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    12 DigestiveSystem

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    ssandoval209
    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It also outlines the accessory digestive organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. The summary provides an overview of the digestive processes, from ingestion and digestion to absorption and defecation. It highlights the roles of enzymes, hormones and nerves in breaking down food and regulating digestion.

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    12 DigestiveSystem

    Uploaded by

    ssandoval209
    8 views70 pages
    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It also outlines the accessory digestive organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. The summary provides an overview of the digestive processes, from ingestion and digestion to absorption and defecation. It highlights the roles of enzymes, hormones and nerves in breaking down food and regulating digestion.

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    12.DigestiveSystem

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    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It also outlines the accessory digestive organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. The summary provides an overview of the digestive processes, from ingestion and digestion to absorption and defecation. It highlights the roles of enzymes, hormones and nerves in breaking down food and regulating digestion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views70 pages

    12 DigestiveSystem

    Uploaded by

    ssandoval209
    The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It also outlines the accessory digestive organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. The summary provides an overview of the digestive processes, from ingestion and digestion to absorption and defecation. It highlights the roles of enzymes, hormones and nerves in breaking down food and regulating digestion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 70

    The Digestive System

    Functions of the Digestive


    System

    • Take in food

    • Break food down into nutrient


    molecules

    • Absorb nutrient molecules into


    bloodstream

    • Eliminate indigestible items


    Overview of the
    Digestive System

    • Organs are classified into two


    groups:

    • Alimentary canal (GI tract)

    • Accessory digestive organs


    Digestive Processes Segmentation

    • Six essential activities of digestion:


    Peristalsis

    • Ingestion

    • Propulsion

    • Mechanical digestion

    • Chemical digestion

    • Absorption

    • Defecation
    Histology of the GI Tract

    • Four basic layers /


    tunics:
    • Mucosa
    • Submucosa
    • Muscularis externa
    • Serosa
    Mucosa
    • Functions:

    • Secretion

    • Absorption

    • Protection

    • Composed of 3 sublayers:
    Submucosa

    • Dense connective tissue

    • Many elastic fibers to


    return to original shape

    • Many blood vessels &


    nerves
    Muscularis Externa
    • Peristalsis

    • Segmentation

    • Two layers:
    Serosa
    • Protective covering

    • AKA visceral peritoneum

    • Composed of:

    • Esophagus = adventitia
    Blood Supply

    • Splanchnic circulation: arteries


    that branch off the abdominal
    aorta to serve the digestive
    organs and hepatic portal
    circulation

    • Normally receives 1/4 of cardiac


    output
    Enteric Nervous System

    • GI tract has its own nervous system

    • “Gut brain”

    • More neurons than entire spinal


    cord

    • Semi-autonomous

    • Enteric neurons regulate digestive


    system activity
    Organs of the Digestive System
    The Mouth

    • AKA oral cavity / buccal cavity

    • Vestibule

    • Oral cavity proper

    • Opening = oral orifice

    • Lined by mucosa
    The Palate
    • Hard palate

    • Palatine bones and maxillae

    • Soft palate

    • Skeletal muscle

    • Uvula

    • Palatine tonsils
    The Tongue
    • Bundles of skeletal muscle

    • Repositions food during chewing

    • Mixes food with saliva to form a


    bolus

    • Initiates swallowing

    • Functions in speech production

    • Lingual frenulum
    Papillae of The Tongue
    Saliva
    • Functions of saliva:

    • Cleanse mouth

    • Dissolve food chemicals so they


    can be tasted

    • Moisten food/aid in compacting


    it into bolus

    • Contain enzymes that begin


    chemical digestion of starchy
    food
    Composition of Saliva
    • 97–99.5% water
    • Slightly acidic (pH 6.75–7.00)
    • Solutes:
    • Electrolytes
    • Digestive enzymes like salivary amylase
    • Proteins like mucin, lysozyme, antibodies
    • Metabolic wastes like urea and uric acid
    Salivary Glands
    • Saliva is excreted by:

    • Extrinsic salivary glands

    • Intrinsic salivary (buccal) glands

    • Two types of cells in salivary


    glands:

    • Serous cells

    • Mucous cells
    Salivary Glands
    Sublingual Parotid Submandibular
    Teeth

    • Function: mastication

    • Primary dentition

    • Secondary dentition
    Teeth

    • Classification

    • Incisors

    • Canines (cuspids)

    • Premolars (bicuspids)

    • Molars
    Pharynx

    • Lined by stratified squamous


    epithelium

    • Contains many mucus-producing


    glands to reduce friction

    • Surrounded by skeletal muscle


    (pharyngeal constrictor muscles)
    Esophagus
    • Travels through
    diaphragm at
    esophageal
    hiatus

    • Joins stomach at
    the cardiac orifice

    • Cardiac orifice
    surrounded by
    cardiac sphincter
    Modifications of the Tunics in the Esophagus
    • Mucosa abruptly
    changes from
    stratified squamous
    to simple columnar
    in the stomach

    • Muscularis externa
    shifts from skeletal
    muscle➜mix of
    skeletal and
    smooth➜only
    smooth muscle

    • Has adventitia
    instead of serosa
    Deglutition

    • = swallowing

    • Two phases:

    • Buccal phase

    • Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
    The Stomach

    Begins the breakdown of proteins

    Chyme

    Four major regions:

    Cardia

    Fundus

    Body

    Pyloric region
    The Stomach
    Microscopic Anatomy of
    the Stomach

    Simple columnar epithelium with


    TONS of goblet cells lines inside

    Gastric pits lead to gastric glands


    that produce gastric juice
    Cells of the Gastric
    Glands

    Mucous neck cells

    Parietal cells

    Chief cells

    Enteroendocrine cells
    Cells of the Gastric
    Glands

    Mucous neck cells

    Parietal cells

    Chief cells

    Enteroendocrine cells
    How Does The Stomach Not Digest Itself?

