This document discusses key statistical concepts and provides examples of calculations. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and stratified and systematic sampling. It then works through examples calculating standard deviation, skewness, and constructing frequency distributions using data on student weights and exam scores. Finally, it describes how to construct a histogram and frequency polygon from the frequency distribution data.
This document discusses key statistical concepts and provides examples of calculations. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and stratified and systematic sampling. It then works through examples calculating standard deviation, skewness, and constructing frequency distributions using data on student weights and exam scores. Finally, it describes how to construct a histogram and frequency polygon from the frequency distribution data.
This document discusses key statistical concepts and provides examples of calculations. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and stratified and systematic sampling. It then works through examples calculating standard deviation, skewness, and constructing frequency distributions using data on student weights and exam scores. Finally, it describes how to construct a histogram and frequency polygon from the frequency distribution data.
This document discusses key statistical concepts and provides examples of calculations. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and stratified and systematic sampling. It then works through examples calculating standard deviation, skewness, and constructing frequency distributions using data on student weights and exam scores. Finally, it describes how to construct a histogram and frequency polygon from the frequency distribution data.
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CAT I
JOSHUA MERCY 18/06471 BIT 02102: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS DATE: FEBRUARY, 2024
1. Distinguish between the following terms as used in Statistics:
a) Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. [2 marks] Descriptive statistics: It describes your data that is; mean, median, mode etc. but doesn’t apply to big groups. While Inferential Statistics makes predictions about lager groups based on your data but with some uncertainty. b) Stratified sampling and Systematic sampling. [2 marks]
Stratified Sampling: This method divides the population into separate groups, or strata, and then selects a random sample from each group. It’s useful when the population has different sub-groups and you want to ensure that each is adequately represented in the sample. Systematic Sampling: This method selects items from an ordered population using a step size or interval. For example, you might select every 10th person on a list. It’s simpler and less time-consuming than stratified sampling, but it requires an ordered population, which isn’t always available.
2. The table below shows the distribution of students’ weights of first years taking an IT course.
Weight 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79
Frequency 7 14 18 11 5 9 4 Calculate: a) The standard deviation for the weight distribution [5 marks] Step 1: Calculate mid-points midpoints = [(45+49)/2, (50+54)/2, (55+59)/2, (60+64)/2, (65+69)/2, (70+74)/2, (75+79)/2] midpoints = [47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 77] Step 2: Multiply mid-points by frequencies weights = [7x47, 14x52, 18x57, 11x62, 5x67, 9x72, 4x77]
b) Kelly’s coefficient of skewness and interpret the results. [6 marks]
Step 1 Calculate the median using the formula:
L (lower class boundary of the median group) = 55
n (total number of observations) = 68
F (cumulative frequency of the group before the median group) = 21
f (frequency of the median group) = 18
c (class width) = 5
Since there are 68 students (7+14+18+11+5+9+4), the middle value would be 34th value. We can find which weight this corresponds to by adding up the frequencies until we reach 34.
45-49: 7 students 50-54: 14 students 55-59: 18 students 60-64: 11 students 65-69: 5 students Total: 55 students
n ( )−F 2 Median=L+ ×c f (34−21) Median=55+ ×5 18 Median=57.22 Step 2: Calculate Kelly’s coefficient of skewness Sk = 3 x (mean - mode) / standard_deviation 3(57.02 kg-)/7.503 = Kelly's coefficient of skewness ≈ -1.868 =This distribution is moderately skewed. 3. Listed are the weights of the NBA’s top 50 players: 240, 210, 220, 260, 250, 195, 230, 270, 325, 225, 165, 295, 205, 230, 250, 210, 220, 210, 230, 202, 250, 265, 230, 210, 240, 245, 225, 180, 175, 215, 215, 235, 245, 250, 215, 210, 195, 240, 240, 225, 260, 210, 190, 260, 230, 190, 210, 230, 185, 260. Construct a frequency distribution for the weights. [5 marks]
To construct a frequency distribution for the weights of the NBA's top 50 players, we first need to organize the weights into groups (also known as classes or intervals) and then count how many players fall into each group. So Minimum weight: 165 Maximum weight: 325 Class width = (max-Min)/8 (325-165)/8=20 Now we create intervals with a width of 20, starting from 160 (or 165) up to 332 weight frequency 165-185 4 186-206 5 207-227 15 228-248 13 249-269 9 270-290 1 291-311 1 312-332 1 Total 50
4. The table below shows the distribution of students’ marks in a Statistics examination. Marks 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 Freq 3 4 7 9 5 14 12 9 12 Determine:
a) The modal mark. [3 marks]
To determine the modal mark, we need to find the mark with the highest frequency, which is the mode. In this case, the mode is the mark that appears most frequently in the data. Marks: 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84 Frequency: 3, 4, 7, 9, 5, 14, 12, 9, 12 The mark with the highest frequency is 65-69 with a frequency of 14. So, the modal mark is 65-69. Answer Modal mark=65-69
b) If 70% of the students passed, what was the cut off for passing the exam? [3 marks] Total number of students = 3 + 4 + 7 + 9 + 5 + 14 + 12 + 9 + 12 = 75 students 70% of 75 students = 0.70 x 75 = 52.5 students Round off to 53 students Marks frequency 40-44: 3 students 45-49: 4 students 50-54: 7 students 55-59: 9 students 60-64: 5 students 65-69: 14 students 70-74: 12 students Adding these up, we reach a total of 54 students at 65-69. However, this is just below the 70% threshold. Therefore, the cut-off for passing the exam is the next mark, which is 70-74.
So the cut-off mark for passing the exam is 70-74.
5. From 108 randomly selected college applicants, the following frequency distribution for entrance exam scores was obtained. Scores 90-98 99-107 108-116 117-125 126-134 Frequency 6 22 43 28 9 On the same plot for the data, construct a histogram and a frequency polygon. [4 marks] Histogram--this is obtained by plotting the frequency values of the data against the class limits
frequency polygon is obtained by plotting the frequency values against the class midpoints. we calculate the midpoints of each class interval: 90-98: (89.5 + 98.5) / 2 = 94 99-107: (98.5 + 107.5) / 2 = 103 108-116: (107.5 + 116.5) / 2 = 112 117-125: (116.5 + 125.5) / 2 = 121 126-134: (125.5 + 134.5) / 2 = 130
