustment of the resistance value during operation of equipment is
required, the sliding resistance tap can be connected to a knob accessible to an operator. Such a
device is called a rheostat and has two terminals.

Four-band resistors
Four-band identification is the most commonly used color-coding scheme on resistors. It
consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The first two
bands encode the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a power-of-ten
multiplier or number-of-zeroes, and the fourth is the tolerance accuracy, or acceptable error, of
the value. The first three bands are equally spaced along the resistor; the spacing to the fourth
band is wider. Sometimes a fifth band identifies the thermal coefficient, but this must be
distinguished from the true 5-color system, with 3 significant digits.
For example, green-blue-yellow-red is 56×104 Ω = 560 kΩ ± 2%. An easier description
can be as followed: the first band, green, has a value of 5 and the second band, blue, has a value
of 6, and is counted as 56. The third band, yellow, has a value of 104, which adds four 0's to the
end, creating 560,000 Ω at ±2% tolerance accuracy. 560,000 Ω changes to 560 kΩ ±2% (as a
kilo- is 103).
Each color corresponds to a certain digit, progressing from darker to lighter colors, as
shown in the chart below.
Color 1st band 2nd band 3rd band (multiplier) 4th band (tolerance) Temp. Coefficient
0

Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm

Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm
Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm
Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm
Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)
Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)
Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)
Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)
White 9 9 ×109
Gold ×10−1 ±5% (J)
Silver ×10−2 ±10% (K)
None ±20% (M)

There are many mnemonics for remembering these colors.

2.4.13 CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is

measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and
quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic
circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other important aspects.
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a
non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film.

Theory of operation
Capacitance

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric

(orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

A simple demonstration of a parallel-plate capacitor

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-
conductive region is called the dielectric or sometimes the dielectric medium. In simpler terms,
the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper,
vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A
capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no
influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges
on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of
one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt
across the device.
3.1 PROJECT WORK DONE

NO. PARTICULARS MONTH

1. FINDING THE TITAL OF PROJECT AUGUST 2012

SEPTEMBER
2. COLLECTION OF DATA FROM INTERNET
2012
PREPARATION OF INITIAL REPORT WITH
3.
PRESENTATION

4. COLLECT COMPONENT OCTOBER 2012

5. ANALYSIS OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PREPARATION OF THE REPORT WITH NOVEMBER

6.
PRESENTATION 2012
PROJECT OUTLINE
4.1 PROJECT OUTCOMES
4.2 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
4.3 APLLICATION
4.4 FUTURE SCOPE
4.1 PROJECT OUTCOMES

NO. PARTICULARS MONTH

1. COLLECT THE COMPONENT FROM MARKET JAN 2014

2. DESIGN CIRCUIT FEB 2014

4. TESTING OF CIRCUIT ANALYSIS MARCH 2014

5. PREPARE FINAL REPORT MARCH 2014

6. SUBMISSION APRIL 2014

4.2.1 ADVANTAGES

LOW COST: Induction machines are very cheap when compared to synchronous and DC
motors. This is due to the modest design of induction motor. Therefore, these motors are
overwhelmingly preferred for fixed speed applications in industrial applications and for
commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached.

LOW MAINTENANCE COST: Induction motors are maintenance free motors unlike dc
motors and synchronous motors. The construction of induction motor is very simple and hence
maintenance is also easy, resulting in low maintenance cost.

EASE OF OPERATION: Operation of induction motor is very simple because there is no

electrical connector to the rotor that supply power and current is induced by the movement of
the transformer performs on the rotor due to the low resistance of the rotating coils. Induction
motors are self start motors. This can result in reducing the effort needed for maintenance.

SPEED VARIATION: The speed variation of induction motor is nearly constant. The speed
typically varies only by a few percent going from no load to rated load.

HIGH STARTING TORQUE: The staring torque of induction motor is very high which makes
motor useful for operations where load is applied before the starting of the motor.3 phase
induction motors will have self starting torque unlike synchronous motors. However, single-
phase induction motors does not have self starting torque and are made to rotate using some
auxiliaries.
DURABILITY: Another major advantage an induction motor is that it is durability. This makes
it the ideal machine for many uses. This results the motor to run for many years with no cost and
maintenance.

All these advantages make induction motor to use in many applications such as industrial,
domestic and in many applications.

4.2.2 DISADVANTAGES
4.3 APPLICATION
 BP level measured
1. 60 beats per minute <heartbeats<120 beats per minute – Normal heartbeat Rate
2. Heartbeats <60beats per minute – Hypotension
3. Heartbeats >120 beats per minute – Hyper Tension
 Use as a stethoscope
 Valve damage detected from the sound variations
 All basic diagnosis involves heartbeat count.
4.4 FUTURE SCOPE
 EEG, ECG and other health parameters can also be monitored.
 Continuous monitoring and future diagnosis can be performed via the same system
(TELEMEDICINE).

 More than a single patient at different places can be monitored using single system.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES

 www.beyondlogic.org

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.howstuffworks.com

 www.alldatasheets.com