    Mucosal barrier:

    Thick coating of mucus built up on stomach wall

    Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions to prevent leakage of gastric juices


    into underlying tissue layers

    Quick replacement of damaged epithelial mucosal cells by undifferentiated


    stem cells
    Gastric Ulcers

    Helicobacter pylori
    Gastric Secretion Regulation

    Gastric mucosa produces 3L of gastric juice a day

    Neural mechanisms:

    Acetylcholine (ACh) = ↑gastric juice

    Hormonal control:

    Gastrin: stimulates secretion of enzymes and HCl

    Histamine
    Three Phases of Gastric Secretions
    HCl Secretion
    Gastric Contractile Activity

    Enteric pacemaker cells located between smooth muscle layers

    BER: basic electrical rhythm (approx 3X/minute)


    Peristaltic Waves in the Stomach
    Gross Anatomy of the Liver

    Functions:

    Process products of digestion into


    useful substances

    Neutralize harmful substances in


    the blood

    Secrete bile for digestion of fats

    Store glycogen and some minerals


    and vitamins
    Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver
    Microscopic Anatomy of the
    Liver

    Portal Triad:

    Hepatic portal vein brings


    nutrient- rich blood from
    intestines

    Hepatic arteriole

    Bile canaliculus
    Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver
    Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver
    Bile

    Can be stored by gallbladder

    Alkaline solution

    Yellow-green

    Contains bile salts, bile pigments


    (bilirubin), cholesterol, triglycerides,
    phospholipids, electrolytes

    Only bile salts and phospholipids aid


    in digestion
    The Pancreas

    Produces enzymes that break down


    all types of food

    Pancreatic juice: water, electrolytes,


    proteases, amylase, lipases, and
    nucleases

    High pH to neutralize acidic


    chyme
    The Pancreas
    The Small Intestine
    Body’s major digestive organ

    Cannot successfully accomplish


    functions without aid from:

    Liver (bile)

    Pancreas (digestive enzymes)

    Completes digestion

    Location where virtually all absorption


    occurs
    Gross Anatomy of the Small Intestine

    Extends from pyloric sphincter to


    ileocecal valve

    Longest part of alimentary tube

    ½ the diameter of large intestine

    Has 3 subdivisions:

    Duodenum

    Jejunum

    Ileum
    Duodenum
    Jejunum
    Ileum
    Microscopic Anatomy of the
    Small Intestine

    Structural modifications for


    absorption:

    Plicae circulares (circular folds)

    Villi

    Microvilli
    Histology of the Small
    Intestinal Wall

    Crypts of Lieberkühn / Intestinal


    crypts
    Histology of the Small
    Intestinal Wall
    Paneth cells

    Regulates gram + bacterial


    population in digestive tract by
    secreting lysozymes and
    peptidases

    Located at bottom of crypts of


    Lieberkühn

    Most abundant in the jejunum


    Histology of the Small
    Intestinal Wall

    Brunner’s Glands / duodenal glands

    Located in submucosa

    Neutralize acidic chyme by


    producing alkaline mucus

    Only found in duodenum


    Histology of the Small Intestinal Wall

    Peyer’s Patches

    Aggregates of lymph nodules


    present in either lamina propria or
    submucosa (can cross the
    muscularis mucosa)

    Most abundant in the ileum


    The Large Intestine

    Extends from ileocecal valve to anus

    Major functions:

    Absorb most of the remaining water


    from indigestible food residues

    Temporarily store residues

    Eliminate residues from body as


    semi-solid feces
    Rectum

    Looks straight, but curves internally


    three times

    Curves marked by rectal valves


    Anal Canal

    Located outside of abdominopelvic


    cavity in the perineum

    3 cm long

    Opens to exterior via anus

    Two sphincters:

    Internal anal sphincter

    External anal sphincter


    Microscopic Anatomy of the
    Large Intestine
    Mucosa is simple columnar except in
    anal canal

    Compared to small intestine:

    No villi

    No enzyme-secreting cells

    Thicker mucosa

    More and deeper crypts with more


    goblet cells
    Physiology of Digestion and Absorption

    Digestion: catabolic process that breaks down large food molecules to monomers

    Enzymatic hydrolysis: uses water to break down molecular bonds

    Absorption: process of moving substances from lumen of gut into the body

    Through cells →interstitial fluid→blood capillaries→hepatic portal


    system→liver
    Carbohydrates
    Proteins
    Lipids
    Lipids
    Nucleic Acids

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