EEE 316

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
FALL, 2023
Theman Jirnadu I
 Course Outline
1. Introduction: Review of electromechanical energy
conversion.
2. Static Electrical Machine: TRANSFORMERS
3. Dynamic Electrical Machine: AC Machines:
• Generators
• Motors
4. Dynamic Electrical Machine: DC machines
• Generators
• Motors
 INTRODUCTION
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot
be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one
form to another. (Also known as the law of conservation of
energy, which states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed – they can only converted from one form of
energy to another).
Therefore, this law confirms that one form of energy can be
obtained from another form through the help of conversion
devices. The conversion devices within our scope of study
are the electro-mechanical converters.
 INTRODUCTION Cont’d
They takes in electrical inputs and translate it to mechanical
output and vise versa. These converters are called electric
machines, and the process of translation is known as
electromechanical energy conversion.

Electrical machines are therefore described as devices in which

principles of electromagnetics are involved to convert
electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa.
 INTRODUCTION Cont’d
Electrical machines are of two types:

a. Those which involve rotating parts (Dynamic Machines), and

i. Generators.
ii. Motors.
b. Those having stationary parts (Static Machines).
i. Transformers.
 INTRODUCTION Cont’d
Generators: are those set of machines which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Motors: are those set of machines which converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
Magnetic phenomena in electric machines

When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the

conductor.
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experiences a mechanical force.
 INTRODUCTION Cont’d
Electrical machines can also be categorized base on:
 INTRODUCTION Cont’d
Electrical machines can also be categorized base on:
a. AC Machines
 Synchronous machine: Synchronous machine is a machine
whose rotor is designed to rotate at the speed of the rotational
magnetic field of the stator (synchronous speed).
• Synchronous Generators.
• Synchronous Motors.
 Asynchronous machine: An asynchronous machine is a machine
whose rotor rotates with a relatively lesser speed than the speed of
the rotating magnetic field (or synchronous speed).
• Induction machine.
o Induction Motors.
o Induction Generators.
 Basic operational Principles of
Electrical Machines
Electrical Machines employ the principle of
electromagnetics. This principle involves the interaction of
magnetic fields and electric field and its surrounding which
leads to conversion of energy from electrical to mechanical
and vice versa. This effect is called electromagnetic
induction.
 Laws of electromagnetic induction
- Faraday’s first law of
electromagnetic induction states
that: a change in the magnetic field
within a closed loop of wire induces
an electromotive force (emf) in the
loop, causing an electric current to
flow if the circuit is closed.
- Second Law states that: the magnitude of the electromotive
force (emf) induced in a closed loop (conductor) is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux passing
through the loop."
 Laws of electromagnetic induction Cont’d
- The flux linkage of the coil is the product of the number
of turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.
- Rate of Change: This refers to how quickly the magnetic
flux passing through the closed loop changes. It could
change because the magnetic field strength changes, the loop
moves within the magnetic field, or the angle between the
loop and the magnetic field changes.
 Laws of electromagnetic induction Cont’d
- Lenz Law: States that the direction of the current induced in a
conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic
field created by the induced current opposes the initial changing
magnetic field which produced it.
- NOTE: The negative sign in the
formula represents this effect.
Thus, the negative sign indicates
that the direction of the induced
emf and the change in the
direction of magnetic fields have
opposite signs.
 Four basic Principles described how magnetic
fields are used in these devices
1. Current carrying wires produced a magnetic field in the
area around it.
2. A time changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil
of wire it passes through that coil. (Transformer action).
3. A current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a force induced on it (Motor action).
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it (Generator action).
 Static Electrical Machines: TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static electric device or machine that transfer
electricity from one circuit to another with changing voltage level at
constant frequency. They help to improve safety and efficiency of
power systems by raising and lowering voltage levels as when
needed.
It works based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. It has a primary
section/coil/winding and a secondary
section/coil/winding.
When an AC voltage or signal is passed through a coil, magnetic field
is generated around the coil. This induces AC signal which is
proportional to the original signal on the coil that is placed within
the magnetic field.
 TRANSFORMER Cont’d
With this principle, transformer is constructed around a
structure called a core. It is a ferromagnetic material around
which coil are wounded. The core helps to direct the path of
the magnetic field, to ideally eliminate losses.
One side of the coil/winding on
which the input is been fed is
called the primary winding, while
the part of the coil/winding onto
which the signal or the voltage is
been induced by the input signal is
referred as the secondary winding.
 TRANSFORMER Cont’d
The coil windings determines whether
the transformer is a step up or a step
down. In a scenario where the
windings on the primary coil is higher
than that on the secondary coil, is
referred to as a step down
transformer. Eg Ratio 2:1.
In another scenario where the
windings on the primary coil is lower
than that on the secondary coil, is
referred to as a step up transformer.
Eg Ratio 1:2
 Other Forms of energy Conversion
a. Windmills: Converts Wind energy into mechanical energy &
Electrical Energy
 Other Forms of energy Conversion Cont’d
a. Uranium oxide (UO2): Nuclear Energy to electrical energy.
 Other Forms of energy Conversion Cont’d
a. Batteries: Chemical Energy to electrical energy.
b. Solar (Photovoltaic) cells: thermal energy & Light energy into
electrical energy.
c. Electric Bulb: Electrical energy is converted to Light energy & heat
energy.
 Other Forms of energy Conversion Cont’d
a. Steam Turbine: thermal energy to mechanical energy.
 Other Forms of energy Conversion Cont’d
a. Electric heater: Electrical Energy to Heat energy
b. Cooking Gas: Chemical Energy is converted to Heat &
Light Energy.
c. Microphone: Sound Energy to Electrical Energy
d. Speaker: Electrical Energy to Sound Energy
Module 2