Laws, Motor, Generator

LAWS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY'S LAW
Definition:
Faraday's Law describes the electromagnetic induction phenomenon, stating that a changing
magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop of wire.
Mathematical:
ε = -N(dΦ/dt)
where:
ε = induced EMF (in volts)
N = number of turns of the coil
Φ = magnetic flux (in webers)
d/dt = rate of change of magnetic flux
Key Points:
1. Induced EMF is proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux.
2. Direction of induced EMF is opposite to change in magnetic flux (Lenz's Law).
3. Induced EMF depends on number of turns of the coil.
Types of Induction:
1. Self-Induction: Changing current induces EMF in same coil.
2. Mutual Induction: Changing current induces EMF in nearby coil.
Applications:
1. Generators
2. Motors
3. Transformers
4. Inductors
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Limitations:
1. Assumes closed loop of wire.
2. Ignores electromagnetic radiation effects.
Dicovery:
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Derived Faraday's Law through:
1. Experiments with electromagnets.
2. Concept of magnetic fields.
Lenz's Law
Definition:
Lenz's Law states that the direction of an induced electromotive force (EMF) or current is always
such that it opposes the change that produced it.
"The induced current will always flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux."
Key Points:
1. Induced current opposes change in magnetic flux.
2. Direction of induced current is opposite to change in magnetic field.
3. Lenz's Law is a consequence of conservation of energy.
Mathematical:
ε = -N(dΦ/dt)
where:
ε = induced EMF (in volts)
N = number of turns of the coil
Φ = magnetic flux (in webers)
d/dt = rate of change of magnetic flux
Applications:
1. Electrical generators
2. Motors
3. Transformers
4. Inductors
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Examples:
1. Moving magnet induces current in coil.
2. Changing current in coil induces EMF.
Discovery:
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (1804-1865)
Derived Lenz's Law through:
1. Experiments with electromagnets.
2. Understanding of Faraday's Law.
Relationship with Faraday's Law:
Lenz's Law explains direction of induced EMF.
Faraday's Law describes magnitude of induced EMF.
Differences between Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law
Lenz’s Law Faraday’s Law

1. Direction Magnitude
2. Opposition to change Rate of change
3. Conservation of energy Electromagnetic induction
ELECTRIC MOTOR AND ELECTRIC GENERATOR

In the workplace and in daily life, it is important to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy and electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electrical machines are employed in the
conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa.
Electrical machines are split into two categories based on the electromechanical energy conversion
method.
• Motor
• Generator
ELECTRIC MOTORS:
Electric motors are electromechanical energy conversion devices that transform electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
A direct current (DC) source, such as a battery, or an alternating current (AC) source, such as a
power grid are both sources of input electric power for an electric motor. The majority of electric
motors work by creating a torque through the interaction of a magnetic field and an electric
current in a wire.
The stator and rotor are the two major components of an electric motor. The stator is the motor’s
stationary component, and the rotor, to which a shaft is fastened in order to drive a mechanical
load, is the motor’s revolving component.
Many appliances, including electric fans, coolers, air conditioners, electric cars, trains, cranes,
etc., employ electric motors. Many appliances, including electric fans, coolers, air conditioners,
electric cars, trains, cranes, etc., employ electric motors.
ELECTRIC GENERATORS:
Electric generators are electromechanical energy converters that transform mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
Typically, steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, diesel engines, wind turbines, etc. supply
the mechanical energy input to an electric generator. The electromagnetic induction principle is
also used by electric generators.
The stator and rotor are the two main components of the generator. The generator’s rotor houses
the field winding that generates the magnetic field, while the generator’s stator houses the
armature winding that induces the EMF. When a revolving magnetic field is connected to the
armature conductor, the EMF is generated. Electric generators are employed to deliver a constant
flow of electricity for a variety of applications.
Key Difference:
Basic
Motor Generator
Difference
An electromechanical energy conversion An electromechanical energy

device, such as an electric motor, conversion device, such as an electric
Definition
transforms electrical energy into motor, transforms mechanical energy
mechanical energy. into electrical energy.
DC generator (Dynamo) AC generator

Type DC motor AC motor
(Alternato)
Electrical energy obtained from various
The mechanical energy that is obtained
sources, including batteries (DC),
from steam turbines, water turbines, gas
Input inverters, the power grid, electric
turbines, IC engines, etc. is used as the
generators, etc., serves as the input to an
input to an electric generator.
electric motor.
An electric motor’s output, rotational The electrical energy produced by an

mechanical energy, is utilized to generate electric generator is utilized to power
Output
various mechanical loads, including pumps various electrical loads, including
and other devices. motors, lights, and other devices.
An electric motor’s operation is based on The electromagnetic induction theory

Principle the interaction of a magnetic field and a underlies the operation of the electric
wire conveying electricity. generator.
A conductor experiences an EMF when

A magnetic field will exert a force on a
it is moved through a magnetic field
Working conductor carrying current, causing the
because the magnetic flux that is
conductor to move.
connected to it varies.
The electromagnetic torque created by the Some external mechanism, such as a

Rotation interplay of current and magnetic field wind, water, or steam turbine, rotates the
rotates the electric motor’s shaft. generator’s shaft.
Electricity Power is used by the motor. Electricity is produced via generators.
Current’s The armature winding of a motor receives The armature winding of the generator is
direction the current. used to extract current.
Fans, air conditioners, pumps, lifts, lifts, In power plants, businesses,

electric automobiles and motorcycles, laboratories, for testing purposes, to
Applications
electric traction and other devices all charge batteries, etc., electric generators
employ electric motors. are used to generate electricity.
Conclusion
Electromechanical energy conversion devices, such as motors and generators, are frequently used
to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. A motor turns electrical
energy into mechanical energy, whereas a generator translates mechanical energy into electrical
energy. This is the key distinction between a motor and a generator.

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LAWS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Differences between Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

Lenz’s Law Faraday’s Law

ELECTRIC MOTOR AND ELECTRIC GENERATOR

An electromechanical energy conversion An electromechanical energy

DC generator (Dynamo) AC generator

An electric motor’s output, rotational The electrical energy produced by an

An electric motor’s operation is based on The electromagnetic induction theory

A conductor experiences an EMF when

The electromagnetic torque created by the Some external mechanism, such as a

Electricity Power is used by the motor. Electricity is produced via generators.

Fans, air conditioners, pumps, lifts, lifts, In power plants, businesses,

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