9th Class Chapter 4 Chemistry Notes Sindh Board

STATES OF MATTER
MATTER:
“Anything having mass and occupies space is called matter.”
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER:

i. Matter is made up of very small particles i.e. molecules, atoms or ion.
ii. These molecules are in some state of motion, hence they possess
kinetic energy. Their motion can be translational, vibrational and
rotational.
iii. The molecules of these substances attract each other with a force
which depends upon the distance between them. The force of
attraction decreases with the increase of the distance between the
molecules.
iv. Molecular motion depends on temperature. It increases with increase
in temperature and decreases in temperature.
v. Molecular motion also depends on pressure. It increases with increase
in pressure and decreases with decease in pressure.
STATES OF MATTER:
There are three common states of matter:
i. Solid state. ii.
Liquid state.
iii. Gaseous state.
i. SOLID STATE:
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS:
a. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
b. Molecules of solids are very close to each other and have no
intermolecular spaces.
c. The intermolecular force of attraction between the molecules of solid is
very large.
d. Solids are incompressible.
e. Solid can’t diffuse in other solid in same state.
f. Molecules of a solid vibrate at their position.
g. Solid exert pressure on their bottom.
ii. LIQUID STATE:

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDS:
a. Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape.
b. The molecules in liquid have very little spaces between them.
c. The molecules of a liquid arrange themselves in the form of layer and
these layers move over each other.
d. Liquid boils when molecular motion increases very much due to which their
kinetic energy overcome the binding force and separate them.
e. Liquids exert pressure in their bottom.
f. Liquids are uncompressible.
g. Liquids can diffuse in each other.
iii. GASEOUS STATE:

CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES:
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a. Gases neither have definite shape nor definite volume.
b. The molecules of gases are far away from each other.
c. Cohesive forces between molecules of gases are negligible.
d. Their molecules possess high kinetic energy due to rapid movement.
e. Gases are compressible.
f. Molecules of gases can diffuse in each other.
INTER CONVERSION OF THREE STATES:
MELTING:
“The phenomenon of conversion of solid into liquid is called melting.”
When a solid is heated, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and
the solid become hot. On continuous heating the heat energy overcomes the
intermolecular forces holding the solid particles in fixed positions and it starts
converting into liquid. This is called melting or fusion.
MELTING POINT:
“The temperature at which a solid starts converting into liquid is called melting
point.”
BOLING POINT:
“The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid become equal to
the atmospheric pressure and it starts converting into gas is called Boiling
EVAPORATION:
“The phenomenon of conversion of liquid into gas without boiling at all
temperature is called Evaporation.”
S.NO. EVAPORATION BOILING

1. It takes place at certain fixed
It takes place at all temperatures. temperature. (different temperature
for different material)
2. It takes place inside the liquid near
It always take place at surface. from the source of heat.
SUBLIMATION:
“The phenomenon of conversion of solid directly into gas through a liquid
state are called sublime solids.”
SUBLIME SOLIDS:
“The solids which directly convert into gas without passing through a liquid
state are called sublime solids. E.g. dry ice, camphor, naphthalene,
ammonium chloride.”
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

DIFFUSION:
39
“The movement of one gas molecules into the intermolecular space of
other gas is called Diffusion.”
STATEMENT OF GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

“The rate of diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square of its
density of the square root of the molecular masses of the gas.”
Mathematical Form:
If r = rate of diffusion.
d = density of gas. Then r
∝ 1/√
Or r = K (1/√d)
Where ‘K’ is constant.
BROWNIAN’S MOTION:
“The continuous rapid zigzag motion of the suspended particle through a
medium is called Brownian motion.”
Explanation:
This phenomenon of molecular motion was first observed by Robert Brown
in 1827 when he was examining a pollen grain suspended in a drop of water
under microscope. He noticed that the pollen grain continually performing
haphazard zigzag movements. The irregular constant movement was later found
to be due to the collision of suspended particles (pollen grain) by the surrounding
molecules of the liquid medium.
The Brownian motion understood by the following experiment: Experiment:

Mix some powdered sulphur in water and stir it. After stirring filter the
suspended sulphur. Some of the sulphur particles are very small and they can
pass through pores of filter paper in to filtrate. Now put a drop of this filtrate on a
slide and examine it under high microscope.
Result:
It is observed that sulphur particles perform zigzag motion through the
medium and this motion is called Brownian motion.
Conclusion:
The Brownian movement of the suspended particles reflects the movement
of the water molecules.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) There are three common states of matter.
(ii) Gas possesses neither definite shape nor definite volume.
(iii) All type of matter usually composed of smallest particles which are
always in motion.
(iv) The temperature at which liquid starts boiling is called boiling
point.
40
(v) The liquid is the intermediate state between solid and gas. (vi)
Evaporation is the escape of molecules from the surface of
liquid.
(vi)
SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
SOLUTION:
“Homogenous mixture of two or more substance is called a Solution.”
Examples:
• Salt and water uniformly mixed to form a solution.
• Sugar and water uniformly mixed to form a solution.
• Zinc and copper are mixed by melting them together uniformly to form
solution called brass.
SOLUTE:
“The substance which is to be dissolved in other substance to form a
solution and present in lesser amount is called a solute.”
Example:
Sugar and salt are used as solute in their respective.
SOLVENT:
“The substance which dissolves other substance in it and present in
generally greater amount is called a solvent.”
Example:
Water is used as a solvent in the aqueous solutions of all the substances.
Types of solution with respect to the quantity of solute:
Saturated solution:
“The solution which contains maximum amount of solute and can’t hold
more solute in it at a particular temperature and pressure is called saturated
solution.”
Super saturated solution:

“The solution which contains more amount of solute than its holding
capacity at particular temperature and pressure is called super saturated
solution.”
Unsaturated solution:
“The solution which contains lesser amount of solute than its holding
capacity at particular temperature and pressure is called unsaturated solution.
Preparation of an unsaturated solution:

Take few crystals of sugar and dissolve them in water. This results in an
unsaturated solution, because the solution has a capacity to dissolve more
crystals of sugar (solute) at a given temperature.
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9th Class Chapter 4 Chemistry Notes Sindh Board

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STATES OF MATTER

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER:

ii. LIQUID STATE:

iii. GASEOUS STATE:

INTER CONVERSION OF THREE STATES:

S.NO. EVAPORATION BOILING

GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

STATEMENT OF GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

Where ‘K’ is constant.

The Brownian motion understood by the following experiment: Experiment:

1. Fill in the blanks:

Types of solution with respect to the quantity of solute:

Super saturated solution:

Preparation of an unsaturated solution:

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